V
CATALOGUE
OF TKE
FOSSIL FISHES
IX THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY),
CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.
PART IV.
COXTAIXIXG THE
ACTIXOPTERYGIAN TELEOSTOm of the Suborders
ISOSPOXDYLI (in part), OSTARIOPHYSI, APODES,
PERCESOCES, HEMIBRAXCHII, ACAYTHOPTERA^GII,
AND AYACAYTHESM.
BY
ARTHUR SMITH WOODM^ARD,
EL.E)., E.R.S., E.G.S.
I
LOYDON:
PRIYTED BY ORDER OE THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY, W.; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.
EEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., CHARING CROSS ROAD, W.C.;
A^'D AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.
; 1901.
{All rights reserved.)
AI<EEE
FIAKMAM.
PEIJfTED BY TAYLOR AR’D FRAITCIS
SED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
* Iww t y
I
•niv# •4|ire^-i <V»v<k. ‘'•t-C^
P E E F A C E.
The completion of the fourth Tolnme of the Catalogue of Tossil
Pishes preserved in the Geological Department of the British
Museum of Natural History will afford much satisfaction to
palaeontologists — more especially to those who are interested in
the study of Ichthyology. Nor can it be deemed inappropriate to
congratulate the author, Dr. Arthur Smith Woodward, P.B.S., upon
the consummation of a task which has extended over at least
17 years, during which time a very large amount of other scientific
work has been accomplished by him. Indeed, the present volume
would have appeared early in the Spring, but was delayed in con¬
sequence of the author’s absence for three months in Greece,
where he was engaged in carrying out for the Museum the
exploration of the Tertiary Mammalian deposits at Pikermi near
Athens.
Dr. Smith Woodward proposes to prepare, in 1902, a Supplement
giving a list of additional important genera discovered and published
since the earlier volumes appeared; also a Stratigraphical Table
showing the appearance in time of families and genera of Dossil
Fishes ; together with a General Index to the four volumes ; the
4th volume being already larger than its predecessors, and the
illustrations more numerous.
It is probable that the Collection of Fossil Fishes is the largest
in the world, the English Cretaceous Fishes being particularly rich.
iv
PEEFACE.
This series comprises the private collections of Mantell, Dixon,
Bowerbank, Capron, and others ; whilst the Lebanon Chalk is
represented by the fine series derived from the collection of the late
Prof. E. B. Lewis, formerly of the Syrian Protestant College,
Beyrout. 'The London Clay series is also enriched by the Dixon,
♦
Bowerbank, Enniskillen, Egerton, Gardner, and Shrubsole Collections.
The restorations of fishes have been prepared by Miss G. M.
Woodward, who has also drawn the lithographed plates.
Geological Department,
October 7th, 1901.
HENBY WOODWABD.
INTRODUCTION.
As soon as fishes with a completely osseous endoskeleton began to
predominate at the dawn of the Cretaceous period, specialisations
of an entirely new kind were rapidly acquired. Until this time
the skull of the Actinopterygii had always been remarkably
uniform in type. The otic region of the cranium often remained
incompletely ossified, and was never prominent or projecting beyond
the roof-bones ; the supra-occipital bone was always small and
covered with the superficial plates ; the maxilla invariably formed
the greater part of the upper jaw ; the cheek-plates were large and
usually thick ; while none of the head or opercular bones were
provided with spines or ridges. The pelvic fins always retained
their primitive remote situation, and the fin-rays never became
spines. During the Cretaceous period the majority of the bony
fishes began to exhibit modifications in all these characters, and
the changes occurred so rapidly that, by the dawn of the Eocene
period, the diversity observable in the dominant fish-fauna was
much greater than it had ever been before. At this remote epoch,
indeed, nearly all the great groups of bony fishes, as represented
in the existing world, were already differentiated, and their
subsequent modifications have been quite of a minor character.
It is the object of the present volume to enumerate and partially
discuss the known Cretaceous and Tertiary bony fishes which
illustrate these phenomena. The result, however, is much less
satisfactory than might have been expected from the study of
animals which lived under conditions most favourable for their
preservation as fossils. The circumstance that a very large pro¬
portion of the Tertiary fishes are known only from detached
otoliths, suffices to indicate the extreme imperfection of the
geological record in their case.
Vi
INTEODUCTIOIS'.
ISOSPONDTLI.
The most important Cretaceous families of primitive bony fishes
are the Elopidse and Chirocentridne, which have a few Tertiary
representatives, but are almost extinct at the j)resent day. Their
distribution in the seas of the Cretaceous period is known to have
been very wide, and individuals of the various species were
especially abundant.
The Elopidae, represented in the existing fauna by Flops and
Megalops^ cannot be the direct descendants of the Jurassic Lepto-
lepidae, because all the satisfactorily-known genera still retain the
gular plate. This plate, however, now appears for the last time in
the class of fishes, being completely absent in all known repre¬
sentatives of the higher grades ; and in some of the Elopines
themselves, such as Thrissopater (p. 33, no. 9052) and Spaniodon
(p. 51, no. P. 9190), it is quite a rudimentary structure. The skull
still differs very little from that of the higher Jurassic fishes, and
the otic region remains covered by the roof-bones. In the Elopidse,
however, the supraoccipital bone begins for the first time to exhibit
the forward and upward growth which characterises it in all the
higher bony fishes. The parietal bones still meet in the middle
line in several of the genera; but even in this case the supra¬
occipital may extend forwards beneath them to meet the frontals
(e. g. Megalops, p. 24). In some early genera they are distinctly
separated in the cranial roof by the exposure of the supraoccipital.
In this family, therefore, the latter element exhibits the usual
inconstancy of an incipient or developing structure.
The Albulidse are merely Elopiue fishes with a forwardly-inclined
mandibular suspensorium, a small mouth, and reduced branchio-
stegal apparatus. Their primitive character is, indeed, shown by
the presence of a muscular conns arteriosus with two rows of
valves in the heart of the sole surviving species h They seem to
differ from the Elopidae in exactly the same manner as the more
generalised Pycnodontidae differ from the Semionotidae among
Jurassic fishes. Now, however, the splenial bone has disappeared
and is no longer available to bear a powerful dentition. A new
modification therefore occurs for the first time, and is almost con¬
stantly repeated in later fishes which have teeth on the palate or
J. E. V. Boas, “ Ueber den Conns arteriosus bei Butirinus imd bei
anderen Enochenfischen,” Morpbol, Jahrb. vol. yi. (1880), p. 528.
INTRODUCTION'.
Vll
the base of the skull. This upper dentition is henceforth usually
opposed not to the mandible but to a dental arrangement on the
tongue or hyoid apparatus.
One of the common Cretaceous fishes (^Istieus, p 66), here placed
in the Albulidae, is interesting as being essentially identical with
an imperfectly-known fish still surviving in the deep sea {Batliy-
thrissa). It is the most elongated type of this primitive group,
with multiplied vertebrse and an extended dorsal fin.
The Osteoglossidse, with a curiously-thickened skull, also seem
to be closely related to the early Albulidse. The fragmentary fossils
already discovered suggest that these families will need a new
definition as soon as their extinct representatives are satisfactorily
known.
The primitive nature of the Chirocentridae has long been inferred
from the presence of a rudimentary spiral valve in the intestine of
the sole surviving species, Chirocentrus clorab h This family of
fishes is, indeed, now proved to be very old, dating back at least to
the beginning of the Cretaceous period, during which it attained its
maximum development. Early Cretaceous forms, such as Chiro-
centrites, cannot even be distinguished from the typical species of the
Upper Jurassic Thrissops until the cranium be available for detailed
study. It is still not definitely determined that Thrissops belongs
to the lower division (family Leptolepidae) in which it is usually
placed.
The true Clupeoid fishes also date back to the beginning of the
Cretaceous period, and their skeleton is so closely similar to that of
the typical Jurassic Leptolepidae that they may well be direct
descendants of the latter. Their higher grade is definitely indicated
by the prominence of the supraoccipital and otic bones in the skull.
Most of the Cretaceous forms are typical Clupeidae, and they have
scarcely changed during subsequent epochs. A few, however, dis¬
covered only in Cretaceous rocks, are of special interest as exhibiting
the precocious development of a character which was never per¬
manently acquired by fishes with so primitive a skull, but soon
became the common feature of the spiny-finned or acanthopterygian
families. These are the Ctenothrissidae, which have hitherto been
mistaken for Berycoids because they display the character in
question, namely, the forward displacement of their pelvic fins,
which are situated more or less directly beneath the pectoral pair.
^ Cuvier and Valenciennes, ‘ Histoire Naturelle dea Poissons,’ vol. xix.
(1846), p. 160, pi. 565.
Till
IN-TEODTJCTION-.
The few undivided rays in front of their fins, however, are always
articulated distally and never form true spines.
Among the typical Cretaceous Clupeidse the early acquisition of
the ventral ridge-scutes, peculiar to Clupea and its allies, is specially
noteworthy. Some small fishes from the Neocomianof Switzerland
(p. 138) exhibit these scutes quite clearly. A widespread marine
Cretaceous genus, Diplomystus^ possessed dorsal ridge-scutes as well
as the ventral series. It became a freshwater fish in the Eocene
period, and now survives only in the rivers of New South Wales
and Chili. Pectinated scales also characterised one Cretaceous
genus {Fseiidoberyx), which is proved to be a Clupeoid — and not a
Berycoid as hitherto supposed — by the distinctly observable structure
of the head and fins.
Nothing is definitely known concerning the extinct Salmonoids ;
and Palaeontology affords no information concerning the origin or
relationships of this family.
Of all Cretaceous Isospondyli, three families of eel-shaped fishes
are the most difficult to understand. They are all characterised by
a primitive cranium of the Jurassic type ; but they exhibit the
new specialisation by which the extending premaxiUa gradually
excludes the maxilla from the upper border of the mouth. Their
elongated shape is alone indicative of high specialisation ; but no
intermediate forms are yet known to afford a clue to their more
normally shaped ancestors. Of these families the Halosauridse and
Notacanthidae still survive in the deep sea. The existing Halo-
saurus itself, indeed, cannot be clearly distinguished from the
Cretaceous EcMdnocephalus ; while Notacanihus of the present
fauna only seems to differ from Pronotacanthus of the Cretaceous
period in the possession of dorsal spines and fin-rays. The Der-
cetidag, on the other hand, are only known by fossils from Cre¬
taceous formations, in which they are widely distributed. They
are interesting as being the earliest type of fish in which evidence
of a distensible stomach has been observed (p. 177). Their fins
are less specialised than those of the two families just mentioned ;
and their trunk is provided with paired longitudinal series of
enlarged scutes.
Isospondyli exhibiting a definite tendency towards the develop¬
ment of acanthopterygian fishes seem to have been almost as
abundant in Cretaceous seas as the Elopines and Clupeoids. In
fact, in the absence of a complete knowledge of the skeleton, some
of the Cretaceous fishes might be referred equally well to the
INTRODTJCTION.
IX
Isospondylous Scopelidse or to the Acanthopterygian Berycidae.
One very abundant family, that of the Enchodontidae, might perhaps
furnish the ancestors of both. These exclusively Cretaceous fishes
are Scopeloids, in which the premaxilla has not completely excluded
the maxilla from the tooth-bearing margin of the jaw. They are
variously specialised by the development of large teeth and dermal
scutes ; and two of them {EurypJiolih and Prionolepis) are provided
with a formidable spine at the angle of the preoperculum — a feature
unknown among existing physostomous fishes. The stoutness of
their bones indicates that they lived in shallow water or at the
surface of the ocean during the Cretaceous period; while their
nearest allies at the present day — the Odontostomidae and Alepi-
sauridae — are all denizens of the deep sea.
Of the family Scopelidae many of the Cretaceous representatives
scarcely differ from genera widely distributed in existing seas.
The only remarkable Cretaceous forms — and those provisionally
placed here — are two genera in which the stout premaxilla forms
a pointed rostrum. These sine Apateodiis and EJiinellus', the former
with a short snout, the latter with so slender a rostrum that a very
superficial study of the fish has caused it hitherto to be erroneously
classified with Belone and the Scombresocidae.
The Gonorhynchidse are only slightly modified Scopeloids, and
are now shown to date back to the Cretaceous period, when all the
characteristic features of Gonorhynchus, except the extension of
scales over the head, seem to have been already acquired. The
discovery of an early Tertiary freshwater genus {Notogoneus) both
in Korth America and Europe, is one of considerable interest.
Other modified Scopeloids seem to be recognisable among Cre¬
taceous fishes, but their osteology is as yet imperfectly known.
The remarkable extinct “ flying fishes ” of the family Chirothricidae
may probably be thus interpreted.
The Esocidae are essentially freshwater Scopeloids, and the
Cyprinodontidae are generally admitted to be closely allied to this
family. Nothing of importance is known concerning their geolo¬
gical history.
OSTAEIOPEYSI.
The past history of all freshwater fishes is very imperfectly
known. Ereshwater deposits are of such limited extent that they
rarely escape denudation for long geological periods ; and, except
perhaps from a few sediments deposited at the mouths of rivers,
X
INTEODUCTION.
geology has as yet revealed nothing definite concerning the fresh¬
water life of the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods. In the case of
the fishes of the suborder Ostariophysi this is especially unfortunate;
because it is clear that in early Tertiary times they were already
well differentiated, and it is probable that their peculiarly modified
auditory apparatus was originally an adaptation to the circum¬
stances of life in a confined area. Even the highly specialised
Siluroids were completely developed in the early part of the Eocene
period {BucTclandium^ p. B30) ; and one Eocene skull is identical
with that of the existing genus Arius (p. 333). The Characinidae
have a cranium not much more advanced than that of Amia ; and
as these seem to be at the base of the series of Ostariophysi, the
modification of the auditory apparatus must have begun in a very
low type of physostomous fish.
Apodes.
The eels are unique among the so-called teleostean fishes in
possessing more than five basal bones in the pectoral fin — a feature
characteristic of all the lower groups of Actinopterygii. Their
skull is also of a comparatively primitive type. The elongate shape
of their body, the loss of the upper part of their pectoral arch, and
the complete loss of their pelvic and caudal fins, are marks of
degenerate specialisation. Even before the end of the Cretaceous
period they displayed all these characteristics except the lack of
the caudal fin ; for Urenclielys (p. 337), from the Chalk of Mount
Lebanon, is a typical generalised eel only differing from the
generalised existing genera in the possession of a small separate
caudal fin. It therefore seems probable that, although the Apodes
are “ Teleostei” in the sense in which these are defined by Muller
and Griinther, they are not degenerate members of any group of
these modern fishes, but are directly derived from some of the
Mesozoic fishes which would be termed “ Ganoidei ” by the same
authors. At least they cannot be regarded as degenerate members
of any group of Cretaceous “ Teleostei ” hitherto discovered.
Peecesoces.
Spinous fin-rays, except as mere basal fulcra, are unknown
before the Cretaceous period ; and the earliest type of fish in which
they form a conspicuous feature of the dorsal fin is Crossognathus
(p. 348), from the Neocomian of Switzerland and Germany. In its
IXTKODUCTIOX.
XI
osteology, so far as known, this fish seems to agree very closely
with the existing Atherines ; but it clifi“ers in having one continuous
dorsal fin, with the right and left halves of each spine not com¬
pletely fused together. Another genus, Syllceraus. from the English
and IN’orth American Chalk, is nearly similar. The Crossognathidae
are therefore probably the Cretaceous forerunners of the Percesoces,
which were already completely differentiated into their surviving
families before the close of the Eocene period. Atherina^ Mugil,
and Spliyrcena all date from the Epper Eocene or Oligocene. The
only noteworthy extinct genus, the European Oligocene Cohiiopsis,
belongs to the Ammodytidae and retains the pelvic fins which have
disappeared in the existing genera.
Hemibeaxchii,
Among extinct Tertiary fishes there are several so closely similar
to existing Hemibranchs and Lophobranchs, that there need be no
hesitation in associating them with the latter. As yet, however,
they afford no clue to the origin of this group. The comparatively
generalised Gasterosteidae are not represented; hut all the other
known families seem to date back to the Eocene period. Even the
Centriscidae and Syngnathidae have scarcely changed since that
time. The highl3’-specialised Ampliisile seems to have persisted
without any essential modification in its armour ; while Hippo¬
campus appears to have only lost its caudal fin in the interval.
Acaxthopteetgii.
The study of the existing fauna has already suggested that the
oldest true acanthopterygian fishes are comprised among the
Berycoids and Scombroids. It is therefore interesting to find that
most, if not all, of the typical Cretaceous Acanthopterj’gii are
referable to these two groups. The Epper Cretaceous genera are,
indeed, very little specialised ; and it seems probable that they
actually originated at about the period of deposition of the Chalk in
the northern hemisphere. All are characterised by a single dorsal
fin, no distinct cleft having yet appeared between the spinous and
persistently soft portions. Some undoubtedly Berycoid genera
(e. g. Hoplopteryx, p. 396) exhibit an excessive development of
mucus-cavities on the head.
One genus (Prolates), from the uppermost Cretaceous horizon in
France, is probably a true Percoid. It marks the dawn of the
Xll
rNTRODIJCTION’.
higher groups, and must have been contemporaneous with many
unknown Acanthopterygii which rapidly became differentiated into
various families in seas of which the sediments still remain
undiscovered or unexplored. Palaeontology has, indeed, hitherto
revealed as little concerning the origin of the dominant Tertiary
fishes as of the Tertiary mammals. According to present knowledge,
all the principal types had already appeared early in the Eocene
period ; and among these fishes there are many which cannot be
distinguished by their skeleton from genera which still survive.
The Eocene Acanthopterygii are best known by imperfect skulls
and other uncrushed fossils from the Lower Eocene London Clay of
Sheppey, and by compressed skeletons from the fissile Upper Eocene
limestone of ISTorthern Italy. Freshwater fishes, perhaps of the
same age, are also represented by good skeletons in the Green Liver
Shales of Wyoming, U.S.A. Among the Berycoids there are none
particularly remarkable ; but the Scombroid family of Carangidae
includes some of its most specialised and aberrant genera, such as
Vomeropsis and Mene^ of which the latter has survived unchanged
until the present day. Among extinct fishes to be placed near the
Scombroids, the most remarkable are the highly specialised Palseo-
rhynchidse, which range from the Lower Eocene to the Lower
Miocene. Among Percoids the fragmentary fossils suggest that the
families were less differentiated in the Eocene period than they are
at the present day ; but one curious specialisation, the fusion of the
lower pharyngeal bones now so characteristic of the Labridse and
Chromidse, had already been acquired by several genera. The
Plectognathi were also less completely differentiated from the
Chaetodonts than they are in the existing fauna. The Scorpaenoids
are represented in the Lower Eocene by one imperfectly known
genus (^Amplieristus), which has a typically armoured skull and
cheek. The Cottoids, Gobioids, and Blennioids also appear to be
recognisable ; and with the latter may possibly be associated the
problematical genus Blocliius^ which does not range beyond Eocene
formations.
Even after the Eocene period the history of the Acanthopterygii
cannot be clearly traced. Most of the known fossils are too
imperfect for satisfactory determination ; for the constant distinctive
characters of these highly specialised fishes are of a minor kind and
often quite inconspicuous compared with those which permit the
classification of the lower grades. Moreover, a very large pro¬
portion of the species are represented solely by the detached otoliths,
INTKODUCTION.
Xlll
■which cannot always be identified with much certainty or precision.
The Catalogue of the extinct Acanthopterygii is thus, for the most
part, a bare list of names of fragmentary fossils, to which an
approximate and provisional systematic position has been assigned.
This circumstance is all the more regrettable, since no satisfactory
classification of the surviving Acanthopterygii has hitherto been
proposed, and the aid of Palaeontology is much needed for its
accomplishment.
Axacanthixi.
Typical cod-fishes and flat-fishes date back to the Oligocene and
Upper Eocene periods respectively. No generalised ancestors of
either type have hitherto been recognised.
'With fragmentary materials of this nature, it is impossible to
attempt a very exact classification. It has, therefore, been deemed
advisable to adopt a broad conception of families and genera more in
accordance with that of Ur. Gunther than with that of later writers.
This corresponds with the method of treatment followed in the
earlier parts of the Catalogue, and still seems adequate for a
s}Tioptical work of which the results can only be provisional. Lists
of the specimens in the Museum and the published names of fossils
not represented in this collection have been arranged approximately
in their natural order for convenience of reference, without any
detailed discussion of their affinities. The incorporated new matter,
indeed, relates rather to the facts of osteology than to premature
essays in taxonomy. A detailed knowledge of the skeleton of the
early bony fishes of the Cretaceous period is particularly important ;
and the writer has made special efforts to discover the essential
facts by studying most of the available collections. He is indebted
to the Lev. William Eird and Professor Alfred Ely Day for the
opportunity of examining the fine series of Cretaceous fishes from
Mount Lebanon in the Syrian Protestant College at Peyrout ; to
Professor Karl Busz for permission to study the unique collection of
Westphalian Cretaceous fishes in the Academy of Munster; and to
Professor S. W. Williston, for the privilege of making a detailed
examination of the remarkable remains of fishes from the Kansas
Chalk, now in the Museum of the State University of Kansas. A
brief survey of the Cretaceous fishes from Northern Brazil in the
XIV
INTRODUCTION.
National Museum at Eio de Janeiro, made "with the kind help
of Professor Orville A. Derby, has also yielded some new facts ;
while a study of the small series of Swiss Neocomian fishes and
Lebanon Cretaceous fishes at Geneva, thanks to the kindness of
Drs. Bedot and Weber, has elucidated several points left doubtful
by PictePs original descriptions. The Museums of the Universities
of Munich and Naples have been re-visited ; while the Woodwardian
Museum at Cambridge, and the Willett Collection in the Brighton
Museum, have proved as useful to the author now as in the prepara¬
tion of the previous volumes of the Catalogue. Thanks are not only
due to the many friends and colleagues in Palaeontology who have
facilitated these researches, but also to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, P.B.S.,
whose valuable advice and assistance have been continually at
the writer’s disposal, and whose opinions concerning the general
relationships of the higher fishes ^ correspond very closely with those
suggested by this Catalogue.
Department of Geology,
October 1st, 1901.
ABTHUE SMITH WOODWAED.
List op Collections.
In addition to the Collections enumerated in Parts I. to III., the
following are also referred to in the present volume : — -
Bravard Collection. — Vertebrate fossils from the Tertiaries of
France, purchased from M. Auguste Bravard, 1852.
Castelli Collection. — xi miscellaneous collection of Italian fossils
made by Cav. Federico Castelli, of Leghorn, purchased 1898.
Green Yertebrata from the Forest Bed of Norfolk
and from the Fenland, collected by the Eev. C. Green, of Bacton,
purchased 18T3.
Layton Collection. — Vertebrate remains dredged off the Eastern
Coast, purchased from the Eev. John Layton, of Happisburgh,
Norfolk, 1858.
Frestwich Collection. — A miscellaneous collection including verte¬
brate remains from the Pliocene Crags, purchased from Professor
(afterwards Sir Joseph) Prestwich, 1894.
^ G. A. Boulenger, “ Les Poissons du Bassin du Congo ” (Musee du Congo,
1901).
INTEODUCTION'.
XV
Saull Collection. — A miscellaneous collection presented by Mr. W.
D. Saull to the Metropolitan Institute, and purchased from the
Directors of the latter in 1863.
Savin Collection. — Yertebrata from the Dorest Bed of Norfolk,
collected by Mr. Alfred C. Savin, of Cromer, and purchased from
him in 1897.
Slatter Collection. — A miscellaneous collection of fossils, chiefly
from Gloucestershire, made by Mr. T. 1. Slatter, P.G.S., of Evesham,
purchased 1896.
'V
^ . -V
'X
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SYSTEMATIC INDEX
or
GENERA AND SPECIES
DESCRIBED IN PART IV.
Page
Order ACTIJ^OPTEHTGrll {continued) .... 1
Suborder IT. I80SP0NDYLI {continued) .... 1
Family LEPTOLEPIDaE {continued) . 1
Ly copter a . 1
- - middendorffi . 2
- sinensis . 3
Family ELOPIDaE . 7
Elopopsis . 8
- fenzli . 9
- microdon . 9
- heckeli . 9
- crassus . 10
Osmeroides . 11
- lewesiensis . 11
- levis . 15
- gracilis . 16
— lewisi . 17
- attenuatus . 19
PART IV.
h
XVlll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family ELOPID^ (co niiniced).
Osmeroides sardiiiioides
- cretaceus .
EIojds .
Megalops .
- priscus ....
- oblongTis .
iS’otelops .
- brama ....
Ebacolepis ....
- buccalis
- latus ....
Thrissopater ....
- salmoneus .
- magnus
- (?) megalops .
Pachyrbizodiis .
- basalis ....
- dibleyi ....
- gardneri
- latimentum
- subulidens
Esocelops .
- cavifrons .
Spaniodon ....
- blondeli
- elongatus . . .
- latus ....
Tbrissopteroides . .
- elongatus .
- latus ....
- intermedius .
- tenuiceps . . .
- pulcher . . .
Protelops .
- geinitzi ....
- anglicus
Page
19
20
22
24
24
26
27
27
29
30
32
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
40
42
43
46
46
48
48
51
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XIX
Page
Family ALBULID^ . 59
Albula . 60
- oweni . 60
Chanoides . '63
- macropoma . 63
Chanos . 64
Prochanos . 65
- rectifroiis . 65
Ancylostylos . 66
- gibbus . 66
Istieus . 66
- grandis . 67
- macrocephalus . 70
- lebanonensis . 71
Anogmius . 71
- polymicrodus . 72
Family OSTEOGLOSSIDJE . 73
Dapedoglossus . 74
- testis . 75
- aequipinnis . 75
Brychsetus . 76
- muelleri . 76
Incertae sedis . 80
Plethodus . 80
- expansus . 81
- pentagon . 83
- oblongiis . 83
Thryptodus . 85
Family NOTOPTEEIDtE . 85
V
Notopterus . 86
- primaevns . 86
XX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
Family CHIFOCENTRIDJE . 86
Chirocentrus . 88
- (?) polyodon . 88
Platinx . 89
Chiromystus . 89
- mawsoni . 90
Chirocentrites . 90
— - — • coroninii . 91
Portheus . 92
- molossiis . 92
- mantelli . 95
- daviesi . 95
- gaiiltinus . 95
8pathodactylu8 . 98
- neocomiensis . 98
Ichthyodectes . 99
- etenodon . 100
- anaides . 100
- arcuatus . 101
- serridens . . . 101
- minor . 102
- elegans . 103
- tenuideiis . 104
- lib aniens . 105
Cladocyclus . 107
- gardneri . 108
- lewesiensis . 109
Saurodon . HI
- leanus . m
- phlebotomiis . 119
- intermedins . 112
Sanrocephalns . II3
— — lanciformis . 113
- woodwardi . 114
Incertae sedis . 116
Tomognathns . 110
- mordax . 117
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xxi
Page
Family CTEJ^OTHRISSID^ . 119
Ctenothrissa . 120
- vexillifer . 120
- radiaus . 122
- microcephala . 124
Aulolepis . 126
- typus . 127
Family CLUPEID^ . 128
Pseud oberyx . 129
- syriacus . 129
- bottm . 130
- grandis . 130
Histiothrissa . 131
- macrodactyla . 131
- crassapinna . 132
Engraulis . 133
Halecopsis . 133
- iusiguis . 134
Scombroclupea . 135
- macropbtbalma . 135
- gaudryi . 138
Diplomystus . 139
- dentatus . 139
- brevissimiis . 140
- birdi . 142
- longicostatus . 143
- humilis . 144
- altus . 145
- vecteusis . . . . 146
Clupea . 146
- scheuchzeri . 147
- catopygoptera . 148
- humilis . 150
- crenata . 151
- numidica . 151
- sardinites . 152
- - sprattus . 153
XXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
Family SALMOMD^ . 159
Salmo . . 159
Mallotus . 160
- villosus . 161
Family HALOSAURIDuE . 162
I
Ecliidnocephalus . 163
- troscheli . 163
Enclieluriis . 164
- villosus . . . 164
- syriacus . 165
- anglicus . 167
Family A^OTACANTHID^ . 168
Prouotacanthus . 169
- sahel-almae . 169
Family DEECETID^ . 171
Dercetis . 172
- scutatiis . 172
Leptotrachelus . 173
- armatus . 174
- triqueter . 174
- gracilis . 180
— — hakelensis . 184
- elongatiis ......... 184
Pelargorhynchus . 188
- dercetiformis . 188
Family ENCHODONTID^ . 189
Enchodus . 190
- lewesiensis . 191
- pulchellus . 193
- anuecteus . 195
- faujasi . 196
- lemoiinieri . 198
■ - - longidens . 199
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXlll
Family ENCHODONTID^ {continued).
Page
Enchodus major . 200
- gracilis . 201
- macropterus . 202
Eurypholis . 207
- - boissieri . 207
- freyeri . 210
Palgeolycus . 211
- dregineiisis . 211
Halec . 212
- sternbergi . 212
- eiipterygiiis . 213
- microlepis . 218
- haiieri . 219
Cimolichthys . 221
- lewesiensis . 221
- nepseolica . 225
Prionolepis . 229
- angustiis . 230
- cataphractiis . . 230
- laniatus . 232
Leptecodon . 233
- rectus . 233
Pantopholis . 234
Family SCOPELID^ . 235
Sardinioides . 236
- monasteri . 237
- crassicaudus . 238
- megapterus . 239
- pusillus . 240
- attenuatus . 241
Acrogmatbus . 243
- boops . . . 243
- libanicus . . 244
Leptosomus . 244
- guestphaliciis . 245
XXIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Famil}" SCOPELID^ (continued).
Leptosomus elongatus .
- macrourus .
• - minimus
Sardinius .
- cordieri . . .
Dactylopogon . . .
- grandis ....
Jn ematonotiis ....
- bottse ....
Microcoelia ....
- graiiulata .
- libanica
Opisthopteryx
- gracilis ....
Scopeloides ....
- glarisianiis
Parascopelus ....
- lacertosus .
Anapterus . . . .
- megistosoma .
Apateodiis . . . .
- glyphodiis . . .
- striatiis . . . .
- lanceolatiis
llliiuellus .
- furcatiis
- ferox ....
- damoni ....
Page
245
245
246
247
247
248
249
249
250
252
252
252
253
254
254
255
256
256
258
258
260
264
265
266
267
268
Family GONOEHYACHID^ . 271
Charitosomus . 271
- formosiis . 272
- major . 272
- liueolatiis . 274
- hakelensis . 274
Notogoneiis . 275
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXV
Family GONORHYNCHID^^^ (continued).
Pa^ge
Yotogoneus osculus . 275
- sqiiamosseiis . 276
- cuvieri . Zi i
- longiceps . 278
Family CHIEOTHEICID^ . 279
Chirothrix . 280
- libaniciis . 280
- lewisi . 283
- giiestfalicus . 283
Telepholis . 284
- acrocephalus . 284
- (?) tenuis . 285
Exocoetoides . 286
- minor . 286
Family ESOCID.E . 287
Esox . 287
- lepidotus . 288
Family CYPEIYODOYTID^ . 289
Prolebias . 290
- cephalotes . 290
- furcatus . . 291
- gregatiis . 292
- stenoura . 292
- goreti . 293
- brongniarti . 293
Pachylebias . 294
- crassieaudiis . 295
Suborder Y. OSTAIUOPHYSI
. 296
Family CHAEACIYID^
Tetragonopterus
- avus
— — ligniticus
297
298
298
XXYl
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CYPUIJ^ID^ . . .
Catostomus .
Amy z on ....
Cyprinus ....
- prisons .
Barbus ....
- megacepbalus
Thynnichthys
- ambljmstoma .
Gobio .
- analis .
Amblypharyngodon
Leucisciis ....
- - oeningensis
- papyraceiis
- colei
- macrnrus .
- leptus . .
Tinea .
- fiircata .
- leptosoma . .
- micropygoptera
- tarsiger
Rhodens ....
- elongatus .
- latior
Aspins .
- gracilis .
- minutus . .
Cobitis ....
- centrochir . ,
- angustns . .
- cephalotes .
Hexapsephus .
- guentheri .
Page
. . 299
. . 299
. . 300
. . 300
. . 301
. . 301
. . 302
. . 303
. . 303
. . 303
. . 304
. . 304
. 305
. . 305
. . 307
. . 308
. . 308
. . 309
. . 312
. . 312
. . 313
. . 314
. . 315
. . 316
. . 316
. . 317
. . 318
. . 318
. . 318
. . 320
. . 320
. . 321
. . 321
. . 322
. . 322
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXVll
Page
Family SILURID^ . 324
Clarias . 324
- falconeri . 324
Heterobranchus . 325
- palaeindicus . 325
Silurus . 325
Pseudeiitropiiis . 326
- verbeeki . 326
Macrones . . . ’ . 327
- aor . 327
Rita . 328
Amiiirus . 328
Rhineastes . 329
Bucklandium . 330
- diluvii . 330
Arms . 330
- egertoni . 331
- crassus . 332
- (?) bartonensis . 333
- ihSrmgi . 333
Bagarius . 335
- gigas . 335
Suborder Yl. APODES . 336
Family MURiENID^ . 336
Urenchelys . 337
- avus . 337
- hakelensis . 338
- auglicus . 339
Eomyrus . 340
- dolloi . 340
- latispinus . 340
- - ven trails . 341
Rhynchorbinus . 342
— — branchialis . 342
- - major . 343
XXVlll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX,
Family {continued).
Page
Paranguilla . 343
- tigrina . 343
Anguilla . 344
- leptoptera . 344
- elegans . 345
Nettastoma . 346
- bolcense . 346
Suborder VII. PERGESOGES . 347
Family CFOSSOGNATHIDAE . 348
Crossognathiis . 348
- sabaudianus . 349
Sylleemus . 350
- latifrons . 351
- auglicus . 351
Family AMMODYTID^ . 354
Cobitopsis . 354
- acutiis . 355
Family SCOMBRESOCID,^ . 356
Belone . 356
- tenuis . 357
Scombresox . 357
- obtusirostris . 357
Hemiramphus . 358
Family ATHERINIDAE . 358
Atherina . 359
- macroeepbala . 359
- sarmatica . 360
- vardinis . 360
Ilhamphognathus . 361
- paralepoides . 361
■ - - sphyreenoides . . , . 362
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXIX
Page
Family MUGILID^ . 363
Mngil . 363
- prill ceps . 364
- radobojauus . 365
Family SPHYK^?s^ID JE . 365
Spbyraena . 366
- bolceiisis . 366
— — intermedia . 367
- suessi . 368
Suborder YIIT. HEMIBRAXCHII . 369
Family AULOEHYISTCHID^ . 371
Protaulopsis . 371
- bolceiisis . 371
xiiilorhynchus . 372
- sumatreiisis . 373
Family FISTULARIID^ . 373
Fistiilaria . 374
- koenigi . 374
- longirostris . 375
Aulostoma . 375
- bolcense . 375
Urosphen . 376
- dubia . 376
Family CENTEISCIDAE . 377
Ebampbosus . 377
- aculeatus . 377
- biserratus . 378
Ampbisile . 378
- beinricbi . 379
Family SOLEYOSTOMATID^ . 379
Solenorbyucbus . 380
- elegans . . 380
XXX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Page
Family SYIS^GNATHID^ . 380
Pseudosyngnathus . 381
- opisthopteriis . 381
Siphonostoma . 382
- albyi . 382
Syngnathus . 382
Calamostoma . 383
- breviciilum ........ 383
Suborder IX. ACANTHOPTERYGII . 384
Division A. Beryciformes . 384
Family BEPYCID^ . 384
Beryx . 385
Sphenocephalus . 387
- fissicaudus . 387
- cataphractus . 388
Acrogaster . 388
- parvus . 389
- brevieostatus . 389
- heckeli . 590
- daviesi . 390
Pycnosterinx . 391
- russeggeri . 392
- discoides . 393
- gracilis . 394
- dubiiis . 395
Hoplopteryx . 396
- antiquus . 396
- zippei . 397
- lewesiensis . 397
- superbus . 403
- lundensis . 404
- lewisi . 404
- syriacus . 405
- stachei . 406
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXxi
Family BEFYCID^ {continued).
Page
Dinopteryx . 406
- spinosus . 407
Homonotus . 407
- dorsalis . 408
Myripristis . 410
- leptacanthus . . . 410
- homopterygius . 411
Holocentrum . 412
- macrocephaliim . 412
- melitense . 413
Family APHFEDODERIDiE . 416
Family CYTTID^ . 417
Division B. Scombriformes . . 418
Family STBO^IATEID^ . 419
Omosoma . . . 419
- sahel-almse . 419
- intermedium . 420
- pulchellum . . . 421
Platycormus . 421
- germaniis . 421
Berycopsis . 423
- elegans . 423
Family CABAYGID-® . 425
Aipichthys . 427
- pretiosus . 427
■ - velifer . 427
- minor . 428
- nuchalis . 429
Semiophorus . 430
- velifer . 430
- velicans . 431
Platax . 432
XXXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CARANGID^ {continued).
Platax woodwardi .
Amphistium ....
- paradoxum
Vomeropsis ....
- longispinus
- - eloiigatus .
- valencieniiesi .
Mene ......
- rhombeus .
- oblongus .
Caranx .
Archaeiis .
- glarisianiis ...
Seriola .
- prisca .
- lata .
- an alls .
Carangopsis .
- brevis .
- dorsalis . . . .
Ductor .
- leptosomus
Page
. 432
. 434
. 434
. 435
. 436
. 437
. 437
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 441
. 442
. 442
. 444
. 444
. 445
. 445
446
, 446
, 447
448
448
Family SCOMBFID^ . 451
Isuricbtbvs . 453
- macrurus . 453
- orientalis . 453
Thvnnus . 454
«/
- thynnus . 455
- scaldisi . 455
- lanceolatiis . 456
Eotbyiinus . 457
- salmoneus . 457
Scomber . 459
Palimphyes . 460
- elongatus . 460
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.
XXXlll
Family SCOMBRI (continued).
Scombrinus ....
- nuchalis
- macropomus .
Aiixis .
- (?) propterygirs .
Cybium .
- speciosum .
- bleekeri . . .
- excelsiim .
- bartonense
- lingulatum
Eocoelopoma ....
- colei ....
- curvatiim , .
Spbyrsenodus ....
- priscus ....
Scombramphodon
- - benedeni .
- ciirvidens . . .
- crassidens .
Thyrsitocephalus
- alpinus ....
Lepidopus .
- glarisiamis
- brevicauda
- albyi ....
461
461
462
463
464
465
466
466
467
467
469
470
470
472
473
473
474
474
474
475
476
477
477
477
480
480
Family PALyEORHYNCHID^ . 482
Palseorhynchus . 483
- glarisiamis . 483
- longirostris . 486
- zitteli . 487
Hemirhynchiis . 488
- deshayesi . 488
- colei . 488
PART IV.
C
XX XIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
I’age
Family XIPHIID^ . . 490
Xiphiorhynchus . 490
- elegans . 491
- priscus . 491
Acestrus . 494
- ovnatus . 494
Histiophorus . 495
- eocsenicus . 495
- rotiuidus . 495
Division C. Perciformes . 497
Family PERClD.iF . 498
Prelates . 499
- heberti . 499
Acauus . 500
- spinosus . 500
- regleysianiis . 501
Dates . 502
- gracilis . 502
Cyclopoma . 504
- gigas . 504
- (?) micracanthum . 504
Smerdis . 506
- miniitiis . 506
- formosiis . 507
- ma cruras . 507
Labrax . 509
- ubinoi . 510
- schizurus . 510
- oeningensis . 511
Percichtbys . 514
- antiqiius . 514
Properca . 514
- angusta . 515
- beaiimoiiti . 515
- (?) prisca . 516
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXXV
Famil}' PERCIDiE {continued).
Page
Mioplosiis . 517
- labracoides . 517
Perea . 518
Family TEUTHIDID^ . 523
Family SPARID-^E . 524
%j
Spar nodus . 524
- macroplitlialmus ....... 525
- elongatus . 526
- microstomiis . 527
- howerbanld . 527
Sargus . 529
- orauensis . 529
- laticoniis . . . . . 529
Trigonodoii . 531
- oweni . 531
- serratus . 531
Pagellus . 532
Pagriis . 533
Chrysophrys . 534
Family SCI^NIDFE . 538
Family LABRID^ . 539
Labriis . 539
Julis . 541
Labrodou . 541
- superbus . . 542
- canariensis . 542
Phyllodus . 546
- toliapicus . 546
Egertonia . 550
- isodonta . 551
Platvlaemus . 551
- colei . 551
Pseudospbserodon . 552
- hilgendorfi . 552
XXXVl
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CHROMID^
Priscacara
- serrata
- — clivosa
Division D. Chaetodontiformes . 556
Family CH^FTODONTID-^ . 556
Fygmus . 557
- eoleanus . 557
Proantigonia . 558
Ephippns . 559
- rhombus . 559
Family ACRONURID^ . . 562
Aulorhamphiis . 562
Apostasis . 563
Acanthurus . . . . . 563
Naseus . ... 564
- rectifrons . 564
Family BALISTID^ . 565
Spinacanthus . *566
Acanthopleurus . ....566
- serratus . 567
Acanthoderma . 568
- spinosum . 568
Ostracion . 569
Family GYMAODOjS^TID^ . 570
Tetrodon . 571
Diodon . 571
- erinaceus . 572
- scillse . 572
- sigma . 573
- vetus . 573
Orthagorisciis . 576
Page
554
554
554
554
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX. AXXVll
Page
Division E. Scorpseiiiformes . 576
Eamilv SCOIIP.EIXID^E . 577
%/
Ampheristus . 577
- toliapicus . 577
Family COTTID^ . 580
Eocottns . . . 580
- veronensis . 581
Lepidocottus . 581
- aries . 582
- brevis . 582
- papyraceus . 583
- multipiiinatus . 584
Cottus . 585
Family TEIGLID-E . 585
Division E. Gobiiformes . 587
Family GOBIID-E . . . 587
Family TRACHIXID^ . 589
Callipteryx . 589
- speciosus . 589
- recticaudus . 589
Division G. Blenniiforines . 591
Family BLOCHIID^ . 591
Blochius . 593
- longirostris . 593
Family BLEXNIID^ . 595
rterygocephalus . 595
- paradoxus . 595
XXXVlll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
Suborder X. ANACANTHINI . 597
Family GADID^ . 597
4/
Xemopteryx . 598
- troscbeli . 598
Gadus . 599
Brosmius . 602
Family PLEUBONECTID^ ....... 606
Rhombus . 606
- minimus . 607
Pleurouectes . 608
Solea . 609
- kirchbergana . 609
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Fig. 1. Lycoptera sinensis ; restoration . 3
2. Osmeroides lewesiensis ; restoration . 13
3. Pachyrhizodiis dibleyi ; -portions of upper jaiv . . 39
4. Spaniodon blondeli ; restoration . 50
5. Portheus ganltinus ; partial restoration of head . . 96
6. Ctenothrissa vexillifer ; restoration . 120
7. Enrypbolis boissieri ; restoration . 206
8. Cimoiichthys nepgeolica ; remains of head and abdo¬
minal region . 224
9. Cimoiichthys nepaeolica ; head-hones, etc . 227
10. Chirothrix libanicns ; restoration . 281
11. Arins egertoni; dorsal fidcral spine and supra-
occipital hone . 332
12. Cobitopsis acutus ; restoration . 355
13. Hoplopteryx lewesiensis ; restoration . 3.98
14. Mene rhombeus ; restoration . 438
15. Cybium excelsum ; right premaxilla and left dentaip 468
16. Cybium bartonense ; right premaxilla and left
dentary . 468
17. Palaeorhynchus glarisianus ; restoration .... 484
18. Outlines of Rostra of Extinct Xiphiidse ... .496
19. Phyllodus polyodus ; upper pharyngeal dentition . 547
20. Diodon scillse ; inner dental plates . 573
21. Ampheristus toliapicus ; cranium and preoperculum . 578
22. Blochius longirostris ; restoration of skeleton and
portion of sguamation . 592
. A
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CATALOGUE
OF
FOSSIL FISHES.
PAET IV.
Order II. ACTINOPTERYGII {continued).
Suborder IV. ISOSPONDYLl jcontinued) \
7a /9UQ
Family -LEPTOLEPIDiE [ooHtinuul] . y ^
Genus LYCOPTERA, J. MiiUer. C^) (>
^ ' [Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, vol. i. pt. i. 1848, p. 262.]
Head large ; maxilla arched, with a slightly convex dentigerous
border ; mandible prominent, the dentary gradually deepening from
the symphysis backwards without any marked thickening ; teeth
minute and closely arranged. Opercular and branchiostegal appa¬
ratus apparently as in Leptolepis. Vertebral centra in form of
delicate constricted cylinders. Pectoral fins much larger than the
pelvic pair ; dorsal fin small and short-based, opposite to the anal
fin, which is not longer than deep ; caudal fin forked. Scales com¬
pletely covering the trunk, none enlarged or thickened.
Recent researches seem to necessitate a modification of the definition of the
Isospondyli given in Part III., p. 446, by the omission of the statements
“ symplectic bone present” and “ precoi*acoid arch present.” The suborder is
thus made to include the so called Scyphophori and Haplomi of Cope. Oon-
vuA cerning the former (Mormyridse and Gyinnarchida) see Gr. A. Boulenger, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1898, pp. 775-821.
PAET IV.
f
2 ACTINOPTERYGII.
The feeble development of the vertebral centra suggests the early
Jurassic age of this fish. As observed by J. Miiller, the genus is
closely related to Thrmops ; but it is distinguished by the characters
of the vertebrae and the considerably less extension of the anal fin.
Lycoptera middendorfiPi, Miiller.
1846. Fholidophorus macrorhynchus, E. von Eichwald, Geogn. de
Russie, p. 498 (in Russian, apparently undefined).
1848. Lycoytera middendorffii, J. Miiller, in A. T. von Middendorff’s
Sibirische Reise, vol. i. pt. i. p. 262, pi. xi. figs. 1-5.
1868. Lycoptera macrorliyncha, E. von Eichwald, Lethaea Rossica,
vol. ii. (Periode moyenne), p. 1200, pi. xxxviii. figs. 1-4.
1868. Lycoptera middendorffii, von Eichwald, ibid. p. 1202, pi.
xxxviii. figs. 5-7. ^
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Imperial Academy of Sciences,
St. Petersburg.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of head
with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk and occupying about one quarter of the total length to
the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins, when adpressed, reaching
considerably more than half way to the origin of the pelvic pair,
which arise about midway between the pectorals and the anal ;
dorsal fin with 10 rays, arising immediately behind the origin of
the anal fin, which comprises 14 rays, the length of the longest
about equal to the depth of the caudal region at its insertion.
This fish was erroneously supposed by Egerton to belong to the
Cyprinoid genus Aspius (T. R. Jones, Mon. Eoss. Estherise, Pal. Soc.
1862, p. 112).
Form. ^ Loc. Lower Jurassic (?) : Turga, Nertchinsk, Transbaikal
Province, Siberia.
P., 273. Six small pieces of shale exhibiting various remains of this
fish associated with Estheria middendorffii (T. R. Jones,
' Mon. Eoss. Estherise, Pal. Soc. 1862, p. 112), collected at
Turga by C. G. Austin. One specimen (numbered P. 273 ct)
also displays remains of comparatively large fins which
may belong to the genus Belonorhynchus.
Transferred from Mus. Practiced Geology, 1880.
P. 1841. Two similar specimens. Egerton Coll.
P. 6728. Slab exhibiting two imperfect small fishes.
Presented by Dr. Friedrich Schmidt, 1892.
CJK^
^eyo^y/:^-cy^,^^<z-c^^ 'i^o^ y^'>^:K\/(
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LEPTOLEPIDJE. 3
liycoptera. sinensis, sp. nov.
[Eestoration in text-figure 1.]
Ty^e. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*13. Length of head with
opercular apparatus slightly less than the maximum depth of the
trunk and occupying scarcely more than one quarter of the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about 45 in number,
20 being caudal. Pectoral fins, when adpressed, scarcely reaching
more than half way to the origin of the pelvic pair ; other fins
apparently as in the type species.
Form. Log. Lower Jurassic (?) : Poh-tse, near Layang Nsien,
Province of Shantung, China.
P. 7358. Type specimen, collected by H. M. Becher. Among the
remains of the head, the small mouth is distinct, bounded
above both by the premaxilla and the long arched maxilla
Traces of small, bluntly conical teeth are also distinguish¬
able. Indications of a few slender branchiostegal rays
Pig. 1.
occur below the hinder end of the mandible. The delicate
vertebral centra are very imperfectly preserved, but 18 or
19 pairs of stout ribs can be counted, and these almost or
completely encircle the abdominal cavity. The neura
and hsemal spines in the caudal region are comparatively
small, except at the base of the caudal fin. The fish is
distorted in the anterior part of the caudal region, but all
the fins are tolerably well preserved. Purchased, 1894.
P. 7357. Contorted specimen in counterpart, collected by H. M.
Becher. One of the slabs exhibits a second well-preserved
fish on the obverse side. The characteristic jaws, dentition,
B 2
4
ACTINOPTERYGII.
and opercular apparatus are distinct; and the delicate
cylinders forming the vertebral centra are well shown.
Purchased^ 1894.
P. 7090. Imperfect impression of large fish, and greater portion of
trunk of a smaller specimen. The latter displays the
delicate vertebral centra and the thin scales marked with
fine longitudinal striations.
Presented hy Barry M. Beelier^ Esq., 1894.
P. 7095. Disptorted specimen, artificially polished. Purchased,
To Lycoqqtera may also probably be referred the so-called Prolebias
davidi (H. E. Sauvage, Bull. 8oc. Geol. France, [3] vol. viii. 1880,
p. 452, pi. xiii. figs. 5, 6). It is described as abundant in a whitish
shaly limestone “ belonging to the Tertiary formations of N’orthern
China.’* It is not represented in the Collection.
Synopsis of Cretaceous andj Tertiary Families of Isospondyli.
All characterised by presence of intermuscular bones and absence of
fulcra on fins,
I. Margin of upper jaw formed by maxilla and
premaxilla. Precoracoid arch present.
{a) Parietal bones usually meeting in
the middle line, and squamosal
bones well developed.
Marginal dentition comparatively
well-developed; opercular ap¬
paratus complete, and bran-
chiostegal rays numerous, with
gular plate .
Mouth small, and marginal dentition
feeble or absent ; opercular ap¬
paratus complete, but branchio-
stegal rays few, and no gular
plate .
Opercular apparatus incomplete,
with 10 to 20 branchiostegal
rays, but no gular plate ; scales
thick, mosaic-like in structure .
(/;) Supraoccipital usually more or less
completely separating the parietal
bones in the middle line ; squa¬
mosal bones much reduced, and
pterotic region prominent ; no
gular plate.
Elopid^ (p. 7).
Albuijd.® (p. 59 ).
OSTEOGLOSSIDiE (p. 73).
^ — ^Ca^/ -
/
/^iASet» ^ /^o^Cl. J^TAX C^9^yJ Y/^ ■ \/-Cre ^ .Sctt^ /tPoul-C^ S^
^ C7/^/»-/^. /%jk5<so o/p (r7a,7tx^
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(9 5T» CS.^ iU^ O^./i^ tS/,f>-9^(>
IS0SP0NJ3YLI.
O
Parietal bones partly meeting in the
middle line ; opercular appara¬
tus incomplete, with few bran-
chiostegal ravs : abdominal ver-
O V 7
tebrae with transverse processes.
Maxilla and premaxilla firmly fixed ;
opercular apparatus complete,
with few branchiostegal rays ;
abdominal vertebras without
transverse processes .
Maxilla loosely attached, with two
supramaxillaries ; opercular
apparatus complete, with few
branchiostegal rays ; abdominal
vertebrae without transverse
processes ; postclavicle over¬
lapped by clavicle ; pelvic fins
enlarged and far forwards ....
Maxilla loosely attached, usually
with two supramaxillaries ;
opercular apparatus complete,
with few branchiostegal rays ;
abdominal vertebrae with short
transverse processes ; post-
clavicle overlapping clavicle ;
dorsal fin median, and no adi¬
pose dorsal .
As Clupeidce, but with adipose dor¬
sal fin and postclavicle over¬
lapped by clavicle .
II. Premaxilla partly or completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper jaw;
no gular plate. Precoracoid arch re¬
duced or absent.
(a) Parietal bones meeting in the middle
line, and squamosal bones well
developed.
Maxilla partly entering gape ; oper¬
cular apparatus incomplete ;
scapular arch supported by post¬
temporal bone ; scales cycloid,
regularly arranged ; lateral line
near ventral border of flank . .
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; opercular apparatus com¬
plete ; scapular arch supported
by rigament, without post-
NotopteriS.® (p. 85).
Chirocentrid^ (p. 86),
Ctenothrissid.®
[(p. 119).
Clupeid^ (p. 1:18).
Salmonid.® (p. 159).
Halosaurid-® (p. 162).
ACTINOPTERTGII.
temporal bone scales cycloid,
regularly arranged ateral line
above middle of flank .
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw; opercular apparatus com¬
plete ; scapular arch supported
by post-temporal bone ; body
with paired longitudinal series
of scutes ; lateral line piercing
a series of scutes above middle
of flank .
(d) Supraoccipital separating the parietal
bones in the middle line ; squa¬
mosal bones much reduced, and
pterotic region prominent.
Maxilla partly entering gape ; upper
dentition chiefly on inner bones
of mouth ; abdominal vertebrae
without transverse processes;
an adipose dorsal fin; scales
minute or absent, but usually
rows of scutes, the dorsal series,
when present, being unpaired . .
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; dentition usually feeble,
but upper enlarged teeth, when
present, on the premaxilla ; ab¬
dominal vertebrae without trans¬
verse processes ; an adipose
dorsal fin scales usually pre¬
sent, no scutes .
Premaxilla delicate but completely
excluding relatively large max¬
illa from margin of upper jaw ;
dentition absent or on ianer
bones; abdominal vertebrae with
transverse processes ; no adipose
dorsal fin ; dense regular squa-
mation .
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; dentition feeble or absent ;
abdominal vertebrae with trans¬
verse processes ; paired fins ex¬
cessively enlarged .
Premaxilla small, and maxilla form-
Notacanthid^ (p. 168).
Dercetid^ (p. 171).
Enchodontid.® (p. 189),
ScOPELID^ (p. 235).
Gonorhynchid.®
[(p. 271).
Chirothricid^ (p. 279).
t .
' ^ I, •• ■ * L:. '
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EL0PIDJ5.
7
ing greater part of margin of
upper jaw ; dentition powerful ;
abdominal vertebrae without
transverse processes ; no adi¬
pose dorsal fin ; dense regular
squamation . Esocid^. (p. 287).
Premaxilla completely excluding
maxilla from margin of upper
jaw ; dentition absent on
inner bones except rarely on
vomer ; abdominal vertebrae
with transverse processes ; no
adipose dorsal fin ; regular [(p, 289).
squamation . Cypbinodontid^
Family ELOPIDiE.
Trunk fusiform, and caudal region relatively short. Supraoccipital
bone not prominent, but extending forwards beneath the united
parietals or separating the latter in the median line ; squamosals
suturally united with parietals and completely covering the otic
bones except behind ; snout not produced ; cheek almost or com¬
pletely covered by the suborbital and circumorbital plates. Mandi¬
bular suspensorium vertical or inclined forwards and gape moderately
wide ; premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large, both entering
the upper border of the mouth ; one or two supramaxillaries ;
teeth acuminate, best developed on the premaxilla, maxilla, and
dentary bones. Opercular apparatus complete, with numerous
branchiostegal rays (20 to 30) and a gular plate. Vertebral centra
well ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly or com¬
pletely encircling the abdominal cavity ; haemal arches scarcely if
at all fused at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present.
Fin-fulcra absent ; fin-rays divided and closely articulated distally ;
dorsal and anal fins small, the former short-based and nearly
median ; no adipose dorsal fin. Scales thin, cycloid, deeply
imbricating.
Synojpsis of Genera.
I. Parietal bones meeting in middle line.
Teeth large ; gape extending beyond
orbit; operculum simple . Elopopsis (p. 8).
Teeth minute and clustered ; gape
not extending beyond orbit ;
operculum simple ; no enlarged
scale at base of paired fins ....
Osmeroides (p. 11)
8
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Teeth small ; operculum simple ; an
enlarged scale at base of paired
fins ; lateral line simple .
Teeth minute ; operculum subdivided
by transverse suture ; lateral
line radiating- on each scale tra¬
versed ; hindermost ray in dorsal
and anal fins much elongated . .
Teeth small ; operculum subdivided
by transverse suture ; lateral line
simple .
IT. Parietal bones relatively small and not
meeting in the middle line.
Teeth small ; no deep depression in
frontal region of skull ; abdqmen
rounded or flattened .
Teeth small ; deep depression in
frontal region of skull ; abdomen
compressed to sharp edge .
Teeth large and rounded ; no deep
depression in frontal region of
skull .
Teeth large, laterally compressed ; no
deep depression in frontal region
of skull ; gape rather small ....
Enlarged pair of teeth at symphysis
of mandible ; gape wide ; dorsal
fin opposed to pelvic pair .
As Spaniodon, but dorsal fin opposed
to space between pelvic and anal
fins .
in. Incertae Sedis.
Teeth of moderate size and slender,
each tipped only with a cap of
ena^mel ; gape not much directed
upwards .
Elops (p. 22).
Megalops (p. 24).
Notelops (p. 27).
Rhacolepis (p. 29).
Thrissopater (p. 32).
Pachyrhizodus (p. 37)
Esocelops (p. 46).
Spaniodon (p. 48).
Thrissopteroides (p. o4).
Protelops (p. 56).
Grenus ELOPOPSIS, Heckel.
[Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1856, p. 251.]
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, abdomen flattened. Man¬
dible a little prominent, and gape extending behind the eye; one
supramaxillary bone^; margin of the jaws with a series of robust
conical teeth. Operculum simple ; branchiostegal rays between
25 and 30 in number. Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in number,
the centra not longer than deep, all slightly constricted and marked
4 v\ I ' ^ S> 1^60^ j)iyu J^ yiuyt^e-iT. ^vtvO •
. ^liju^^ Vi/.
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C^i^. ^.2.3^
Zj^- f^-Ci-
K.
• r oC^ •*
^C'4C''t«A>0 ^ <^6,/u-. *SVt.
X wV.
S^crrnr^L^
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. (^ /^-S0 \»-%9 (^r. - •!
ELOPJD.E.
9
with longitudinal ridges. Pelvic hns opposed to the dorsal ; caudal
fin forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales very delicate,
the exposed portion deeper than broad.
Elopopsis fenzli, Heckel.
1856. Elojwpsis fenzlii, J. J. Heckel, Henksclir. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
uatiirw. Cl. A’ol. xi. p. 251, pi. xiii. tig. 1.
1867. Elopopsis fenzUi, K,. Kner, Sitzungsh. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. Ivi. pt. i. p. 197.
Type. Imperfect fish, wanting tail ; Court Huseum, Vienna.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*4. Length of
head with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth
of the trunk and equalling the length of about 23 anterior vertebrae ;
depth of head at occiput much less than the length of the cranium.
Cheek-plates ornamented with a few tuberculations ; dentigerous
border of maxilla almost straight ; teeth with broad bases, those of
the upper jaw increasing in size towards the hinder end of the
maxilla, those of the mandible similarly increasing in size, and the
largest. Operculum much deeper than broad. Dorsal fin arising
about over the 26th vertebra, with four short undivided rays
followed by about 18 rays divided and articulated distally ; pelvic
fins one-third shorter than the pectorals, each with 10 rays, arising
opposite the hinder end of the dorsal fin.
Form. Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.
Xot represented in the Collection.
Elopopsis microdon, Heckel.
1856. Elopopsis microdon, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad, Wiss.,
math.-iiaturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 256, pi. xiv.
(?) 1863. Elopopsis microdon ?, It. Kner, Sitzungsh. k. Akad. Wiss.,
matli.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. p. 135.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.
A species about as large as the type, with comparatively slender
teeth. Length of head with opercular apparatus much exceeding
the maximum depth of the trunk and equalling the length of 24
anterior vertebrae ; depth of head at occiput equalling the length of
the cranium. Cheek-plates less conspicuously tuberculated than in
E. fenzli ; dentigerous border of maxilla slightly sinuous ; teeth
increasing in size towards the hinder end of each jaw, but none
much expanded at the base.
Form. Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.
Kot represented in the Collection.
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Elopopsis heckeli, Eeuss.
18o7. Elopopsis heckeli, A. E. Eeuss, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. CL vol. xiii. p. 39, pi. iii.
1878. Elop)opsis heckeli, A. Fritscli, Eept. u. Fische bohm. Kreideform.
p. 41, tig, 61.
Type. Head ; Eoyal Bohemian Museum, Prague.
A species known only by the head and a fragment of the anterior
abdominal region, the mandible measuring 0*13 in length. Length
of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk ; depth of head at occiput not quite equalling the length
of the cranium. Dentigerous border of maxilla slightly convex ;
teeth increasing in size towards the hinder end of each jaw, all
considerably expanded at the base.
Form. Log. Cenomanian : Prague, Bohemia.
Not represented in the Collection.
Elopopsis crassus (Dixon).
1850. Osmeroides crassus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 376.
1888. Osmeroides crassus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 322.
1895. Elopopsis crassus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 659,
pi. xliii. tig. 1.
Type. Head ; Brighton Museum. ,
An imperfectly known large species, the mandible measuring
about 0*09 in length. Depth of head at occiput at least equalling
the length of the cranium. Premaxilla elongate-triangular in shape,
bearing a close series of small conical teeth on its oral border and
two much-enlarged, laterally-compressed teeth within ; dentigerous
border of maxilla convex, with a regular series of small stout teeth,
not increasing in size backwards ; mandible rapidly tapering to
an almost pointed symphysis, with relatively large, widely-spaced
teeth, of which the largest seem to be in front.
Form. ^ Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
P. 1169. Imperfect head, with fragments of trunk ; Chalk, Kent.
Egerton Coll.
The following species is known only by an imperfect head much
resembling E. orassus : —
Elopopsis ziegleri, W. von der March, Palaeontogr. vol. xv. (1868),
p. 293, pi. xli. figs. 2-4. — Cenomanian ; Wessum, near
Ahaus, Westphalia. [Head, etc. ; olim Ziegler Coll.,
Ahaus.]
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Xxv!//. 7^/' 5^.
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y4i-L^4ot^ \^ y4ty^ ^
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A*^. W. ^yJiAJO I^JcLAA.^c&wo ■V . x;cx»v, f^-3'’ >U >tLi.
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Ojjj^saddto^, K^uJtUt 'wk 'u^dLiJL*^^ajU«. 4
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®) j>A. yyntll , Acg. 12. o-fj«iu>* 4c. <x« ,
il ®F^®T*^3? . isvJr c*.4,>>.»t J-.)2..€S,
Genus OSMEROIDES9 Agassiz
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. ii. 1844, p. 103.]
Svn. Rhabdolepis, W. von der Marck (non Troscliel, 1857), Palaeontogr.
vol. xi. 1863, p. 26.
Holcolepis, W. von der Marck, ihid. vol. xv. 1868, p. 278.
Head and trunk not much laterally compressed, and abdomen
flattened. Parietal bones in contact in the median line ; mandible
a little prominent, and gape not extending behind the eye ; two
supramaxillary bones; margin of the jaws and some inner bones
with clusters of minute bluntly-pointed teeth, sometimes perhaps
tritoral. Branchiostegal rays about 20 in number, about five of
the uppermost and broadest supported by the epihyal. Yertebrm
between 50 and 70 in number, about 20 being caudal; the centra
not longer than deep, aU slightly constricted and marked with
small irregular longitudinal ridges. No enlarged scale at the base
of the paired fins ; dorsal fin never much longer than deep, opposite
or nearly opposite the pelvic pair ; anal smaller than the dorsal fin ;
caudal fin forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales often
ornamented in their exposed portion with delicate radiating lines
of minute tubercles, marked in their covered portion with a few
radiating grooves terminating in notches at the anterior truncated
margin ; hinder margin not serrated ; course of lateral line indicated
by a feeble ridge and a notch in the hinder border of most of the
scales.
The generic name Osmer aides was originally given by Agassiz to
some fishes from the Cretaceous of Westphalia catalogued below
in the family Scopelidse {Sardinioides monasteri). When it was
afterwards applied to fossils discovered by Dr. Mantell in the
English Chalk, Agassiz expressly stated that the determination of
generic identity w^as uncertain and provisional. In course of time,
however, the name has become universally recognised as belonging
to the English specimens, and least confusion will be caused in
established nomenclature if Osmeroides leiuesiensis be regarded as
the type species.
Osmeroides lewesiensis (Mantell).
[Text-figure 2.]
1822. Sahno lewesiensis, G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs, p. 235,
pi. xxxiii. fig. 12, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3, pi. xl. fig. 1.
1 This name was first published, without definition, by Agassiz, Neues Jahrb.
1834, p. 305.
12
-VCTIXOPIEKYGII.
1837-44. Osmeroides lewesiemis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 14, pt. ii. p. 105, pi. 1x6. figs. 1, 2, 5-7 (non figs. 3, 4), pi. Ixc.
1838. Osmeroides mcmtellU, G. A. Mantell, Wonders Geol. vol. i. p. 307,
fig. 1.
(?) 1878. Osmeroides lewesiensis, A. Fritscli, Kept. u. Fische bobm.
Kreideform. p. 32, pi. vii. figs, o, 6, pi. viii. fig. 1.
(?) 1885. Osmeroides lewesiensis, G. C. Laiibe, Denkscbr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
matli.-naturw. Cl. vol. 1. p. 292, pi. i. figs. 2, 3, & woodc.
1888. Osmeroides levesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc.
Yol. X. p. 322.
1895. Osmeroides lewesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894,
p. 656, pi. xlii.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*45. Form and
proportions not definitely known, but length of head with opercular
apparatus contained nearly three times in the length of the trunk
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Length of
cranium somewhat exceeding twice its maximum width at the
occiput ; bones of the hinder half of the cranial roof, cheek-plates,
opercular bones, and upper branchiostegal rays ornamented with
coarse radiating rugae. Bays of each pelvic fin not less than 1 1 in
number; the small anal nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic
pair. Exposed area of scales narrow and deep, usually smooth,
sometimes ornamented with verj^ fine closely-arranged radiating
lines of tubercles.
The principal features of the collection from the English Chalk
enumerated below are described in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894 (1895),
pp. 656-659, pi. xlii., and include all the more important osteo-
logical characters of the genus. The lack of more precise information
concerning the proportions of the fish and its fins, however, renders
it impossible to determine at present whether the fragmentaiy
specimens of Osmeroides from the Turonian and Senonian of
Bohemia, described by Fritsch and Laube (loe. cit.), truly belong
to the same species. In any case, Fritsch’s outline-restoration of
“ Osmeroides leiuesiends, Ag.,” is much too slender and has too small
a head for this fish, while the anal fin is not sufiiciently remote.
As shown by the English fossils, the cranial osteology differs much
from the tentative restorations both of Fritsch and Laube.
Form. Loc. Turonian and Senonian : Sussex and Surrey.
(?) Turonian and Senonian : Bohemia.
4294. Type specimen, comprising head and abdominal region, figured
bj’ Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. lx h. figs. 1,5; Lewes.
Mantell Coll.
y <!>.
c:5;_'>r,
v>Sai^
/f^{. Osm^ man^c^*y /^'J o.^. ulU ^
Ckf. m^. -Cw^cK. 5V,-. /«A ^ rV. /» dv>. /^>W .^ ■
tZCM:/<i!0:^^y/'.//Z, XX/»: ^7^. /- ?,
' c^<p. .
I^^3, 0 • Oy^e4^e/iAAx^ ^ /^'^- /?n (^csijSo^^co^ ^ qr
i.
size
14
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
4293. Imperfect contorted fish of smaller size, figured ibid. pi. lx. h.
fig. 2 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4295. Imperfect head and abdominal region, figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. Ixc. figs. I, 2, 4; Lewes. Cranial roof also
figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pi. xlii. fig. 2.
Mantell Coll.
4296. Head and abdominal region, the right mandibular ramus
figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. lx c. fig. 3; Lewes. The
same ramus and also the rostrum and left side of the head
figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pi. xlii. figs. 3, 3 a, 6 ;
the gular j^late is noticed, ibid. p. 658. Mantell Coll.
4303. Fractured and contorted fish, with traces of vertebrae in the
anterior abdominal region and at the base of the tail, these
figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. Ixc. figs. 5, 6 ; Lewes.
Mantell Coll.
4207, 4292, 4299, 4300. Pour imperfect fishes, the first and third
exhibiting the gular plate, as noticed in Proc. Zool. Soc.
1894, p. 658 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
49891. Nearly com]3lete large fish, slightly lengthened by distortion
and with imperfect fins ; Lewes. Partly described in
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, pp. 657, 658 ; the left maxilla with
supramaxillaries and the oral aspect of the mandibular
symphysis being figured, ibul. pi. xlii. figs. 5, 5 a.
Capron Coll.
P. 6456. Another fine large specimen exhibiting the ornamentation
of the external bones and the openings of the sensorj’
canal on the mandible (noticed loc. cit. 1894, p. 658) ;
probably from Lewes. Beckles Coll.
P. 7188. Smaller distorted fish, described and figured loc. cit. 1894,
p. 658, pi. xlii. fig. 1 ; Southover, Lewes.
Presented by J. S. Valentine, Esp, 1894.
49892. Imperfect specimen showing endoskeleton of trunk, described
loc. cit. 1894, p. 658; Lower Chalk, Lewes. C apron Coll.
P. 5680. Pine head, obliquely crushed and fractured but displaying
many osteological features ; Kent. The parietal bones
are broken away, thus exposing the supraoccipital, which
extends forwards as far as the frontals. The right
quadrate, metapterygoid, and symplectic are figured loc.
I
f
Az^/. //^;///, Ax///! ^7^- /
^^/•X‘f.,0-^^ ’c,.<.-7 ^^7 ^7-
^ ^ ^f^p, p‘ /^ Xx7/! p7f> . ir
7P C Y-' c7^ TTT
:^y/PP. yP.J!^. ^f^pp/- /^xx/>7. /
^ 'z^^A'^'^t4i:!k. yp^p^p. y/p pP x^/P-pj*^ p.
Pyyp^%^,>^Ayc-<X■<yt%^^ p. yp^. y/p7.
^ Ppp/rP? ^S.^ /p^p, p. y/Pp/xx///.p/. p .
/. //y, xx />v.^. P-.
yoyy /y.
tyy^ / //S>^ xy^/n. y^. ^-//.
(^ • (jiy/is ^ P’l^- f~ S t1 .///^ sjf
ELOPID^.
15
cit. 1894, pi, xlii. fig. 4, and the branchiostegal rays, not
less than 18 in number, are noticed ibid, p. 658.
Harford. Coll.
49893. Imperfect head and anterior scales, most of tbe bones
destitute of the external layer; Upper Chalk, Shalford,
near Guildford. Ca'pron Coll.
P. 9155. Two skulls ; Enghsh Chalk. History unhnoivn.
49894. Fragment of anterior abdominal region, displaying finely
ornamented scales and part of the pectoral fins ; Dorking,
Surrey. Foremost pectoral fin -ray with proximal expan¬
sion noticed, loc. cit. 1894, p. 658. Capron Coll.
4301. Portion of trunk, figured by ]y!anteU, op. cit. 1822, pi. xl.
fig. 1 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4290. Group of large scales ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
P. 9156. Group of similar scales ; St. Catherine's Pit, Guildford.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1858. Two groups of smaller scales, labelled “ Osrneroides lewesi-
ensis, Ag.,” by Agassiz, and the locality given as Burham,
Kent. Egerton Coll.
4286. Scale figured by Mantell, op. cit. 1822, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3 ;
Lewes. Mantell Coll.
Osrneroides levis, sp. nov.
1895. Aidolepis typus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 660,
pi. xliii. figs. 2, 3, 5 {err ore).
1900. Osrneroides, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. v.
p. 325.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known small species, attaining a length of about
0*2. Length of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the
maximum depth of the trunk, and probably nearly equalling half
the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Length of cranium not exceeding twice its maximum width at the
occiput ; all external bones remarkably smooth, the rugose markings
being very coarse and feeble. Distance between occiput and origin
of dorsal fin about equalling that between the end of this fin and
the base of the caudal.
Form. 4' Loc. Turonian : Kent and Sussex.
16
ACTINOPTEPvYGlI.
P. 5681. Type specimen, described and figured from the superior
aspect, loc. cif. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 2, and right mandibular
ramus figured ibid. fig. 2 a ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent.
Harford Coll.
P. 1854. Imperfect head and abdominal region, much fractured,
labelled Aidolepis ippiis by Agassiz, and probably utilised
by him in his description of that species ; Burham. The
right frontal bone is figured loc. cit. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 3,
and the right maxilla with supramaxillaries ibid. fig. 3 a.
Egerton Coll.
49903. Head and opercular apparatus, with remains of pectoral fin
and squamation, the former figured loc. cit. L^94, pi. xliii.
fig. 5 ; Lower Chalk, Lewes. Capron Coll.
- OsoE^e^oides gracilis, Davis. ./72
[Plate II. figs. 1, 2.]
1887. Osmeroides gracilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 559, pi. xxxi. figs. 2, 3.
1887. Osmeroides latus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 561, pi. xxxi. fig. 1
[Imperfect distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
(P) 1887. Osmeroides brevis. J, W. Davis, ibid. p. 560, pi. xxxii. fig. 1.
[Ditto.]
(?) 1887. Osm//oides dubius, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 565, pi. xxxi. fig. 4.
^ . [Ditto.] '
Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
Length of head with opercular apparatus nearly equalling half
that of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Cranial roof, opercular bones, and upper branchiostegal rays
smooth and unornamented ; a few minute tritoral teeth within the
mouth. About 40 abdominal and 20 caudal vertebrae. Dorsal fin
comprising 20 rays, the distance between its origin and the occiput
somewhat less than that between its termination and the base of the
caudal tin ; pelvic fins opposite the hinder half of the dorsal ; anal
fin small, with not more /than 8 or 10 rays, arising nearer to the
caudal than to the pelvic pair. Radiating grooves in overlapped
portion of scales especially conspicuous.
The type specimen of this species is evidently lengthened by
crushing, and the rotund form of the fish causes the mode of
distortion of the different specimens to be very varied. It is thus
difficult to determine the original proportions of the species.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
kfci
•)
1
^F./^'^Tf. /i/e^^ e/y^? X'K//^-y^^. /^ .
yk.^yd ^ysy c/^^, /.y^, xx/v.^t^. /-
("^73 0-Uh^ ,P-L fffX^^
c^r> XX /VC ^^7^' /y ^
^y.^ /fC /^- XX/ K ;7^. >
co-z^fi{, cS^Py^jt^ ^pyty.
F. ^^cA^iyujFafyt. ^<2^? ^ ? /^t- c-<^^
Xx/v/l ^7^, 3 ; c^y.
rf .\ 'Ts . f . , r' 1^23
hi ^pt oqjl :
S^t^yie/) O^^e/yfl/de^ ^L/- 6^5- J)(M/'lS> . ^ pjex pc/y^ ^.2.^-^.
Y' ■ lP^i<^f\ Pk^s Piy^ 1^ 'KuU- Zp-^y, 1^
■Z^^y C l^t lyt^^ F '/y^ l‘l'33 J Ful/ Shi ^y^-j Fcy^h • 10
LL>(^f^ &tiN^ PF^^ho^ Cm^,
ajM dyoLOosblh {^vO^LcfUv^^ --^ f-hlS)-
0)cwi^], P- 1- BP(j‘^-X
£i^. ^ X'3
ELOPID^.
17
P. 4789, P. 4855. Two specimens about 0*22 in length, a little
distorted, the second shown of the natural size in PI. II.
fig. I, and displaying the nine broad upper branchiostegal
rays (Sr.), the suboperculum {s.ojp.), and operculum {op.).
Lewis Coll.
P. 4856. Trunk of similar specimen with disarranged and fractured
squamation, also with ova. Lewis Coll.
P. 9160, 49548. Two large distorted specimens, the first showing
the smooth frontal bones, the second (PL II. fig. 2) dis¬
playing the mandible (^md.) from beneath with the delicate
gular plate {gu.) and 13 of the branchiostegal rays {hr.)
on the left side, besides several of the corresponding rays
on the right. The foremost branchiostegal rays are very
slender. Lewis Coll.
P. 9161, 49549. Xine large specimens variously imperfect, crushed,
and distorted. Lewis Coll.
P. 4764. Distorted fish showing the gular plate and remains of the
branchial arches from beneath. Lewis Coll.
P. 9162, P. 4032. Two fine specimens about 0’16 in length.
Lewis Coll.
46545. Eemains of head and abdominal region, with traces of
minute. tubercular teeth. Purchased, 1875.
49550. Imperfect fish about 0-16 in length, displaying the dorsal
fin and the depth of the anal fin. Leiuis Coll.
Osmeroides lewisi (Davis).
[Plate II. fig. 3.]
1887. Clupea leicisii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dubhn Soc. [2] yoL iii.
p. 571, pi. xxxiii. fig. 1.
Type. Xearly complete fish ; Edinburgh lluseum and (counter¬
part) British Huseum.
A species attaining a length of about 0-35, with smooth external
bones, but apparently stouter than 0. gracilis, and the distance
between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin exceeding that
between the end of this fin and the base of the caudal.
Form. (^' Log. Upper Cretaceous ; Hakel, iMount Lebanon.
P. 4868. Counterpart of type specimen, unsatisfactorily described
c
PAET IV.
18
ACTTNOPTEETGII.
and figured by Davis, Minute blunt teeth are observed
in the mandible, and the foremost branchiostegal rays are
very numerous and slender. The vertebrae cannot be
counted in the abdominal region, but the caudals are about
20 in number in advance of the hypural. Small inter¬
muscular bones are conspicuous in both regions. The
dorsal fin is distinctly longer than deep, though imperfect ;
the anal fin exhibits 10 supports. Lewis Coll.
P. 6024. A finer specimen of almost the same size, shown in PI. II.
fig. 3, from the left lateral aspect. Traces of the minute
blunt teeth are seen in the jaws, and the upper branchi¬
ostegal rays are shown to be comparatively short and
broad. The characteristic vertebral centra are dis^Dlayed,
nearly all slightly deeper than long, 20 or 21 belonging
to the caudal region in advance of the hypural, and 35
shown in the abdominal region behind the posterior
margin of the operculum. The ribs and intermuscular
bones are very slender ; the expanded haemal and neural
spines at tlie base of the caudal fin resemble those in the
typical 0. lewesiensis. The dorsal fin is apparently nearly
complete, exhibiting 17 or 18 supports and as many rays,
the latter readily splitting into their two halves and very
closely articulated distally ; its extent equals the distance
between it and the caudal fin. The small anal fin has
at least 9 rays, which, like those of the dorsal, caudal,
and pelvic fins, are very closely articulated distally. The
exposed area of the scales is much deeper than bioad,
and apparently smooth.
Presented hy Prof. W. K. Parlcer, 1889.
The following specimen seems to represent another species of
Osmeroides (named Osmeroides niaxiraus by J. W. Davis, Trans. Poy.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. hi. 1887, p. 566), but is too imperfect to admit
of formulating a specific diagnosis : —
P. 4765. Distorted and crushed remains of a fish measuring about
0*3 in length to the base of the caudal fin, described by
Davis, loc. cit. ; Upper Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mount
Lebanon. The most conspicuous feature is the rugose
ornamentation of the facial and opercular bones.
Lewis Coll.
Ct e^'f^ ^^'V^^e/^^'trx. '‘'t^ ^g>-g^c."C^-’'VA.^»-.-t.^<-.^^
'^e.tA. /(/■.
^./9 /.Ac3,/i^. Xy^/^- ^-3. — ^
^ ^■*»‘»i».^ ^S^<. ^ ^
ft'Ti , Afi'. />a^- 3 ,o-‘^ ' '
/f03. ^ 7ie^
9/. X/x./,
6
■3fU-
^ (a3^ ^ Suyi^
- OV 0^2^ .
fy O^^hcyta^oUji^ ^ f-axy P-/. jfy^
ia. /O ; /io^ ' ' ^
■ /O : /io>f_
■'*
ELOPID^.
19
Osmeroides attenuatus (Davis).
1887. Clupea attenuata, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 580, pi. xxxiii. fig. 4.
1898. Osmeroides attenuatus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 409.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.
An imperfectly known small species, attaining a length of about
0-12. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably ex¬
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and contained nearly three
times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Vertebrae at least 35 in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region.
Pelvic fins opposite anterior half of dorsal, midway between pectorals
and anal ; origin of dorsal fin nearly as far from occiput as it s
hinder end from base of caudal fin.
Form. Loc. Tipper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
Not represented in the Collection.
les sardinioides (Pictet).
[Plate II. fig. 4.]
1850. Clupea sardinioides, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 38,
pi. vii. fig. 2.
1866. Clupea sardinioides, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 66, pi. viii.
1866. Clupea lata, Pictet & Humbert, ihid. p. 68, pi. vii. fig. 6 {err ore),
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0*2. Length of head
with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained nearly three times in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Bones of the hinder
half of the cranial roof ornamented with coarse radiating rugae, the
opercular bones and upper branchiostegal rays more delicately
rugose. Total number of vertebrae scarcely exceeding 50. Dorsal
fin comprising about 15 rays, as long as deep, the distance between
its origin and the occiput equal to that between its termination and
the base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite the hinder
end of the dorsal ; anal fin small, with about 7 rays, arising much
nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic pair. Exposed area of
scales narrow and deep, ornamented with feeble, short radiating
markings.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mount Lebanon, Syria.
c 2
20
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
49498. Slab with two imperfect large specimens ; Hakel, One fish
exhibits the ornament of the cranial roof, the other that
of the operculum and scales. The total number of ver-
tebrm can scarcely have exceeded 50, though they are not
readily counted. Lewis Coll.
49567. Another large specimen, showing indications of the arched
maxilla ; Hakel. . Leiuis Coll.
P. 103. Large specimen wanting the greater part of the cranium,
but displaying ornament of opercular apparatus and scales;
Hakel. The five broad upper branchiostegals are distinct ;
followed below by more delicate rays. Leiois Coll.
47313. More imperfect large fish displacing the dorsal fin, but
wanting the greater part of the caudal region ; Hakel.
Presented hy Sir Richard Ovjen., K.C.B.., 1874.
49561. Fish about 0*14 in length ; Hakel. The fins are shown,
and there are indications of about 50 vertebrse.
Lewis Coll.
49500. Similar fish deepened by distortion ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
P. 104. Imperfect fish displaying the ornamented parietal, squa¬
mosal, and frontal bones in impression ; Hakel. The
complete specimen is shown of the natural size in PI. II.
fig. 4, while part of the impression of the cranial roof is
represented three times enlarged in fig. 4 a. Lewis Coll.
49568. Another imperfect fish deepened and shortened by distor¬
tion ; Hakel. The scale-ornament is well displayed.
Lewis Coll.
Osmeroides cretaceus (W. von der Marck).
1863. Rhabdolepis cretaceus, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 26, pi. xii. fig. 1.
1868. Kolcolepis cretaceus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xv. p. 278.
1873. Holcolepis cretaceus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxii. p. 57,
pi. i. fig. 1.
Pipe. Imperfect distorted fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species of the so-called genus Holcolepis, attaining a
length of about 0*4. Length of head with opercular apparatus
about equal to the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained
four times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Vertebrae about 70 in number, 24 being caudal.
/ftrT rtttr. f1fc*r\ . ^ojrrc. ^
«r^ ^?r 'k X)^i^ ^ , P f'i/yu^
/^73^ Bu^' S/7- l>'^ ■ ^1^-/^
i f^ /f, O’C, ^ 0 6 ^ //> ,f s
li • ^ . /'
4<. L^^^yxA/^. ^/)jLCi}6l.^^An^. ^ ^/k/^-^. S.
ELOPID^.
21
Dorsal fin comprising about 12 rays, of which the foremost four are
undivided, arising at the middle point between the occiput and the
caudal fin.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
jN^ot represented in the Collection.
The following specimens, apparently referable to the genus
Osineroides^ are not specifically determined : —
P. 6850. Part of opercular and abdominal region of very large
specimen, with remains of a pelvic fin unusually far
forwards ; Chalk, Willingdon, Eastbourne.
Presented hy Miss Hememann, 1893.
39433. Eemarkably elongated head and opercular apparatus, very
imperfectly preserved, with some anterior vertebrae ;
English Chalk. Boiuerhanlc Coll.
P. 5679. Opercular, branchiostegal apparatus, &c. ; Lower Chalk,
Kent. Harford Coll.
49752. Scattered remains of head showing gular plate ; Chalk,
Amberley, Sussex. Capron Coll.
P. 8949. Portion of jaws and opercular apparatus, remarkably
smooth, with large gular plate ; Gault, Folkestone.
Purchased, 1898.
P. 9005. Imperfect head and trunk of the form bearing the MS.
name Osmeroides vinarensis (A. Eritsch, Archiv naturw.
Landesdurchf. Bohmen, vol. v. no. 2, 1883, p. 88) ;
Senonian (Iserschichten), Vinary, Bohemia.
Purchased, 1899.
P. 9188. Fish nearly 0*3 in length, in the counterpart halves of a
nodule; Upper Cretaceous, Barra do Jardim, Serra de
Araripe, Province of Ceara, Brazil. The head is too
imperfect to determine the genus, and the squamation is
more strongly ornamented by linear markings than usual
in Osmeroides. Purchased, 1900.
The following specimens seem to represent a genus related to
Osmeroides, with wider gape and thinner and larger scales, but are
too incomplete for precise determination : —
39432. Imperfect head and abdominal region, about 0*5 in length
and 0-12 in depth, showing the long, straight maxilla.
22
ACTINOPTEEVGir.
part of the mandible, and the pectoral, pelvic, and frag¬
mentary dorsal fins ; English Chalk. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 1812. Eragmentary head, probably of the same species ; Lower
Chalk, Dorking. Egerton Coll.
The so-called Clujgea curta (J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. 1887, p. 579, pi. xxxiii. fig. 5) is based on a fragment
probably of Osmeroides from the Upper Cretaceous of Hakel,
Mt. Lebanon. The type specimen is in the Edinburgh Museum of
Science and Art (A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. ii.
1898, p. 409).
Generically and specifically indeterminable scales have also been
described under the following names : —
Osmeroides hdgicus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
(1876), p. 3, pi. i. fig. 1. — Lower Eocene (Heersian) ;
Limhourg, Belgium.
Osmeroides divaricatus^ H. B. Geinitz, Denkschr. Ges. fiir Naturk.
&c. Dresden z. Eeier 50 jahr. Bestehens, 1868, p. 42, pi. ii.
figs. 18-22 ; A. Eritsch, Bept. u. Eische hohm. Kreideform.
(1878), p. 34, fig. 58. — Turonian ; Saxony and Bohemia.
Osmeroides 'pectinolepis., G. D. Eomanovsky, Material. Geol. Turke-
stansk. Kraya [in Eussian], pt. iii. (1890), p. 122, pi. xvii.
fig. 5, — Cretaceous ; Turkestan.
Genus ELOPS, Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1766, p. 518.]
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, abdomen fiattened. Pari¬
etal bones in contact in the median line ; mandible a little promi¬
nent ; two supramaxillary bones ; margin of the jaws, the vomer,
parasphenoid, palatine, and pterygoid bones, and the tongue, with
clusters of minute pointed teeth. Gill-rakers long and slender ;
operculum simple ; branchiostegal rays about 24 to 30 in number.
Pectoral and pelvic fins each with an enlarged and elongated scale
at the base ; dorsal fin opposite or nearly opposite the pelvic pair ;
anal smaller than the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no fin-
rays excessively elongated. Exposed portions of canal of lateral
line simple, never branching; scales usually ornamented with
delicate radiating ridges.
A figure of the skeleton of Elojps is given by Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss.
vol. V. pi. G. fig. 1.
Though now well represented in all tropical and subtropical seas.
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Z^irc^ C^y^^vOyyysf^ ^Jcct^L ^ ^. /? ^^ii/u^
4>g^ s^i/ • 37 3 .
y ^Ou/iA/' xIJa.^ XXt} ^
(f^,tJ)u . vrc<^, /. /7t^. ^ /"^flf^f Jo, J^' fy f
y'-CA^n^^
r
/
S' • •
J ^ /arc a <PX7^ a cyS^
/WA (/^Ji^j, yoy-/2 J
O^ C^J /f ^ h/' ^ Z-
9‘ f ^'^'J.
ELOPID^.
23
this genus has not hitherto been recognised among extinct fishes.
To it, however, may probably be referred the following two speci¬
mens, which are too imperfect for precise determination : —
39443. Imperfect head and abdominal region of trunks much crushed
and obscured by decaying pyrites ; London Clay, Sheppey.
The length of the head with opercular apparatus is about
O’ 14, and the distance from the base of the pectoral to
what seems to be the origin of the pelvic fins is not less
than 0*18. The middle of the cranial roof exhibits a
depression, gradually widening from the occiput to the
hinder border of the orbits, then somewhat contracted
again forwards. The large posterior suborbitals and
ossified sclerotic are conspicuous ; the very wide gape,
prominent mandible, and gently arched maxilla are also
shown, without any traces of teeth. The mandibular
rami are crushed together and imperfect, thus destroying
the branchiostegal apparatus between them. Part of the
left pectoral fin is preserved, and at the hinder end of the
fossil there is apparently the base of the right pelvic fin.
A well-ossified vertebral centrum, not pitted but feebly
striated on the side, also projects through the squamation
at the hinder end of the abdominal region. The scales
are beautifully ornamented in their exposed portion with
fine radiating ridges. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 1762. Portion of trank of the same species, also much pyritised ;
London Clay, Sheppey. Robust vertebral centra are ex¬
hibited, each about as long as deep, not pitted at the sides
but feebly striated ; the neural arches are broken away,
but seem to have been fused with the centra. Portions of
the pelvic fins are preserved, and the scales are ornamented
as in the last specimen. Egerton Coll.
The following specimen was supposed by Agassiz to represent a
genus allied to Elojgs : —
P. 3846. Imperfect impression of skeleton about 0’33 in length,
too obscure for description and determination, labelled
Elopides coidoni by Agassiz ; Upper Eocene (slates), Engi,
Canton Glarus, Switzerland. The name is published
without definition by Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. ii.
(1844), p. 139. Enniskillen Coll.
24
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Genus MEGALOPS, LacepMe.
[Hist. Hat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 289.]
Head and trunk laterally compressed, but abdomen flattened.
Parietal bones in contact in the median line ; mandible a little
prominent ; two supramaxillary bones ; eye relatively very large ;
margin of the jaws, the vomer, parasphenoid, palatine, and ptery¬
goid bones, and the tongue, with clusters of minute pointed teeth.
Gill-rakers long and slender ; operculum subdivided by transverse
suture; branchiostegal rays about 25 in number. Pectoral and
pelvic flns each with an enlarged and elongated scale at the base ;
dorsal fln short-based and elevated, with much-produced hindermost
ray, o^Dposite or immediately behind pelvic pair ; anal fin more
extended than the dorsal, but also with produced hindermost ray ;
caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales not ornamented ; sensory canal of
lateral line radiating on the scales it traverses.
The skull of the existing Megalops is described and figured by
R. W. Shufeldt, Ann. Eep. U.S. Commiss. Fisheries, 1883 (1885),
p. 814, pi. xiv. figs. 33, 34.
Megalops priscus, sp. nov.
[Plate III. figs. 3-6.]
1844-45. Megalops priscus, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 114
(name only), and Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308 (name only).
1844. Hypsodon toliapicus, L. Agassiz, ibid, vol, v, pt. i. p. 101 (name
only).
1854. Megalops priscus, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces, Mus,
Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 172 (no description).
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known large species, the head with opercular
apparatus attaining a length of at least 0-3. Length of head nearly
equalling its depth behind, and about twice as great as the maximum
width of the operculum ; length of cranial roof from occiput to post¬
frontal considerably less than its width at the position of the latter
element. Maxilla extending backwards beyond the orbit ; opercular
bones and cneeK-piates radiately sculptured.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) ; Sheppey.
36070. Head with opercular apparatus, to be regarded as the type
specimen, shown of one third the natural size from the
left lateral and superior aspects in PL III. figs. 3, 3 a.
The cranium is very imperfectly preserved, and the
sutures between its elements are not distinct; but the
contour of its roof is shown (fig. 3 a), gradually widening
^ P' /97J
Am^, Ptl- (J^J jy^. ^o;
• 7o
(Ka^P^ P Yt^Cj/f /§u^ \f<y{^
ELOPID.^.
25
from the occiput to the prefrontal region immediately in
advance of the eye. A certain amount of crushing and
distortion is at the same time obvious. The sclerotic (set,)
is ossified and, unless appearances are deceptive, the eye
is smaller than in the recent ih. cyprinoides. Remains of
the delicate cheek-plates, with radiating markings, are pre¬
served both behind (s.o.) and in front (a.o.) of the eye. The
relatively small premaxilla (pma?.) underlaps the front ex¬
tremity of the enormous maxilla {mx.), which exhibits a
small knob (a\) for its anterior attachment to an inner
element. The extent of the supramaxillaries is indicated
only by the depression for their overlap of the maxilla.
The whole length of the left mandibular ramus is displayed
(cZ.), with its hollowed hinder articulation in contact
with the condyle of the quadrate {qud) ; and the latter
element is directly apposed to the metapterygoid above,
while apparently provided with a superiorly-pointed,
slender, hinder process to grasp the small symplectic.
The bases of clustered series of verj" minute teeth are
shown on the margin of the jaws where preserved. The
upper end of the hyomandibular (Jim.) is partly exposed,
with its process for the support of the operculum [op.) ;
and the latter element is well shown, with the pre¬
operculum {p.op.) in front, and the suboperculum {s.op.)
and interoperculum (i.op.) below. The spaced series of
branchiostegal rays (hr.) cannot have numbered less than
20, although not so many are actually exhibited ; and the
gular plate (yi^^.) is nearly half as loug as the mandible.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 637. Hinder half of skull, labelled Hypsodon toliapicus by Agassiz,
and intended to be the type specimen of that species. The
cranial roof is shown from above of two thirds the natural
size in PI. III. fig. 4, and the various elements can be
readily distinguished as lettered. On the occipital face
the exoccipital is shown to meet its fellow in the median
line below the large, keeled supraoccipital ; but the basi-
occipital is broken and crushed to the left, with one short
and deep vertebral centrum adhering to it. There is clear
evidence of a basicranial canal. The otic region exhibits
its characteristic conformation, and an elongated facette
for the hyomandibular is shown on the pterotic.
Egerton Coll.
26
ACTINOPTERYGII.
P. 356. Imperfect hinder portion of skull, longitudinally bisected in
the median line to exhibit the extent of the supraoccipital
bone. As shown in the section (PI. III. fig. 5), this
element (s.occ.) is much thickened, and in its upper
portion extends almost as far forwards as the investing
parietals {pa.'). The exoccipitals {ex.occ.), as in the pre¬
ceding specimen, clearly form the upper border of the
foramen magnum ; and there seems to be a persistent
suture between the basioccipital (b.occ.) and basisphenoid
(h.sp.). When viewed from behind (fig. 5 a), the basi¬
occipital exhibits the groove for the basicranial canal
(b e.). Egerton Coll.
P. 4153. Imperfect hinder portion of skull, smaller than the pre¬
ceding. The basicranial canal is indicated, and the
remains of the otic region (PI. III. fig. 6) are interesting.
The pro-otic {pr.o.), pierced as usual by the oval foramen
for the fifth nerve, is in contact above with the sphe-
notic or postfrontal (pt.f.) and the pterotic (pt.o.), these
two latter bones meeting and forming the floor of a cavity
which exists between the outer part of the otic mass and
the squamosal {sq.). The upper end of the hyomandibular
must have articulated with two distinct facettes (/.), the
largest and deepest on the pterotic, the smallest at the
point of contact of the sphenotic with its adjacent elements
already mentioned. There are indications of the great
triangular hollow in the otic mass immediately behind the
pro-otic, and of the similar hollow on the occipital face
between the outer edges of the epiotic and pterotic.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1698. Crushed fragment of hinder part of large cranium, showing
suture between basioccipital and basisphenoid, and the
parasphenoid forming the floor of the basicranial canal.
Egerton Coll.
Megalops oblongus, sp. nov.
1841. Hypsodon ohlongus, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 101
(name only).
Type. Imperfect cranium ; British Museum.
A species somewhat larger than the preceding, known only by the
imperfect cranium. Length of cranial roof from occiput to post¬
frontal equalling its width at the position of the latter element.
Form. Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey.
&oU.
)yt^C(/s Z' P-/i ^ p.
Aw. ^ • C(Ko<.^ ) f
'S<^ /‘fk.
.'JP-O
P,
CL^Cdjps
Clf^ :
1972
ELOPID^.
P. 634. The type specimen labelled by Agassiz. It is the much-
abraded cranium, wanting the region in advance of the
postfrontals. The parietal bones are almost completely
removed, thus exposing the supraoccipital which extends
forwards beneath them. The characteristic otic region is
well shown on tbe right side, and the basicranial canal is
indicated beneath the axis of the cranium. Egerton Coll.
The following skull also appears to belong to a species of Megaloios.,
characterised by a relatively short otic region, the length of the
cranial roof from the occiput to the postfrontal not exceeding half its
width at the position of the latter element : —
P. 9192. Cranium 0T25 in length ; London Clay, Sheppey. The roof
exhibits the characteristic arrangement of the bones, and
the basicranial axis is bent upwards as usual at the ante¬
rior end of the otic region. The presence of a basicranial
canal is clearly indicated, but there does not appear to be
a vertebral centrum fused with the basioccipital. The
parasphenoid is abraded, but the spatulate vomer is shown
to have been covered with minute teeth. The long laminar
entopterygoid is preserved on the left side, but its exposed
oral face is abraded. History unhiown.
Genus NOTELOPS, novum.
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed. Parietal bones in contact
in the median line ; mandible a little prominent and gape extending
to the hinder border of the orbit ; margin of the jaws and some of
the inner bones with small conical teeth. Operculum subdivided by
a transverse suture. Vertebral centra slightly constricted, smooth
or delicately striated, perforated for the passage of a remnant of the
notochord. Pectoral fin with an enlarged and elongated scale at its
base ; dorsal fin opposite or nearly opposite the pelvic pair ; anal
smaller than the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no fin- rays
excessively elongated. Scales usually ornamented with delicate
radiating ridges ; a few very small thin scales extending over the
caudal fin : lateral line inconspicuous.
' Notelops brama (Agassiz).
1833. Amblypterus olfersi, L. Agassiz, Poiss, Foss. vol. ii. pt. i. p, 40.
1841. Phacolepis brama, L. Agassiz, Edinb. Aew Phil. Journ. vol. xxx,
p. 83.
28
ACTINOPTEETGII.
1844, Rhacolepis olfersii, L. Agassiz, Comptes Rendus, vol. xviii.
p. 1012, and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 293 (name only).
1887. Rhacolepis hrama, A. S. AYoodward, Proc, Zool. Soc. p. 539,
pi. xlvi. fig. 1, pi. xlvii. fig. 4.
Tyjpe. Head ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*6. Length of head
with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of the
trunk, and contained about four times in the total length of the
fish. The two posterior suborbitals much broader than deep, but
the low^er less deep than the upper plate ; postero-inferior sub¬
orbital of a deep triangular form ; operculum almost as broad as
deep. Pelvic fins arising slightly nearer to the anal than to the
pectorals, opposite the hinder half of the dorsal fin, which has
about 10 rays beyond anterior basal rays.
Form. (^' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Province of Ceara, IS. Brazil.
All the following specimens were obtained from Barra do Jardim, V
Serra de Araripe : — )
15490. Type specimen, the head, opercular apparatus, clavicle, and
some anterior scales, figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,
pi. xlvii. fig. 4. It is labelled by Agassiz.
Purchased from Mr. Gardner.
P. 1957. More imperfect similar head, wanting the cheek-plates and
displaying remains of internal bones, labelled “ Rhaco¬
lepis Brama., Ag.,” by Agassiz, and the parietals and teeth
noticed loc. cit. p. 536. Remains of the large gular plate
are distinct. Egerton Coll.
P. 1960, P. 3986. Small fish, in counterpart, figured loc. cit. p]. xlvi.
fig. 1. The large gular plate is conspicuous between the
mandibular rami. Egerton ^ Ennishillen Colls.
P. 1960 a, P. 3985. More imperfect small fish, in counterpart,
deepened and shortened by distortion, but showing the
separate plate above the operculum, and displaying scale-
ornament. Egerton ^ EnnisJcillen Colls.
P. 1962 d, P. 39861). Still smaller fish, wanting caudal fin.
Egerton ^ Ennishillen Colls.
P. 1962 h, P. 3986. Vertically crushed imperfect small fish.
Egerton Ennishillen Coles. ■
47886. Head and portion of abdominal region of large specimen,
^^Cvul^.
I/; /, y^,
^Sf 'T/^r^, 7/f. Jr. /e^
/>V. i V. f, //.
^C. ^.-ZO, jJ.Vi.-f. i.
/^jZO. g^Vg-<.va^o«--<' yn *3^ <^^<rr. X^<jt^
^2^xy. Jly, ^ / / ^
y. 2> . — -^t-" ix,
S ■ ^o-y^cy^.
/csxA^e^S'
C-’i^C^y^ c ^ <3 £ <s/6
/‘7^y>-2 . ^^VcrX <r /VS
/A-.
/f3 ?
/^><^^>
yi'>'^S/'yyP'^m^/fgi^ x^. .^^sujf i/ K/, ;* jo/ ic/^ z
S? /_/ . -V^. • . ._ .. ,
/I tTOul crf\.% Oyyx,
/7^7ji/^sS ^
A, 3- /. ^ yf^-
^ ^€L«n ■» ^
ELOPID^.
29
displaying suborbitals, the plate above the operculum, and
part of the gular plate.
Presented hy the Hon. Pohert Marslmm.^ 1877.
P. 9189. Smaller and more imperfect head with abdominal region,
showing enlarged scale above pectoral fin.
History unJenown.
15486. Still smaller head and remains of trunk.
Purchased from Mr. Gardener.
47900. Imperfect small trunk in counterpart, the axial skeleton
noticed loc. cit. p. 537.
Presented by the Hon. Pohert Marsham, 1877.
P. 1962 c, P. 3986 a. Small head and abdominal region in counter¬
part, doubtfully of this species.
Egerton EnnisTcillen Colls.
P. 274. Portion of small trunk in counterpart, doubtfully of this
species, showing scale-ornament.
Transferred from Museum of Practical Geology, 1880.
The following specimen seems to belong to Notelops, but its
generic determination is unnertain : —
47899. Fine large trunk, in counterpart, showing portions of all
the fins. Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
Genus RHACOIjIIPIS^ Agassiz.
[Edinb. N^ew Phil. Journ. vol. xxx. 1841, p. 83 {Phacole^is')?^
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed; abdomen flattened or
rounded. Parietal bones small and separated by the supraoccipital ;
no deep depression in hinder part of frontal region ; gape of mouth
extending to the hinder border of the orbit ; a single supram axillary
bone ; margin of the jaws with a single series of small conical
teeth. Operculum simple ; branchiostegal rays about 20 in
number. Yertebral centra slightly constricted, smooth or delicately
striated, perforated for the passage of a remnant of the notochord.
Pectoral fin with a large and elongated scale at its base ; dorsal fin
more or less directly opposed to the pelvic pair ; anal smaller than
the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales usually ornamented
with delicate radiating ridges ; a few very small, thin scales
extending over the caudal fin ; lateral line inconspicuous.
The gular plate in this genus has not yet been clearly observed.
30
ACTIl^’OPTERYGII.
Rhacolepis buccalis, Agassiz.
1831. Figure by Spix & Martins, Reise in Brasiiieii, Atlas, pi. xxii.
fig'- .
1841. Phacolepis buccalis, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. Joiirn.
vol. XXX. p. 83.
1844. Rhacolepis buccalis, L. Agassiz, Comptes Rendus, vol. xviii.
p. 1011, and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 293.
1887. Rhacolepis buccalis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 639,
pi. xlvi. figs. 2-7, pi. xlvii. figs. 1-3.
Type. Imperfect anterior portion of fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about OB. The length of
the head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeds the
maximum depth of the trunk, which is comprised about five and a
half times in the total length of the fish. The two posterior sub¬
orbitals antero-posteriorly elongated and about equal in size, the
postero-inferior plate also broader than deep ; operculum much
deeper than broad, its relative measurements being about 7 : 4.
Pelvic fins arising much nearer to the anal than to the pectorals,
immediately behind a point opposite the posterior end of the dorsal.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Province of Ceara, N. Brazil.
All the following specimens were obtained from Barra do Jardim,
Serra de Araripe : —
P. 4314 a. Very imperfect head and abdominal region, showing
fossilised gill-filaments and muscular fibres, marked by
Agassiz as the type specimen and noticed by him, Poiss.
Foss. vol. iv. p. 293, footnote. Enniskillen Coll.
47890. Nearly complete fish about 0*27 in length, displaying the
paired fins and the base of the anal and caudal fins.
Twelve rays can be counted in one of the pelvic fins,
which are remarkably close to the anal.
Presented by the Hon. Robert Mar sham, 1877.
P. 4315. Almost similar specimen more imperfect, wanting the tail
beyond the anal fin. There are doubtful indications of a
relatively small gular plate. The right pectoral exhibits
15 or 16 rays. Enniskillen Colic
47889. Fine small fish in counterpart, showing the paired, but
wanting the median fins.
Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
P. 1958 d. More imperfect small fish. Egerton Coll.
n^'cf^. 7/f, Jt. 2./^ Jt/, X/f.-j^J^. 2,^ J3
/f3lh. ^ ~ycr>-<o/<^>^. ^ /T^cryv^^r. Scyu
C^€<n^, ////x ./ir-a,$// ^ytr^nP. ///] ^.6 ^ ^ ir///.
/^J^. <5T-^ccc*y>3 ^ .^^/ra-S /S • 2 9*^ p/'V, 7'^’^^*
fll
A-C. O'
Ctt^ ^ <3/^ —
13L
trrcy A *^v
/*>*wO
/f j 5>,
/O' 3'^. /^'^' *''• /• ® ^ '^'J
ELOPIDJE.
31
P. 1962, P. 4315 a. Very imperfect fish, in counterpart, sho^ving
part of paired fins and vertebrae.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
15485. Imperfect head and abdominal region, displaying some of the
beautifully ornamented scales figured in Proc. Zool. Soc.
1887, pi. xhfi. fig. 6. Purchased, from Mr. Gardner.
P. 1958. Another head and abdominal region partly exposed from
above, the cranial roof figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 3.
The pelvic fins are shown to arise immediately behind a
point opposite the end of the dorsal fin. Egerton Coll.
P. 3983 a. Head and abdominal region free from investing matrix,
figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 2. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3983 b, c, d. Three more imperfect specimens.
Enniskillen Coll.
28616 a, b. Two similar specimens in matrix. Purchased.^ 1853.
47890 a. Another similar specimen, in counterpart.
Presented, hy the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
P. 1958 a. Imperfect large head and abdominal region, the sub¬
orbital plates figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 5.
Egerton Coll.
28900 a. Head with branchiostegal rays, figured loc. cit. pi. xlvii.
fig. 1. Dixon Coll.
P. 1962. Eemains of fish displaying vertebras (one figured loc. cit.
pi. xlvi. fig. 4 h) and pelvic bones (one figured loc. cit.
pi. xlvii. fig. 3). Egerton Coll.
28900 b. Portion of abdomen with enlarged scale above pectoral
fin, figured loc. cit. pi. xlvi. fig. 7. Dixon Coll.
P. 1958 C. Portion of abdomen showing clavicles, noticed loc. cit.
p. 537. Egerton Coll.
28616. Curiously distorted trunk, probably of this species, noticed
loc. cit. p. 536. Purchased, 1853.
P. 1958 e. Tail probably of this species, figured loc. cit. pi. xlvii.
fig- 2. Egerton Coll.
32
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Rhacolepis latus, Agassiz.
1841. Phacole2)is latus, L. Agassiz, Edinb, New Pliil. Journ. toL xxx.
p. 83.
1844. Phacolepis latus, L. Agassiz, Comptes Rendiis, vol. xviii. p. 1012,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 293 (name only).
1887. Phacolepis latus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 539,
pi. xlvii. fig. 5.
Type. Imperfect small fish ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known small species with much-deepened trunk.
The two posterior suhorhitals a little broader than deep, and the
postero-inferior suborbital of a deep triangular form ; operculum
about twice as deep as broad. Pelvic fins arising about midway
between the pectorals and the anal, opposite the anterior half of the
dorsal.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Province of Ceara, N. Brazil.
P. 1959, P. 3984. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and
figured loc. cit. 1887 ; Barra do Jardim, Serra de Araripe.
Eyevton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
28616 C. Trunk doubtfully referred to this species, showing enlarged
and elongated anterior dorsal fin-ray. Purchased, 1853.
15493. More imperfect similar trunk.
Purchased from Mr. Gardner.
Genus THRISSOPATER, Giinther.
[Pigs. & Descript. Brit. Organic Bemains, dec. xiii.
(Mem. Geol. Surv. 1872) no. 1.]
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed ; abdomen compressed to
an edge. Parietal bones small and separated by the supraoccipital ;
a deep quadrangular median pit in the cranial roof in the hinder
part of the frontal region ; maxilla slender, with one supramaxillary
bone ; mandible a little prominent, and gape extending to the
hinder border of the orbit ; margin of the jaws with a single series
of small conical teeth. Operculum simple ; opercular bones and
clavicular plates slightly dilated and smooth ; branchiostegal rays
about 30 in number. Vertebrae about 50 in number, the centra
slightly constricted, smooth or delicately ridged. Pectoral fin with
an enlarged and elongated scale at its base ; pelvic fins opposed to
the dorsal ; anal fin relatively small ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no
/ 3 , t^a~y^. tPcrx . / P /^' ^ ~/v’' '
iZ^'
3 7.
. , fZjT* , X<A4^ • J
Si*' i7 /5^ K/- ^5^).
S' U /tfr/r
PjitnJc, <1 : 4 .
fi^
3« c.
t^'/n'^S 6 ^ .
jj • /4^^ ^ VciJA^f^
/9?3 k’ hu,cM^ P.fvK^ S^U..
tUjl.
fk<s.
u>l 2U
v7?^. Z^</Zyi /3/^
XXW/X^^T^. /,
ELOPID^.
33
fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales small or of moderate size,
usually ornamented with delicate radiating ridges ; no enlarged or
thickened ridge-scales ; lateral line inconspicuous.
Thrissopater salmoneas, Giinther.
1872. Thrissopater salmoneus, A. Giinther, he. cit. no. 1, pi. i.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Woodvvardiaii i^Iuseum, Cambridge.
The t3’pe species, attaining a length of about O'T. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained three and a half times,
maximum depth of trunk about four and a half times in the total
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Posterior suborbital
plates radiately furrowed, and their extent exceeding one third the
length of the skull; width of orbit less than this measure ; width of
operculum equalling at least half the length of the skull. About 50
scales in a transverse line on the trunk in front of the dorsal fin;
the enlarged axillary scale longer than the rays of the pectoral fin ;
ornamental strise on scales often slightly wavy.
Form. Log. Albian : Kent.
P. 9052. Pine head, in crumbling condition, and probably incapable
of permanent preservation; Gault, Polkestone. Between
25 and 30 branchiostegal rays and a small gular plate are
shown. Purchased., 1899.
47199. Crushed head showing form of cranial roof and maxilla ;
* Gault, Polkestone. Gardner Coll.
47194. Much fractured head and abdominal vertebrae of small fish;
Gault, Polkestone. Gardner Coll.
47202. Portion of abdominal region displaying the elongated scale
(axillary appendage) at the base of the pectoral fin ;
Gault, Polkestone. Gardner Coll.
47189. Imperfect large trunk displaying scales and caudal vertebrae;
Gault, Polkestone. Gardner Coll.
Thrissopater magnus, sp. nov.
[Plate Y.]
1837-11. Hypsodon lewesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 100, pi. XXV a. fig. 1, pi. XXV h. figs. 4, 5 {errore).
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
A large species, known only by the head and other fragments.
D
PAKT IV.
34
ACTINOPTEETGIl.
Posterior suborbital plates radiately furrowed aud their extent
exceeding one third the length of the skull ; width of orbit much
less than this measure ; teeth of premaxilla not larger than those
of the maxilla, those of the mandible somewhat the largest. Width
of opercular apparatus apparently not exceeding one third the
length of the skull.
Form. 4' Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
37981. Type specimen, a vertically crushed imperfect head, shown
of two-thirds the natural size in PI. Y. hg. 1 ; Lower
Chalk, Hollingbourn, Kent. The cranial roof is well
exposed but damaged by an oblique fracture. Its most
characteristic feature is the median depression in the
hinder frontal region, where the bone becomes com¬
paratively smooth. A trace of the small, finely-punctate
supraoccipital (s.occ.) is observed at the hinder border of
the depression, while quite posteriorly on the left side an
otic bone (apparently epiotic, ejo.o.) is crushed outwards.
The limits of the parietal {pa.)., squamosal {sp), and
frontal {fr.) elements can also be distinguished ; the last-
named being relatively large bones, exhibiting a series
of pits along either side of the depression where traversed
by the slime-canal. The terminal ethmoid (etli.), finely
punctate like the supraoccipital, is relatively small and
pointed in front, without any expansion. The cheek-
plates are best shown on the left side, where the posterior
suborbitals (5.0.) with their slightly radiating furrows are
conspicuous. The sutures between these are not distinct,
and it is not quite clear whether there is a border of cir-
cumorbitals (c.o.) between them and the orbit. The anterior
of the two circumorbitals above the orbit is relatively
large and arched, curving downwards in front to meet the
single long and narrow plate bordering the orbit beneath.
There is also one small triangular antorbital plate {a.o.).
The maxilla (m^.) is broken in front by a fracture and
displacement which also crosses the mandible. It is over¬
lapped for about half its length by the supramaxilla
(s.m.v.), which is a little expanded behind. The teeth
in its anterior half are only about half as large as those
in its posterior half. The premaxilla {pmoc.) is a thin
triangular bone, sharply notched in its hinder border,
and bearing a close series of teeth as small as those of the
front part of the maxilla. The mandible is also delicate
37^F/. /‘^ >^x^^’"- 7^ - /•
/ y y.7
/✓^ 'Z. /fa?^ /. /^/).
ELOPID^.
35
and much tapering at the symphysis. The articulo-angular
element is very short, with a large concave articular
facette for the quadrate, best seen on the right side. The
dentary (d.) bears a spaced series of teeth slightly larger
even than the largest on the maxilla. Of the opercular
apparatus only fragments remain. The preoperculum
seems to have been very narrow, and this is probably the
displaced arched bone on the right side of the fossil, not
shown in the figure. Purchased^ 1864.
4055. Slab of chalk exhibiting the imperfect hinder half of a larger
skull associated with a quadrate, vertebrae, and other
fragments, provisionally referred by Agassiz, loc. cit., to
Hypsodon leiuesiensis ; Chalk, Sussex. The skull and
quadrate bone are figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. The cranial
roof exhibits the characteristic median depression. The
vertebrae are shorter than deep and strengthened by deli¬
cate longitudinal ridges. A fragment of jaw on the same
slab bears traces of large hollow teeth like those of Por-
tlieus ; but, if the determination here proposed be correct,
this cannot have belonged to the same fish as the skull.
Mantell Coll.
49078. Hinder portion of small skull, with six anterior vertebral
centra in position, partly invested with pyrites ; probably
from the Lower Chalk of Kent, The portion of cranial
roof is shown from above, of the natural size, in PL Y.
fig. 2 ; while two of the vertebral centra are represented
in side-view and from below in figs. 2 a, 2h. The
sutures between the various elements of the cranial roof
are distinct and arranged as already described in the type
specimen. The constitution of the otic region is also
well shown. The anterior vertebral centra do not exhibit
lateral pits, except one facette near the ventral border
for the articulation of the rib (r.). Their ventral face,
however, is pitted and strengthened with longitudinal
ribbings. Afrs. Smith’s Coll.
Thrissopater (?) megalops, sp. nov.
[Plate YII. fig. 4.]
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
A species about as large as the type, known only by the
head, opercular apparatus, and scales. Posterior suborbital plates
36
ACTINOPTEETGII.
relatively narrow, their extent not exceeding one quarter the length
of the skull ; orbit very large, its width considerably greater than
one third the length of the skull ; teeth of premaxilla relatively
long and slender, larger than those both of the maxilla and dentary.
Opercular apparatus relatively narrow, its width not exceeding one
third the length of the skull. Radiating lines on anterior scales
few and indistinct.
Form. Log. Turonian : Sussex.
49826. Type specimen, shown of the natural size from the left
side in PI. VII. fig. 4 ; Lower Chalk, Lewes. The head
is imperfect and a fracture crosses the rostral region
causing some displacement ; but the general proportions
seem to be determinable with sufficient accuracy. The
posterior suborbital plates {s.o.) are exhibited only
in an impression of their inner face, and it is uncertain
how they were subdivided ; the transverse fractures may
or may not represent sutures. There is one long infra¬
orbital (i.o.) beneath the eye, and in the orbit itself
there is a trace of an ossified sclerotic (scl.). The long,
slender maxilla imperfect at each end, has a very
slightly sinuous oral border bearing small spaced teeth.
The premaxilla (j)mx.), with a regular series of larger
and more slender teeth, is about one quarter as much
extended as the maxilla. The mandible is imperfectly
displayed, but the anterior end of the dentary (d.) bears
slender teeth intermediate in size between those of the
premaxilla and maxilla. The lower end of the pre¬
operculum {p.op.) seems to be completely preserved,
but is not much expanded and does not exhibit any
radiating ridges. The operculum fop.) is very imperfectly
shown, chiefly as an impression, but must have been
nearly twice as deep as broad. The suboperculum {s.op.)
is shown to have been smooth, with feeble traces of
radiating lines, and its width is about as great as its depth.
The slender clavicle (cl.) is partially exposed, while the
post-temporal {p.t.) and postclavicular plates {p.cl.) are
conspicuous. A few of the anterior scales are also pre¬
served, the relatively small exposed area marked with
delicate radiating depressions. Capron Coll.
O^l^ , y ^j/s), / //. ST
ffSy^') S'. S3y ?<x\////.yy.
C/pr^
/i/\ crcr
^^wvw. O^e-v^-c*- V^.
iCf/f^^ 'A ^ >y/A t^zz*A5r^ A^*«,x/.S^^, o /o-3^S^^/.j^
s.^.
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0:4- o^
oSfe^ /i- XK^. -^J,. /.
^S'^yiy^ cXy^^ y At /J^^'J yAA XX 2.
ELOPID-E.
37
Genus PACHYRHIZODUS, Dixon.
[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 374 (ex Agassiz 4IS.).]
Syu. Megalodon, L. Agassiz {7ion Sowerbv, 1829), Poiss. Foss., Feiiill
1835, p. 55 (in part).
Hypsodon, L. Agassiz, ihid. 1837, p. 104 (in part).
Raphiosaurus, P. Owen, Trans. Geol. Soc. [2] vol. yi. 1842,
p. 413.
Acrodontosaurus, .1. W. Mason, Quart. Jonrn. O-eol. Soc. vol. xxv.
1869, p. 444.
An imperfectly-known genus, hitherto represented merely hy
fragments. Parietal bones small and separated by the supra-
occipital ; no deep depression in hinder part of frontal region.
Teeth robust and conical, fused at their expanded base with the
supporting bone ; mandible with a single close series nearly regular
in size ; premaxilla horizontally extended, with a single close
series of small teeth round the antero-lateral border and two larger
teeth within; maxilla robust, with a single series of teeth smaller
than those of the mandible. Fertebral centra deeper than long,
slightly constricted, not pitted at the sides.
Pachyrhizodns basalis^ Dixon.
1850. Pachyrhizodus basalis, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 374, pi. xxxiy.
figs. 9, 10,
Type, Premaxilla ; British Museum.
The type species, known only by fragments of the upper jaw.
Premaxilla narrow, its dentigerous portion about two thirds as
broad as long; the small marginal teeth about 9 in number and
inclined outwards, the large inner teeth with long and remarkably
straight crown, which is not hooked.
Form. Log. Turonian : S.E, England.
49014. Bight premaxilla figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxiv. fig. 9,
to be regarded as the type specimen ; probably from the
Kentish Chalk. The outwardly-inclined bases of four
marginal teeth are shown, there are three empty sockets,
and a fragment of another tooth appears at each end of
the series. The hinder inner tooth is represented only by
its socket. Mrs. SmitFs Coll.
P. 5655. Portion of premaxilla with similar large inner teeth and
an abnormal tooth at the base, associated with four
characteristic vertebral centra and other fragments ;
Kent. ■ Far ford Coll.
-'4:il-ii ■ :i L ■. i -i
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y ■? ’■ - fv'.^- 'jiifc
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■ ■■ ,i; fj' " ' -■": ; ' • “■■ • -•". r ■ ' ■■ •'■
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ELOPIDJR
-3
Vacliyrhizodus dihleyi ; portions of upper jaw, two-tliirds nat. size.
I. Left preniaxilla, inner and upper (Ia) aspects.
II. Left maxilla, outer aspect, arid (11a) part of its oral border wiih teeth, seen from below.
40
ACTINOPTEETGIT.
Pachyrhizodus gardneri (Masou).
1837-44. Hypsodon leicesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 104 ,
vol. V. pt. i. p, 99, pi. xxY a. figs. 2, 4, pi. xxv b. figs. 6, 7 (in part).
1846. “ Reptile or Fish,” T. Smith, Loud. Geol. Journ. p. 21, & woodc,
1869. Acrodontosaurus gardneri, J. W. Mason, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xxv. p. 444, pi. xix.
1877. Hypsodon leioesiensis, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 508,
1888. FacliyrMzodus gardneri, A. S. Woodward', Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 314.
Type. Portion of mandibular ramus ; British Museum.
A large species, the mandible attaining a length of at least 0*3.
Dentigerous portion of premaxilla nearly half as broad as long, its
marginal teeth not inclined outwards, its inner teeth with much-
expanded base, very stout and curved inwards. Dentary bone very
deep, but rapidly contracting in front into a narrow thickened
symphysis, and sharply bent inwards in the lower two-thirds
throughout its length ; its maximum depth equal to the base-line
of 6 anterior teeth ; a small groove on the outer face extending
from the middle of the symphysial border in a longitudinal direc¬
tion and slightly upwards until lost at the oral border ; the stout
incurved teeth somewhat over 20 in number if all were present.
Form. 4" Toe. Turonian : Kent and Sussex.
4105. Fragmentary remains of jaws in a block of chalk, partly
noticed and figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 99, pi. xxvu.
figs. 2, 4, among the type specimens of Hypsodon leivesien-
sis; Chalk, Lewes. There are portions of the dentar}’-
of both sides, that of the left only shown in the figure.
The characteristic premaxilla of the left side, much
fractured, is exposed from the oral aspect and displays
the two large inner teeth besides two of the marginal
teeth. Remains of the left maxilla exhibit a series of
smaller teeth, Mantell Coll.
41674. Slab of chalk with scattered remains of head, noticed by
Toulmin Smith, loc. cit. 1846 ; Lower Chalk, Kent.
Among the fragments of jaws the most conspicuous is the
imperfect right dentary, exposed from within and partly
shown in Smith’s upper figure, loc. cit. The teeth on this
bone are large and smooth, curved inwards, and arranged
ill very close series, the base of each much thicker
measured from its outer to its inner face than from side
to side ; the alveolar border is greatly thickened to support
^ xy<[/.yC^.S.
: c/L^y/y
S^ryt lyy/^’t^^ jo. I'Z.
yfy,U ^ /xy, //, XK 6y jy^o
/;Z^-
elopid.t:.
41
this dentition. The left premaxilla, exposed from the
oral aspect, is imperfectl}' shown in Smith’s lower fignre ;
all its teeth are imperfect, and the foremost of the two
large inner teeth is represented only by its hollow base ;
of the six outer teeth indicated, two exhibit the greater
part of the crown and prove that they are implanted
almost vertically. Another imperfect dentigerous bone
shown from the outer aspect on the upper part of the slab
seems to be the left maxilla. Its oral border, so far as
preserved, is straight and bears teeth resembling those of
the mandible, though much smaller ; its outer face is
flattened, but shows smooth and rounded irregularities ;
it is deepest in the anterior third but soon tapers to its
anterior articulation. The latter is shown to be much
horizontally extended in a fragment of the right maxilla.
Some bony laminae covered with a cluster of minute
pointed teeth, may represent the entopter3'goid. Three
of the large teeth have been sliced to displa}" their pulp-
cavity. Among other fragments maj’ be noticed one of
the hyomandibulars, remarkably expanded and laminar
in form, with the usual process for the support of the
operculum. Touhnin Smith Coll.
33257. Associated imperfect dentaries and right premaxilla ; Lower
Chalk, Burham, Kent. The narrow thickened mandibular
symphysis is well shown, and the premaxilla exhibits
one of the large inner teeth besides some of the marginals.
Taylor Coll.
41671, 49905. Fragmentary remains of cranium, quadrate, maxillae,
other jaw-bones, and two vertebra, found associated ;
Chalk, Litchling, Sussex. ]\Iost of the outer face of the
cranium is destroyed ; but it is evident that the middle of
the roof is onl}" gently depressed, while the supraoccipital
reaches the frontals and prevents the parietals from
meeting in the middle line. Part of the ossified sclerotic
is shown on the left side. The hinder end of the right
maxilla is complete, and proves that, although the bone
is much thickened in its front portion, it becomes com¬
pressed to a thin vertical lamina behind. Some fragments
of inner bones of the mouth exhibit clustered minute
teeth, as in the previous specimen. Two anterior vertebrae
are much deeper than long and not pitted at the sides.
SmitK s Coll, and Cajyron Coll.
42
ACTINOPTERYGIT.
P. 9016. Left ramus of mandible, sho\Ying articulo-augular bone :
Lower Chalk (Schloenbachia Zone), Glynde, Sussex.
Purchased, 1899.
P. 5656. A fine right dentary ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent.
Thirteen teeth are preserved, with spaces for about ten
others. Harford Coll.
47236. Anterior end of similar right dentary, being the ty])e
specimen of the species, described as reptilian by Mason,
loc. cit. 1869 ; Lower Chalk, Lyddon Spout, Folkestone.
The oral margin of the bone is partly broken away from
the bases of the teeth. Gardner Coll.
33256. Imperfect dentaries associated with part of the left maxilla,
and fragments of the inner tooth-bearing bones, doubt¬
fully of this species ; Burham. Taylor Coll.
P. 5652. Imperfect oral border of the left dentary, probably of this
species ; Lower Chalk, Cuxton, Kent. Harford Coll.
4068. Yertebral centrum probably of this species, figured by Agassiz,
loc. cit. pi. XXV h. figs. 6, 7 ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll.
P. 1808 a. Two vertebral centra ; Chalk, Sussex. Egerton Coll.
P. 4506. Group of imperfect vertebrae ; English Chalk.
EnnisTcillen Coll.
P. 5658. Yertebral centra ; Lower Chalk, Kent. Harford Coll.
Pachyrhizodus latimentum, Cope.
1872. Pachyrhizodus latimentum, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil, Soc.
vol. xii. p. 346.
1872. Pachyrhizodus kingii, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 846. [Portion of
maxilla.]
1875. Pachyrhizodus Mngii, E. D. Cope, Yert. Cret. Form. AYest (Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 223, pi. xlvi. fig. 11.
1875. Pachyrhizodus latimentum, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 223, pi. 1. hg. 5,
pi. li. figs. 1-7.
1900. Pachyrhizodus latimentum, F. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi.
p. 263, pi. xxvi. figs. 7, 8.
Type. Mandible, &c.^‘ ^ •
A species as large as P. gardneri, with nearly similar mandible
but more numerous and relatively smaller teeth. Teeth not com-
2^ <90/^. j^. y,
2S'6S~^. £feo^ .’ ^.S. /j. ^fi^7, /-^ X X v'. p.
/^^3. '’ ~ ^ ^ . ^J/UAy^.
. xxy., Jo. 6
S?6-U. ^cr^’cU ^,J?£.
^ ^ ^<P, 0*^A<x^C^^ J. ^ y^j- - P. U/,
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ELOPIDJE.
43
pressed or much expanded at the base, but smooth oj with slight
longitudinal ribbings, and the slender apex considerably incurved.
Premaxilla with 13 marginal alveoli ; maxilla with about ctG, dentary
with about 39 alveoli.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous (Xiobrara Group) : Kansi s,U.S.A.
P. 9200. Imperfect crushed cranium, about as broad as long, with
remains of maxillae and two vertebral centra ; Ef.kader,
Logan Co,, Kansas. PurcliasecL 1900.
Pachyrhizodus subulidens (Owen).
[Plate YII. figs. 1, 2.]
1842. Rapkiosaurus suhulidxm, R. Owen, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1841, p. 190.
1850. Rapkiosaurus lucius, R. Owen, in Dixon’s Geol. Sussex, p. 385,
pi. xxxix. figs. 1-3.
1851. Rapkiosaurus subulidens, R, Owen, Rept, Cret. Form. (Mon.
Palaeont. See.), p. 19, pi. x. figs. 5, 6.
1889. Pachyrhizodus suhulidejis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [6] vol. iv. p. 351.
Type. Anterior portion of left maxilla ; Woodwardian Museum,
Cambridge.
The type species of the so-called lacertilian genus Rapkiosaurus,
of comparatively small size, the maxilla attaining a length of about
0-10, and the mandible about O’lo. Teeth very smooth, inwardly
and backwardly curved. [Premaxilla unknown ;] maxilla flattened
externally, with a very large anterior process, and spaces for from
30 to 40 teeth. Dentary bone ver}' deep, but rapidly contracting
in front into a narrow thickened symphysis ; its outer face remark¬
ably smooth, marked with two deep longitudinal depressions between
which the middle part of the bone projects in a rounded longitudinal
ridge ; its oral border with spaces for at least 30 teeth.
Form. Log. Turonian : Cambridgeshire, Kent, and Sussex.
38566. Imperfect right maxilla and left dentary, associated with
the metapterygoid and part of the hyomandibular ; Lower
Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Purchased, 1864.
P. 1808. Slab of chalk with right maxilla exposed from within
(PI. YII. fig. 1), associated with clavicle, other fragments,
and scales ; Sussex. The scales are ornamented in their
exposed sector with a few discontinuous radiating grooves ;
and one is figured by the present writer in Proc. GeoL
Assoc, vol. X. pi. i. fig. 8. Egerton Coll.
44
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
36635. An 'imperfect mandible identical in character -^ith that of
no. 38566 ; Hailing. The left dentary, so far as pre-
served, is shown of the natural size in PI. YII. tig. 2,
while the middle portion of the right dentary is shown in
tig. 2 a. The bone of each side is thus much distorted by
crushing, while the lower border is complete only in part
of the right ramus. Purchased^ 1862.
3907D. Another imperfect right dentaiy, with incomplete lower
border ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Bowerhanlc Coll.
P. 6527. Portion of dentaries ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Hill, Burham.
Presented hy S. J. IlaivJcins, Esq., 1891.
'P. 4299. Very small maxilla associated with hinder portion of
cranium, doubtfully of this species ; Lower Chalk, Bur¬
ham. EnnisTcillen Coll.
36138. Imperfect small maxillae and other associated fragments,
also doubtfully of this species ; Lower Chalk, Burham.
Purchased, 1861.
39087. Imperfect small right dentary, doubtfully of this species ;
Bromley, Kent. Bowerhanh Coll.
The following specimen probably belongs to a species of Pacliy-
rliizodus : —
P. 5659. Imperfect caudal region covered with large and thin
cycloid scales, which are either smooth or only feebly
marked with radiating striae ; Lower Chalk, Cuxton, Kent.
The vertebral centra are short and deep, without lateral
pits. The rays of the caudal fin exhibit very close trans¬
verse articulations. Harford Coll.
Species not represented in the Collection have also been described
on fragmentary evidence as follows : —
Pacliyrhizodus caninus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 344, and Vert. Cret. Porm. IVest (Eep. H.S.
Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 221, 1. figs. 1-4 ;
P. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 262,
pl.xxvii.figs. 10-12. — Upper Cretaceous (KiobraraGroup);
Smoky Hill Eiver, Kansas.
Pacliyrhizodus curvatus, P. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi.
(1900), p. 265, pi. XXV. figs. 6-8. — Upper Cretaceous;
^ X X v'/A
^ CiC ,
7/IX^/.2^,
- - /7f>^ y^aHy*y/ty^’'^0^'^'‘ty*‘^ '. %jff>*y77
' /~7/c^^ y 7/u7^
^r /? ^y^Uy^. ^T'Iam^
9lr^, 'T'crf, X /x { 'Cj o^,
t/hSiA
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101.
OC'
- '^"^jlA.^X^ ✓ c/'^'-iy'^^, ^r?^. ^A/vC'xVs-i-^
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ELOPID^.
45
Kansas. [Maxilla and mandible ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]
Pacliyrliizodiis leptognaihus^ A. Stewart, Kansas Unix. Quart.
[A] vol. vii. (1898), p. 193, pi. xvii. fig. 1 ; P. B. Loomis,
loc. cit. 1900, p. 264, pi. xxvi. figs. 10-16. — Upper Cre¬
taceous (Kiobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Mandible, &c. ;
Kansas University Museum.]
Pachyrhizodus Jeptopsis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
no. 2 (1874), p. 42, and op. cit. 1875, m 225, pi. li.
fig. 8. — Ibid. [Fragments of mandible,
Pacliyrliizodus minimus., A. Stewart, loc. cit. [A] vol. viii. (1899),
p. 37, woodc. — Upper Cretaceous; Butte Creek, Logan
Co., Kansas. [Mandible ; Kansas University Museum.]
Pacliyrliizodus slieareri, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1872, p. 347, and
op. cit. 1875, p. 225 : Oricardinus (?), E. D. Cope, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. (1878), p. 177. — Upper Cre¬
taceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Jaw, wanting
teet^]^
Pacliyrliizodus velocc., A. Stewart, loc. cit. [A] vol. vii. (1898),
p. 193, pi. xvii. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Jaws ; Kansas University
Museum.]
An imperfect jaw of Pacliyrliizodus from the Turonian (Planer-
kalk) of Strehlen, Dresden, is described under the name of Hypsodon
lewesiensis.) Ag., by H. B. Geinitz, Palaeoutogr. vol. xx. pt. ii. (1875),
p. 222, pi. xliii. fig. 1.
A renewed examination of the type specimen of Mosasaurus
gracilis, Owen, from the Chalk of Sussex, in the Brighton Museum,
has convinced the present writer that the fossil is truly part of the
mandible of a Mosasaurian. It was therefore wrongly named
Pacliyrliizodus gracilis in A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. (1888), p. 314.
The genera and species described as follows are supposed to be
related to Pacliyrliizodus, but are too imperfectly known for precise
determination. They are not represented in the Collection : —
Cyclotomodon vagrans, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1876, p. 113. — Phosphate Beds ; Charleston, South Caro¬
lina. [The ty]3e species. Fragment of jaw.]
Iscliyrliiza antigua, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
vol. viii. (1856), p. 256 ; E. Emmons, Pep. N. Carolina
Geol. Surv. (1858), p. 225, figs. 47, 48. — Tertiary ;
Neuse River, North Carolina. [Tooth.]
4b ACTINjOPTERTGII. . , . -r
Iscliyrhiza mii'ci, J. Leidy, ibid. (1856), p. 22^. — Cretaceous
Greeusand ; Burlington Co., Xew Jersey. [The type
species. Toot^."^^ ; 9\, 7/.
Isckyrhiza (?) radiata., W. B. Clark, Bull. IF.S. Geol. Surv.
no. 141 (1896), p. 60, pi. vii. figs. 2 a-c. — Eocene ; Clifton
Beach, Maryland. [Hypural and caudal vertebrae ; Johns
Hopkins University.]
Oricardinus tortus., E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii.
(1878), p. 177. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas. [Max-illu,
and vertebrae ; Cope Collection.]
Genus BSOCiEiLOPS^ nov.
Syn, Hurygnathus, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p, 307
(name only, non F^ury gnat hits, Wollaston, 1853).
A genus known only by the head, which is both depressed and
elongated. Erontal bones extending close to the occipital border,
bent into a slight depression in their hinder portion ; parietal bones
very small. Mandible comparatively short, and gape of mouth not
extending to the hinder border of the orbit; mandibular teeth
stout and conical, laterally compressed, well spaced. Operculum
simple ; branchiostegal rays at least 1 5 in number ; gular plate
extending for not less than three-quarters the length of the
mandible.
Esocelops cavifrons, sp. nov.
[Plate III. figs. 1, 2.]
1845. Eurygnathus cavifrons, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844,
p. 307 (name only).
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
The type species, with skull attaining a length of about OT.
Maximum width of occiput exceeding the length of the postorbital
region, and somewhat less than one half the length of the cranium.
Length of mandible about equal to the distance from the end of the
snout to the hinder border of the orbit. Bones of cranial roof
slightly rugose or pitted; cheek-plates very delicate, ornamented
with rounded radiating ridges. Operculum somewhat deeper than
broad, and its width equalling about one third the length of the
cranium ; gular plate widest and spatulate behind, its maximum
width slightly exceeding one third of its length.
Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey, Kent.
/sc Ay r/ j g c/j/Aeas/s. /t^s. P/es/osour *4S
^ Pct./€^jo {/vA.AmX%/ff ,
/^«|e-«m,*7 (3^ ui^,>ju<-j<-i-<:^ ; r ‘v /^r^U-d a^c. O/^irQ,^ Si^ h,,^
f.
yj
o
^37/,. .
•y.
-TAn^, C/f ^/S‘^o), y6./^, ^CC
y^V. f ^ ^AAy*^. ^<w ^ AA-
^/^^iA), /^^t y^/' ^7/<'irc€>^y/ULl/J c^ AZo>.<r^C^^p<.^
/i/.y.!. -^'(f. 1Z Cit-^e^C^ G.,
'<S>
C^>cA Atit^Ta^, P- P ^^^yxAJLA ^
srcf.yiy (/Cjoi^, //.A6Z Jf,y-AA^,
ELOPIDiE.
47
P. 1749. Type specimen, shown of two thirds the natural size from
the left lateral and inferior aspects in PI. III. figs. 1, 1 a.
The general proportions of the cranium are indicated, but
the bones are much fractured and some may be distin¬
guished more readily in the next specimen. The otic
region is well ossified, and the sphenotic (or postfrontal,
jpt.f.) enters the anterior end of the facctte for the hyo-
mandibular. The latter element Qim.) is much constricted
and bent forwards mesially, while the slender process (p.)
for the support of the operculum (op.) arises from the
lower end of its upper half. This bone seems to be a
little displaced backwards by crushing, the remains of the
quadrate (qu-) and probably of the symj)lectic (sy.) being
well forwards. The fragments of the metapterygoid
(mpt.) and ectopterygoid (ecpt.) do not suffice for descrip¬
tion. The snout is incomplete, but the greater part of
' the mandible is shown on each side. The articulo-angular
element (ag.) is relatively large, with very low articular
facette ; the depth of the coronoid region seems to have
equalled one quarter the total length of the ramus, and
the dentary (d.) gradually tapers forwards. The teeth in
the anterior half of the mandible, so far as preserved, are
much larger than those in its posterior half, which are
best seen on the right side. All are smooth, acutely
pointed, and inclined a little backwards. Part of a com¬
paratively deep suboperculum (s.op.) is preserved ; the
uppermost branchiostegal ray (hr.) is shown to be rather
large, but the others, not less than 14 in number, are
only imperfectly indicated ; the gular plate (gu.) wants
merely its anterior end. Egerton Coll.
P. 640. Another imperfect head, displaying the hinder part of the
cranial roof (PI. III. fig. 2), remains of the characteristic
cheek- plates, and part of the opercular apparatus. This
specimen is labelled EurygnaiJius cavifrons by Agassiz, and
was intended by him to be the type of the species. The
robust supraoccipital (s.occ.), with a posterior keel, is well
shown at the back of the cranial roof, articulating with
the large epiotic (epo.) on either side. The frontals (fr.)
are shown to extend close to this occipital border ; they
are bounded on either side in their hinder portion by
membrane-bones which seem to be identifiable as squa¬
mosal (sq.), but the parietals cannot be recognised with
48
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
certainty. The postfrontal or sphenotic projects a
little on each side and can be seen from above. Remains
of the eheek-plates (s.o.) on both sides are very delicate,
and exhibit the characteristic radiating markings. The
jaws are too imperfect for description, but one of the cha¬
racteristic hinder mandibular teeth is seen. The opercu¬
lum, though fragmentary, is shown to have been deeper
than broad ; while the preopercnlum, must clearly have
been very little expanded at its angle. Of the gnlar plate
only the hinder end is preserved. Egerton Coll.
Genus SPANIODON, Pictet.
[Poiss. Foss. Mt. Lihan, 1850, p. 33.]
Syn, Lewisia, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. hi. 1887,
p. 593. ^ ^ .
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, abdomen trenchant.
Cheek-plates robust, exhibiting radiating branches from the slime-
canal; jaws toothless, except the anterior end of the mandible,
which bears one or two pairs of large conical teeth. Rranchio-
stegal rays at least 15 in number. Vertebral centra strengthened
by a few longitudinal ridges ; ribs very delicate and nearly straight.
Pectoral fins large and pelvic fins smaller, these opposed to the
hinder end of the dorsal or slightly behind it ; anal fin remote,
small and not much extended ; caudal fin deejjly forked. 17o
enlarged scale at the base of the paired fins ; no enlarged ridge-
scales.
The skeleton of this fish is so delicate that it is usually distorted
in the fossils. It is thus very difiicult to distinguish the species,
which seem to differ from each other only in their general propor¬
tions and in the relative length of the vertebral centra.
Spaniodon blondeli, Pictet.
[Text-figure 4.]
1850. Spaniodon hlondelii, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 34,
pi. V. figs. 2-4.
1887. Spaniodon blondelii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 587, pi. xxxiv. fig. 3.
(?) 1887. Spaniodon electus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 589, pi. xxxiv. fig. 2.
[Nearly complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. The maximum
depth of the trunk equals about two thirds of the length of the
■r^ ■
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73
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'•- •>? - '
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ja^
ELOPID^.
49
head with opercular apparatus, which is contaiued slightly more
than twice in the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the
base of the caudal fin. Yertebrae about 55 in number, somewhat
more than half of them in the abdominal region ; the centra as
long as deep in the abdominal, relatively longer in the caudal
region. Pectoral fins with about 12 or 14 stout rays, all divided
distally, and the foremost at least half as long as the head
with opercular apparatus ; pelvic fins not more than half as large
as the pectorals, with 7 or 8 rays, arising opposite a point just
behind the hinder extremity of the dorsal, not far from the remote
anal fin ; dorsal fin slightly deeper than long, with 15 or 16 rays,
arising midway between the occiput and the caudal fin ; anal fin
much less elevated than the dorsal, with 15-16 rays, arising
somewhat nearer to the pelvic pair than to the caudal fin, which
comprises very stout rays. Scales smooth.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
49534. Fine specimen 0*19 in length, apparently not distorted but
displaying the true proportions of the fish indicated in the
specific diagnosis. One stout and slightly recurved tooth
is preserved among the remains of the mandible.
Lewis Coll.
48069, P. 4749. Two equally large specimens somewhat distorted
and with open mouth. In the second specimen there are
parts of three enlarged teeth among the remains of the
mandible ; while some of the branchial arches are ex¬
posed, bearing very fine denticles on their anterior border.
The squamation in both specimens is distinct. Lewis Coll.
P. 4788. Fine specimen about 0’17 in length. Lewis Coll.
46512-14, 47355, 48071, 48075-76, 48153, P. 9163. Nine smaller
and more imperfect specimens, variously distorted.
No. 47355 might be interpreted as exhibiting two slender
teeth in the premaxillse smaller than those of the man¬
dible, but the specimen is too much crushed and broken
to be conclusive. In No. 48075 some of the hinder ribs
seem to have been broken and repaired during the life of
the animal. Lewis Coll.
P. 9191. Fine specimen wanting the caudal fin. Immediately behind
the head the triangular lower end of the preoperculum is
shown, marked with radiating ridges ; and the operculum
is clearly narrow and deep. The neural spines are
PAET IV, E
Spaniodon blondeli ; restoration, scales omitted, somewhat less than nut. size.
»
S'.e- iA, j ^1- ‘ )
ELOPID^.
51
separable from the neural arches throughout the abdominal
region, a few behind the head being excessively thickened,
while those beyond are still comparatively stout and with
a slight sigmoidal bend. There is an undigested fish
between the ribs. Lewis Coll.
47354, P. 4750, P. 4782. Two slabs with various remains, and
another slab with one small distorted fish associated with
other genera and species. Leivis Coll.
P. 9157. Imperfect specimen. EnnisTcillen Coll.
P. 1877* Two imperfect small specimens. Egerton Coll.
46509. Head with anterior abdominal region. A bone which seems
to be the premaxilla is relatively small, and apparently
extends slightly beneath the anterior end of the maxilla.
The right ramus of the mandible is shown to bear one
large slender conical tooth at the symphysial end, and a
similar though smaller tooth further back. The anterior
suborbital cheek-plate is relatively large and marked by
radiating branches from the slime-canal which traverses
it. Lewis Coll.
47350. Small trunk with fins, Leiuis Coll.
P. 9190. Mandible, hyoid arch, and branchiostegal apparatus of
Spaniodon, probably referable to S. blond eli. The jaw is
exposed from beneath and displays a relatively small gular
plate. Lewis ColL
Spaniodon elongatus, Pictet.
[Plate yil. fig. 3.]
1850. SjKiniodon elongatus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban,
p. 35, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2.
1866. Spaniodon elongatus., Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss,
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 85, pL xii. figs. 1, 2.
1887. Spaniodon elongatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 588.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
A slender species, attaining a length of 0‘25, Length of head
with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum depth of
the trunk, and equalling nearly half the length of the trunk from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about
E 2
52
ACTINOPTEETGII.
55 in number, the centra more elongated than in the type species.
Fins as in the type species.'
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
46521. Very large fish, partly shown only in impression, displaying
the principal characters of the species. Lewis Coll.
P. 1878. Specimen about 0*2 in length. ' Egerton Coll.
48070. An equally large specimen displaying the head, which is
shown of the natural size in PI. YII. fig. 3. The head is
exposed from the left side, and is a little obliquely crushed
80 that the imperfect left mandibular ramus is displaced
upwards. The cranium is shown to be elongated and
depressed, with a straight basicranial axis. The pterygo-
quadrate arcade is shown to be delicate and apparently
toothless ; while the mandibular suspensorium is almost
vertical, though arched, and the articular end of the
mandible is beneath the back of the head. The front
half of the left facial region is broken away, so that the
characteristic maxilla of the right side is partly exposed
from within, and there seem to be traces of a very short
premaxilla at its anterior end. Above the maxilla {mx.)
the large antorbital cheek-plate is seen (a.o.), partly
fractured and displaying the radiating branches from the
slime-canal. Below the maxilla, adjoining the remains
of the mandible (d.), there is an impression of the large
conical tooth at its symphysis. Between the mandibular
rami the left ceratohyal is partly exposed ; and the series
of branchiostegal rays is well displayed on this side,
about 15 in number. Immediately behind the mandibular
suspensorium, the preoperculum {p.op.) is well preserved,
with a large triangular expansion at its lower end, marked
with a few radiating branches of the slime-canal ; but
the operculum and suboperculum behind are too much
crushed and fractured for recognition. Just behind the
operculum there are traces of the thickened anterior
neural spines. Lewis Coll.
P. 5997. Another large specimen apparently elongated by distor¬
tion. Lewis Coll.
44831,46516, 46519-20. Four nearly complete fishes. Lewis Coll.
o. 1^. 7/^. 9u^.
nrtr/. 'X ix ( fCjo^,/, ^y^^.rV. 4 X?,
ELOPID^.
53
48072. Head and part of abdominal region of a large specimen,
displaying the very large tooth at the symphysis of the
mandible and a smaller tooth further back. Lewis Coll.
Spaniodon latus (Agassiz).
1844. Clupea lata, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 118, pi. Ixi.
fig. 10.
1850. Clupea lata, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 37, pi. vii.
fig- 1. ^ ^
1866. Spaniodon brevis, Pictet & Humbert, Noiiv. Rech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 86, pi. xii. figs. 3, 4. [Imperfect distorted fish ;
Geneva Museum.]
1887. Spaniodon brevis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 592, pi. xxxiv. fig. 1.
1887. Leivisia ovalis, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 593, pi. xxxiii. fig. 6.
[Nearly complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
1899. Spaniodon brevis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iv. p. 319.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; olim Alex. Brongniart Collection.
A somewhat smaller and stouter species than the type, with
relatively shorter caudal vertebrae and deeper caudal pedicle.
The total number of vertebrae seems to be about 50, and the length
of the head with opercular apparatus scarcely exceeds the maximum
depth of the abdominal region.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
P. 7811. Distorted fish, described and figured by J. W. Davis, loc.
cit. Davis Coll.
48074. Fine specimen apparently not much distorted, but wanting
the cranium. The supports of 16 rays are seen in the
dorsal, 14: in the anal fin. V-shaped intermuscular bones
occur in the anterior part of the abdominal region just
below the vertebrae. Lewis Coll.
46398, 46508, 48515, 47348-49, P. 4787. Six imperfect and dis¬
torted specimens apparently of this species. Lewis Coll.
P. 1879. Three fragments. Egerton Coll.
The following species has also been described but is not repre¬
sented in the Collection ; —
Spaniodon simus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iv.
(1878) p. 69. — Upper Cretaceous ; Dakota. [Imperfect
fish ; Cope Collection.]
54
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
The so-called Sjjaniodon lejjturiis (W . von der March, Palaeontogr.
Yol. xli. 1894, p. 46, pi. v. fig. 5), from the Upper Cretaceous of
the Baumberg, Westphalia, now in the Academy of Mlinster, does
not belong to this genus or even to the same family.
Genus THRISSOPTEROIDES, W. von der March.
[Palseontogr* vol. xxii. 1873, p. 61.]
Almost identical with Spaniodon, but the dorsal fin comparatively
remote and opposed to the space between the pelvic and anal fins.
The arched maxilla bearing a regular close series of minute teeth ;
a pair of enlarged teeth at the sj^mphysial end of the mandible.
Thrissopteroides elongatus, W. von der March.
1873. Thrisso2Jteroides elongatus^ W. von der March, Palgeontogr.
vol. xxii. p. 61, pi. ii. fig. 3.
Type, Impression of nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained about three times in the length
of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
VertebraB approximately 70 in number, about 18 being caudal.
Pectoral fins large, with at least 11 rays, the longest two thirds as
long as the head with opercular apparatus ; pelvic fins not more
than half as large as the pectorals, arising considerably behind the
middle point of the trunk ; dorsal fin completel}’ opposite the space
between the pelvic and anal fins.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
Uot represented in the Collection.
Thrissopteroides latus, W. von der March.
1873. Thrissopteroides latus, W. von der March, Pal^ontogr. vol. xxii.
p. 62, pi. ii. fig. 5.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.
A species about as large as the type, of comparatively stout pro¬
portions, the maximum depth of the trunk contained about four
times in its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Pectoral fins very large, with about 17 rays, the foremost
undivided ; pelvic fins about half as large as the pectorals, with 9
rays, the foremost undivided ; dorsal fin comprising 3 undivided
/^iz^ • ^ ^ /?L/rtu2^ Z^/* • j£ /> /0 ^''9 /'
/
/t/’ /: Po^Ciji^h-^r- /c ^ ^ ^ /’4.
A
ELOPID^.
55
rays increasing in size and then 14 divided rays, the whole com¬
pletely opposite the space between the pelvic and anal fins ; anal
fin with two small undivided rays, a larger undivided ray, and then
15 divided rays.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
Xot represented in the Collection.
Thrissopteroides intermedms, W. von der March.
1885. Thrissopteroides intermedius, W. von der March, Palseontogr.
vol. xxxi. p. 258, pi. xxiv. fig. 2.
Type. IS^early complete fish ; Academy of Miinster.
A comparatively robust species about as large as the type.
Length of head with opercular apparatus less than twice as great
as the maximum depth of the trunh and contained scarcely more
than twice in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Vertebrae approximately 60 in number, 16 being caudal.
Dorsal and anal fins apparently slightly less extended than in the
last species.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
Hot represented in the Collection.
Thrissopteroides tenuiceps, A. S. Woodward.
1887. Clupea elongata, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc, [2]
voL iii. p. 581, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2.
1898. Thrissopteroides tenuiceps^ A. S. Woodward, xAnn. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 408.
Type. Uish, distorted anteriorly ; Edinburgh Museum.
A small species, attaining a length of about OH. Length of
head with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained about two and a half times in
the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Vertebrae approximately 60 in number, about 18 being
caudal. Pelvic fins arising considerably behind the middle point
of the trunk ; dorsal fin, with about 12 or 14 rays, directly opposed
to the space between the pelvic and anal fins ; anal fin comparatively
low and delicate, with about 15 rays.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon.
49592. A larger example than the type specimen slightly elongated
by distortion, noticed Iog. cit, 1898, p. 408 ; Sahel Alma.
Part of the displaced left maxilla is seen from within,
56
ACTINOPTERYGII.
exhibiting its regular series of minute teeth ; and the
right dentary is observed to bear its enlarged tooth at the
symphysis. Cycloid scales are well preserved.
Lewis Coll.
P. 4736. Slightly smaller specimen than the type, elongated by
distortion ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
Thrissopteroides pulcher (Davis).
1887. Clupea pulchra, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dablin Soc. [2]
vol. hi. p. 578, pi. xxxiii. fig. 3.
1898. Thrissoptei'oides pulcher', A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 408.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Edinburgh Museum.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0'07. Length
of head with opercular apparatus not much exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained nearly three times in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae and
fins as in the last species.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous ; Mt. Lebanon.
P. 9164. A typical specimen, showing the finely denticulated maxilla
crushed upon the mandible ; Sahel Alma. The charac¬
teristic antorbital cheek-plate can be imperfectly seen.
Lewis Coll.
The following specimens are not specifically determined : —
46522, 47809. Two imperfect fishes about 0*17 in length, with
pelvic fins opposite origin of dorsal fin ; Upper Cretaceous,
Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. Lewis Coll.
^^'^9
Genus PROTELOPS^ Laube.
[Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. 1. 1885, p. 286.]
An imperfectly known genus. Cleft of mouth nearly horizontal
and gape extending at least as far as the hinder border of the orbit.
Teeth of moderate size, not in sockets but fused with the supporting
hone, and each comprising a long, slender, hollow base tipped by a
relatively small enamelled crown ; these teeth more or less uniform in
size on each bone, and arranged in two or more series on the border
of the mouth and the ptery go-palatine arcade.
y<T^^, /V*<i</-^A, , /V'. /</. ^.a rf^. x/j“^/C
^KV^ A /^4 , ^y'^r^y
' i:yCJ^ /'/^^■XZ-ZS/, //■ xx/x.
4<^ai:fi'. ^/f-^ WS//. ?, /. /sf, ^xx /X .^y. /.
4<fy9c. y^X/^. / /S9^ xx/x .7^, a ,
SiA a. gyv^a^
ELOPID^.
57
Protelops geinitzi, Laube.
1885. Frotelops geinitzii, G. C. Laube, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., matb.-
naturw. Cl. yoI. 1. p. 286, pi. i. fig. 1, and woodc.
Type. J7atural mould of fish, wanting tail ; Geological Museum,
German University, Prague.
The type species, known only by the type specimen. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding maximum
depth of trunk. Teeth on margin of jaws scarcely curved, those of
dentary bone in four longitudinal series.
Form. Log. Turonian : Bohemia.
P. 5734. Plaster cast of type specimen, described and figured by
Laube, loc. cit. ; Turonian, Weissen Berg, near Prague.
Piu'cJiased, 1888.
Protelops anglicus, A. S. Woodward.
1888. Stratodus anylicus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 314, pi. i. figs. 3, 4.
Type. Imperfect jaws ; British Museum.
A species larger than the type, known only by fragments of jaws.
Teeth of maxilla (? or palatine) slightly curved. Teeth of deutary
in two longitudinal series.
Form. (^' Loc. Turonian : Sussex.
49906. The type specimen, being imperfect remains probably of the
maxilla, associated with other fragments ; Lower Chalk,
Glynde, Sussex. Part of the dentition is figured, loc. cit.
pi. i. fig. 3. Capron Coll.
49780. Imperfect left dentary showing bases of two series of teeth,
figured loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 4, associated with part of the
right dentary ; Lower Chalk, Southeram, near Lewes.
Capron Coll.
The fishes described under the following names also probably
belong to the family Elopidae, but are not known by sufficiently
perfect specimens for precise determination. They are not repre¬
sented in the Collection. , ^
Caeus leopoldi^j^. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. viii. (1864),
p. 65, pi. X. ; E. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 243. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Pietraroja, Province of Beneveuto, Italy. [iS’early com¬
plete fish ; Geological Museum, University of JN’aples.]
58
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
/if Si"-* •
yVwf A. 9
HemielojDOpsis gibhv.s, D. G. Kramberger, Soc. Hist. Hat. Croatica,
vol. i. (1886), p. 128, and Had Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 67, pi. viii. fig. 3. — Cretaceous ; Isle of Lesina,
Dalmatia. [Imperfect fish ; Museum of Imperial Geological
Surve}’, Yienua.]
HemielojDOpsis gracilis, F. Bassani, Yerhaudl. k.-k. geol. Eeichsaust.
1879, p. 166, and Deukschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw.
Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 216, pi. vi. fig. 3. — Ibid. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Yienna.
Probably generically identical with Histialosa.~\
Hemielogjopsis suessi, P. Bassani, loc. cit. 1879, p. 166, and loc. cit.
1882, p. 215, pi. V. ; D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 29, and vol. cvi. p. 66, pi. i.
fig. 12. — Ibid. [The type species. Imperfect fish ;
Museum of Imperial Geological Survey, Yienna. Pro¬
bably generically identical with Histialosa.']
Histialosa thiollieri, P. Gervais, Ann. Sci. Hat. [4] Zool. vol. iii^
(1855), p. 322, pi. iv. fig. 2. — Lower Cretaceous ; Beaufort,
Drome. [Imperfect fish.]
Hypsospondylus hassanii, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 31, pi. v. fig. 1, and Soc. Hist. Hat.
Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 130. — Cretaceous ; Isle of
Lesina, Dalmatia. [The type species. Imperfect fish ;
Geological Museum, University of Agram.] Z) * 3* **'^’*^^*^^
Hyptius sehastiani, 0. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. viii.
(1864), p. 80, pi. xi. figs. 6, 13, 14: Sauropsidium gra-
ciUcaiida, 0. G. Costa, loc. cit. vol. viii. (1864), p. 60, pi. ix.
fig. 2. Probably identical with Sauropsidium Icevissimum,
as remarked by P. Bassani, loc. cit. 1882, p. 243. — Upper
Cretaceous; Pietraroja. [Imperfect fish; Geological
Museum, University of Haj^les.]
Sauropsidium Icevissimum, 0. G. Costa, loc. cit. vol. v. (1850),
p. 322, pi. vi. fig. 1, and vol. viii. Append. (1864), pp. 96,
126, pi. vi. fig. 5 ; F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1882, p. 241. JS^on
0. G. Costa, loc. cit. vol. vii. (1853), p. 12, pi. i. fig. 1. —
Upper Cretaceous ; Pietraroja. [The type species. Im¬
perfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Haples.]
Indeterminable detached scales from the Turonian of Saxony and
Bohemia, perhaps mostly referable to fishes of the family Elopidae,
have been described under the following names : —
Acrogrammatolepis steinlai, H. B. Geinitz, Denkschr. Ges. fiir
Haturk. etc. Dresden z. Feier 50 jahr. Bestehens, 1868,
p. 47, pi. ii. fig. 23.
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59
ALBrilD^.
Aspidolepis sUinlai^ H. B. Geiuitz, ibid. p. 40, pi. ii. figs. 3-6 :
A. Fritsch, Eept, u. Fisclie bohm. Kreideform. (1878),
p. 35, fig. 60.
Cpclolepis agassizi, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 39, ^fi- ii- figs. 1, 2
(= Aidolepis reussi, H. B. Geinitz, Quadersandsteingeb.
1849, p. 86); A Fritsch, op. cit. (1878), p. 34, fig. 59.
Ilemicyclus strelilensis, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 44, pi. iii. fig. 19.
-^.27vyd!/.3 Hemilampronites steinlai, H. B. Geinitz, ibid. p. 48, pi. iii. figs. 3,4.
p /ft Osmerolepis reticulata, A. Fritsch, Archiv natnrw. Landesdnrchf.
' ) Bohmen, vol. ix., Geol. no. 1 (1893), p. 70, fig. 38.
Indeterminable cvcloid scales have also been described thus : —
Cycloides rncisus, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Wus. Teyler, vol. iv.
(1876), p. 3, pi. i. fig. 2. — Lower Eocene (Heersian) ;
Limbourg, Belgium.
Lyrolepis caucasicus, G. Bomanovsky, Terhandl. russ.-kais. Min.
Ges. [2] vol. xxii. (1886), p. 305.| — L^pper Cretaceous ;
Caucasus, olcc. /h / 33^^
‘ Aid U^. c/t,
, 3 /9. ZU/ •
r Family ALBULID^. - ?7/ '
Supraoccipital bone not prominent, but sometimes separating
parietals in the middle line; squamosals suturally united with
parietals, and completely covering the otic region, except behind ;
snout not much produced ; cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular
suspensorium much inclined forwards and gape of mouth small ;
premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large, both entering the
upper border of the mouth; marginal dentition feeble or absent.
Opercular apparatus complete, with tendency to reduction of
branchiostegal rays, and no gular plate. Yertebral centra well
ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the
abdominal cavity ; hgemal arches more or less fused at the base of
the tail. Fiu-fulcra absent. Dorsal fin nearly median, sometimes
much extended ; no adipose dorsal. Scales thiu, cycloidal and
deeply imbricating, none extending over the head ; lateral line
conspicuous.
Synopsis of Genera.
I. Dorsal fin short-based.
Parasphenoid, entopterygoid, and tongue with
large crushing teeth ; premaxilla, vomer,
and palatines with minute pointed teeth ;
parietal bones meeting in middle line. . . . Albula (p. 60).
60
ACTIXOPTEETGII.
Xo inner criisliing teeth ; a few 8toiit conical
teeth . Chanoides (p. 63).
Teeth absent ; parietal' bones small and separ¬
ated by siipraoccipital ; a scaly lamella at
the base of each lobe of the ta’il . CJiayios (p. 64).
Teeth absent ; no scaly lamella at the base of
the tail . . . Prochanos (p. 65).
II. Dorsal hn more or less extended.
Trunk deepened; jaws toothless; aorsal fin in
hinder half of back . Ajicylostylos (p. 66).
Trunk elonorated ; minute teeth in sinsfle series
on margin of jaws, stouter teeth within;
dorsal tin occupying greater part of back . Istieus (p. 66).
As Istieus, but marginal teeth apparently
clustered . Anoyynius 71).
Genus ALBULA (Gronow), Bloch & Schneider.
[Syst. Ichthyol. 1801, p. 432.]
Syn. Butyrimis, B. G. E. de Lac^pede, Hist. Xat. Poiss. toI. y. 1S03,
p. 45.
Glossodus, Cuvier, in Agassiz and Spix, Pise. Brasil. 1829, p. 48.
Pisodus, P. Owen {ex Agassiz, MS.), Odontogr. 1845, p. 138.
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, and abdomen flattened.
Snout pointed, and mouth not quite terminal ; dentary, premaxilla,
vomer, and palatines with clusters of minute pointed teeth ; para-
sphenoid, entopterygoid, and tongue each with a patch of compara¬
tively large, closely-arranged tritoral teeth ; maxilla toothless.
GiU-rakers short and tubercular ; branchiostegal rays about 14 in
number. Tertebrse in the type species 43 in the abdominal, 25 in
the caudal region. Pelvic flns opposed to the dorsal, which Is short-
based, but much larger than the anal ; caudal fln deeply forked.
Scales of moderate size, not pectinated.
One species of this genus survives in nearly all tropical and sub¬
tropical seas. The osteology of the head is well descilbed and
flgured b}' E. W. Shuieldt, Ann. Eep. U. S. Commiss. Eisheries, 1883
(1885), p. 808, pi. xii., pi. xiii. figs. 30, 31.
Albula oweni (Owen).
[Plate IV.]
1844. Pisodus owenii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 247
(name only).
0/ 184.V Pisodus owenii, E. Owen, Odontogr. p. 138, pi. xlvii. fig. 3.
1854. Pisodus owenii, E. Owen, Cat. Foss. Eept. & Pisces Mus.
E. Coll. Surgeons, p. 167.
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ALBTJLTD^.
61
1891-93. Pisodus oiveni, A. S, Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
p. 108, pi. iii. figs. 3-5, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. xi.
p. 357, pi. xvii.
Type. Parasphenoid dentition ; Eoyal College of Surgeons,
London.
The type species of the so-called genus Pisodus., of large size,
the head sometimes attaining a length of 0-3. Too imperfectly
known to be precisely defined, but differing from the sole existing
species in the proportions of the cranium ; the distance from the
end of the snout to the anterior notch of the frontals being about
equal to that from this notch to the occiput, whereas the proportion
of the same measurements in the recent A. vulpes Ms 2 : 3. Rostrum
thus comparatively large.
Form. Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey. Similar
tritoral teeth in Middle Eocene (Bruxellian) : Brussels.
P. 9158. Head with opercular apparatus, remains of the pectoral
arch, and fragmentary scales ; London Clay, Sheppey.
The skull measures about 0‘3 from the occiput to the end
of the snout, and the cheek has a very similar aspect to
that of the recent species. The specimen is crushed
obliquely, so that the roof of the cranium is shown entirely
on the left side (PI. IV. fig. 1 a), while the space below
and behind the mandible, with some of the branchiostegal
rays, appears on the right side (fig. 1). The whole of
the fossil is permeated with pyrites, which may decay and
eventually cause its destruction. Of the cranium itself
only the roof is exposed, but this is complete and merely
a little fractured and in places obscured by pyrites.
Behind the occiput the epiotic {ep.o.) is distinct on the
left side ; the limits of the squamosals {sq.), parietals {pa.),
and frontals {fr.) are sufficiently clear. The postfrontal
(pt.f.) is also exposed a little, and the prefrontal {pr.f.)
still more on the cranial roof ; and the form of the median
depression in this roof is characteristically exhibited.
The rostrum is comparatively long and slender, too im¬
perfect for description ; but the notch in the anterior
border of the frontal is distinct on each side, this beino'
situated about midway between the occiput and the end
of the snout. Remains of the mandibular suspensorium
and jaws are exposed on each side of the fossil ; and the
remarkably forward articulation of the mandible is well
^ See figure by Shufeldt, Eep. U. S. Fish Comm. 1883 (1885), pi. xiii. fig. 30.
62
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
shown. The ossification of the hyomandibular is especiall}'
dense, as indicated by its upper end (Jim.) exposed on
the right, and by its opercular process seen on the left
side. The boundaries of the large, expanded metapterygoid
(mpt.) are not completely shown ; but its long antero¬
inferior border is exhibited in contact with the quadrate
(qu.) on each side of the fossil. The latter element is
very concave on its outer face immediately behind the
articular condyle, and sends backwards a long process to
clasp the symplectic, which is not clearly distinguishable,
but seems to have been long and narrow. An excavation
in the matrix on the left side has revealed a portion
of bone bearing the characteristic PisocZiis-teeth (.r.),
which may be entopterygoid. The maxilla (m.u.) is frag¬
mentary on both sides, and the premaxilla is destroyed ; but
the right mandibular ramus is well-displayed, showing the
suture between the angular (ag.) and dentary (cl.) bones.
The articular facette for the quadrate condyle is remarkably
concave ; the bases of a cluster of minute teeth are vaguel}’'
indicated near the symphysis of the dentary. The sclerotic
of the eye (sd.) is ossified, and there are traces of cheek-
plates on the right side. The preoperculum (x:>.op.) is
narrow and bent closely round the hinder border of the
mandibular suspensorium. The operculum (op.) and sub¬
operculum (s.op>.) are much fractured on the right side,
crushed inwards on the left ; but it is evident that the
former is not quite twice as deep as its maximum width,
while the maximum depth of the latter equals somewhat
more than half its width. The interoperculum is not
definitely identifiable ; but the branchiostegal rays (hr.)
are well preserved on the right side to the number of nine
or ten, though probably others are lost or obscured in
front. Traces apparently of the basibranchial and robust
hyoid bones project from the matrix below. The pectoral
arch and large scales are too imperfect for description.
Three short and deep vertebrae are indicated in section.
History unJcnoivn.
39439. Imperfect cranium showing parasphenoid dentition, described
and figured in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. xi. (1893),
p. 357, pi. xvii. ; Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
30528. Fragmentary rostrum, shown of one half the natural size from
the palatal aspect in PL IV. fig. 2 ; Sheppey. Abraded
A V t -* » T- ‘ * W«' ^ I * ' . . .
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/4 • -g^.;^' ^ PL Sm 3n 1^ ! ^
/'/-<^. <yucf\£^^y ^ y<T^e^^ /p- 6 ,
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ALBTJLID^.
63
remains of the anterior end of the paraspheooid (jx/s.)
exhibit the sockets for the characteristic tritoral teeth ;
the vomer {v.) anteriorly hears a small transversely ex¬
tended patch of comparatively minute teeth, of which
only the bases for attachment are preserved. In front,
the vomer joins the ethmoid (eth.) in a dentate suture.
Purclicised^ 1855.
38827. Portion of parasphenoid dentition, partly figured in Geol.
Mag. [3] vol. viii. (1891), pi. iii. fig. 5 ; Sheppey.
Boiuerhaiik Coll.
36167. Another fragment showing parasphenoid teeth ; Sheppey.
Cowcleroy Bequest.
P. 5924. Eight detached teeth similar to those of the parasphenoid
of this species, two figured in Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
pi. iii. figs. 3, 4 ; Bruxellian, Woluwe St. Lambert,
Brussels. Presented, hij 21. Pouzeau de Leliaie^ 1889.
Genus CPIANOIDHS^ novum.^
Trunk laterally compressed. Mouth terminal, with a few stout
conical teeth of uncertain position ; no teeth on parasphenoid.
Probably about 4 branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae about 45 in
number, half being caudal ; ribs stout. Pelvic fins opposed to the
dorsal, which is short-based but much larger than the anal ; caudal
fin deeply forked. Scales cycloid, not pectinated.
Chanoides macropoma (Agassiz).
[Plate VI. fig. 3.]
1796. Clupea thrissa, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cx, pi. xxv.
fig. 1 {errore).
1796. Clupea cyprinoides, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxii, pi. xxv. fig. 2
(errore) .
1796. Salmo marcena, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxcvi, pi. xlviii. fig. 2 [errore).
1796. Clupea sinensis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cclxxv, pi. Ixv. fig. 4 [errore).
1818. Clupea murcenoides, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Xat.
vol. xxvii. p 343.
1818. Clupea thrissoides, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 343.
1834. Clupea maerropoma, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vaterland. Mus.
Bohmen, p. 66 (name only).
1835. Clupea macropoma, L. Agassiz, Iseues Jahrb. p. 292.
’ For the determination of the affinities of this genus the writer is indebted
to Mr. G. A. Boulenger.
64
ACTINOPTERTGII.
1844, Cliipea mncropoma, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol. v, pt, i, p, 14,
pt, ii, p. 115, pi, xxxvii b. figs, 8, 4,
1876, Cliipea macropoma, F, Bassani, Atti Soc, Veneto-Trent, Sci, Nat,
vol, iii, p. 187.
1897. Clupea macropoma, F. Bassani, Palasont. Italica, vol. iii. p. 86,
pi. viii. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*16. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained about three times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with about 13 rays,
almost entirely within the anterior half of the hack ; pelvic fins
opposed to its hinder half, arising midway between the pectoral
and anal fins ; anal fin with about 11 relatively small rays.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1867, P. 3827. Two typical specimens somewhat fractured, the
second in counterpart. Ecferton Enniskillen Colls.
36201, 37226. Two imperfect larger specimens.
Purchased, 1861, 1863.
28397. Smaller distorted specimen. Mantell Coll.
P. 1868 h, P. 3829h. Immature fish, in counterpart, shown of the
natural size in PL VI. fig. 3. The snout is imperfect,
but there are traces of the large conical teeth. The
squamation is scattered by crushing, thus distorting the
true outline of the body. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
Genus CHANOS, LacepMe.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 395.]
Syn. Lutodeira, E. Biippell, Neue Wirhelth. Abyssinien, 1835, p. 18.
Trunk somewhat laterally compressed, abdomen rounded or
flattened. Snout obtuse and mouth terminal ; teeth absent. Bran-
chiostegal rays about 4 in number. Vertebrae in the type species
19 in the abdominal, 26 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins opposed
to the dorsal, which is short-based but much larger than the anal ;
caudal fin deeply forked. An enlarged lateral scale or scaly lamella
extending considerably over the base of each lobe of the tail.
Scales not pectinated.
For notes on the skeleton see J. Hyrtl, Denkschr. k. Akad. Miss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), pp. 2-4.
^^/^C<yf\(X? 2\/'^/^f‘ ^ y7acy>'^. A^USSac/^ l/i^ir, /\iciCi4A
•i/p-/^ y <L , { J , ys? ' ^ - ^ /Y. O/^crc. J rfcttnj^ /SaS/'», . ^ /ji A'A./J^ tfi
^ <g»^ ^/S iy<?/7,Acnr. /^9'2 7^ Shof^m^ /> ''^z
^/. r/. J.ii y,i.;^.^.z-S-. cj
^ CV ..^-o^ /^r^
Sy ^ ‘ G^ i/w-
'Y'e^' 3^7 7^' 33,
ALBULTD^.
65
This genus is not represented in the Collection, hut the following
extinct species have been referred to it : —
Chanos brevis, E. Kner & F. Steindachner, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 19, pi. i. ;
F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. jN^apoli [2] vol. hi. (1889),
no. 6, p. 45. Alhula brevis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 132. —
Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Eearly complete
fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Chanos forcipatus, Kner & Steindachner, loc. cit. 1863, p. 21,
pi. in. Megalops forcipatus, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1854,
p. 132. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Postale, N. Italy. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Chanos zignii, Kner & Steindachner, loc. cit. 1863, p. 20, pi. ii. ;
E. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 44. ATbula de zignii,
J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1854, p. 129. Albula lata, J. J.
Heckel, ibid. p. 131. — Lower Miocene : Chiavon, Vicentin.
[Tail ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Genus PROCHANOS, Bassani.
[Verhandl. k.-k. geol. Beichsanst. 1879, p. 165.]
A genus closely resembling Chanos and not yet precisely definable ;
differing from Chanos in the absence of the enlarged lateral scale at
the base of each lobe of the tail.
Prochanos rectifrons, Bassani.
1879. Prochanos recti frons, F. Bassani, Verhandl. k.-k. geol. Beichsanst.
p. 165.
1882. Prochanos rectifrons, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 218, pis. xiii.-xv.
Type. Head with abdominal region ; Imperial Geological Survey,
Vienna.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-55. Length of
head with opercular apparatus nearly equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk, which is contained somewhat more than twice in the
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Ver¬
tebrae nearly 50 in number, of which 20 are caudal. Pelvic fins
with about 6, dorsal with about 14, and anal with about 8 rays.
Form. ^ Loc. Cretaceous ; Island of Lesina, Dalmatia.
P. 7447. Imperfect specimen, crushed and distorted, the head being
shown from above, the body chiefly from the side. The
PAKT IV.
F
66
ACTIISrOPTEETGII.
cranium is longer and narrower than in Clianos salmoneus,
with the ethmoidal region attenuated and pointed. The
quadrate hones are distinct behind the characteristic
short, robust, and toothless jaws. The vertebral centra
exhibit deep lateral pits. Fragmentary remains of all the
fins occur, and the dorsal is shown to have been slightly
deeper than long. The articulations of all the fin-rays
are remarkably close. The remains of the squamation
are obscure. Purchased, 1895.
Genus ANCYLOSTITIjOS, Kramberger.
[Djela Jugoslav. Akad. no. xvi. 1895, p. 42.]
Head and trunk much laterally compressed and deepened. Mouth
terminal ; jaws very stout but toothless. Branchiostegal rays
probably about 6 in number. Vertebrae in the type species about
28 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal region ; ribs stout. Pelvic
fins arising opposite the anterior part of the dorsal, which is some¬
what extended but does not occupy more than the hinder half
of the back ; anal fin acuminate in front, opposed to the hinder
portion of the dorsal ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales small, not
pectinated.
Ancylostylos gibbus, Kramberger.
1895, Ancylostylos gibhus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. p. 42, pi. ix.
Tyioe. Nearly complete fish ; Griock Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-3. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding half the maxi¬
mum depth of the trunk, which is about equal to the length from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. External head-
bones and preoperculum finely granulated. Pectoral fins with 16,
pelvic fins with 12 stout rays, the latter not much shorter than the
former ; dorsal fin with about 33, anal with from 20 to 22 rays.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Mrzlek, Croatia.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus ISTIEUS9 Agassiz k
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. ii. 1844, p. 91.]
Head and trunk much laterally compressed, but elongated,
’ This name is first mentioned, without definition, by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss.,
Feuill. 1835, p. 56.
ALBtTLIDJi].
67
Mouth terminal, the mandible with truncated symphysis aud high
coronoid region ; a single series of small, conical marginal teeth ;
stouter and blunter teeth within the mouth, but apparently not on
the parasphenoid. About 10 branchiostegal rays. Vertebrse about
90 to 100 in total number, the centra short and deep, marked with
delicate longitudinal ridges. Pelvic fins scarcely smaller than the
pectorals, which are inserted high on the flank ; dorsal fin extending
for more than half of the back ; anal fin short, opposed to or behind
the posterior end of the dorsal ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
elliptical, not pectinated.
The existing deep-sea genus Batliythrissa (A. Gunther, Ann.
Mag. hlat. Hist. [4] vol. xx. 1877, p. 443) or Fterothrissus (P. Hil-
gendorf, Leopoldina, pt. xiii. 1877, p. 127), is not yet clearly dis¬
tinguished from Istieus. Por description and figure, see A. Gunther,
Hep. Deep-Sea Pishes, ‘ Challenger ’ Report, Zool. vol. xxii. (1887),
p. 222, pi. Ivi. fig. A.
Istieus grandisj Agassiz.
1842-44. Istieus grandis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v. pt, i. p. 13,
pt. ii. p. 92, pi. xviii.
1842-44. Istieus microcephalus, L. Agassiz, ibid, pt, i. p. 13, pt. ii,
p. 94, pi. xvii. [Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]
1842^4. Istieus macrocephcdus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pi. xvi. lower fig.
[err ore).
1858. Istieus qrandis, AV. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch, geol. Ges.
vol. X. p. 246.
1858. Istieus microcephalus, AV. von der Marck, ibid. vol. x. p. 246.
1863. Istieus macrocoelius, AV. von der Alarck, Palseontogr. vol. xi,
p. 37, pi. iv. figs. 1-5. [New name., for I. grandis -1- I. micro¬
cephalus.']
1863. Istieus mesospondylus, AV. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xi. p. 38,
pi. V. fig. 1.
1863, Istieus macrocephalus, AV, von der Alarck, ibid, vol. xi. p. 39,
pi. iv. fig. 6, pi. V. fig. 3 (errore).
1873. Istieus macrocoelius, W. 'von der Alarck, ibid. vol. xxii. p. 59,
pi. ii. fig. 2.
1885. Istieus macrocoelius, AV. von der Alarck, ibid. vol. xxxi. p. 253.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*6. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about two and a quarter
times, maximum depth of trunk about three times in the length
from the clavicle to the base of the caudal fin ; width of caudal
F 2
68
ACTINOPTERTGII.
pedicle scarcely exceeding one third the maximum depth of the
trunk. Pectoral fins comprising about 14 rays ; pelvic fins with
7 or 8 rays, not shorter than the pectorals, arising midway
between the latter and the anal ; dorsal fin with about 55 rays,
the two or three foremost being comparatively short and spinous,
the first articulated ray the longest, and this not exceeding one half
the depth of the trunk at its insertion ; anal fin short and deep,
extending backwards slightly beyond the dorsal, and comprising
15 rays, of which the two foremost are comparatively short and
spinous.
The appearance of a barbel below the mandible, observed in one
specimen by von der Marck (Zoc. cit. 1863, p. 38, pi. iv. fig. 5),
seems to be deceptive.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Westphalia.
P. 3291. Pine specimen, chiefly in impression, nearly 0-5 in length,
associated with remains of smaller individuals and of
Sardinioides ; Sendenhorst. The long and low cranium
can be distinguished, and the mandibular suspensorium
is clearly inclined forwards, the outline of the quadrate
being traceable below the orbit. The small gape of the
mouth is indicated, and there are remains of a series of
small hollow conical teeth in the upper jaw. The oper¬
culum and preoperculum are shown in impression, and
there is a series of 10 branchiostegal rays beneath.
Towards the end of the tail the impressions of the short
and deep vertebral centra exhibit their fine longitudinal
ridges. About twelve rays of one of the pectoral fins
are preserved not much below the vertebral column,
and accidentally turned forwards. The pelvic fins com¬
prise comparatively few rays, but these must at least
have equalled the pectoral fin-rays in length, and they
are finely divided and articulated in their distal half.
The dorsal fin consists of 54 rays, but those of its anterior
portion are partly imperfect and displaced. The anal
fin seems to comprise 14 or 15 rays, of which the first
four gradually increase in length, while the fifth is the
longest ; the two foremost rays are spinous, the next two
exhibit only close articulations towards the distal end, while
all the others are both divided and articulated distally.
There are numerous small fulcral rays at the base of the
caudal fin both above and below. The characteristic
scales are only partly shown in impression ; but the
ALBULID^.
69
large size of the canal of the lateral line is well indicated
by a cast of it in the anterior abdominal region.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3885. An equally large fine specimen, with the parts of the
abdominal region somewhat displaced ; Sendenhorst. The
mandible is shown to be truncated at its symphysis, much
elevated in the coronoid region. The ribs are very slender.
The fins, so far as preserved, are as in the last specimen.
One of the scales in the dorsal region exhibits the exten¬
sive overlapped portion marked with a few grooves
radiating from its centre. Enniskillen Coll.
35034. A slightly larger specimen wanting the greater part of the
head ; Sendenhorst. The uppermost comparatively broad
branchiostegal rays are displayed, and there are remains
of the pectoral fin on the flank not much below the
vertebral column. The two articulated but undivided
anterior rays are observed in the anal fin.
Purchased^ 1860.
P. 2108. Another large specimen wanting the caudal fin ; Senden¬
horst. A regular series of conical teeth is shown in
impression on an undetermined portion of jaw; while
remains of the epihyal and ceratohyal bear a series of
10 branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll.
P. 2106 a, P. 3886. Imperfect large fish in counterpart ; Senden¬
horst. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 3885 a. Large specimen with incomplete caudal region ; Senden¬
horst. The small gape of the mouth is complete, with
traces of conical teeth ; and there are remains of some of
the stouter hollow teeth on part of an inner bone of the
mouth. A few of the very slender ribs are shown.
Enniskillen Coil,
P. 2107. Imperfect fish measuring about 0*19 from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin ; Sendenhorst.
Egerton Coll.
P. 2107 a, P. 3888 a. Similar specimen in counterpart ; Senden¬
horst. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
P. 3887. A comparatively small fish well preserved in impression ;
Sendenhorst. There are traces of conical teeth on the
70
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
margin of the jaws, larger in the mandible than on the
maxilla. The characteristic operculum, preoperculum,
and enlarged lower cheek-plates, with a few of the
branchiostegal rays, are also distinct in impression.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3888. Small fish ; Sendenhorst. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 2108, P. 2108 a. Three more imperfect small specimens ; Sen¬
denhorst. Egerton Coll.
P. 2105. Eemains of small fish displaying some of the stout conical
teeth clustered on one of the inner bones of the mouth ;
Sendenhorst. Some of the scales are also well preserved.
Egerton Coll.
35012. Scattered remains of head and abdominal region; Senden¬
horst. Appearances are not quite conclusive, but suggest
that the parasphenoid is a slender toothless bone, while
the inner clustered dentition is borne by the long and
laminar entopterygoid. The latter element, whatever its
nature may be, is only imperfectly preserved, but the
hollow bases of the teeth are shown in a patch extending
along its middle region, not reaching the borders.
Purchased^ 1860.
20586. Imperfect trunk displaying parts of the fins and some
of the vertebrae in section ; Stromberg. Purchased., 1846.
The following specimens differ from I. grandis in the comparative
slenderness of the trunk, and are thus of the form described under
the name of Istieus gracilis (L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v. 1839-44,
pt. i. p. 13, pt. ii. p. 94, pi. XV. ; F. A. E-oemer, Yerstein. iSTord-
deutsch. Ivreidegeb. 1840, p. Ill ; W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xi. 1863, p. 40, pi. v. fig. 2). The type specimen, however,
in the Palaeontological Museum, Munich, and all others of the
same form, seem to owe their slender proportions to distortion
during fossilisation.
P. 3889. Two specimens about 0'3 in length associated on one
slab ; Sendenhorst. Enniskillen Coll.
Istieus macro cephalus, Agassiz.
1842-44. Istieus macrocephalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 13, pt. ii. p. 93, pi. xvi. upper fig. {noyi lower fig.).
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
/. /criA^i.,
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A
ALBUIJD^.
71
A small slender species. Dorsal fin with about 45 rays ; anal
fin with 12 or 13 rays, almost completely behind the dorsal.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg, Westphalia.
P. 3892. Type specimen, apparently elongated by distortion, de¬
scribed and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. EnnisJciUen Coll.
1275 (Sloane Catal. Pishes). Specimen about 0T6 in length, more
satisfactorily preserved. Becorded as “ the skeleton of a
small fish of a rusty colour lying in a fine-grained ash-
coloured stone from Palestine ” ; but the matrix identical
with that of specimens from the Baumberg, Westphalia.
Sloane Coll.
Istieus lebanonensis, Davis.
1887. Istieus lebanonensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Bo}'. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 553, pi. xxx. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.
A small stout species, known only by the unique type specimen,
which must have originally measured about 0’16 in length. Head
relatively larger than in the type species ; dorsal fin with about
40 rays ; anal fin with about 10 rays, completely behind the dorsal.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
Hot represented in the Collection.
The fragment from the Tiironian of Bohemia named Istieas spoUii
by A. Eritsch (Sitzungsb. k. bbhm. Ges. Wiss. 1879, p. 2) does not ^
belong to this ---
S nriT ^9
Genus ANOGMIUS^ Cope.
U/'O
[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. 584 ^,]
An imperfectly known genus, with an extended dorsal fin occu¬
pying the greater part of the back, and a small anal fin opposed to
its hinder end. Teeth minute and clustered on the margin of the
jaws, also on the parasphenoid and other bones within the mouth.
About 6 branchiostegal rays. Yertebrse about 80 in total number,
the centra deeper than long and marked with fine longitudinal
ridges or striae. Scales elliptical, not serrated or pectinated. Hot
clearly distinguished from Istieus., but apparently differing in
presence of teeth on parasphenoid and clustering of marginal teeth.
^ The generic name Anogmius was originally given by Cope in 1871 (Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. pp. 170, 354) to some detached vertebra, specifically
termed A. contractus. In 1875 he cnnchided that these vei-tebra belonged to
Pachyrhizodus (Yert. Cret. Form. West, p. 220 a). In 1877 he used the same
generic name again with a new definition as here given.
72
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
^-''^Anogmius polymicrodus^ Stewart.
1898. Beryx? polymicrodus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ, Quart. [A]
vol. vii. p. 195.
1899. Anogmius polymicrodus, A. Stewart, ihid. vol. viii. p. 117,
pi. xxxi.
1900. Osmeroides polymicrodus, F. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi.
p. 256, pi. xxvi. tigs. 1-4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Kansas University Museum.
A large species probably attaining a length of about 2"5. Length
of head with opercular apparatus equalling about two thirds the
maximum depth of the trunk. Cranial roof coarsely rugose, and
snout tapering to an obtuse point; length of orbit contained three
times in the length of the cranium and twice in its interorbital
width.
This species seems to differ from A. aratus in its relatively larger
orbit ; from A. evolutus in its less numerous longitudinal series of
mandibular teeth ; and from A. favirostris in the oruamentation of
the cranium and its pointed snout.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Kiobrara Group): Kansas, U.S.A.
P. 9202. Head and abdominal region ; near Elkader, Logan Co.,
Kansas. Length of head with opercular apparatus 0’36,
that of trunk from pectoral arch to position of pelvic fins
0'65. The characteristic cranium is exposed from above,
and the cheek-plates of the right side are well preserved.
Nearly 40 vertebrae are shown in the length of trunk
mentioned, and the ribs extend to the ventral border.
Only a few of the supports of the dorsal fin remain ; but
the paired fins are preserved, one pectoral being especially
well displayed on the flank. The scattered scales are
moderately thick, showing only lines of growth; they
appear to have been deeply overlapping. Purchased, 1900.
The following imperfectly known species are not represented in
the Collection : —
Anogmius aratus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. hi. (1877), p. 585. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group) ; Kansas. [The type species. Imperfect fish,
showing part of dorsal and anal Sns.]
Anogmius evolutus, E. B. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii.
(1878), p. 179. Osmeroides evolutus, E. B. Loomis, Palse-
'^cnris/ck 1^
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1
OSTEOGLOSSID^.
73
ontogr. voL xlvi. (1900), p. 257, pi. xxvi. figs. 5, 6. —
Upper Cretaceous ; Kansas. [Mandible.]
Anogmius favirostris, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1878, p. 178. — Ibid.
[Skull.]
The fragments of dentition catalogued below may perhaps belong
to some unknown Cretaceous genus of Albulidse, but their relation¬
ships are uncertain. Similar specimens have be^descri,^e^
the names of Glossodu/ liedceli., 0. G. Costa, Atti * AccadVr onian.'
vol. viii. (1864), p. 109, pi. ix. figs. 12, 13 (Upper Cretaceous ;
Pietraroja, Prov. Benevento, Italy) ; Egertonia gaultina, J. Cornuel,
Bull. Soc, Geol. Prance [3] vol. v. (1877), p. 620, pi. xi. figs. 31,
32 (Gault; Moutier-en-Uer, Haute Marne); and Pisodus foucardi,
H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Sci. Hat. Yonne, vol. xxxiii. pt. ii. (1879),
p. 50, pi. i. fig. 2 (Cenomanian ; Bassou, Yonne).
47207. A convex, oval mass of well-worn teeth, without the support¬
ing bone; Gault, Eolkestone.
Gardner Coll.
4728^ Two more irregular fragments of similar dentition, one
convex, the other concave, both showing the small piles
'P S05^^ of successional teeth ; Gault, Eolkestone. Gw^^0r'Gdll.
37239. Convex group of well-worn smaller teeth ; Chalk Marl,
Dover. Purchased^ 1863.
P. 6107, P. 7498. Two groups of small teeth, less crowded and less
worn ; Gault, Eolkestone. The unabraded dental crown
exhibits a slight median apical pit, from which delicate
strise radiate outwards. Ho successional teeth are seen.
Purchased, 1889, 1895.
P. 9159. Similar group of small teeth ; Gault, Eolkestone.
Purchased.
Family OSTEOGLOSSID^.
Trunk irregularly fusiform or elongated. External head-bones
much thickened, and cheek covered by robust plates ; supraoccipital
bone not prominent, and parietals meeting in the middle line ; no
basicranial canal ; snout not produced. Mandibular suspensorium
nearly vertical or inclined forwards, and gape of mouth small or
moderately wide ; premaxilla much extended along the oral border,
but maxilla also entering gape ; marginal teeth with long base, in
very shallow sockets and anchylosed with the jaw, usually in a
74
ACTINOPTERYGII.
single series ; minute styliforni or conical teeth on some of the
inner bones and tongue. Suboperculum and interoperculum rudi¬
mentary or absent ; branchiostegal rays slender, about 10 to 20 in
number, and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, and
those of the abdominal region with robust transverse processes for
the support of the well-developed ribs ; a compound hypural bone
at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present. Ein-fulcra
absent ; fin-rays more or less divided and articulated distally ;
dorsal and anal fins remote and more or less extended. Scales
thick and cycloidal, mosaic-like in structure, deeply imbricating.
The surviving members of this family are confined to the fresh-
waters of the tropics. Osteoglossum occurs in Tropical America,
Australia, and the East Indies Arapaima is eharacteristic of
Erazil and the Guyanas ; while Beterotis is a Tropical African
genus.
The only extinct genus referable with certainty to the Osteo-
glossidae is Dapedoglossus, from the freshwater Eocene of North
America. Bryclicetus^ from the marine London Clay of Sheppey, is
also probably a member of the same family ; but its scales, so far
as known, do not exhibit the characteristic mosaic-like structure.
Genus DAPEDOGLiOSSUS, Cope.
[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. 807.]
Syn. Phareodus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873, p. 99
(undefined).
Trunk much laterally compressed, comparatively short and deep,
and abdomen trenchant. Cleft of mouth extending to a point
below the middle of the orbit, the mandible not prominent, the
marginal teeth long and slender, the inner teeth smaller, stout,
short and conical, apparently borne by the vomer, palatines,
tongue, and basihyals. Branchiostegal rays in uncertain number,
but more than 10. Vertebrae about 45 in number, more caudal
than abdominal. Pectoral fins with thickened and excessively
elongated anterior ray ; pelvic fins small ; dorsal and anal fins
directly opposed, the latter at least as much extended as the
former, and well-separated from the caudal fin, which is very
slightly excavated at its hinder margin. Scales large, displaying
characteristic reticulate structure.
^ Some points in the cranial osteology of Osteoglossum are described by
T. W. Bridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 302, pi. xxii.
//»•
C,04 ^ -^-*:w-> «/ « •'V*^' -I < «-! - ^ '■ ••^
/&7^ /9^3, Z^*'^ ♦ ^ r
/97u09^'^^^ , ^ a-4U.^vS^
I
9h^,^. -^(T^. ///. / xv/ ^
^.3:
7?.
^T'Iaa^. 9^a^, /?4>^ 3^.
« €^
C^C^CZk^ ^ TTz^yt^r^ /3icf^/. ^r>fi^ ^/xkA ^
OSTEOGLOSSIDJ..
/O
Dapedoglossus testis^ Cope.
1877. Dai^edoglossus testis, E. D. Co^De, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 807.
1884. Dapedoglossus testis, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Hep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 71, pi. vii.
fig. 1, pi. viii. figs. 1, 2.
Type. iN’early complete fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about four times, and
maximum depth of trunk much less than three times in the total
length of the fish. Anterior stout pectoral fin-ray closely articulated
in its distal half, extending nearly as far backward as the rays of
the pelvic fins, which are small and arise somewhat nearer to the
anal than to the pectoral pair ; dorsal fin with about 20 rays,
arising behind the origin of the anal fin, which is more extended
and comprises about 27 rays. Exposed aspect of scales very finely
granulated, not grooved.
Form. ^ Log. Eocene (Green Biver Shales) ; Wyoming, U.S. A.
P. 5824. Imperfect specimen about 0*19 in length, displaying the
reticulate middle layer of the scales. By exchange, 1888.
P. 7488. A much smaller specimen exhibiting the dentition,
branchiostegal rays, and fins. Purchased, 1895.
Dapedoglossus sequipinnis. Cope.
1878. Dapedoglossus cequipinnis, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. iv. p. 77,
1884. Dapedoglossus cequipinnis, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form.
West, Book 1. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 73,
pi. vii. fig. 2.
Type. IS’early complete fish.
A very small species, difi“ering from the type in the less elongation
of the anterior pectoral fin-ray and in the almost equal size and
extension of the dorsal and anal fins, each of which seems to
comprise about 22 rays.
Form. Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Wyoming, U.S. A.
Not represented in the Collection.
The following species have also been founded on fragmentary
specimens, of which there no examples in the Collection : —
Dapedoglossus acutus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884),
76
ACTINOPTERYGII.
p. 7^, pi. V. figs. 18-20. Phareodus acutus, J. Leidy, />? rr
Proc. Acad. Hat. Sei. Philad, 1873, p. 99, and Contrib.
Extinct Yert. Eauna W. Territ. (Pep. U.S. Gcol. Surv.
Territ. vol. i. pt. i. 1873), p. 193, pi. xxxii. figs. 47-51 ;
E, D. Cope, Ann. Pep. E.S. Geol, Surv. Territ. 1872
(1873), p. 637 (in part). Fhareodon sericeus^ E. D. Cope,
ihid. (1873), p. 638 (palatine teeth). — Bridger Eocene;
Wyoming, E.S.A. [Jaws. The type species of Pliareodus?\
Dajjedoglossus encaustus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. 1877, p. 808, and op. cii. 1884, p. 70, pi. vi. fig. 1.
Osteoglbssum encaustum^ E. D. Cope, Ann. Pep. U.S. Geol.
Surv. Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 430. — Eocene (Green Piver
Shales) ; Wyoming, U.S. A. [Portion of squamation.}
Genus BRYCH.^TUS, novum,
Agassiz, Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308 (name onl}’-).]
Syn. Pomapliractus, L. Agassiz, Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307
(name only).
Platops, P. Owen, Catal. Foss. Pept. & Pisces Mus. Poy. Coll.
Surgeons, 1854, p. 170 (undefined.)
A genus known only by the head and anterior abdominal region,
which are much laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth extending
to a point somewhat behind the orbit, and the mandible not
prominent ; marginal teeth large, in very close series, with some¬
what tumid base and relatively short enamelled crown ; inner teeth
comparatively minute and clustered, but all stout and conical.
Preoperculum much expanded ; branchiostegal rays not less than
15 in number. Scales large and deeply imbricating, ornamented in
their exposed portion with fine tubercles arranged more or less
distinctly in radiating lines.
Brychaetus muelleri, sp. nov.
[Plate I.]
1845. Brychetus muellerij L. Agassiz, Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308
(name only).
(?) 1845. Pomupliractus egertoni, L, Agassiz, ihid. p. 307 (name only).
[Portion of small skull ; British Museum.]
(?)1854. Platops suhulidens^ P. Owen, Catal. Foss. Pept. & Pisces
Mus. Poy. Coll. Surgeons, p. 170 (undefined). [Imperfect head ;
Royal College of Surgeons.]
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
The type and only known species, not yet precisely definable.
A
. .
Xa. ^ 1 1 1_ •
/'P't*A^/e.4^2x»^ ^ gg*
X. A 2a^.
^A^CAJKt^au^ ^''^hAju^
A7a.A. 9Ai^. Xxv///^d7P), ^ S’^-
<^iL}n^cA/\^ ^//» c/^y/ i~i.'^irrc/cL^ ^ ^n*u.
KX^l N?-p /9.2Z1 /p^s. Ma- f' Kiint' ■
Cue^
/^cc.cC(u^.
/t-S*. A‘2Cen^^
/^/^O^a^xJ'*’*-^ t'>y..^,,jU2xx2^ ^ >>%,
/i^jT-. /S.^. *.2^.3 // iy Y^S.ht,
OSTEOGLOSSID^.
I i
Head with opercular apparatus attaining a length of about 0*4.
Length of head to preopercular border scarcely exceeding its
maximum depth at the occiput ; width of frontal region between
the orbits equalling about half the total length of the cranium.
External bones of cranial roof marlied with small pittings, the
cheek-plates and opercular apparatus ornamented with radiating
lines of very fine tubercles. Premaxilla extending to the anterior
border of the orbit, at least two thirds as long as the more slender
maxilla. Marginal teeth ovoid in transverse section, their longer
diameter at right angles to the length of the jaw, and all the
enamelled crowns smooth ; teeth of premaxilla largest, teii in
number ; those of maxilla considerably smaller, between 20 and
25 in number, decreasing in size backwards, where they become
comparatively slender ; mandibular teeth about 20 in number,
nearly as large as those of the premaxilla and scarcely decreasing
in size behind. Operculum nearly twice as deep as broad. Anterior
scales closely ornamented with very small tubercles often fused into
short rugae.
Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey, Kent.
P. 3893. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, to be regarded
as the type specimen, partly shown of one third the
natural size from the left side and from above in PI. I.,
figs. 1, la. The cranium is much fractured, the outer
surface of the ethmoidal region, the greater part of the
right frontal and of the parieto-occipital region being
broken away. The frontals (/r.) are very wide between
the orbits, narrowing behind, and they are much
thickened, the outer surface preserved on the left side
exhibiting numerous closely arranged pittings. The
fossil has been broken across immediately behind the
orbit, thus causing a gap in the left frontal ; but its
truncated posterior margin is conspicuous further back,
well in advance of the occiput, and the corresponding
suture on the right side is indicated by the direction of
the growth-lines of the fractured bone. The anterior
part of the left parietal (^a.) is shown to be superficially
pitted in the same manner as the frontal ; but the region
beyond is obscure and more clearly observable in no,
P. 157 (PI. 1. fig. 2). A very large and stout prefrontal
is shown on the right side. The orbit (fig. 1, orh.) is
indicated far forwards, and the great postorbital region
is covered with two cheek -plates, which are very
78
ACTINOPTEEYGIT.
fragmentary on both sides of the fossil. The upper post¬
orbital (s.o. 1) is somewhat the smaller, and exhibits a
series of clefts in its hinder border ; both bear traces of
the characteristic fine tubercular ornament. The ossified
sclerotic is seen on the right side. The jaws and teeth
are imperfect, but best preserved on the left (fig. 1). The
premaxilla {pmx.') is observed to extend to the front
border of the orbit ; while above the hinder half of the
comparatively slender maxilla {moo.) there seems to be a
small supramaxilla Most of the teeth are
broken and display an internal cavity ; but a few of those
of the mandible and several of those of the maxilla are
complete, with the smooth enamelled crown pointed and
a little curved inwards at the apex. The wide expansion
of the angle of the preoperculum is observable on the
left behind the portion of the fossil figured, and the form
of the large operculum can be dimly perceived on both
sides. The large and deepl}" imbricating scales, of which
one from the right side is shown of the natural size in
fig. 1 6, are externally ornamented with fine tubercles
tending to arrangement in radiating lines ; and there is
no appearance either of a mosaic or reticulated structure
even when this superficial layer of ornament is removed.
EnmsJ^:illen Coll.
32345. More imperfect head, the cranium a little crushed down¬
wards on the right side. The frontals exhibit the same
form, thickening, and superficially pitted character as
before ; their truncated hinder margin is also distinct in
the same position immediately behind the orbit. The
anterior thickened and pitted portion of each parietal is
shown to be about as broad as long, and there are traces
of the long, narrow squamosal on either side ; but the
occipital region is crushed and obscured. Some of the
teeth are well shown on the left side. There are also
characteristic remains of the squamation ; and the right
supraclavicle is shown to be very long and narrow.
Purchased.^ 1857.
P. 157. Imperfect head with cranial roof so fractured as to show
its thickened character (PI. I. figs. 2, 2 u, 2 h). The
anterior thickened portion of each parietal {pet.) is at
least as long as broad, and its postero-lateral angles are
a little produced backwards. The squamosal {sp) is
OSTEOGLOSSID^.
79
excessively long and narrow. There are remains of a
short and broad ethmoid in front of the frontals (/r.) not
shown in the figure. The extent of the premaxilla {'pmx.)
is indicated on both sides, and it seems to have borne
10 teeth. The best preserved tooth, at the hinder end
of the left premaxilla, is shown of the natural size in
fig. 2 h. The two postorhital cheek-plates are exhibited,
the lower (s.o.2) much the largest as usual. The charac¬
teristic fine tubercular ornament is observed on the
operculum {op.) and also slightly on the upper cheek-plate
of the left side. Fourteen branchiostegal rays are
preserved on the right. There are also some rays of the
right pectoral fin {pet.), the foremost being comparatively
stout. Purchased, 1880.
P. 638. A pyritised decaying specimen, labelled by Agassiz as
intended to be the basis of his description of the species.
It exhibits the large robust prefrontal bone on the right
side. The maxilla is also well shown, with its charac¬
teristic dentition and a comparatively delicate small
expansion behind. The preoperculum is evidently
expanded at the angle, and there are remains of about
14 pairs of slender branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll,
39448. xVnother decaying specimen comprising the opercular and
branchiostegal apparatus, with the postorbital plates.
The well-ossified upper end of each hyomandibular
projects from the indurated clay. The left operculum is
shown to be somewhat more than half as broad as deep ;
while both this and the left lower postorbital plate
exhibit remains of the superficial ornament of radiating
tuberculated lines. The number of branchiostegal rays
appears to be slightly greater than in the last specimen,
but they are very imperfectly preserved. Bowerhank Coll.
43020. Block of indurated clay with scattered remains, comprising
the right mandibular ramus (PI. I. fig. 3), part of that
of the left side, the right clavicle, scales, and other
fragments. The dentary bone {d,) bears traces of about
21 teeth, and ascends behind into the front part of the
coronoid elevation. The outer face of the clavicle is
considerably expanded throughout its length, though
widest in its lower portion. Purchased, 1871,
80
ACTI^^0PTERTG1T.
P. 1748. Pragmeiit of right side of head showing parts of pre¬
maxilla, maxilla, and dentary, with teeth ; also remains
of a laminar inner bone of the mouth (probably ento-
pter3’goid) covered with a cluster of minute stout conical
teeth. The premaxillary teeth are the largest.
Egerton Coll.
43021. Eight premaxilla, with remains of a cheek-plate which is
ornamented with radiating lines of fine tubercles. The
premaxilla (PI. I. figs. 4, 4 a) is shown to have been
attached to the ethmoidal region throughout its front
half, which is not much deepened ; and there is a deep
longitudinal groove for the overlap of the maxilla on its
hinder portion. The hone bears ten closelj' arranged,
antero-posteriorly compressed teeth, two represented only
b}’ the base of attachment, and all the others except the
foremost having lost the enamelled crown.
Purchased 1871.
28424. Anterior end of small left dentary showing robust
mandibular symphj^sis. Mantell Coll.
P. 641. Hinder half of smaU skull with opercular apparatus, partly
pyritised and imperfectly preserved, probably referable to
a young individual of this species. The specimen is
marked by Egerton as intended to be the tj^pe of the
species Pomaphr actus egertoni, Agassiz, loc. cit.
Egerton Coll.
39699. Eemains of equally small head, showing jaws.
Purchased, 1866.
incerth: sedis
(? OSTEOGLOSSIDtE or albulidh:).
Genus PLETHODUS, Dixon.
[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 366.]
An imperfectly known genus, with deep laterally compressed
skuU and small mouth. External bones not ornamented. Pre¬
maxilla apparently fused with the short rostrum, this, the maxilla,
and dentary bearing minute teeth ; ectopterygoid very slender, also
with minute teeth ; a large smooth concave plate, consisting of
vertical tubules of dentine fixed apparently to the parasphenoid ;
^ / V '
(p€y*^ «^>v A^OT^. ^ 1///;*^
n
2 .
/
- ^--2222r:^ •/'//•
/T-n-c-^c-^
<>L6^
/•
Av. /reA-Ac^ /f^
^ * J3, /It • 2, a>'-^^ a-^: /So—^^-*-'-^
'^Ccy,,....^ . SA7-<r»~^ i?3^‘/-^6, Y.3j‘'7.
3 S'-D ^ y ^/C /ir. ^ 5'.
/ /
>X^J7^^>'7'7^^-c^i-^ CP?^.
1/^ ^ xx/A^. /-<^-r
3SS^^. ^ 31 ^ p’- Xx/V* j7^. /.
OSTEOGLOSSID^.
81
an opposing convex plate of similar structure supported probably
by the basihyal bone.
The fragmentary remains of this genus hitherto discovered are
discussed by the present writer in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. iii.
(1899), pp. 353-361, pis. xiii., xiv.
Plethodus expansus^ Dixon.
1850. Plethodus expansus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 366, pi. xxxiii.
fig. 2.
O
1888. Plethodus expansus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 331.
1899. Plethodus expansus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iii. p. 354, pi. xiii. figs. 1-4.
Type. Portion of lower dental plate ; Brighton Museum.
The type species, of large size, the lower dental plate sometimes
measuring 0*1 in length by 0'075 in maximum breadth. Lower
dental plate leaf-shaped, one end being comparatively broad and
gently rounded, the other end nearly pointed ; its grinding surface
slightly convex except near the pointed end, where it becomes
concave ; its truncated border more or less tuberculated. Upper
dental plate nearly as broad as long and regularly concave.
No bones of this species have hitherto been identified.
Form. ^ Log. Albian to Senonian : S.E. England.
(i.) Lower dental plates.
35369. Fine specimen, described and figured in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. iii. (1899), p. 354, pi. xiii. fig. 1 ; Cambridge
Greensand. Purchased, 1859.
39103. Broad end of similar plate showing thick bony base, noticed
ibid. p. 355 ; Cambridge Greensand. Bowerbank Coll.
35391-92, 35403, 35430. Two large and two small fragmentary
specimens ; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859-60.
P. 1486. Fragment ; Cambridge Greensand. Egerton Coll.
P. 2691. Three fragments; Cambridge Greensand.
Enniskillen Coll,
P. 7274-76. Five imperfect specimens, one being very large and
broad, another displaying the form of the broader end
Cambridge Greensand. Jesson Coll,
o
PAET IV.
82
ACIINOPTERrGII.
28013. Fragment and vertical microscopical section of the same ;
Cambridge Greensand. Purchased.
3 0259. Another fragment and similar section ; Cambridge Green¬
sand. Purchased, 1855.
P. 7. Imperfect specimen rather broad at the concave end, described
and figured, loc. cit. p. 356, pi. xiii. fig. 4; Gault,
Folkestone. Gardner Coll.
P. 8. Fragment ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.
46392. Frag ment, with horizontal and vertical microscopical sections
of the same ; Chalk, S, Wiltshire. Cunnington Coll.
25923 Fra gment, probably from the Sussex Chalk. Diccon Coll.
39052. Fragment ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Bowerhanlc Coll.
(ii.) U]pper dental plates.
38585. Specimen showing bony attachments, described and figured
loc. cit. p. 355, pi. xiii. fig. 2 ; Lower Chalk, probably
Kent. Beferred to Thryptodus sp., by F. B. Loomis,
Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 235. Purchased, 1864.
-39091. More imperfect specimen, the aboral face described and
figured loc. cit. p. 356, pi. xiii. fig. 3 ; Lower Chalk, near
Maidstone. Beferred to Thryptodus sp. by F. B. Loomis,
Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 235. BoiverhanJc Coll.
P. 9014. Imperfect specimen displaying abraded aboral face ;
probably from Lower Chalk, Kent. Purchased, 1885.
43079. Fragment showing structure ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.
Purchased, 1871.
39092. Fragment ; Chalk, Gravesend. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 2692. Portion of large specimen ; Lower Chalk, Lewes.
Enniskillen Coll.
5277. Fragment ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
P. 7277. Two imperfect abraded specimens ; Cambridge Greensand.
Jesson Coll.
47188. Fragment in concretion ; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Colh
J^.S. /f<^Z y^^'r //.xxif.yy^.
3S^67 ■3^'^ <y/^P yyS’. /0ey, /./a?, //. xxii.y;^. 2.
«
2^00/. aSC? yf.S.'^. /./c^?, /JfAA/AT^/. ?.
/^3oya s: ^ //. X X //'. y.) . (y
^ cT?^-
^ ^. //^y ^XM "/^j^ '
OSTEOGLOSSIDJE.
83
Plethodus pentagon, A. S. ^Voodward.
1899. Plethodus 'pentagon^ A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
Yol.-iii. p. 356, pi. xiii. figs. 5-7.
Type. Lower dental plate ; British Museum.
A smaller species, the lower dental plate attaining a length of
about O’Ooo with a maximum breadth of 0-04. Lower dental
plate elongated, pentagonal in shape, widest near the pointed end,
and the border of the truncated end slightly excavated ; grinding
surface slightly convex. Supposed upper dental plate quadrangular.
No bones of this species have hitherto been identified.
Form. Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
41716 a. Lower dental plate, being the type specimen describe
and figured loc. cii. p. 356, pi. xiii. fig. 5 ; Lower Chalk,
Burham, Kent. TouJmin Smith Coll.
47947. Pointed end of lower dental plate, figured loc. cit. pi. xiii.
fig. 6 ; Burham. Presented hy the Hon. Robert
Marsham, 1877.
35874. Imperfect abraded lower dental plate, the truncated end
exhibiting a deep accidental cleft ; Lower Chalk, Dover.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 2693. Two fragments ; Lower Chalk, Lewes. Ennis'killen Coll.
P. 5626. Supposed upper dental plate, described and figured loc. cit.
p. 357, pi. xiii. fig. 7 ; Lower Chalk, Kent. Deferred to
Thryptodus sp. by E. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi.
(1900), p. 235. Harford Coll.
49816. Portion of similar plate; Lower Chalk, Dorking, Surrey.
Capron Coll.
Plethodus oblongus, Dixon.
1850. Plethodus oblongus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 366, pi. xxxii.^
fig. 4.
1899. Plethodus oblongus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iii. p. 357, pi. xiv.
Type. Lower dental plate ; Brighton Museum.
A very small species, the lower dental plate about 0'02 in length,
olongated and irregularly ovoid in shape, the broader end gently
rounded, the narrower end truncated ; grinding surface of this
plate slightly convex.
A small skull in the Brighton Museum, described and figured by
6 2
84
ACTING PTEEYGII.
the present writer loc. cif., exhibits the broader end of a dental
plate much like that just defined, near the remains of the mandible.
In the same specimen a concave dental plate of similar structure is
clearly observed fixed to the base of the cranium. This imperfect
fossil and another mentioned below have thus been provisionally
ascribed to Pletliodus obloyigus, and exhibit the cranial characters
noted in the diagnosis of the genus given above.
Form. Loc. Cenomanian and Turonian : S.E., England.
49895. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, described and
figured loc. cit. p. 359, pi. xiv. fig. 2 ; Lower Chalk,
Dorking. Capron Coll.
The following dental plates, exhibiting the characteristic
structure of Pletliodus, are not specifically determined : —
P. 7279. Portion of very thick concave (upper) plate; Cambridge
Greensand. Jesson Coll.
P. 7280-81. Two portions of concave (upper) plates, the second
remarkably thickened on the aboral face ; Cambridge
Greensand. Jesson Coll.
35395. Another very concave specimen, almost longitudinally
keeled ; Cambridge Greensand. Purchased, 1859.
P. 6452. Small concave plate, with raised longitudinal ridge on
aboral face ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Becldes Coll.
The following species has also been named, but is not represented
in the Collection : —
Pletliodus furcatus, A. S. AYoodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
(1888), p. 331. Cliimcera furcata, A. Eritsch, Pept. u..
Eische bohm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 16, woodc. fig. 40.
— Turonian ; Bohemia. [Imperfect dental plate ; Eoyal
Bohemian Museum, Prague.]
A cranium not yet clearly distinguished from that of Pletliodus
has also been described as follows : —
Byntegmodus altus, E. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 253, pi. xxii. fig. 9. — Upper Cretaceous (Kiobrara
Group); Kansas, U.S.A. [Imperfect cranium; Palaeon¬
tological Museum, Munich.]
X- X- xy^X/'
’ /^^i.yX <r-.«^U-o r. i~. . /fi ° p. jS
-l^rf. X/ X {/i^03),^. ^cy/-/y>^. ^7^?.
/
t1<A^ (^A i..^. Xc.CXj.. i> , '^x'?- ■ '*n.
itS hfX
AL‘
■/iiei a*«i
^/V\-
/>. 3/y, XXV Hi. >7
i,
. '^'ir^ X?^X
X^P! £sxi<^ ^ /i . (feo^. /Tlyni'.
/2t-c/ (X. ^02!^ Se>^~ ^/>r' ^/fz^J
jx^c^ S ,^(/u(zii'^ /
V'/ ’fi, 2/),Z^/, ^yii/^^cceir\<--^ } ^ec/\.ec^
i ^7'C^aC^ ^e,
/^^• fSyy^ J^'i^a.y-'T-^^'cx s _ •^<e’e
OSTEO&LOSSID^. - NOTOPTEEID^.
85
Genus THRYPTODUS, Loomis.
[Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. 1900, p. 229.]
An imperfectly known genus with depressed skull and small
mouth, apparently differing from Flethodus in having two lower
median dental plates opposed to the single upper plate.
Two species, not represented in the Collection, are recognised as
follows : —
Tlrryptodus rotundus, P. B. Loomis, loc. cit. p. 235, pi. xxii.
figs. 1,2. — Upper Cretaceous (I^iobrara Group) ; Kansas,
U.S.A. [Upper and lower dental plates ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]
Tliryptodus zittel% P. B. Loomis, loc. cit. p. 234, pi. xxi. — Ibid.
[The type species. Skull ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]
The rostrum of this fish closely resembles a fragment from the
Chalk of Sussex, in the Brighton Museum, provisionally ascribed to
an Acipenseroid by A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xi.
(1889), p. 31, pi., i. fig. 6.
Imperfect remains of a nearly similar fish with free premaxillae
are described thus : —
PseudoiJiryptodus intermedins, P. B. Loomis, loc. cit. p. 236, pi. xxii.
figs. 3-8. — Ibid. [Bemains of head ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]
Family NOTOPTERIDtE.
Supraoccipital bone prominent, but parietals partly meeting in
the middle line ; squamosal reduced and fused with pterotic ; a
basicranial canal ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates reduced.
Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined forwards and gape
moderately wide ; premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large,
both entering the upper border of the mouth. Opercular and
branchiostegal apparatus much reduced, and no gular plate. Verte¬
bral centra well ossified, those of the abdominal region with trans¬
verse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the abdominal cavity. Pin-
fulcra absent ; caudal fin very small or absent. Scales thin and
cycloid, extending over the head and opercular apparatus.
The surviving members of this family are confined to the fresh-
waters of the East Indies and West Africa.
86
ACTIXOPTEETGII.
Genus NOTOPTERUS, Lacepede.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. ii. 1800, p. 189.]
Trunk fusiform, with very short abdominal region and much
elongated and attenuated caudal region. Dorsal fin very small, in
the caudal region ; anal fin much extended and confluent with the
rudimentary caudal fin. A double series of short ventral ridge-
scales in the abdominal region.
Notopterus prim2evus, Giinther.
1876. Kotoptems 2^rimcBvi(s, A. Giinther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii. p. 439^
pi. xix.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known species, about 0*3 in length. Lower part
of preoperculum and some ridges of mandible serrated. About 13
abdominal vertebrae. Dorsal fin above 14th and 15th caudal
vertebrae. Scales very small.
Form. Log. Freshwater Tertiary Lignite : Padang, Sumatra.
47512. Type specimen described and figured by Gunther, loc. cit.
Presented hy Herr JR. D. M. Yerheeh, 1876.
Family CHIROCENTHID.H.
Supraoccipital bone prominent, partly or complete^ separating
the parietals in the median line ; squamosals reduced, and otic
region very prominent ; parasphenoid enclosing a basicranial canal >
snout not produced ; cheek-plates well developed. Mandibular
suspensorium inclined forwards, but gape of mouth wide and more
or less directed upwards ; premaxilla and maxilla robust and firmly
fixed, both entering the upper border of the mouth ; teeth acuminate,
almost or exclusively confined to the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary
bones. Opercular apparatus complete, with branchiostegal rays, but
no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse
processes ; ribs nearly or completely encircling the abdominal cavity ;
hsemal arches more or less fused at the base of the tail. Inter¬
muscular bones present. Fin-fulcra absent ; fin-rays divided and
closely articulated distally ; post-temporal bones in contact with
postero-lateral angles of cranium ; dorsal and anal fins remote.
Scales thin and cycloid. In the recent genus : — Vo pseudobranchiae
air-bladder incompletely divided into cells ; no pyloric appendages ^
intestine short, with a rudimentary spiral valve.
/^' ^ j ^ *
>c-va,*J3
/%^. >^y.. <2.^. tp .' sy ^ y. ?s -<£<.^-
CHIROCENTPwID^.
87
Synopsis of Genera
I. Extended anal fin not elevated into an
acuminate lobe anteriorly.
Teeth laterally compressed and firmly
fixed in shallow sockets, much
enlarged in premaxilla and den¬
tary ; pectoral fins normal .
Teeth small, nearly uniform in size, in
close series ; pectoral fins much
enlarged .
Teeth rounded in section, of moderate
size, in close uniform series, only
one pair being enlarged at the
mandibular symphysis ; pectoral
fins rather large .
TI. Extended anaTfin [when known] elevated
into an acuminate lobe anteriorly.
A. Teeth in sockets, irregular in size
and much enlarged in premaxilla.
About 20 branchiostegal ravs ; ravs
of paired fins much expanded ;
scales large and smooth .
[Skull and jaws as in Chirocentrites,
with deep supraoccipital crest ;
teeth with vertical successors,
not compressed to a sharp edge,
and no nutritive foramina or
notches on the inner face of the
jaw below the alveolar border.
B. Teeth in sockets, nearly regular in
size on each bone, not much
enlarged in premaxilla.
(«) No presymphysial bone in man¬
dible.
Teeth not compressed to a sharp
edge; caudal vertebrae about
35 in number ; rays of paired
fins much expanded ; dorsal fin
short-based, opposed to anal ;
scales large and smooth .
[Skull, jaws, and teeth as in Spathc-
dactylus, with small supra¬
occipital crest ; teeth with
vertical successors and no nu¬
tritive foramina or notches on
the inner face of the jaw below
the alveolar border .
Chirocentrus (p. 88).
Platinx (p. 89).
Chii'omystus (p. 89).
Chirocentrites (p. 90).
Portheus (p. 92).]
Spathodactyhisfp. 98).
lehtkyodectes (p. 99).]
88
ACTINOPIEEYGTI.
[As Sjjathodactylus, but dorsal fin
longer than deep and opposed
to pelvic fins . Cladocyclus (p. 107).]
(b) A presymphjsial bone in man¬
dible.
Similar skull and jaws, but the
teeth compressed to a sharp
edge, and a series of nutritive
notches on the inner face of the
jaw below the alveolar border . Saurodon (p. 111).
Teeth compressed to a sharp edge,
with germs of successors arising
on the inner face, where there
is a series of nutritive foramina
below the alveolar border .... Saurocephalus (p. 113).
Genus CHIROCENTRUS, Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 178.]
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed ; abdomen trenchant.
Teeth laterally compressed, firmly fixed in shallow sockets ; at least
one pair of premaxillary teeth enlarged, the other premaxillary and
maxillary teeth small and in single series ; mandibular teeth very
large, in a single series ; minute villiform teeth on the palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue. Eight branchiostegal rays. Eibs very
delicate. A long pointed osseous appendage at the base of each
pectoral fin ; pectoral fins of moderate size, the length of the rays
much less than that of the head with opercular apparatus ; pelvic
fins very small ; dorsal fin short, opposed to the anal, which is much
extended but not elevated into a pointed lobe in front ; caudal fin
deeply forked.
This is the sole surviving genus of the famil}', and is represented
only by one existing species in the Indian Ocean.
Chirocentrus (?) polyodon, Gunther.
1876. Chii'ocenti'us {?) polyodon, A. Giinther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii.
p. 438, pi. XV. fig. 3.
Type. Dentar}^ bone ; British Museum.
A species doubtfully of this genus, known only by fragmentary
jaws. The teeth in the dentar}^ are slender, numerous, mostly
large but irregular in size, and very closely set ; those of the maxilla
are about as large as the hindermost teeth of the dentary.
Form. Log. Freshwater Tertiary Lignite : Padang, Sumatra.
i/^dO^.« iU 4i4,>9^/%€€*-‘ )^ fy), SCL!^Mt0<A J t^%ii^ /^J ^ f*4
pf^Jr du* ^ /W/ , )
? /ickja^uxi^ j pJ“>S ^
1^ ^*^JiC^O"^^y^^)oa>0 c^) /) CT^ ywLj/^ ^ /.X*
^ . 5'yL- /4oe,^ Rjbc.^i/l- Xma/. 4v^/V "^J '-27/^ 0^ r?
/ 2 . 3 -
/ 9^^
ftn^ - (It^f #a ^!? ^
'>x<?c
^ tfin , ; M. /i j /.^.i'.f^.f. yi-f^ . /a-^
-rf<^ ; 2 ^,3 ^ .^ 3
r
' ' J ^04- ; Y
7/cs, iy%r;4/L^, X" Is/'/ />. ^y. f ^9^^, f'» y ' ^r ^
I
CHIEOCENTRIDJE.
89
47514. Type specimen, comprising left dentary and impression of
left maxilla. The extent of the mandibular dentition,
which comprises 23 teeth, is 0’04o.
Presented hy Herr P. D. Ji. Yerheele, 1876,
Genus PLATINX, Agassiz.
[Xeues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304."]
Syn. Thrissopierus, J. J. Heckel, Deukschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. Yol. xi. 1856, p. 245.
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed ; abdomen trenchant.
Teeth small and in regular close series in both jaws, not enlarged in
the premaxilla. About six or seven branchiostegal rays. Tertebrae
approximately 70 in number, nearly half being caudal ; ribs round
in section. Pectoral fins considerably enlarged, the length of the
rays exceeding that of the head with opercular apparatus ; pelvic
fins very small: dorsal fin low and much extended, opposed to the
anal, which is also much extended but not elevated into a pointed
lobe in front ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales large and smooth.
The following species of this extinct genus are recognised, but are
not represented in the Collection : —
Platinx catullii : Tlirissopterus catuUii^ J. J. Heckel, Henkschr. k.
Akad. AYiss,, math.-natnrw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), p. 248,
pi. xii. fig. 5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[The type species of Tlirissojpterus. Xearly complete fish ;
University Museum, Padua.]
Platinx elongatus, L. Agassiz, Xeues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304, and
Poiss. Eoss. vol. V. pt. ii. (1835-44), p. 125, pi. xiv. ;
E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Vat. vol. iii.
(1876), p. 1^8. Hsox macrop)terus, H. D. de Blaiuville,
Xoiiv. Diet. d'Hist. Xat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 342. — Ibid.
[The type species. Yearly complete fish ; Paris Museum
of Xatural Histor\'.] ^ /,.n,
Platinx gigcis, L. Agassiz, Xeues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304. ILonojpteros
gigas, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. exei,
pi. xlvii. — Ibid. [Yearly complete fish ; Paris Museum
of Yatural History.]
Genus CHIROMYSTUS, Cope.
[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xxiii. 1886, p. 4.]
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed. Teeth rounded in
section and hollow, not in deep sockets but firmly fixed to the jaws ;
90
ACTINOPTERYGII.
upper teeth of moderate size, iu a single uniform series ; lower teeth
in a similar single uniform series, but one pair at the symphysis
much enlarged. Yertebrae about 50 in number, nearly half being
caudal ; centra with two deep, longitudinally-extended pits on each
side ; ribs comparatively stout, flattened and impressed with a
longitudinal groove. Pectoral fins rather large ; pelvic fins very
small ; dorsal fin short, opposed to the anal, which is somewhat
extended ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales large, smooth, and
very thin.
The characters of the dentition are here given on the assumption
that the skull recorded below is rightly referred to this genus.
Chiromystus mawsoni, Cope.
1886. Chiromystus maivsoni^ E. D. Cope, loc. cit. p. 4.
1888, Chiroymjstus maiosoni, A. S. Woodward, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] vol. ii. p. 134.
Type. Imperfect trunk ; Cope Collection.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-4. Depth of
longest ribs with vertebral centra contained about four and a third
times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Origin of anal fin equidistant from the pelvic and caudal fins.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Bahia, Brazil.
P. 7345. Imperfect skull, of which the jaws are figured, upside
down, by Allport, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. (1860),
pi, xiv. fig. 4. Fresentecl hy Samuel Allport, Esci., 1894.
P. 7110. Eragmeutary remains of head and anterior part of ab¬
dominal region with pectoral fin.
Fresentecl hy Joseph Maiuson, Esq., 1893.
P. 5531. Portion of small caudal region, noticed by A. S. Wood¬
ward, loc. cit. ; from Itacaranha.
Presented hy Joseph Mawson, Esq., 1888.
Genus CHIROCENTRITES, HecJ^.
[Sitzungsb. k. *Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. 1849ypt. i. p. 17.]
A
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed ; abdomen trenchant^
Teeth ^got compressed to a sharp edge : very irregular in size, and
at least one pair in the premaxillae much enlarged. About 20
branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae approximately 60 in number, about
35 being abdominal ; the centra exhibiting two deep, longitudinally-
extended pits on each side ; ribs comparatively stout, each flattened
k J C*<-n • (S - d HI /V ft > foii
^ c • ’ /? - cf o- /Z-^ ^ A . ^Zojcx/ .
/yf’fc t'^ 'I /t^^‘2.,V/- /^«.^/.
^g^p‘ ^
^n<^. -T^^. \'it f /a/ o), /. 32.,^. /'x.^^. /S—
/X/V- ?<H(. ^ ^3< ' ocey^t^
/<r^^ i7 / |f i
nr-rf, y^y.f, J,. 3Q, V/, "3 6,
CHIKOCENTEID^.
91
and impressed with a longitudinal groove. Paired fins with few
much-expanded rays, the length of the pectoral rays not exceeding
that of the head with opercular apparatus ; dorsal fin short, opposed
to the anal, which is much extended and is elevated into a pointed
lobe in front ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales smooth.
Chirocentrites coroninii, Heckel.
1849-50. Chirocentrites coroninii, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. p. 17, and
Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-uaturw. 01. vol. i. p. 203, pi. xiii.,
pi xiv. figs. 1, 2.
1856. Chirocentrites coroninii, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 243.
1867. Chirocentrites coroninii, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. Ivi. pt. i. p. 189.
1885. Chirocentrites coroninii, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad,
vol. Ixxii. p. 28.
Type, Nearly complete fish; Court Museum, Vienna.
The type species, attaining a length of about O’ 7. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding its maximum
depth, and contained about seven times in the total length of the
fish ; maximum depth of trunk equalling nearly one quarter of its
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Sub¬
orbitals and preoperculum serrated on lower margin. Dentigerous
border of maxilla sinuous, the teeth smaller than those of the
dentary and premaxilla, but stout and largest on the convex portion.
Vertebrae about 35 in number in the abdominal, 28 in the caudal
region. Pelvic fins arising Gvice as far from the pectorals as from
the anal ; dorsal fin with 15 rays, of which the foremost five are
especially robust and adpressed, forming the anterior acumination ;
anal fin with about 34 rays, of which the foremost five resemble
those of the dorsal.
Form. 4' Log. Neocomian : Goriansk, Gorz, Istria.
Not represented in the Collection.
Like the so-called Chirocentrites microclon (Part III. p. 526), the
following two species, which are not represented in the Collection,
may belong either to Chirocentrites or to Thrissops : —
Chirocentrites gracilis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. 1849, i^t. i. p. 18, and Denkschr. k,
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1850), p. 208, pi. xv.
Thrissops gracilis, P. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. IViss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p.^257. — Cretaceous ;
Comen, Istria. '7'
ACriNOPTEKYGII.
i)2
Chirocentrites vexillifer^ J. J. Heckel, loc, cit. vol. xi. (1856),
p. 245, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2. llirissops vexillifer^ P. Bassaiii,
loG. cit. 1882, p. 257 ; D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav.
Xcything is known of the so-Q,di]le(r Chirocentrites'^. cavolini from
the Cretaceous of Pietraroja (0. G. Costa, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Xapoli,
vol. ii. 1865, no. 16, p. 9, name only).
Genus PORTHEUS, Coj)e.
[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 331.]
Syn. 2Iegalodon, L. Agassiz {non Sowerby, 1829), Poiss. Foss., FeuilL
' — ~>___1835, p. 55 (in part).
Hypsodoii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feiiill. 1837, p. 104 (in
part).
Xiphactinus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad. 1870, p. 12.
A provisional name given to fragmentary remains of a genus of
fishes, which has not yet been clearly distinguished from Cliiro-
centrites. Supraoccipital bone bearing a conspicuous median
longitudinal cj'est ; premaxillse short and deep. Teeth confined
exclusively to the premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary bones, all
hollow, snbcylindric or moderately compressed, but destitute of
sharp or serrated edges, and lodged in deep sockets ; very irregular
in size, those of the premaxilla, middle of maxilla, and anterior end
of dentaiy relatively large. Successional teeth formed directly
beneath the functional teeth, and no nutritive foramina on the
inner face of the jaw below the alveolar border. All the vertebral
centra, except a few immediately behind the bead, exhibiting two
deep, longitudinally-extended pits on each side. Both paired fins
with few broad and stout rays, which are very finely articulated and
divided quite at the distal end.
Xotes on the osteology of this genus are published by 0. P. Hay,
Zool. Bull. vol. ii. (1898), pp. 25-54, figs. 1-16.
Portheiis molossus. Cope.
(?) 1870. Xiphactinus audax, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 12. [Fin-ray ; National Museum, Washington.]
(?)1871. Saurocephalus audax, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
Tol.xi. p. 533.
^ 1872, Portheus rnulossus^ E. D. Cope, ibid. vol. xii. pp. 175, 333.
(?) 1873. Xiphactinus audax, J. Leid}", Contrib. Extinct Vert. Fauna
W. Territ. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i.), p. 290,
pi. xvii. figs. 9, 10.
Oil
^r«-w^ /f ill ^ t?/T^
1 3-it7 <v.*^^ . /7?,rrr^^-
/^/^ •* ^/^C’A-^TC’I^^ (PJ S/3 . ^ C^. /^. ^ OLsf/f^Hfx f C7f^^- dx^ne^^e* /*“^-<-!», ^if-fi.Vu*
F^C<S*\^m^<x^'S . A/. TJ'euLAr;, /^t^, X<^'/sc^^ (raf.V.
^~^. /. /^««. S'^^A /4r/X^
C-/iC<.cft:jz<^ ^cAJt^iL.^1^ Aj. Pq^.'ZbAT, ^^:f<?l "df^.
</^^cx V u>7/A<sxk^ />^a*ci/j /^et/s^. (Tf^aP: /Ccl.%^-&sq-^ .
X. - cA*»0f^ A/ ^ (nrow
/Ycl^ /¥e>^^A(K ^h 2~i>Z 2,^;;^ «
a/>.//y.
y ^'>*0' A»i/*-aU^Y. Cy^ . tl^e-fy^. -/f<^jf Cct^,^
/ PO'^. /^' , Y^i.u^// <?/- /V<l/ 5 - /K //
V;C./,^. 3.77-^/^
y^. ,
:g^»<x.«-^, V^ ^ 0^A^4C ^ 9^, /^zj^
XVfif.
f/I. ^fk^/L>o^ n^ -
-^>/ K,/. .
7^.
f'iZ. .^t^/^^t,ey4A.4^ <?L^.4_^««z-sr^ y. SAruc^^^^ y:>.^^j/^/'- ^
^^3Z^. '^^y7;/^^.s./f. / /a/^ j?^,
^t'u\ ^^?^eS!£^. /^/3.
/T<v O'*^. ' c-t-^'
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CHIPvOCEXTRID^.
93
1875. Portheuii molossus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (E,ep,
U.S. Geol. Surv. Teriit. vol. ii.), pp. 184, 194, fig. 8 (woodc.),.
pis. xxxix.-xli. ; pi. xliv. figs. 5, 10, 11 ; pi. xlv. figs. 9-11.
1892. Portheus mulossus, A. E. Crook, Palaeontogr. voL xxxix. p. 114,
pi. xviii.
1898. Xiphactmus audax, A. Stewart, Kansas Unix. Quart. [A] vol. viir
p. 119, pis. xii.-x. ^ -/y
Type. Skull, with vertebrae and fin-rays^' 9u^. 9^-^,
The type species, of large size, the cranium attaining a length of
0-35. Premaxilla with two teeth, the foremost usually having-
two thirds the diameter of the second. Maxilla three times as long
as the premaxilla, much deepened at the anterior palatine articu^
lation, and its oral border nearly straight ; about five enlarged
teeth in its anterior half. Depth of dentary at the symphysis
nearly equalling one third the total length of the mandibular ramus,-
and its oral border very slightly undulating ; about five enlarged
teeth in front, the two foremost separated by a transverse groove
from the three behind. Dental crowns smooth and not facetted,
not curved at the apex. Cheek-plates marked with very feeble
large tubercles and rugae.
Form. (^' Log. Upper Cretaceous (Aiobrara Group) : Smoky Hill,
Kansas, U.S. A.
P. 6326. Slab of friable chalk exhibiting a nearly complete head,
right lateral aspect, associated with numerous vertebral
centra, remains of the pectoral and pelvic arches, some of
the pectoral fin-rays, and the greater part of the pelvic
fins. The two halves of the pelvic arch are shown to be
firmly united by suture, and one of the pelvic fins seems
to be better preserved than any hitherto described. It
exhibits five broad rays, all very finely subdivided and
articulated in step-like sutures at their expanded distal
end. The foremost ray is much the largest ; the three
diminishing hinder rays are crushed so as to exhibit their
loosely apposed right and left halves. Purchased, 1891..
P. 6327. Series of caudal vertebrae. Purchased, 1891.
The following specimens from the English Chalk indicate a form
of Portheus as large as P. molossus, probably distinct, but not
specifically determinable : —
25923 X. Portion of cranium ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
4057. Pemains probably of maxilla and premaxilla ; Chalk, Lewes.
Mantell Coll,
94
AGTINOPTERXGII.
39063. Imperfect left maxilla, noticed by E. T. Newton, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. (1877), p. 510 ; Chalk, near
Maidstone. Boiuerhanh CoU.
4102. Eragment probably of dentary showing two teeth, described
and figured by Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 100,
pi. xxy«. fig. 3, under the name of Eypsodon leivesieiisis^
noticed by Newton, loc. cit. p. 510 ; Chalk, Lewes.
ManteJl Coll.
P. 473. Eemains of both dentary bones, described and figured by
Agassiz, tom. cit. ^3. 100, pi. :s.xyb. fig. 3, under the name
of Hypsodon leioesiensis, subsequently further divested of
matrix ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Egerton Coll.
P. 8252. Imperfect large left dentary; Lower Chalk, Burham.
Presented by G. E. Dibley., Esq., 1895.
P. 5412. Two fragments of dentary; Lewes.
Presented by P. E. Coonibe, Esq., 1888.
46389. Eragment of jaw displaying large teeth, noticed by Newton,
loc. cit. p. 510; Chalk, M'arminster, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Coll.
P. 5720. Fragments of chain of vertebrae ; Burham.
Harford. Coll.
35701. Yertebral centrum and fragment; Lower Chalk, Dover.
Purchased, 1859.
39065. Large vertebral centrum ; Chalk, Gravesend.
Bowerbank Coll.
41693. Imperfect scapular arch ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.
Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 6531. Ein-ray wanting distal end ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Hill,
Burham, Kent. Presented by S. J. Haivhins, Esq., 1891.
P. 4507. Base of similar fin-ray ; Chalk, Maidstone.
Ennishillen Coll.
39085, 39426. Portions of similar fin-rays ; Burham.
Bowerbanlc Coll.
44625. Two portions of similar fin-rays ; Upper Chalk, Bromley.
Purchased, 1873.
43391. Associated bases of fin-rays ; Lower Chalk, Burham.
Purchased, 1872.
'Z. /■ /(PX, ^a.
e/y^p ^,s.^(>-r^.tA^^ /■ ^>^<-y’/y.
0^yy<y^ ^. ^././^/, //! XX /. ^Jy.p.
^^ryy. [^L^y/Uyy
^ o^y)y /. ^<?c^’y/fy ^-
y^S^S. y^y. ^ ^ ,
95
CHIROCEXTEID^.
/ t . •
Portheus ma|itelli9 Xewton.
1822. “ Unknown fish/’ G. A. Mantell, Foss. Soutli Downs, p. 241,
pi. xlii. figs. 1, 3, 4.
1835. yiegalodon sauroides, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55
(name only).
1836. Megalodon ? leicesiensis, G. A. !Mantell, Descript. Catal. Geol.
&c. 5Ins. Sussex Sci. Lit. Inst, ecl.%, p. 30.
1837-44. Hypsodon lewesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. y. pt. i.
p. 100 (in part), pi. xxv b. figs. 1, 2.
1877. Portheus mantelli, E. T. Xewton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 510.
Type. Imperfect left maxilla and premaxilla ; British ACiiseiim.
A species of moderate size, the upper jaw attaining a length of
about 0*18. Premaxilla with five teeth of unequal size, lyiaxilla
about four times as long as the premaxilla, and its oral border in
the form of a slightly concave arch. Teeth smooth, not facetted.
Form. Loc. Turonian : Sussex.
4066-67. Type specimen, the premaxilla being in counteiqDart ;
Chalk, Lewes. Alantell Coll.
Portheus daviesi^ Xewton.
1877. Portheus damesii, E. T. Xewton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 511, pi. xxii. fig. 13.
Type. Bight maxilla ; British Museum.
A'species of moderate size, knoAvn only by the maxilla, which is
unusually robust and exhibits a slightly convex oral border. The
teeth are smooth and not facetted, largest in the middle of the bone
at the summit of the convexity.
Form. Loc. Turonian : Kent.
28388. Type specimen, the right maxilla associated with a ver¬
tebral centrum and an imperfect undetermined bone ;
Lower Chalk, near Maidstone. Mantell Coll.
Portheus gaultinus, Xewton.
[Text-figure 5.]
1877. Porfheeus gaultinus, E. T. Xewton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 512, pi. xxii. figs. 1-12, and woodcut.
Type. Imperfect head and associated vertebrae ; Museum of
Practical Geology, London.
A species of moderate size, the cranium attaining a length of
about 0*2. Premaxilla with five teeth, the second and third much
larger than the others. Maxilla four times as long as the pre-
96
ACTING PTERYGII.
maxilla, deepened and very robust at the anterior palatine arti¬
culation, and its oral border very slightly sinuous, the feeble
convexity in its middle third bearing the largest teeth. Depth of
dentary at the symphysis equalling one third the total length of
the mandibular ramus, and its oral border excavated in its middle
Fig. 5.
Portheiis gaultinus \ partial restoration of head by E. T. Newton, one half
nat. size.
as., alisphenoid; bs., upper portion of basisphenoid ; etk., mesethmoid ; ./V,,
frontal ; hm., facette for hyomandibular ; ju., supramaxilla ; mx., maxilla ;
ob., supraorbital; foramen for olfactory nerve; op.ot., opisthotic ;
pa., parietal region ; pi., palatine ; pmx., premaxilla ; pr.fr., prefrontal
(ectethmoid) ; pr.ot., pro-otic ; ps., orbitosphenoid (?) ; sp.ot., postfrontal
(sphenotic).
*? /4'«r, ^v»
^//L£u^ c'U-t^-e ^<r,(^. :^, cr/c^^f4^st-c-^ /^ /^~/
^ ScAv^io%<,i^ ,
f^(/^ A3( CtA-^ y/ A. A Ay*<-*.4-->» ^ XI ^x ^2**<sl, ;0 n/-*’^ 3 ^ *
^Le ^ ♦ • /T ^ A Aevw ^ 4^ ,f-^. /t^.
/'A. ,
CHIEOCEXTRID^.
97
portion ; about eight enlarged teeth of variable size in advance
of the coDcavity. Dental crowns smooth, not facetted, the apex
often a little curved inwards.
Form. Log. Albian — Taronian : Kent.
47205. Imperfect right maxilla and associated vertebral centrum ;
Gault, Polkestone. Gardner Coll.
40146. Imperfect mandible ascribed to this species by E. T.
Kewton, loc. cit. p. 520 ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.
Purchased.^ 1866.
The following specimen is not specifically determined : —
32392. Eragmentary remains of large fish ; Upper Greensand, Isle
of Wight. Purchased, 1857.
The following species have also been based upon fragmentary
remains of jaws with teeth, but are not represented in the
Collection : —
Portlieus australis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. lEag. Kat. Hist. [6]
vol. xiv. (1894), p. 444, pi. x. fig. 1.— Lower Cretaceous
(Kolling Downs Eormation): Clutha Station, near Hugh-
enden, Gidgery Creek, Queensland. [Jaws ; Geological
Survey of Queensland, Brisbane.]
Poriheus hrachygnathus'. Xiphactinus hracliygnathus, A. Stewart,
Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. viii. (1899), p. 107. Xiph-
actimis lestrio, A. Stewart, ibid. vol. vii. (1898), p. 118,
pi. viii. {errore'). — Upper Cretaceous (Kiobrara Group) ;
near Gorham, Bussell Co., Kansas. [Jaws ; Kansas
University Museum.]
Poriheus lestrio, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad. 1873,
p. 537, and Yert. Cret. Form. West (Bep. U. S. Geol.
Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 201, pi. xlii. figs. 1-3,
pi. xlvii. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous (Kiobrara Group) ;
Kansas. [Imperfect skull ; Cope Collection.]
Poriheus lowi, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
(1898), p. 24, pi. ii. fig. 2. — Upper Cretaceous (Fort
Benton Group); Fairbury, Nebraska. [Dentary bones;
Kansas University Museum.]
Poriheus mudgei, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. no. 2
(1874), p. 40, and Yert. Cret. Form. West (1875), p. 203.
— Upper Cretaceous (Kiobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Im¬
perfect upper jaw ; Cope Collection.]
Poriheus thamnas, E. D. Cope, Yert. Cret. Form. West (1875),
PART IV. H
98
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
p. 196, pi. sliii,, pi. xliv. figs. 1-4, afid Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc. Yol. xii. (1872), p. 335. SaurocepJialus tliaumas,
E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (1871), p. 533.
‘' = Xiphactinus audax^’’’ A. Stewart, Kansas IJniv. Quart.
[A] vol. vii. (1898), p. 119. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group) ; Smoky Hill, Kansas. [Jaws, ifec. ; Cope Col¬
lection.]
Fragments of jaws of large species of PortJieus from the Turonian
of Saxony and Bohemia are also described under the name of
Hypsodon Jewesiensis, Ag., by H. B. Geinitz, Palseontogr. vol. xx.
pt. ii. (1875), p. 222, pi. xlii. (in part), and A. Eritsch, Kept. u.
Eische bohm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 40, pi. vi.
The names PortJieus angidatus and PortJieus gladius were origin¬
ally given by Cope to fragments of ProtospJiyrcena (see Part ITT.
pp. 413, 414).
Genus SPATHODACTYLUS, Pictet.
[Eoss. Terrain Neocom. Yoirons (Paleont. Suisse), 1858,
pt. iii. p. 2.]
Trunk robust and moderately elongated, but laterally compressed.
Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, not compressed to a sharp edge ;
those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary, nearly uniform
in size. Vertebrae approximately 60 in number, about 25 being
abdominal ; the centra exhibiting two deep, longitudinally extended
pits on each side ; ribs comparatively stout, each flattened and
impressed with a longitudinal groove. Paired fins with few much-
expanded rays, the length of the pectoral rays not exceeding that of
the head with opercular apparatus ; dorsal fin short, opposed to
the anal, Avhich is much extended and is elevated into a pointed lobe
in front ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales smooth.
Spathodactylus neocomiensis, Pictet.
1858. SpatJiodactylus neocomiensis, E. J. Pictet, Eoss. Terrain Neocom.
Voirnns (Palleont. Suisse), pt. iii. p. 2, pis. i., iii.
1882. Spathodactylus neocomiensis^ E. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 247.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about one metre.
Maximum depth of trunk somewhat exceeding the length of the
head with opercular apparatus, and contained rather more than
three times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of
‘^M.c.'^eC^ »4, ^AJ7^/^ S/^r/lA, yj>
>^. ^ //• '74>. ;??/
'■ Qyv<^e^
rte^.
'-v J*'-
‘•'A, ■ ■ ■ ” ' . ^
/ •
^ tr^,
©A-«=^ / Q ^ ^
A
CHIROCEXTRID^.
99
the caudal fin. Teeth smooth, stout, and nearly circular in trans¬
verse section, those of the mandible slightly larger than those of
the upper jaw; oral border of maxilla nearly straight, that of the
dentary feebly sinuous. Vertebral centra as deep as long, about
25 in the abdominal, 35 in the cauaal region. Dorsal fin opposite
the middle of the anal fin, which comprises somewhat more than
30 rays, the foremost seven or eight closely adpressed and forming
the lobe.
The unique original specimen of this species in the Geneva
Museum is preserved in counterpart ; and although there is^a
fracture across the unusually short abdominal region, it does not
appear to have lost any intervening portion. The skull is im¬
perfect behind, but is shown to have been wide between the orbits,
with a very robust prefrontal (ectethmoidal) ossification. The
premaxilla is not preserved ; and neither the fossil nor its counter¬
part now exhibits the anterior upper tooth-bearing fragment of
bone represented in Pictet’s figure. The characteristic maxilla is
distinct, fractured across its anterior half and not intelligibly
shown in the figure. The sinuous contour of the oral border of
the mandible is also exaggerated in the latter ; and the fossil is
not sufficiently well preserved to determine whether or not the
mandible really tapers to the symphysis so much as appearances
suggest. There are remains of thin cheek-plates ; and one pre¬
operculum is displaced beneath the opercular region. A few traces
of delicate branchiostegal rays occur below the mandible. The
so-called anterior dorsal fin of Pictet is a false appearance due to
the displacement of some neural spines, where the squamation has
also been disturbed (as noted by Bassani, he. dt.).
Form. Loe. Xeocomian: Toirons, Geneva, Switzerland.
Xot represented in the Collection.
Genus ICHTHYODSCTES, Cope.
[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. 1871, p. 536.]
Syn. Gillicus^ 0. P. Hay, Anier. Joiirn. Sci. [4] vol. vi. 1898, p. 230.
Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, not compressed to a sharp edge ;
those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary, almost uniform
in size, and those of the premaxilla not much enlarged. Succes-
sional teeth formed directlv beneath the functional teeth, and no
nutritive foramina on the inner face of the jaw below the alveolar
border. T^o presymphysial bone. Vertebral axis, fins, and scales
apparently as in Cliirocentrites.
H 2
100
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
Ichthyodectes ctenodon. Cope.
1871. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
voL xi. p. 536.
1872. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, E. D. Cope, ihid, vol. xii. p. 340.
1875. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West
(Rep. U.S. Geol. Siirv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 207, pi. xlvi. figs. 1-4.
1900. Ichthyodectes ctenodon, F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi..
p. 244, pi. xxiii. figs. 7, 8.
Type. Associated maxillary and dentary bones, ko,.)
The type species, with maxilla attaining a length of about O’ 16.
Oral border of maxilla straight, with about 40 alveoli; that of
dentary slightly concave, with nearly 30 alveoli. Depth of dentary
at symphysis about one third the total length of the mandibular
ramus. Teeth small, slender and smooth, with the apex turned a
little inwards.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Smoky Hill,
Kansas, U.S. A.
Not represented in the Collection.
Ichthyodectes anaides, Cope.
1872. Ichthyodectes anaides, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
p. 339.
1875. Ichthyodectes anaides, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 206, pi. xliv. figs. 14, 15,
pi. xlv. figs. 1-8.
1892. Ichthyodectes anaides, A. R. Crook, Palaeontogr. vol. xxxix.
p. Ill, pi. XV.
1900. Ichthyodectes anaides, F. B. Loomis, Palteoutogr. vol. xlvi.
^
Type. Remains of skeleton, including mandible and premaxiUa; /
The largest known species, the mandible attaining a length of
about 0-18. Oral border of dentary slightly sinuous, with two
convexities, and not prominent at the symphysis ; its depth at the
symphysis about equal to one third the total length of the man¬
dibular ramus ; its outer face gently sinuous, not sharply bent or
ridged ; teeth small and smooth but stout, with the apex curved
inwards. Premaxilla a deep ovoid, very convex on the outer face,
thinning laterally and above : teeth five in number, resembling
those of the dentary. Maxilla a little deepened in front, and the
oral border gently sinuous, with one median convexity ; its teeth
smaller than those of the premaxilla, and the dental sockets about
40 in number.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Smoky Hil],
Kansas.
I 0'^- /rx.o/i^CLc^^
^ r \ .
Sc^ ,
Vf\ [7. 'ZT.i, Aj,. 2..
/(^O
9Zfi^ ^/}i^ 'zrv^, 'Xi'X. J>. S^if.
^ Ir\6y{^ /^ / ^ '
CHIEOCEXTRID^,
101
P. 6328. Imperfect jaws with remains of the anterior part of the
cranium, displaying the palatine and prefrontal hones
and the ossified sclerotic. The articular end of each
mandibular ramus is also well shown. Purchcised, 1891.
Ichthyodectes arcuatus. Cope.
1875. Portheus arcuatus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. "West (Hep.
U.S. GeoL Surv. Territ. yoh ii.), p. 204 [non pi. xlvii. figs. 7-9).
1878. Ichthyodectes arcuatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
Yol. xyii. p. 177.
1892. Ichthyodectes polymicrodus, A. R. Crook, Palaeontogr. vol. xxxix.
p. 112, pi. xvi. [Imperfect skull with jaws; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]
1892. Ichthyodectes polymicrodus = I. arcuatus, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat.
Yol. xxyi. p. 942.
1898. Gillicus arcuatus, 0. P. Hay, Amer. Journ. 8ci. [4] yoI. yi. p, 230.
1898. Gillicus polymicrodus, 0. P, Hay, ibid. p. 230.
1900. Ichthyodectes occidentalis, F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. yoI. xlyi.
p. 242, pi. xxiii. figs. 1-6
Type. Maxilla ; Cope Collection.
The type species of the so-called Gillicus, with maxilla attaining
a length of about 0*1. AR bones comparatiyely delicate. Oral
border of maxilla strongly sinuous, sharply concaye just below and
behind the palatine articulation ; dentarj^ comparatively deep, and
its oral border slightly concave ; teeth very small, about 100 in the
maxillary series.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Kansas.
P. 9201. Vertically crushed cranium and imperfect jaws, associated
with vertebral centra ; Elkader, Logan Co., Kansas.
Purchased, 1900.
P. 8902. Fragments of cranium associated with vertebrae ; Elkader.
By exchange, 1898.
Ichthyodectes serridens, sp. nov.
[Plate YIII.]
Type. Head, &c. ; British Museum.
Head and jaws closely resembling those of I. arcuatus, but
anterior mandibular teeth relatively larger, and maxilla apparently
more slender.
Form. Loc. Albian : Kent.
^ The extended median dorsal fin in the restoration of this species published
by Loomis is entirely hypothetical and seems to be based on the erroneous
assumption that such a fin occurs in Spathodactylus.
102
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
P. 8633. The type specimen, being the head and part of the abdo¬
minal region exposed from the right side, shown of the
natural size in PL VIII. Gault, Polkestone. The
anterior ethmoidal end of the cranium is slender and
pointed, while the supraoccipital (s.ocr.) rises as usual
into a rounded median crest. The ectethmoid or pre¬
frontal (pr./.) is relatively large and stout, with the
usual flattened facette for the articulation of the anterior
thickened end of the palatine The premaxillae
(pmi\) are deeper than long, and meet in the middle line
in front of the ethmoid. Their teeth are very small, but
must have been slightly larger than those of the maxilla,
which are quite minute. The maxilla (nix.) displays its
articulation with the palatine in front, and is overlapped
behind by the cheek-plates : its oral margin is excavated
just behind its anterior end, hut is strongly convex
further back. Its minute teeth are fi.xed just within the
rugose border. The mandible is remarkably deep, and
the symphysial end of the dentary (cl.) slopes slightly
backwards and downwards. Its oral margin is only
exposed in front, where the slender, styliform teeth are
considerably larger than any shown in the upper jaw.
There are remains of large, smooth, suborbital cheek-
plates (s.o.) ; and the sclerotic of the eye {scl.) is well
ossified. The preoperculum (p.op.) forms a great tri¬
angular expansion, rather thin and nearly smooth, with
a slightly thickened anterior border. The operculum (opl)
and other plates are fragmentary. Some of the anterior
vertebral centra are slightly longer than deep, and display
the characteristic pittings. The bases of some of the
pectoral fin-rays {i:>ct.) are very large and broad. There
are also obscure remains of large, thin scales.
Fiir chased., 1897.
Ichthyodectes minor (Egerton).
1850. Hypsodon minor, Sir P. Egerton, in E. Dixon, Geol. Sussex,
p. xiv, pi. xxxii.* fig. 9.
1877. Ichthyodectes minor, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 520, pi. xxii. fig. 14.
Type. Imperfect mandible ; Eritish Museum.
A species known only by remains of the mandible, of moderate
size. Oral border of dentarv nearly straight, with a slight con¬
vexity towards its anterior end ; its outer face not sharply bulging
/^^zy. ^ 3j ffj>^i^,
X/X-
/fo^,
■ , pPk^. ;fe.^ AL^
/.fy', iA.^-yiy :Zy^.
CHIROCEOTEID^.
103
outwards in a longitudinal ridge ; its depth at the symphysis about
equal to one quarter the total length of the mandibular ramus ;
teeth upright and straight, not curved at apex, and total number of
sockets, in dentary about 30.
Form. Log. Turonian : Sussex, Kent, and Surrey.
28894. Type specimen, figured by Egerton, described and figured
by Newton, loc. cit. ; Chalk, Sussex. The left mandibular
ramus measures O’ 14 in length. Dixon Coll.
39064. Portion of both dentaries ; near Maidstone.
Boiuerhank Coll.
49831. Fra gment of dentary ; Dorking, Surrey. Cajpron Coll.
Ichthyodectes elegans, Newton.
[Plate IX. figs. 4, 5.]
1877. Ichthyodectes elegmis, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
Yol. xxxiii. p. 521, pi. xxii. fig. 15.
Type. Imperfect dentary ; British Museum.
A small species known only by the jaws. Oral border of dentary
slightly concave, curved upwards to the beak-like symphysis ; its
outer face gently sinuous, not sharply bent or ridged ; its teeth
very small at the symphysis, but of moderate size and in regular
series beyond, the crowns slender, all inclined a little forwards,
with the apex slightly curved inwards ; the dental sockets about
40 in number. Maxilla scarcely deepened in front, and the oral
border straight ; teeth somewhat smaller, stouter, and less inclined
than those of the dentarv, minute at the hinder end of the bone.
Form. Log. Turonian : Surrey and Kent.
41687. Type specimen ; Lower Chalk, Dorking.
Toulmin Smith Coll.
P. 5644-45. Imperfect right and left dentaries and left maxilla,
found associated ; Low^er Pit, Upper Hailing, Kent. The
left dentary is shown of the natural size, from the inner
aspect, in PI. IX. fig. 5, while the maxilla is similarly
represented from the outer aspect in fig. 4. Their specific
characters are mentioned above in the diagnosis.
Harford Coll.
47251. Fragment of right dentary ; Lower Chalk, Dover.
Gardner Coll.
104
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Ichthyodectes tenmdens, sp. nov.
[Plate IX. fig. 6.]
Type. Imperfect skull ; British Museum.
A small species known only by remains of the head. Oral
border of maxilla and dentary nearly straight ; depth of dentary at
symphysis not exceeding one quarter the total length of the man¬
dibular ramus. Teeth very slender and smooth, with apex slightly
curved inwards.
Form. Log. Turonian and (?) Albiau : Kent.
49054. Type specimen, an imperfect head shown of the natural
size in PI. IX. fig. 6 ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. The
fossil exhibits the superior and right lateral aspects of
the head, but is transversely fractured and partially dis¬
placed at the front border of the orbit. The cranial roof
is narrow, exhibiting the usual median crest behind, and
the frontal bone of the right side raised into a longi¬
tudinal ridge. The frontals seem to extend backwards as
far as the hinder border of the orbit, and the very small
median ethmoid is conspicuous at the end of the snout.
None of the bones are externally ornamented. The ver}’
large size of the eye is indicated by fragments of the
ossified sclerotic {scl.) ; immediately behind this are the
remains of the thin cheek-plates (5.0.), with traces of the
slime-canal which seems to have had radiating branches ;
while in front may be observed the robust prefrontal
(ptr.f.), with its flattened inferior facette for the palatine.
The maxilla (mau) is long and slender, but much fractured,
so that its anterior end is displaced and only three of the
slender teeth remain ; a facette postero-superiorly shows
the extent of overlap of a supramaxillary bone. The
general proportions of the mandible are indicated, but
the anterior end of this is also fractured. At the sym¬
physis and behind the fracture a few of the characteristic
teeth are preserved. The outer surface of the dentaiy (d.)
3s smooth and only gently undulating, without any sharp
longitudinal ridge. The preoperculum {p).op.) is shown
to be much expanded, with thickened anterior margin,
and the usual radiating branches of the sensory canal.
Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
41693. Pragment of jaw; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.
Toulmin Smith Coll.
47227. Imperfect right dentary; Gault, Folkestone. Gardner Coll.
c^. ^ ^ x;k/:
9/,n/'cr^. X/X ^(^OZ,^.
©^.
x/x .y/- ^ 7^'
A
CHIROCENTEIDiE.
105
Ichthyodectes libanicus (Pictet & Humbert).
(?) 1849. Clupea gigantea, J. J. Heckel, in Itussegger’s Ileisen, vol. ii.
pt. iii. p. 34o. [Portion of abdominal region.]
1866. Chirocentrites libanicus, Pictet & Humbert, Xoiiv. Eecb. Poiss.
Foss. Ht. Liban, p. 88, pi. xiii.
1887. Chirocentrites libanicus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 585.
Type. Anterior portion of fisb ; Geneva Huseum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*6, known b}’ the greater
part of the fish, differing from Chirocentrites and resembling Iclithy-
odectes in the characters of the dentition. Haximum depth of
trunk equalling somewhat more than one quarter of its length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Oral border
of maxilla gently sinuous, concave in its anterior half ; teeth of
maxilla and dentary approximately equal in size, all very slender,
straight, and closely arranged ; premaxillary teeth somewhat
stouter and more sharply pointed, the foremost larger than the
others. Other characters as in Chirocentrites coroninii.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Mount Lebanon, Syria.
39239. Imperfect large fish, in counterpart, wanting nearly the
whole of the head and showing only fragments of the
paired fins ; Hakel. Part of the cranium is exposed from
beneath. One side of this fossil seems to be described by
Davis, loc. cit. p. 586 ; the other shows remains of about
60 vertebrae. Tristram Coll.
39238. More imperfect remains of a smaller fish; Hakel. The
anterior half of the maxilla is well shown, deepened at
its robust palatine articulation. Beneath it is part of
the mandible, half only in impression, with traces of
teeth like those of the maxilla and possibly (though
doubtfully) with a few slightly larger teeth. Very
slender branchiostegal rays are also seen beneath the
remains of the mandible, and the series is continued by
larger rays beneath the opercular apparatus : these cannot
have been less than 20 in number. The extremities of
some stout pelvic and anal fin-rays are observed chiefly
in impression. Tristram Coll.
P. 66. Kemains of head and anterior portion of abdominal region
of a large fish ; Hakel. Parts of both maxillse are iden¬
tifiable, bearing the very slender teeth. The premaxillm
are also shown in impression ; and that of one side bears
106
ACTINOPTERTGII.
an indication of a slightly enlarged anterior tooth followed
by two smaller teeth. The broad, sharply-angulated pre-
operculnm, with thickened anterior border and radiating
markings, can be distinguished at the back of the head.
The scattered pectoral fin-rays are remarkabh^ robust ;
and the two examples apparently of the foremost ra}’
exhibit much complexity at the divided distal end. At
this end the ray exhibits longitudinal clefts for the
greater part of its width, but numerous oblique sutures
in its front portion. Lewis Coll.
P. 67-70. Four portions of trunk, with remains of the pelvic,
dorsal, and anal fins ; Hakel. The stout foremost pelvic
fin-ray exhibits oblique sutures ; the dorsal fin has at
least 12 supports. The scales are preserved, and the
radiating grooves in their covered portion are feebly
indicated. Lewis Coll.
The following specimens may also be referred to Lclithyodectes,
but are too imperfect for specific determination : —
P. 9046. Hinder portion of cranium ; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell Hill,
Burham, Kent. Presented by S. J. Hawhins, Esq., 1891.
P. 1792. Anterior end of a pair of large dentaries, and a fragment,
with bases of teeth ; Chalk, Lewes. Egerton Coll.
P. 5540. Portion of jaw associated with other fragments; English
Chalk. Harford Coll.
P. 1797. Eragment of ver}' stout jaw, with teeth as slender as
those of I. tenuid.ens ; English Chalk, Egerton Coll.
P. 4299. Portion of large dentary with undulating oral margin and
similar teeth ; Chalk, Sussex. Enniskillen Coll.
P.6016. A much-elongated dentary with traces of similar teeth;
Gault, Eolkestone. Purchased, 1889.
49113. Pair of elongated dentaries with sinuous oral border showing
bases of small teeth; Gault, Eolkestone.
Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
35160 a. Anterior half of right maxilla, showing palatine articu¬
lation and tooth-sockets ; Cambridge Greensand, Cam¬
bridge. Purchased, 1859,
P. 7268. Six fragments of jaws ; Cambridge Greensand.
Lesson Coll.
^i^>. 6'’;^;2>.
X/ X . 7^^- «^T~
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I'l. ji» fth
CHIIiOCEXTRID^.
107
The following species have also been based upon fragmentary
remains of jaws with teeth, but are not represented in the
Collection : —
^ Iclithyodectes acantliicus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xvii. (1878), p. 177. — Tipper Cretaceous ; Kansas.
[Dentary, &c. ; Cope Collection.]
Iclithyodectes cruentus, 0. P. Hay, Amer. Journ. Sci. [4] vol. vi.
(1898), p. 225, woodc. 1. — Upper Cretaceous; Butte
Creek, \Y. Kansas. [Imperfect maxilla.]
Iclithyodectes goodeanus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xvii. (1878), p. 176. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas.
[Maxilla and premaxilla ; Cope Collection.]
Iclithyodectes hamatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 340, and Yert. Cret. Form. TYest (1875),
p. 209, pi. xlvi. fig. 5 ; 0. P. Hay, Amer. Journ. Sci. [4]
vol. vi. (1898), p. 225 ; E. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr.
vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 243, pi. xxiii. fig. 9. — Upper Cre¬
taceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Imperfect jaws,
&c. ; Cope Collection.]
Iclithyodectes midtidentatus^ E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xii. (1872), p. 342, and Yert. Cret. Form. West
(1875), p. 212, pi. 1. figs. 6, 7 ; E. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr.
vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 243. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group) ; Kansas. [Premaxilla and imperfect maxilla ;
Cope Collection.]
Iclithyodectes gyvognatlms^ E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xii. (1872), p. 341, and Yert. Cret. Eorm. West
(1875), p. 210, pi. xlvi. figs. 6-10. Sauroceplicdus pro-
gnatlms^ E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (1871),
p. 532. — Upper Cretaceous (^Niobrara Group) ; .Kansas.
[Premaxilla, maxilla, (S:c. : Cope Collection.]
The name Ichthyodectes perniciosas was given by Cope to a portion
of pectoral fin of Proiosphyrcena (see Part III. p. 414).
Genus CLADOCYCLUS, Agassiz.
[Edinb. Kew Phil. Journ. vol. xxx. 1841, p. 83.]
Syn. Ancsdopogon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1871,
p. 53. :
Trunk laterally' compressed and somewhat deeper than the head ;
abdomen trenchaiit. ^eft of mouth directed sharply upwards, and
not extending beyond the hinder border of the orbit. j^iaxilla
robust, with one supramaxillary bone ; dentition feeble. Yertebral
108
ACTIlSrOPTEEYGII.
centra at least as long as deep, each impressed with two lateral
pits ; neural and haemal spines of tail much depressed and imbri¬
cating. Paired fins small, with very stout rays ; dorsal fin some¬
what longer than deep, opposed to the pelvic pair; [anal fin un¬
known]; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales very large, mostly deeper
than broad ; ornamented in their exposed portion with numerous
small pittings, and marked in their covered portion by a few con¬
spicuous radiating grooves.
This incomplete definition is based upon the type specimen of
Ancedopogon teniddens in the II.S. jSTational Museum, several speci¬
mens of the same species in the Brazilian hTational Museum at Bio
de Janeiro, and the small series of fragments from Brazil catalogued
below. This fish would be referred to the genus Icfiihyodectes if
the dorsal fin were not so far forwards, as shown in a specimen in
the Brazilian I^ational Museum. The detached scales described
from other localities under the name of Cladocyclus are doubtfully
ascribed to the same genus. Most of them probably belong to
species of Ichtliyodectes and Portlieus. Scales much resembling
those named C. occidentcdis are shown on a specimen of Ichtliyodectes
in the Kansas IJniversity Museum.
Cladocyclus gardneri, Agassiz.
[Plate IX. fig. 1.]
1841. Cladocyclus gardnei'i, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. Journ.
vol. XXX. p. 83.
1844. Cladocyclus gardneri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. pp. 8,
103, and Comptes Bendiis, vol. xviii. p. 1013.
1871. AruBdopogon tenuidens, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xii. p. 54. [Head and anterior portion of trunk ; National
Museum, Washington.]
1888. Cladocyclus gardneri, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 326.
1890. Ancedopogon tenuidens— Cladocyclus gardneri^ A. S. Woodward,
Geol. Mag. [3] vol. vii. p. 394.
Type. Portions of fishes ; British Museum.
The type sj)ecies, with the head attaining a length of not less
than 0*15, Dentary and premaxillary teeth small ; maxillary teeth
very small or absent. Orbit round, its diameter equalling about
one fifth the length of the head. Most of the scales much deeper
than broad, ornamented in their exposed portion with numerous
small ;^ittings, a few broad .undulations concentric 'with the free
hinder margin, and some lobed furrows diverging backwards.----
Form. ^ Loc. Dpper Cretaceous : Trovince of Heara, N.-lferazil, ■
/c
P.
'S', >9^7 ^i5t>KX , ^ <5T.
S^u. A
/f"^ 3. y^r7db cj'aytAry ^fn /<s^yiy^ <y^ S*, . J>>«^
C^£.arA^- /^>v . yy /
Ayt;/r\f
y. T^r! /a .
''^^’9. C*/ ^ct^^f^r-i' Xi cm&t^o°‘i /!) i ^ ^ w'.T^.i'-S,
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CHIPvOCENTEID^.
109
All the following specimens were obtained from Barra do Jardim^
Serra de Araripe : —
28901 a. Two fragments labelled by Agassiz and to be regarded as
the type specimens. The first exhibits the much-fractured
head, anterior abdominal scales, and remains of the pec¬
toral fin ; the second is a portion of the abdominal region,
showing vertebrae with thick neural arches, delicate ribs,
and scales. Diccon Coll,
28901 b. Portion of very large abdominal region, displaying scales
and vertebral centra. Some of the scales exhibit a little
coarse crimping at the hinder border, and are shown of
the natural size in PI. IX. fig. 1. Dixon Coll,
28901 c, d. Two more imperfect examples of squamation and
vertebrae. Dixon Coll,
P. 1807. Two fragments, the first showing the operculum, the
second only scales and vertebrae. Egerton Coll,
47897. Imperfect caudal fin of large specimen, in counterpart.
Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham., I877»
28901 e, P. 1807 a. Portion of abdominal region of small fish, in
counterpart. Dixon and Egerton Colls.
P. 3872 a. Portion of small squamation. EnnisTeillen Coll,
Cladocyclus lewesiensis, Agassiz.
[Plate IX. figs. 2, 3.] ^
1837. Hypsodon leivesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. xxv a,
figs. 5, 6 (figures only).
1841. Cladocyclus, L. Agassiz, Edinb. New Phil. Jouru. vol. xxx. p. 84,
1844. Cladocyclus leivesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
pp. 8, 103.
1888. Cladocyclus levesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 326.
Type. Scales ; British Museum.
A species as large as the type, known only by detached scales,
which are mostly deeper than broad, ornamented in their exposed
portion with very closely-arranged small pittings, each with a
raised border, marked in the covered portion by a few conspicuous
radiating grooves which are often interrupted ; hinder margin cot
crimped or ridged. •
• Form. &c Log. Cenomanian and Turonian : Sussex, Surrev, Kent.,
and Cambridgeshire.
110
ACTINOPTERTGII.
4086, 4462. The two type scales described and figured by Agassiz,
loc. cit. ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
25861. Three fine scales, one shown of the natural size in PI. IX.
fig. 2 ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.
49796. Practiired very deep and narrow scale ; Glynde, near
Lewes. Capron Coll.
49797. Imperfect abraded scale ; Amberley, Arundel. Capron Coll.
49798. Group of imperfect scales ; Dorking, Surrey. Capron Coll.
41712. Three small scales, one shown of the natural size in PI. IX.
fig. 3 ; Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Toulmin Smith Coll.
P. 1806. Three fragmentary scales, labelled by Agassiz ; Burham.
Egerton Coll.
P. 9045. Scale ; Burham. Presented hy S. J. HawTcins., Esq., 1891.
P. 5677. Three small scales ; Kent. Harford Coll.
P. 5843. Two small scales ; Kent. Purchased, 1888.
49056. Pour small scales ; Kent. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 6052. Scale ; Kent. Presented hy F. Harford, Esq., 1889.
47938. Two comparatively broad small scales ; Burham.
Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
37397, 47260, 49110. Pour small scales and imperfect group ;
Chalk Marl, Dover.
Purchased 1863, Gardner Coll., ^ Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 7259. Three fragmentary small scales, doubtfully of this species ;
Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge. Jesson Coll.
Some generically indeterminable scales, of which there are no
examples in the Collection, are also described under the name of
Cladocyclus as follows : —
Cladocyclus occidentalis, I. Leidy, Proc, Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad.
1856, p. 256, and Contrib. Ext. Yert. Pauna W. Territ.
(Eep. D.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i. 1873), p. 288,
pi. xvii. figs. 21, 22, pi. xxx. fig. 5. Deferred to I chthyodectes
arcuatus l^y P. B. Loomis, Palgeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), •
• p. 242, bub probably the scales of morelhan one species.-:-..
Cfetaceous ; Sage Creek, Dakota. [Academy of Sci^ces,
Philadelphia, and Xational Museum, Washington.] ■' • ^
Cladocyclus strehlensis, H. B. Geinitz, Denkschr. Ges. fiir Xaturk.
S'. /^aS-^7, / X.>\i.-y^y. ■£-.
j!f/W^. ^ i^yp? ...^. S. y&s-y, /. xxt.y<.^,
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! a/^ 0 c^ c^S [SM^I^cJ^i s-S'^vvv/'«i> J ”’ '
/yi^ y JL^
/!» ^ /S 6 2 r > V ^ 3 . /V? /-7 >.
/r?y>^ ^ ^ ^ /^*G^ &/La^ ^ / 0^\x^ j
•^ ■’•\ ole./ ^ <i?fco ^ ^
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V-\
CHIR0CEXTEID35.
Ill
&c., Dresden, 1868, p. 43, pi. ii. figs. 24, 25, pi. iii.
figs. 5-18, 20-22, pi. iv. figs. 6, 7 ;• A. Pritsch, Eept. ii.
Fische bohm. Kreideform. (1878), p. 44, fig. 66 ; (?) G. D.
Eomanovsky, Material. Geol. Turkestansk. Kraya [in
Eussian], pt. iii. (1890), p. 121, pi. xvii, fig. 6. — Turonian :
Saxony and Bohemia ; (?) Turkestan. [Dresden Museum.]
Cladocydus sweeti, X. S. Moodward, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. [6]
vol. xiv. (1894), p. 445, pi. x. figs. 2-6. — Cretaceous
(Eolling Downs Formation) ; Queensland. [Collection of
George Sweet, Esq., Melbourne.]
Genus SAURODON9 Hays.
[Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s. vol. iii. 1830, p. 475.]
Syn. Daptinus, E. D. Cope, Froc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad, 1873, p. 339.
Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, compressed to a sharp edge in
front and behind ; those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary,
almost uniform, only slightly increasing in size backwards, and
those of the premaxilla not much enlarged ; the inner margin of
each dental alveolus deeply notched. A small toothless pres^’m-
physial bone in the mandible. Vertebrae as in Ichtliyodectes and
Chirocentrites.
The identity of the so-called Daptinus with this genus was deter¬
mined by Cope after an examination of the type specimen of
Saurodon leanus (Bull. F.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877,
p. 588).
Saurodon leanus. Hays.
1830. Saurodon leanus, I. Hays, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s. vol. iii.
p. 476, pi. xvi.
1857. Saurocephalm leanus, J. Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s.
vol. xi. p. 91, pi. vi. figs. 12-15.
1877. Saurodon leanus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 588.
Type. Imperfect j aws ; National Museum, Washington.
The type species, with upper jaw about 0-07 or 0*08 in length.
Dental crowns smooth,^ as deep as broad, with the sharp edges
convex or slightly sinuous and the apex sometimes curved back¬
wards ; about 9 or 10 dental alveoli in the premaxiUa, about 36 in
the maxilla, and about 42 in the dentary. Length of oral border
of premaxilla about three quarters its depth ; length of oral border
of maxilla about twice its maximum depth.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous: Pensauken Creek, Vew Jersey.
17ot represented in the Collection.
112
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Saurodon phlebotomus. Cope.
1871. Saurocephalus plilebotomus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
Tol. xi. p. 530.
1873. Daptinus phlebotomiis, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
p. 339.
1875. Daptmus pJiIehotomus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West
(Eep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii,), p. 213, pi. xhli. figs. 3, 4, 6,
pi. xlix. figs. 1-4.
1877. Saurodon plilehotomus^ E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 588.
1898. Saurodon phlehotomus^ A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A]
vol. vii. pi. xvi. figs. 4, 5.
1900. Saurodon plilehotomiis, F. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi.
p. 248, pi. xxiv. figs. 1-5.
Type, Jaws with, teeth; Cope Collection.
The type species of the so-called Daptinus. Teeth slightly
longer than in leanus,, and those of dentary twice as large as
those of maxilla. About 9 dental alveoli in premaxilla. Length of
oral border of maxilla exceeding twice its maximum depth.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Kansas.
Not represented in the Collection.
Saurodon intermedins (Newton).
Daptinus intermedins, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiv. p. 440, pi. xix.
1890. Saurocephalus intermedins, Woodward & Sherborn, Catal. Brit.
Foss. Vertebrata, p. 181.
Type. Head, opercular apparatus, and vertebrae ; British Museum.
A species with the upper jaw about O’l in length. Teeth much
longer and less compressed than in the type species ; only 5 dental
alveoli in the premaxilla and about 32 in the maxilla. Maximum
depth of maxilla contained about two and a half times in its length ;
maximum depth of mandible slightly less than one quarter of its
length. Bones without external ornamentation.
Form. Loc. Turonian : Kent. **
47250. Head with opercular apparatus and anterior vertebrse, being
the type specimen described and figured by Newton, loc.
cit. ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll,
The following specimen is not specifically determined : —
42017. Bight maxilla, ornamented externally by fine granulations
and pittings, described by E. T. Newton, loc. cit. (1878),
p. 445 ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Purchased,
97Zvl^^ ^^j>y^. 'i/'tr^' y<f X- .
\
V {y^/iAA^crt^^/y^ 4vi,/{^l/»v- g vX^ c5? ^/'cnr^^e/t/’^^A.^^ \S^
CT^Ua/Uc^^C^^ Ly\>iHAA^ e. f vX? c>, AAnr-^C^e^^
c5";^
yP.s. ^ 32.
iVs»0-» *^.r**TS,>i^^
X3 . ^ Cm^Jl^tjk / ^ z„ 6 *-
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CHIEOCENTEID^.
113
The following species, not represented in the Collection, are
described on the evidence of fragments : —
Saurodon affinis^ Y. Kiprijanoff, Bull. Soc. Imp. Xat. Moscou,
vol. xxxiii. (1860), pt. ii. p. 47, pi. i. fig. 1. — ^Seocomian ;
Kursk, Eussia. [Teeth.]
Saurodon hroadheadiy A. Stewart, Kansas Ilniv. 'Quart. [A]
vol. vii. (1898), p. 178. Daptinus hroadheadiy A. Stewart,
ibid. p. 24, pi. ii. fig. 1. Saurocephalus hroadheadiy F. B.
Loomis, Paleeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 252, pi. xxiv.
fig. 6, pi. XXV. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas.
[Maxilla ; Kansas University Museum.]
Saurodon ferox, X. Stewart, loc. cit. 1898, p. 183, pi. xv.,
pi. xvi. figs. 1-3. — Ibid. [Jaws, Ac. ; Kansas University
Museum.]
Saurodon pygmcBus^ F. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 248, pi. xxiii. fig. 10. — Ibid. [Mandibular ramus ;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
Saurodon xipjiirostrisy A. Stewart, loc. cit. 1898, p. 178, pi. xiv. —
Ibid, [Skull, &c. ; Kansas University Museum.]
A tooth, not of this genus, from the Eocene of Kressenberg,
Bavaria, is named Saurodon conoideus by K. E. Schafhautl, Siid-
Bayerns Leth. Geogn. (1863), p. 247, pi. Ixiv. fig. 10.
Genus SAUROCEPHALUS, Harlan.
[Journ. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad. vol. iii. 1824, p. 337.]
Teeth hollow, in deep sockets, compressed to a sharp edge in
front and behind ; those of the maxilla, as also those of the dentary,
almost uniform, only slightly increasing in size backwards, and
those of the premaxilla not much enlarged. Successional teeth
•formed on the inner side of functional teeth ; and a series of nutri¬
tive foramina on the inner face of the jaw below the alveolar
border. A small toothless presymphysial bone in the mandible.
Vertebrae as in Ichthyodectes and Ghirocenirites.
The presymphysial bone occurs in position in the type specimen
of S. dentatus.
SaTirocephalus lanciformis, Harlan.
1824. Saurocephalus lanciformis, E. Harlan, Journ. Acad. Kat. Sci.
Philad. vol. iii. p. 337, pi. xii.
1830. Saurodon lanciformis, I. Hays, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. s.
vol. iii. p. 476, pi. xvi. fig. 11.
1841. Saurocephalus lanciformis, E. Owen, Odontogr. p. 130, pi. Iv.
PART IV. I
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loncrirosms. oi .\
Ampristrujn. ■'^-o4.
hnzzianum. Ho.
dubiuin, -loo.
longipenne, 435.
paraaoxura, 434.
Amphodon, 474.
benedeni, 474.
r'lirvidens. 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 3CMX
commune, 300.
fusiforme. 300.
mentale, 300.
pandatum, 300.
Axac.4.nthixi, 597.
Anapterus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elongatus. 257.
macrocephalu.s. 2.5S.
megistosoma. 2.57.
si cuius, 257.
sphekodes. 2.5S.
tcenia. 258.
Anarrhichas, 590.
lupus. 596.
Anchybopsis, 322.
latus. 322.
Ancistrodon. 570.
armatus. 570.
fissuratus, 570.
vicentinus. 570.
Ancylostylos, 66.
Gribbus. 66.
Andreiopleura, 116.
esimia. 116.
vetu.stissima. Il'i.
Anaedopcgon, 107.
tenuidens. 108.
Anenchelum. 477.
brevicauda. 480.
breviceps, 478.
dorsaie. 478.
Grlarisianum. 477.
heteronleurum. 478.
isonieiu’um. 478.
latum. 478.
longipenne, 478.
marsinatum. 228.
Anguilla. 344.
branchiostesraiis. 345.
brevicuia. .342.
elesan.s. .345.
bakeiensis. 210. 338.
intersninaiis. 345.
latispina. 340.
leproptera. 344.
multiradiata. 345.
pachvura, 345.
xencraiis.
~u; Grans,
Anagmius, Ti.
aratiis, 72.
contractus. 71.
evolutus, 72, 886.
favirostris. 73.
€07)/:. ).
Asineops. 417.
:e. 169.
paucirafiratus. 41
341.
sau.amirron.s. 417
.‘46.
nridensis. -17
poiymicrodus. 72.
Anormurus, 275.
macrolepidotus, 277.
Anthias,' 520. j
bassanii, .520. '
stiriacus, 520. |
!
Apateodus. 258.
glyphodus, 258.
fanceolatus. 264.
striatu.s. 260.
Apateoniaclis. 229,
233~
laniatus. 232.
Apiiredoderid.e. 416.
Apodes. 336.
Apcgon, .521.
kramberareri, 521.
mncrolepis, 521.
spinosus.
Apostasis. 563.
croatica, 563.
330.
AspidciapiG, 59.
stein lai, 59.
Aspidopleurus, 229,
230.
cataphractus, 230.
Aspiiis, 318.
bronsniarti, 293.
columnie. 319.
ecnomi, 319.
elongatus. 160, 614.
furcatus, 160.
Siracilis. 318.
minutus, 318.
vexiilifer, ,319.
Astephus, 329.
Atherina, 3.59.
maci’ocephala. 3.59^,;,
minutissima. .361. f
4^
O
.aO
sarmatica, 360.
vardinis. 360.
Atherinichthys, 361.
Athekixid.e. 3.58.
Atherinoides, 361.
Atherinops, 361.
Atherinopsis, 361.
Auchenaspis, Dleeker,
sturi, 563.
353.
Apnopelix, o.ki
sauriformis
, Arapaima, 74.
Archaeogadus, 212,
120.
guestphalicus, 220.
Archaeoides, 442.
longicostatus, 442.
longus, 44.3.
juacrurus. 442,
Archaeoteuthis,
524.
rrlaronensis. 524.
Archaeus. 442.
-brevis, 443.
iriarisianus. 442.
Argyreiosus, 4.5< i.
mmutus. 450.
Arius, 330. «
baroni. 334.
bartonensis
•JOO.
erassus, 3.32.
dutemplei, 616.
egertoni. 3.31.
Grermanicus. 334.
] • o o r>
liierinm,
vansinnis. 6o
Asima. 536.
;”iG:leri. 53nl
A.'ixEoriD.E. 416,
‘ Auchenilabrus, 552.
frontalis, 552.
Auchenoglanis, 3.30.
' Auliscops, 372.
sumatranus. 373.
! Aulolepis, 126.
reussi, 59.
typus, 15. 16, 127.
Aulorhamphus, 562.
bolcensis. 562,
can ossa?, 563.
capellinii, 563.
Aulorhy.xchid.e, 371.
Aulorh.3mchus. 372.
sumatrensis, 37.1.
Aulostoma, 375.
bolcense. ,375.
1 i ca tar . 3/6^ . - -n£ ^jcc. .Sj^
Auxis, 4o7. 463.^
croaticus. 465.
minor. 465.
propterygius. 464.
, sarmaticus. 459.
stiriacus. 465.
ihynnoides, 465
■ „,rrabceensis. 465.
r ,3 J y
Bagarius. 'jG5.
varreiii. -jJo,
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IXDEX.
• ) 1
Eawru.s ;ioi’, -j-T.
Baiistes, 5rt,'5.
caiiasu.
dubius. ^
, -diB\Li>TrD.E. 5b5.
dO].
fossilis, 30*2.
inesacepbalus, 302.
X*'
302.
steinneiiuensis,
viilgfaris, 302.
Basilichthys, 361.
Batiiyscma. -i-iO.
lutkeni. 440.
Bathythrissa, 67.
Beione, 356.
acutirostris, 357,358.
tlava. 35
'^3
tenuis, 3oi .
"Belonostomus laniatus
232.
Bekycii)-e. 384.
Be RYCl FORMES. 384.
Beryccpsis. 423.
eiesans. 423.
lindstromi, 425.
Beryx, 385.
a ter, 392.
daimacicus, 386,
dinoiepidotus. .386.
germauus. 421.
inscuiptus, 386.
lesiiiensis, 386.
mierocenbalus. 124.
muicidentatus. 386.
niser, 392.
ornatus. 397. 3db.
ovaii=>. 121.
polTiQicrodus. 72.
radiaus, 122 222. -r/:
406.
subovarus. 386.
3*^’ suTiPrbus. 403.
syriacus. 405.
valenciennesi. 386.
YexiUifer. 120.
zippei, 397.
Blexniiii.e. 595.
Blenniifoe.me.s, 591.
Biennius, 596.
cuneilorinis. 566.
fossiiis. 596.
oceiiari.>. 566
Blociiiid.e. 591.
Blochius. 593.
lonii'iro.srris. 593.
niacropterus. 593.
Bcop?, 537.
•ji.gas. 537.
Boihrosteus. 613.
brevifrons. 613.
latus. 613.
Botlirosteus M'ont.').
iniuor. 611.
Brachygnathus, 519.
tenuiceps. 519.
/ Br achy spcndy Ins,
270
cretaceus. 270.
indicus. 326.
. saropterix. 323.
' Brachvrhymchus,
49 ( . (. ^ /
solidus, 497.
tererirostris, 497.
vanbenedensis, 497.- •
Brosmius, 602.
elonsratus, 602. '
fuc'hsianus, 602.
strossinaveri. 602
-i/r.
i-o>
Carangcpsis i-vy??;. ).
bi-evis. 4-46.
dorsalis. 447.
lanceoiarus, 448.
lado'*, 446.
maxim us, 448.
Caranx, WV.
carauDfopsis, 441,
uaueri, 441.
longipinnatus, 442.
ovaiis, 442., -
rigidicaudus. 442.
Cariniceps, 458.
compressus, 458. ^
Catcstomus. 299.
criscatus, 30O. ^
sboslionensis. 300.
Vi-i -C-i-
^ 'tTP- /
4 ^
(/ <-cJ
■ <-*J ,
susedanus. 602.
Cextriscid.e. 377.
Brctula. 605.
Centriscns. ,177.
lonsipinnata. 605.
acui ea t us. 378 . -
BrychaBtiis. 76.
louirirosrris, 379.
luueileri, 76.
tom, 377.
Bucklandium. 330.
velitaris. 379.
dilimi. 330. 570.
Chsetodon, 560.
Butyrinus, 60.
arcuatus. .v61.
aruus. 561.
Caeus, 57.
asper, 560.
leopoldi. 57.
aureus. 449.
Calamopleurus. 351.
canescens. 450.
anglicus. 351.
eanus, 558.
Calamostoma,''
chirursus, 559.
383.
hoeieri, 560.
brevicuium. 3S3.
lineatus. 564.
CalaTnostcma, Stein-
mesoieucus, 559.
da/nnrr, 383. 562.
nigricans. 565.
bolcensis. 562.
papiiio. 433.
citnossiE. 5(i3.
pinnatiformis. 433.
Callionymus, 588.
pinnarus. 4,33.
macroceohaius. 588.
pseudorbombus. 560.
vestenm. 448. 5 56. rhomboides, 450,
Callipteryx. 589.
559.
recticaudus. 589.
rhombus. 559. 560.
speciosus, .389.
saxatili.s, 412.
Caiopomus. 536.
striatus. 415,
porosus. 536.
subarcuatus, 561.
Caniharns, 537.
subaureus, 449.
unnauensis. 537,
subscriatus. 415. 560.
Capito, 305.
subvespertilio. 43.3.
Capitcdus. 323.
tnoste^us. 564.
aneustus. 536.
velicaus, 431.
dubius. 5,37.
veilfer. 430.
indieus. 532.
resperiilio. 433.
interruptus. 537.
Ch-etodoxtid.e. 556.
subtruncarus. 323.
CnaiTODO.XTIFORMES. 556.
truncarus. 536.
Chanoides. 63. .
Oarangid.e. 425.
macroooma 63. .
Carangodes. 450.
Chanos. 64.
S,
ceonaius. 450.
Carangopsis, 446.
ane.iis. 445.
brevis. 6-5.
t'oreipacus. 65.
6.5.
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TXDEX.
f‘)22
CliARACIXID.E. 297.
Charitcscmus, 271.
formosus, 272.
hakelensis. 274.
lineolatus. 274.
inajor. 272.
Chatcessus, 158.
brevis. 158.
liumiiis, 158.
teuuis, 158.
Cbelonia radiata. 491.
Chimiera furcata. 34.
Chirocentrites, 90.
cavolini, 92.
corouinii, 91.
gracilis. 91.
libanicus. 105.
vexiilifer. 92.
Chiijocentrid-e. 86.
Chirocentrus, 88.
poiyodon. 88.
Chircmystus, 89.
mawsoiii, 90.
Chirostoma. 3(U.
CillROTIIRH ID-E. 279.
Chirothrix, 280.
guescialious, 28-3.
lewisi. 283.
libauicus, 280.
Chondrosteus. 115.
Cliondrostoma. 316
-x.;rT. bubalus, olO.
elonsata, 316.
laticauda, (>1.5.
miuutum. 318.
stephani, 615.
C11RO.MID.E. 554.
Clirysichth.ys, 327.
theobaidi. 327.
Cluysophrys, 534.
, Ib .
agassizi, 5.37.
•".o-
ancep.s, 203.
coiitracrus, 228.
■ 4" * 22i4 gladiolus, 204.
■ * i ,]e\vesiensis. 221.
^,^f»<^li5bonen5is. 228.
' ^ merrilii. 223.
^ nepiEOilca.
semianceps. 22'^.
siucatus. 225.
Cladocyclus, 107
gardneri. 103.
lewesieiisis, 109.
occideu tails, 110.
streblensis. 110.
sweeti, 11 1.,
10
rji. y.v;5-J4.ar5enarirana. .
, brusmai. 534.
J. - o -
, , '• voincta, ooD.
h^'^'-A'\er\nn, .537.
hertlei. 534.
lawlevi. 534.
■ ' uiiocenica, vot .
scacehii. 534.
zisnoi. 534.
Cimolichthys, 221, ,
OlapiaSy o24.
falconeri, 324.''^
Clinus, 597. ' ' ' i
gracilis, 597. ^
Clupea, 146.
aita, Leidy, 145. .
alta, Stemdachner, 157. i
antiqua, 138. !
arcuata, 1 54. 1
altenuata. 19. / • ^
beurardi. 142. ;
bosniaskii, 154. :
bottas, 250. :
breviceps, 154. i
brevis, 270. j
brevissima. 140. ' ,
caudata. 154. j
eatopygoptera. 148. 1
cepbaius. 158. 1
cl)rysosouia. 158. I
crenata. 1.31
curta, 22. ^
■ •yprinoides. 6,3. 456. j
fletitex. 154. ;
denticiforrais. 154. ;
doljeana. 159. I
dubia, 270 I
ecnoini, 155. !
elongata. Davis, 55. |
elongata, S.teindachner. \
1.55, 460. ' ;
eugrauliformis, 155. i
evolaas, loo. |
fontannesi. 155.
gaudryi, 138. . ^ ;
gervaisi, 155.'
gigantea,
goidfussi. 158.
gracilis, loQ.
gracillima, 15.3.
grandisquama, 155.
grandonii. 155.
gregaria. 155.
guestpbaiica. 237.
baidingeri, 155.
lieterocerca. 156.
humilis. Leidy, 144.
bumilis. Meyer. 1.50.
inriata, 1.5().
intermedia. 156.
lanceolata. 150.
larteti. 141.
lata. ID, .53.
laticauda, 158.
latissinia. l.'O.
Clupea {conf.).
lawieyi, ]58. .
leptostea. 153.
lesinensis, 138.
lewisii, 17.
iorcre. 156.
lundgreni. 156.
maceki, 156.
macrocerca. 156.
macropbtbalma. 135.
niacropoma, 63.
megaptera. 147.
megapteryx, 15().
melettffiformis. 156.
menegbinii, 158.
microcepbala, 158.
niicrosoma, 157.
minima, dJio. 246.
rainuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis. 157.
* mucronata, 157.
murienoides. 63.
nuuddica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbthalmica. 158.
opistbopteryx, 157.
polyac'nantbina. 155.
prmsardinites. 157.
/irr-
pulchra. 56.
pusiila. 144.
sagorensis. 154. 157
hT
sardinites. 152.,^^ .
sarciinoide.s, 19.'
sauios, 157.
sauvagei, 158.
scbeuchzeri. 147..
sinensis. 63.
spbaerocepbala, 154.
sprattu,s, 1.23.
styriaca, 1.),.
tenuissima. 154.
tbera. 140.
tbrissa, 63.
thrissoides, 63. . -
trinacridis. 157.
vectensis. 146.
ventricosa, 150.
villosa. 161.
Toirouensis. 138.
rukotinovici, 157.
xenopbani.s, 1,38. . . _
zanclea. 158. ‘cn ry. ' t: . .
Cluceid-E. 128.
Clupeops, 159.
insignis. 159.
Cobitis, 320.
angustus. 321. >
bredai, 320.
cenrrochir, 320.
ceolialotes, 321.
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!oniri^‘?r)s.
revieri. 1.
Ccbiicpsis. :',7)±.
acurus. oa.j.
exiils. llo.').
Cc3iocepnaiiis, 4.')7.
'aimoneus. 47)7.
Ccsio^aster, lli',.
anaii;. Ilij.
Gcaicperca. .319.
iMiifron?. 7n9.
Ccaiopcma. ■i70.
I’oiei. 470.
curvaciun. 479
laere. -f72.
Ccelorh.vnch.U3.
•Jonirer brevior. 047.
Ccnosaurops. 019.
bowiuamii. b lib
Ccnoiaums. i)19.
bowmanui. b i 9.
I 't)rax 9<sur:iLU5. .'-79.
Core^cnus, 9)1.
aivareciis. iul.
Covyiiia eibbei-uius, 7)99.
(.'iiTTID.H. .3.^0.
CottHS, .3.S7).
■aries. .;c;9.
.^arevis, 7>S9. 5Su.
''bryprotremus. 75.3.
fiivaricatus. 5b;3.
hurnclus. .38-3.
liypoeeras. 7)8.5.
rnui.ripinnar,us. .384.
panyraceu.'. .3'o.
ponr.’.rex. .38.').
au.auncornis. .38.3.
uxLcinacu-s. .3p.3.
Creniiabrns, .347).
'ZajnocGjy. .341.
woodwarcii. 7)41.
Crcmmycdns. 7)5.3.
1 n-poruiaris. ,5.3.3.
Grisiiceps, .395.
DaradoKiis. .39'5.
L'iU).''.SuGX \THI D.E. 94^.
Grosso snaihHS. 948.
^auauaiaiuij. .349.
Gtencdentex, 599.
^.■lexeniensis, 59'J.
Gtenopoma. 579.
’.'^ineiiia. ;)7'.'.
■Gtenoihrissa. 190.
aii'TOfeuiiaia. 194.
190.
■■exdlii'ei’. 19’'.
7h>;NOT!IHI-^lD.H. 119.
Jvcinrn, -'i5, -rdo. -0)9.
.1 iTi)nen5e. -t-»7.
•'.if.Ai,;;'!” , -ail.
VDium I com. i.
Centex [con'-.
rainasi, .399.
V boctii. -i:70. ^ Hdl-
/duinouC!. 470.
excels u in. 497.
linguiatum. 4!)'.).
niacropoiiiiim
macuiatum. dOO.
parcschi. ‘70.
proosti, 470. ventraiis.
laeKentensis. ■fl'l'.
leutacanchus. 599.
aiieroaon. 799.
muensceri. .399.
^o// o-cs.^ ■
y^crcry/^ S, .
499.
noDiiis. 599.
saramiensis. .)9,3.
'to
speeiosum. 445.
tenue, 470.
Gycicides. 59.
ineisus. .30.
Gvcioie-ois. 59.
171.
DERCETfD.E.
Dercsris. j
elonsatus. 184.
luunaranensis. 179.
iLras.-iizi.
CxT-ciopoma, 504. ' '
tiiij i?. .a04
in 1 c raca n r h m n . 5 1.) 4 .
sninusuin. 504.
CvCLOl’TKRID.E. 5^7.
Gj/ciopterns. 587.
lumnus. J-od. .3.')7.
Cyciotooiodon. -5.
vaerans. 45.
Cyclurus crassus. 598.
Cvoinrus minor, •b.'-o.
CvcLurus nemoDrervx.
■'508.
C'ypiaxiD.E. 999.
Cvprinodon ievacus. al!).
CvP.RlNOnoNTID.E. 9^9.
Gypnnus. -'iOi >.
hipunccatns. 318.
carnio. ,901.
ic'CS. 90.3^
miniitus.' 9 1().
paoyraceus. 907
pi'iscus. 901.
sqiiamosseu.s. 97G.
Cytttd.e. 417.
C’/ttoides. 417.
iilaronen-sis, 417.
Dactylopo^on, 9 4'^.
a’ivimds. _'40.
narvuius. 1'49.
179.
lineuuer.
reus.si,
scutatns. 179.
tenuis. 181.
i-riouerer. 174.
DermatOTOEvchus.
999, 449;
nacronhdialmus. •24.‘
Desmichthvs, 450.
311,
/iiiuorei. 4.''>n.
Diaiohvodus
i)vaiis. 549.
^rironeiia, 54').
DiasEichus, .399.
macrorion. ,929.
■■ ■Liryicens. ;)_’2.
00
DacEyicpterns.
niiocenicus, 5>’).
1 _ ^ -
voiirans. .oo9.
Dapeacgicssns.
.icarus. 75.
iPauioinnis. 75.
encausrus. 79.
r0.'^cis. if'.
GapEiniis. ill. 392
ci’oadiieatii. 1 19
incerinedius. I 12.
'.)i!leboronnn
* ~t.
-rr:in‘iuiarus, '•ys2
Dictycdus, 479.
orassideus. 475.
desrrucror. -±74.
nri.scu.'. 479.
' ' r'lneiieiisis, 47:4
DinopEeryx. 409
--ninosu.s, 413T.
Dio don. 571.
a.canthodes. 574.
antiquus. 579.
-“orsicauus, 574.
ennaceus. 572. j/z-.-i
iC)[evi. ,’) ( -±. — o'x'V!.
'<>i5 hganrodus. .374.
' neniadiodon. 574.
aeteroaon. 575.
diiLrendorri. .’»75.
incercus. 575.
iraiicus. 575.
menstodus. 575.
monse^urensis. .37.3.
plaxyoaus, 575.
royasendm. 57.51
seduc
czAiC l‘-A
^ o
. X — .
:3reviceos. .'‘J* .
cras^isniMUS. .322.
572.
'i'rma. ,379.
';enouu.s, 575.
'enuisDinus. 575.
yenis. -jt-j.
DinicrrivsEHS. 199,
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624
INDEX.
Diplcmystus icoiit.).
analis, lo'.I.
birdi, 142. >
brevissimusi. 140. i
'^dental us,
.V. v hum ills, 144.^*^^''^^
1
lou^icostatus, 143.
/^^s-pectorosus, 140.
thtta, 140.
Tectensis, 146.
Diplctomodon, 612
borrincus, 612.
Dipnolepis, 234.
jahni, 234.
Duct or, 448.
leptosomus, 448.
Dules, 521.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521.
cu, nuju^^txa. ^
Enchelurus (cont.).
syriapus, 165.
villosus, 164.
Enchelyopus, 343.
tigrinus, 343.
Enciiodontid^. 189.
Enchodus, 190.*^^-
amicrodiis. 203.
anceps, 203.
annectens, 195.
bleekeri, 466.
calliodon, 203.
carinatus, 204.
coraeti, 204.
dirus, 204.
C-r
■J,*
a>'
Echeneis, 451.
glaronensis, 451.
Echenus. 613.
politus. 613.
Echidnccephalus,
163.
tenuicaudus. 163.
troscheli. 163.
Egertonia. 550.
gauitina. 73.
gosseleti, 551.?'i21^
isodonta. 551.>-'22’‘
Electrolepis, 415.
horrida, 415.
Elopid.e, 7.
Elopides, 23.
couloni. 23.
Elcpcpsis, 8.
crassus, 10.
d'^atex. 205.
feazli, 9.
baueri, 210.
beckeli. 10.
inicrodoD. 9.
ziesleri. 10.
Elops, 22.
Embalorh3niclius,
49 i .
kinnei, 407.
Empo. 221.
comracta. 228.
lisbonensis. 2L'8.
merrilli. 228.
nepabolica. 225.
semianceps, 228.
sulcata. 2l.'5.
Encbeiziphius tercti-
rostris. 407.
Enchelurus, 164.
ansciicxis. lf'»7.
dolicbus, 204.
i t'aujasi, 196.
' ferox. 204.
i ^^ladiolus. 204.
i sracilis, 201.
i , . lialocyon, 191.
198.
lewesiensis, 191, 103.
'longideiis, 199.
^ lycodon, 204.
luacropterus, 202.
major, 200.
marchesettii. 200.
oxytonius, 204.'-‘'''''‘*^f^,'^
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulcbellus, 193.
recurvus, 201.
semistriatus, 205.
serratus, 203.
sburaardi, 205.
subaequilateralis, 205.
tetraecus, 205. ^
valdensis, 205. ^
Engraulis, 133.
brevipinnis, 133.
evolans. 133, 287.
iongipinnis. 133.
tenuis. 230, 285.
Enneodon, 571, 575.
echinus, 574.
Enoplophthalmus,
r OM
-O'
323.
scblumbergeri, 323.
Enoplcsus, 521.
pygopterus, 521.
Eocoelopoina, 470.
colei, 470.
curvatum. 472.
Soccttus, ,580.
Tcronensis, ,581.' , ;
EomyTTUs. 340. '
dolloi. 340.
latispinus, 340.
ventraiis, 341.
Eothynnus, 457.
salmoueus. 457.
Ephippites, 617.
peissenbergensis, 617.
Ephippus, 5.59.
lougipennis, 5,59.
nicolisi, 560.
oblongus, 560.
oweni, 570.
rhombus, 559.
Equula, 450.
scilljB, 450. ^
Eiismatopterus, 416.
endlichi, 416.
leratus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.
Esocelops, 46.
cavifrons, 46.
Esocid.e, 237.
Esox, 287.
belone, 375.
destructus, 615.
falcatus, 482.
lepidotus, 288.
lewesiensis, 191.
longirostris, 375.
lucius, 28S. 289. 355.
macropterus, 89.
monasteriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus, 288.
saurus, 361.
sphvrcena, 361, 362.
366.
spret. 362. 366.
vulpes, 153.
waltscbanus. 289.
Eucynodus, 481.
bunteri, 481.
Eurygnathus,
Aacu&siz. 46.
cavifrons. 46.
Eurygnathus, Davis.
190.
ferox, 200.
marchesettii. 200.
Eurypholis, 207.
boissieri, 2u7.
freveri. 210.
V
longidens, 199.
major. 201.
sulcidens, 207.
Exocetus evolans, 1.33.
Exocetus exiliens. 133.
Exoccetoides. 286.
minor. 286. .
tenuis, 285.
Fierasfer, 605.
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■ luutius. ijO.').
ousrerus. iJOo,
Fistuiana.
boiosiisis, I •).
■>« t-clc^ninensis. .17.3.
^/^'Clu'oia. .376.
koenijzi, -374.^ ■
iontfirostns, .37
/C,
•3.
■^J-OlOlliS {COiU.'.
bassauii. oS6.
brevi.5. .352.
oouieus. .334.
elacas.
. ■ - i'ranaoiarcanus. .3
ao'^(r‘-r^3'^l^pco.somus, 333.
lobiui, .333.
laacroactus. 533.
-Hemirh.vnch.U3( c;jr.h
i-iesUavesi. 433.
^^itceii. ^<'57.
Hemisaurida. 37(1
aeocouiieiisii. 270.
Hemithvrsiteio, -iSl.
>
armacus. a-ii.
eiaCU3.
liea’.iie, 432.
C-i DtlCtii It-X. o i ^
inacruras. .331.
• Hemitrichas. 323.
tenuii'o.srvis. .375.
maxiaiLis.
'cmsru-oia, .3l'3.
FrsTUL.\.iiin'.£. .57.3.
niicrooeTDnaius. 533.
HeptadiDdcn, 571
Fnnd.uius, 2'J(). ^
mukiniiiiiaius. 534. '''
O / O .
,4^
abloinrus. .3'?4. or-^' '
echinas. .374.
'rADID.E. 507.
Gadopsis, 01.3.
l^eruzzli. 533^^. ^-^.j,^£i^^*<=Heterobranch.U3,
puiias. 325.
brenceos;. 013.
sinvrnensis. 44>.
nai;eindicii5. 325.
Gadns,
veronensis. 531.
Heterclepis. 612.
a-eieiiuus. ^o/ , "icinaii-. 533.
Il8terciis. 74.
. eieiians. ilU*!. . .
vienuensis. .344.
alexa’Dsenh'iis. 322.
t'aba, 0)04.
Gcnioanathus. 577.
u'aentueri. .‘iL'i’. , .
Uirior, oi)I. At?#
eorypuienouies. 577.
Histiaicsa. .'S. '
iiiscus. OOOO
inaxiiiaris. a77.
"aioideia. 5'.
morian'ijiis. O.ij!).
Ct(3 .X (3 .Rii V .X c a I d .f , 271.
Histiocs-cnaliis. 57'-
mei’iuccius. 539.
Gcncriivncnus, 271.
bas.sauii. 579.
aiinurus. OUl.
ireyi. 271.
Histicphorns. 495.
laorriuia. OOl.
' 4 V M X O U o -X T 1 1 ) . E . .3 7 0 .
anriaaas. 495.^.
poilaciiius. 0,01.
Gyiimodus. 572. JOJ.
cleiauve.'. a44.
poiyneiuus. OiJl.
ciiodon. 575.
eocieaica.s. 49.3_^ 53,
['•5eada’'riiiinus, OOl ).
lieterodon. 575.
uoia.-doriiamnhasl
-iinaiex. 004.
luonseizurensis. 575.
-x97.
s!)ectabili.-=;. t:04.
' ' '
parvaias. 497.
.'Conpanii. 001;
Hacquetia. 012.
Old seas. 491.
renuis. 004.
boicen=is. 012.
robastas. 497.
tubercuio.^Lis. 0)1)4.
Halec. -.’12.^^
•'otandas. 495.
venuscus. 004.
eiiotery'/ias. 21.3.
Histiotiirissa. 131.
Virens. 00 1.
-Tuescpiiaiicus. la’O.
jrassaninna, 132.
Gasteronemus. 437.
baueri. 219.
uiaerociacryia. 131.
obionsus. 440.
iauDei. L'2o.
Hisirarns. i39.
I'iioinbeus. 439.
miLToienis. 2lS.
eiatas. i46.-'
Gephyrura, 296.
sternberai. 212.
seriuiuides, 146.
^oncenci’ica. L'OiO.
Haleccosis. 133.
ventricosus. 146.
aj'srrsot o-t).
insi^ni.'. 134.
Hclacanrhus, 501.
aiassaioncfoi, 523.
beris. 134.
aiicrocenaaiu.i. 501.
Gi^anticiith.ys, 0)12.
H.m.os.^urid.e. 162.
piovenorauF 501.
oiiarao. 012.
Halcsaurus. L02.
Hoicodon. 190. 101.
Giilicus, 99. 101.
HaPLO-MI. 1.
lesinaensis. 219.
arcuarus. 101.
liE.MIBRAXrilll. 369.
Ivcodon. i;04.
noiynncrodus. 101.
Hemiciv-'cras. 59.
Holcoiepis, 11. jO."
Glossodus. 0/(viej\ 00.
srreuiensis. 59.
cretaceus. 2'J.
necaeii, , -j. '1 S •
Hemieio-pcrsis. .33.
Hole c antrum. 412.
Glypiccephalus. 570.
sibbas. .35.
eaicani'er, 502.
aacliatu.^. .')70.
zraciiis. 53.
lauceoiatani. '21.
01 oEiin.E. .337.
suessi, 53.
-iiaerocenuaiaiu. 412.
I T ( ■) n r I r r > rm f. , 5 7 .
Hemiiamrironiies.
I'jaeaauato. 504.
Gcbic. 303.
59.
Aielitense. -rl3.
:inaiis, 304.
steiiiiai. 59.
'•vcr'-eaia. -13.
.najor. 0.1.3.
Heiiiiram.pnus. ;153.
pysnatuni 414.
~ieinus. OiO.
“fiwarasi. 3.0'.
'OtfO. -t]2.
r-cbius. .“3'^.
I-Iemirh.vncr..Li3. -;3^.
Idoicsteus. -70. —
irnaras. 5^1.
-'Uivi. 444.
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44
&2G
INDEX.
Homonotus, 407.
dorsalis, 408.
392.
^.-^^omcrhynchus, 488.
bruxeiliensis. 400.
Hoplopter3rx, 396.
^ ^ antiquus, 396.
jqrc 4^0; iewesiensis, 397.
lewisi, 404.
^^undensis, 404.
minor. 406.
Npblonffus. 406.
>pi^o^^^s;407.
stachei, 406.
superbus, 403.
syriacus. 405.
zippei, 397.
Hopicstetlius, 414.
ingens, 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawleyi, 414.
netteibladti. 414. *
o=tiolatus. 414.
oisanus. 414.
Hyperlophus. 1.39.
Hyrpscdcn, 37. 92.
lewesiensis, 3.3. 40. 45,
94, 95. 98, 109.
minor. 102.
oblongus, 26.
toliapiCLis, 24.
Hyrpsospondylus, 58.
ba.<sanii. 58.
Hyptius, 58.
sebastiani. 58.
Ichthyodectes. 99.
acanthicus. 107.
anaides. 100.
arouatus, 101. 110.
cruentus. 107.
ctenodon, 100.
elegans. 103.
goocteanus. 107.
hamatus. 107.
’^(7vv^^i/]4ibamcu3. 105.
/<77. ,^uor, 102.
muitidentatus. 107.
, occidentaiis. 101.
perniciosus. 107.
polymicrodus, 101.
prognathus, lu7.
serridens. 101.
tenuidens. 104.
Ichth,yotring=L, 265,
tenuirostris. 269.
Isfuanat?) bauen. 564.
Imcgaster, .391 .
aurams. 394. IJO.
' Ischyrliiza, 46. '
I antiqua. 45.<^^ j
mira. 46. j
radiata, 46. 614. |
Ischyrrocephalus, i
190.
catapbractus, 202. I
gracilis, 201.
intermedins. 202. !
niacropterus. 202. j
Isodus, 190. !
sulcatus, 199. I
Istieus, 66. i
^ gracilis. 70. !
I grandis. 67. !
lebanonensis. 71.
macrocephaius, 6'7, 70. :
macrocoelius, 67.
ra'esbspondylus. 67. i
microcepbalus, 67. ;
spottii. 71. j
Istiophorus, 495.
Isurichthys, 453.
• mHcrurus, 453. |
orientaiis, 4.53. !
Isums, Agassiz, 453. i
macrurus, 453.
!
Jalis. 541.
agassizii, 540. |
muensteri, 540. j
sigismundi, 541. I
= I
1
Kurtus relifer, 430. 431. |
I
Labeo cuvieri. 616. |
Labidesth.es, 361. |
Labrax. 509. i
bosniensis, 512.
delbeidi, 512. i
eloncratus, 512.
beckelii. 510.
intermedins, 512.
lutus, 512.
lepidotus. 512.
longiceps. 513.
major, 513.
mojsisovicsi, 513.
multipinnatus 513.
neumayri. 513.
oeningensis. 511.
sagorensis, 513.
schizurus, 510.
t
steiudacbneri, 513.
! stiriacus, 513.
ubinoi, 510.
LABRiD.i;, 539.
Labrodon, 541.
at'ricanus. 542. j
alsinensis. 545. |
bazini, 54-3. i
Labrodon (coiit.).
belgicus, 543.
bourgeois!. 543.
britannus, 543.
canariensis. 542.
carolinensis, 543.
cbantrei, 543.
coccbii, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus. 544.
ed wards i. 544.
gaudryi, 544.
baueri, 544.
beterodon, 54-i.
multidens, 544.
pavimentatum, 544.
po^odotu 545.
qaenstedtt;*.545.
rhedouum. .545. g . .
rrvf'eAin
5^
sacberi, 545.
sauvagei, 545.
sellae, .545. . _
soldanii, 545,'^
super bus, 542: -r
trapezoidalis. 545.
trigonella, 5-16.
Labrcphagus, 611.
esocinus, 611.
Labrus, 539.
agassizi, 540.
bifasciatus, 464. ®
ibbetsoni, 540.
3 ^
r)’
malapterus, 595.
meruia. 540.
microdon, 540.
parvuius, 540.
priscus. 540.
punctatus, 558.
rectifrons, 558.
turd us, 504.
valenciennesi, 540.
woodward!. 541.
Laparus, 596.
aiticeps, .596.
Lates;502. ^
gibbus. 502.
gracilis, 502.
beberti. 499,
macropterus. 503.
macrurus, 503.
notmus, 502.
partscbi, 503.
sagorensis, 513.
Lebias.
aymardi. 292.
cepbabjtes, 290.
crassicaudus, 295.
crassus, 296.
eisgrabensis. 294.
furcatus, 291 .
CfHudryi. 294.
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•'27
^eoias \i'nin. .
iobio, l24.
lueyeri,
minuuus. 204.
])erpusiilu3. 201.
rpnuis, 204.
/.iiTiioi. 204.
Lepidenteron, l-ro.
lunsfissimum, I'T'.t.
Lepidoccttus, .361.
uries, .3'':'2.
brevis. .362.
c'iougatus. 584.
gracilis. 017.
muiti])innacus. 554.
pap\ raeeus. .3.50.
LepidopideSj 477.
brevisnondyms, 481.
ilubius. 481.
'eiDrosnonfiyiiis. 481.
Lepidopiis, -t77.
aibyi. 480.
aneuis. 460.
brevicaiida. 480.
. carpaihicLis. 480.
dubius. 481,
‘.darisianus. -ir <
.^^^leDrosDondvlus. 481,
Tiiene^ninii. 481.
Lepteccdon, 2.j.o.
reonus. 233.
Leptichthys, blO.
tiruis. t)l0.
Lepiccephaius, 340.
iraciiis. ,34(i.
uiedius. 347.
rienia, .340.
Leptolepid.£.
1.
Leptosomus, 244.
'crassicostarii.s. 240.
eiongaius. 245.
cruesmhaiieus. 245.
niaerourus. 245.
rr.inimus. 24* b
Lepictracheius, 173.
arinarus, x74.
eionsaius, 184.
^ .rraciiis. 180.
V ' iiakeiensis. i.84.
longipinnis. 1'7.
sagittatiis. 18
- )
( T.
rriQuerer.
Tiriruiatiis. 187.
LeuciscTis, 305.
acrosraster. 310.
■'.lua. 311.
bosma.'kii. 311).
■■'revi.jauaa. -1/10.
'TPX'I.^. 31*'.
•li.nai'iis. -.■I* ).
a^rci-iiiensis, 311,
Leuciscus
cecconii, 312.
cephaion. 31)7.
cepiiaius. 300.
colei, .308.
dorsalis. .311, 312.
duuierili, 311, -312.
eibiswaioensis. 310.
ele^ans. 315.
ervr.hrODOthalmus.
300. ‘
eui-ystomus. 311.
Iritsclii. 015.
gabbi ensis. 311.
uobbus. 310. .
gracilis. 314.
hartmauni. 314.
belveticus. 3i)5.
lieterurus. 310.
kranrzi,^311.
larteti. 311.
latiu.sculus, 30,5.
leptus. ,300.
licatte. 311,
macrurus. 308,
medius. 310. /yu
_oeningeasis. 305.
' papyraceus. .307.
plesiooterus. 311.
polysarcus. 311.
pnellaris, 311.
pusiiliis. 300.
racalmuti. 311.
'' remotus. 31 1,
rutiius. 300
sauvacrei. 312.
sicanus, 311. 312.
stephani. 311. 015.
tarsiser. 315.
turneri. 311.
vexiilifer. 3ll.^v^o.
Leucus, 322.
condoniauus. 322.
Jacus. 322.
Lenresthes, 301.
Lewisia. ^5.
ovaIi.s. 53.
Lichia, 445.
ait a. 440.
auaiis. 445.
lata. 445.
pri.^ca. 444.
■secunria. t:40.
;topi:anii. 440.
Lobcdus. 537.
pedeuiontaiiii,
Lcbcpterus, 415.
pecririariis. 415.
koPl'MO.t. .'f)l.
Lcrhius. .'01.
■facEv.-ininu.'. 531.
537.
Lcphius (cc/r. .
patagonicus. 501.
piscarorius. 501.
Loricaria, 501.
plecostoLiius. 501.
Loxcstomus. Oil.
mancii.^, Oil.
Lucania, 20u.
Lucicperca. 521.
skorpiii, 521.
Lucius anteuilu\iauu5.
288.
Lutianus epuippiutn, ,
TTjL 501.
Lutodeira, 04.
Lycoptera,
inacrorhynciia. 2. .
tniddendorm. 2. /
> iinensis. .j.
Lyrzolepis. .. .
ciucasicus, oO.
\
Macrclepis, 4i5.
ploniratus. -ti5.
Macrcnes, ;j27.
aor. 337. /77<icrr^ ■
I’lacrostcma. 501.
aituai. .'()1.
5Iacreuid.e, 0/05.
Macrurus, 0o)5.
nrteeursor. 0()5.
Mailotus, L'/ij.
VllloSLlS. l')l.
Meeaiodon, .>7. 02.
lewesieiisis. 35. , 3-4' ^ «*4>
sauroides. ','5. ’
Me^aioiepis. 4-82,
• baschcaensis. -t82.
latus, 482.
. Me^aiops, 24.
lorcipatus. (i5.
oblonttus. 20.
priscus. 24.
Megaiuntes, 571.
nitidum. 572.
Megapus, 2:^'),
/uesti’aiicus. 283.
Megistopus, 2>i). Ob’d.
zuesti'aiieus. 283.
Meieita, l46.
crenaia. 151.
doljeana. 159.
graciiiirr.a. .55.
'rrandisauama, 155.
heckeii. 151.
Iieterosroma. 152.
intermedia. .50.
loneimana. 151.
-larisoti. i51.
prrcsartiinires. 157.
'uiileri. 11-1 .
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Meletta (cant.).
sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzeri. 147.
styriaca, 157. ^
Meiettina, 151.
Mene, 437.
oblongus, 440.
pusilla, 441.
rhombeus, 439.
Menidia,- 361.
Merlangus, 600.
cognatus, 604.
spatuiatus. 604.
suifoikensis. 600.
vulgaris, 600.
Merlinus, 603.
cristatus. (‘>03.
,Merluccius, 601 .
attenuatus. 604.
INDEX.
Mugil, 363. '
brevis, 446.
-via*
I
4>
;OZ
balticus, 604.
bosniaskii, 601.
eiuarsuiatus, 604
'^■^'mioeenicus
>04.^'
obiusus
Mesogaster, 361.
creiaceus, 362.
gracilis. 254.
sphynenoides. 3(52.
Metopcnichtliys,
55<S.
longiro.>.tris, 559.
dctacanthii.'. .359.
Microccelia, 252,
granulata, 252.
libaniea. 252.
51icrocioa nuchali.s. 429.
5Iierod()n puicbellus.
421.
Mioplcsus, 517.
abbreviatus. 518.
beani, 518.
labracoicies. 517.
loD^us. 51c:;.
cephalus, 364. . . , j .■
1 K-r UP-
/•! ' debilis, 36o.
princeps, ob-i.crrr^ui,
radobojanus, 365. i
' Mugilid.e. 363. ]
; Muraena caca, 347. I
I ^lursena conger, 344.
Munnua lewesiensis. 185.
IMuriena myriis, 341.
I Muraina ophis. 347.
5Ich.enid.e. 336.
I Mylccyprinus, 322.
I indexus, 322.
kiniri, 323.
I longidens. 323.
robusrus, 322.
Mylcph.ar37Tigodon,
323.
Myripristis, 410.
honiopteryoiu.s, 411.
leptacanthus. 410. ^ •
toliamcus.
Myrus, 310.
vuisaris, 341.
Nummopalatus, 541,
abbas, 543.
africanus, .342.
baziui, 543.
belgicus, 54-3.
bourgeois!, 543.
britannus, 543.
chantrei, 543.
coccbii, 543.
ed ward si us, 544.
gaudrvi, 544.
haueri. .544.
heterodon, 544.
multidens, 544.
pavitnentatus, 544.
polyodon. 545.
quensredti, .545.
rhedonum. 54,5.
sacbeVi. 54.5.
sauvagei, .545.
trapezoidulis, 545.
Odax carolmeiisis
Naseus, 564.
brevirostris, 564.
nucbalis, 565.
recti irons, 564.
Naupygus, 611.
bucKlandi. 611.
Nemachiltis, 320.
bredai, 320.
ceutrochir, 320.
cephalotes, 321.
tener, (>15. ^ ^
teyieri, 321. "'I'
Nematcnotus, 249.
bottle. 2,50.
Nemepteryx, .598.
.'r»**?rassus, ,598.
(O-'
multidentatus. 518.
sauvaeeanus. .318. elongatus. 598.viuV6#x."-*^'''j'
1. ’ troscbeli. 598, fTv»^,.pp> '
Monocentris, 414.
hosnes. 414.
' integer. 414.
subrotundus, 415.
Moaopteros gisfas, 89,
Morrh.ua, 599.
legieiinoides. 601.
extensa. 60 1.
taba. 604.
lanceoiata. 60 1.
lata, 605.
luacronrerv'jia. OOl.
minima. 601.
soeiliniiensis. t;()5.
-zagadarensis. 601.
liIosa^aiirMs ifacilis. 1-5
’ ‘OA f
Nettastoma, 346.
bolcense. 346.
iX0T.VC.\XTIIIl).E. 168.
Notacanthus, lt)9.
iXutmus aiiatsizii. 540.
Ncteiops, 27.
bra in a. 27.
Nctogoneus, 275.
cuvieri, 277. 615.
lon^iceos. 278,
■w i. ^ vbF*
osculus. 275.
scpiamo.'seus, 276.
IS’iiTOl'TT.Rn'.i:. ''5.
Notopterus, ^o.
priiiucvus. •'6>,
543.
Odonteus, 556.
depresses, ,556.
pygmieus. 5.56.
sparoides, 556.
Odontostomus, 189.
Oligobelus, 323.
arciferus, 323.
lauiinatus, 323.
OligopJarchus, 519.
sqiiaiuipinnis, 519.
Omiodon, 270.
cabassii, 270.
Ommatolampes,
490.
eichwaldi. 491 .
Omosoma, 419.
iuterinediuin. 420.
uionasteri, 421.
pulchelluui, 421.
sahel-alrme. 419.
Omosudis, 189.
Oncolepis, 595.
isseii, 597. '
tlrmniiD.E. 605.
Ophidium, 605. u,'r—
barbatum. 343. l!47./‘'”^'
voltianuin. 605.
OlMIlOCEPH.VLin.E. 369.
Ophiocephalus, 369.
striatus. 464.
Opliisurus acutieaudus
34 < .
Opisthomyzon, 451.
Opisthopteryx, 253.
'•lU'tus. 254.
■iraciiis. 254.
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LXDKa.
Orcynus, 4.'>4.
kuuiyjosohi, 4.)ii.
lauceoiatus. 4.3'j.
latior. 45(x
lueciius. 454.
scaldLsii, 455:
Oricardinus, ^4.
tortus. 44.
Orthagcriscus. 57G.
rheionoDsis. 574.
Osmeroides. 11.
aireniiatus. i'J.
beliiicu.s. '2’2.
brevis. 14.
rrassus. 10.
creraceas. l20.
divaricatus. 22.
dubius. 14.
evoiutus, 72.
'/larisianus. 255.
^raeiiis. 14.
;zraniuacus. 214.
insiirnis. 144.
latus. J ().
lev is. 15.
lewesiensis. 11, -’25.
lewisi. 17.
inanLeilii. 12.
luaxinius. lb.
!uega])terus. i- ?. 240.
mieroccpuaiuj. L'47.
minor. 142.
inuuasteni. 247. 24S.
nectiiioieois. 24.
J. :.
poiymicrodus. 72.
sarciinioides, 10.
' inareasis. 21.
Osmerciepis. 50.
reticulata. 50.
Osmerns, lt-2.
albyi. 142.
eordieri. 247.
d’acliiardi. 142.
giarisianus. 255.
iarteti. 142.
pronterygius. 142.
scarabeiiii. 142.
rtiionos. if02.
O.-'TAraoPHv.';!, 204.
C ) S T K 0 G L 0 ' .S I D . K . 74.
Osteogicssurn. 74.
encaustian. 7''.
Ostracicn. 54)0.
imneriaiis. 5ii4).^^,---
inicrurus. . iiO. "
oblon
nirrit us.
11 "'US. ..*'0*.
.11 )
,).
Gtciitlius, p'l m:
aciumnalu.-'. 4i i.'
acuiani^mus. G* *4.
.'.ujuticiu.', 5t:< .
O'
Otolith US -conr. .
lequaiis. 522,4^^^'
amencaims. t:51.
ainnlus. 549.
approximatu.s. 410.
attenuatus. 404.
laitieus. 404.
bavaricus. 40().
biscissus. 500.
>jDoetts:eri. 4,05.
^brevior. -447.
O ?olithus
- 2>- '
ciavbornensis.
counarus
cor. 537
(■)04;
erassus. 442
luiocenicus. ii44. ^
iioeuntiuus. 522,'?'*^
mucronatus. 404.
inutaoiiis, 590.
netfiectus. 41.7).
netteibladti. 414.
nobiiis. 524.
uoetiingi. 522.
luintius, 405.
obotretus. 405.
\ (Merluccius) obtusus,
c<r7:>e‘^) ,
( «• <^S uU-t .
fSciienai obtusus, 549.
uceuitus. 40.5.
• • * 1 ^ ^ A. ^
danicus. 444.--<l777^.‘^:^'^'^ osrioiatus. 414
ijervcidaruiii; debiiis,
415.
(iliitriiidaruia ) debiiis.
44.).
decipiens. 5.3<S.
diii'ormis. tiOo.
disoar. 533.
1.
disrinctus, 522. 9 /v-
eieeans. tiOO.
eieqantuius. 5-42.
eievatus. 404.
ellinricus, 557.
eiouqaius. 540.
emarginatus. i;04.
eoorrectus, 543.
rraneorurtauus,
freauen.s. 522.
ireimna. 543.
germanicus, 444.
geron, 415.
‘iibberuius. 540.
giabcr.
gregaiuus, 5.53.
questialieus. 'ill.
Inlijendorri. 405.
hoisaticus. .3.49.
liuspes. 414.
bybridus. 405.
insfens. 414.
ins ignis. 549.
iusuetus. 54>.
inte'^er. 4l4.
intermedins. 543. -
irren'ilaris. 540.
^kircuberqeiisis. 540.
X laciniaius. 414.
imvi^ar us. 500.
uitisLucatus. 404.
uitUS. 0lJ.J.
’ Lwievi, 414.
lenticuiaris. 'ill.
:uai'C; Ileus. ‘iO-’.
:uerid:<)iiaiis. 549.
:iev._ru 404.
O^atUs. Do.). _
parvuLus. 41.3. g _ _ _
persouatus. 537.
pisauus. 414.
pianUS. 404.— :3'y £:‘^27//j -
piebejus. .522.
[lunderosus, 4gi4.
posterns, 405.
oriccursor. f)U5.
4.
iinyias. 5.3 7.
radians. 543. /
^ Eervcidarnni)
br; nanus. 415.
? ElioiuDns ) rlieiianu.-:..
(‘.03. _ _
- - ^ -iT?*-. -
saxonicus. 405. r.,
sector. 4(.)0.
^eplantlic■ns, 590.
I Murriiua; r^oeiiin-
qensis. 405.
yboaridarum ) sueilin-
rnc-
:ensi:
^imilis. 543.
siinuiex. 404.
sinsuiai us. 404.
SDatuiaius. 404.
speciosus. 5.40.
snectabiiis. 404.
siucatns. .)3..). _
subrotiinuu;
suiioixeiisis. obO.
supracretacens, -i 15.
tennis. 4(J4.
testis, 1.33.
^hynnuides. 43_2. _ ^
tuoercuiosus. 404.
vans^iouis.
vanans. 522.
venustns. ilOd.
verus, .500.
•■'icinaiis. 53'.
vuinaris. 400'.
xacny^cspnaiut
■fisiatns. 711.
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IXDEX.
Pach^^^^ter,
polysii^dvhis, o'J
poiurt'r-y ~ spinosus. .520.
Pachylebias. 294.
■rt*cal"f^Ari,^'' crassicaudus, 29.5.
Pachyriiizodus, d7.
basaiis, dl.
eaninus. 44.
curvatus, 44.
dibleyi, 38.
gardneri, 40.
glypbodus, 2.58.
gracilis, 45,
kin^ii. 42.
latimentuni, 42.
leptognathus. 45.
, leptopsis. 45.
^^"^Tiinimus. 45.
shearer!. 4.5.
subuliclens, 43.
velos. 45.
Paciivstetus s^regatus,
29*^.
Pa melius, 5.32.
aquitanicus. .53.3.
' ^35.de stetanii. doo.
elegrantuius. 532.
leptosteus. .533.
libanicus, 39<5.
microdon. .533.
533.
peruzzii.
stenoura, 5.53.
^agms, .53
3.
.'•►At
-T 'k'i •
luenegninii. .5.33.
oudrianus. .533.
pileatus, 53.3.
priscus. 533.
torus. 534.
Palaeobrosmius, 598.
elongatus, 598.
4v^/?«-'^2^.Palasogadus. 598.
h***. troschelii, 598.
Palaeoiycus, 211.
dreginensis, 211,
Pal/EOriiyxciiid.e, 482.
Palaecrhynchus, 483.
bruxeiliensis. 490.
colei, 488.
descbmanni, 487.
egertoni, 488.
giganteus. 487.
glarisianus. 4^3, 4^7,
gracilis,
latus.
longirosLi'is.
480.
485.
480.
inedius, 480.
microspondylus, 489.
riedli, 487.
zitteli. 487.
Palanarrhichas, 597
•;rassus, 597.
Palimphemus, 270
anceps. 270.
Palimphyes, 460,
Percichthys, 514.
I antiquus, 514. c.
beaumouti. 515. j a ^
brevis, 400. 498.
¥(si\. Perciforsies, 497.
crassus, 400.
elongatus, 400.
glaronensis, 400.
gratulis, 400.
latus, 460.
longus, 400.
Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.
Paralates, 520.
Percostoma, 519.
angustuni, 519.
Peristedion, 5^6.
personatus, 587.
urcianensis, 586. / , ^
Phacodus, Cope, 553.
irregularis, 553.
Phacolepi.sr= Rhacolepis.
bleicberi, 520. 4.58.
Paralepis. 257. cybioides, 458.
Paraleuciscus, 312. / Phareodus, 74, 76.
eenomi. 312.
Paranguilla, 343.
tigriua, 343.
Paraperca, 520.
provincialis, 520.
Paraphyllodus,
540.
Parascopelus, 256.
lacertosus, 250.
Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.
Pegasus lesiniforniis,
269.
Pegasus natans, 383.
Pelamys, 482.
adunca. 482. .
robusta, 482.
Pelar gorhynchus, -
188.
blochiiforniis, 188.
dercetiformis, 188.
Pelates, 523.
quindeciinalis, 523.
Pelycorapis, 354.
berycinus, 354.
carius, 354.
Perea, 518.
alsheiinensis, 513.
beauraouti, 515.' ,
cyprinodon, '
elougata, 51 o.' y .Y -
Iluviatilis, .518
acutus, 76.
sericeus, 76. .
Pharyngodopilus,
.541, o4o.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis, 544.
bourgeois!, 543.
canariensis, 542.
carolinensis, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
baueri, 545.
multidens, 544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, 545.
eellae. 545.
soldanii, ,545.
superbus, 542.
Phasganodus, 190.
anceps, 203.
australis, 615.
carinatus, 204.
dirus, 204.
gentryi, 615.
gladiolus, 204.
semistriatiis, 205.
Phasganus, 013.
declivis, 613.
Pholidopborus inacro-
rbynchus, 2.
^hyci's, fi02.
forbesi, 510. . * suessi, 002
forniosa, 410. , Phylactocephalus,
lepidota, 511./,^.^ 212. .218.
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantba, 518.
minuta. .500.
moguntina. 512.
punctata. 306.
radula, 526.
reboidii, 520.
urasebista, 516.
Pekcesoi ES. 347.
rnierolepis, 218.
Phyllodus, 540.
bowerbanki, 549.
colei. 549.
corsicanus, 574.
cretaceus, 550.
eurvidens, 550.
deborrei, 5.50. ,
depressus, 550.
duvali. 550.
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Phyllcdus {rnnt.).
eiegar.s.
gervaisi. 5.30.
haueri, 544.
iiexagonalis. 540.
liipparionyx. tU7.
incei’tus, 575.
inconstaus. 550.
irresfuiai’is. 54S.
latidens, 550.
:eve=quei. 550.
marsmaiis. 548.
mediu?, 548.
muitidens. 544.
.petiolatus. .548.
planus. ‘547. '
polvodus, 547.
secuudarius. 549.
speeiosus, 549.
subdenressus. .344.
subinedius, 549.
toiiapicus. 54t>.
umbonaius. 550.
Pimeiodus. .3‘JS.
anciquns. 329.
aor. 327.
sadleri, 335.
Pisodus. dO, di.
ibui-'ardi. 73.
O'^veni. 5)t).
Plaeycdus, 189.
Planesox. 519.
vorax. 519.
Plat acanthus, 509.
Libiaoi. 510.
Platax. 432.
aitissunus. 433.
brevis. 429.
coiehicus. 434.
costatus. 433.
cuneus. 433.
Platessa. 008.
sec-ror. 009.
Plaiinx. 89.
eacuilii. 89.
eiongarus, 89.
sisas. '0.
Platens. 70.
niDUiiaens
Platvccrmus. 421.
Platyccrmus [co/if.).
giubosus. ^2-3.
obion'jus. 422.
Platygenys, 013.
.•ugosu.s. 01-3.
Plat3/lsmus, 551.
colei. 551.
Platylates, 520.
nipeiieusis. 520.
PleetroDoina urasebista,
510, 010.
Pleioneimas, 442.
iuacrospondvlus. 442.
Plethodns ^0.
exnansus. 81.
rurcarus, c4.
oblongus. 83.
nentagon. S3.
Pleiiraeanihus serrarus.
507.
Pieuronectes, 008.
piacessa. 734. 0)00.
qiiadre.tuius, 0<>7.
Pleuronectidj;. 000.
Plinthophorns, 221.
robustus. 229.
Pliopiarchns. 520.
seucemspinosus. 520.
sexsninosus, 520.
whitei. 520.
Pcdccephaius, 519.
niddus, 519.
Podocys, 520.
ininutus. 520.
Pedopteryx, 537.
aibyi, 5i7.
bosniasai. 557.
Pceciiia laineLheni. (515.
Pceeilia oeniinrensis. 582.
Pcsciicps, E'JO.
breviceps, i:90.
Portheus ycnni
iestno.
97
I
lowi, 97.
inanteili, 95.
4- o ej c ■
1 “vt
inolossus. ‘.'2.
inud^ei, 97^
thaumas. 97
Prionolepis. 229.
angustus. 230.
oatapbracrus, 230.
laniaius. 232.
Priscacara. 5.34.
eiivosa. 554.
cypna. 55.3._
liop.s. 555.
oxy prion. 555.
peaiei. 555.
serrara. 554.
tesrudinaria. 555.
Prisligenys, 415. 30^^
uiacTopntbaiuius. 415.
Pristipcma. .323.
iurcacum, 523.
Preantigonia. 5.38.-'
longirostra. 5597'^'^
ocracantba. 559.
radoboiana. 559. _
steiiidaehneri. 559.
Probailostomus, 290.
lonsruius. 290.
Prochanos. .15.
recti Irons. 05.
Progymneden, 572,
0/0.
bilgendord. 575.
Prelates. 499.
heberti. 499.
Prolebias. 290.
broil eniarti. l'9.3.
cepbaiutes. 29(J.
crassicaudus, x9.3.
niacropterygius, 433.
P 0 g 0 n i a s m Li i t i d e n t a t u s .
davidi, 4.
minor. 4^7, 428.
538.
egeranus, 615,
nuebaiis. 429.
Polynemus, 445.
furcatus. 991.
papiiio. 433.
quinquarius. 411,446.
2:aiidryi, 294.
physeteroide, 433.
Pomacanthus, 561.
■robio, 294.
piienni. 433.
suDarcLiarns, 501.
gored. 293.
qnnnatii'ormis. 433.
P0MACEXTRID.1;. 555.
grecratus, 292.
niinianus, 433.
Pcmaphractus, 76.
ineyeri. 294.
subyespertilio. 433.
egertoni, 76, 80.
minimus. 294
wooawardi. 432.
Pemognathus, 212,
ousiaied. 293.
~ 1 -f
eumerv^rius. Liu.
Portheus, 92.
ano’uiatu.s, 98.
arcuatus. PDl.
australis. 97.
braenrsnatbus,
daviesi. 95.
iaiutinus, 95.
'J I .
germanus,
)i
aamus.
o<
perousilius. 291. “
puicbeiius. 015..^""
stenoura, 292.
Pronotacanthus, 169.
sabei-almffi. 109.
Properca, 514.
anausta. 515.
beaumonti, 515.
lepidota, 511.
prisca. 510.
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■ - — • Protaulopsis, 371.
bolcensis. 371.
Protautoga, 553.
conideiis. 5-53.
longiclens, 553.
Protelops, 56.
angiicLis, 57.
geinitzi, 57.
Proth.37TnallTis, 614.
lasatus, 614.
princeps. 614.
■:s^*/ProtobalistTim, c66.
^ t imperiale. 566.
/ , omboni, 567.
Prctocatcstomus,
constablei. 275.
. -t
Protosphvnena albensis.
115.
Proro5ulivriB:ia inflexa.
115.'
Protosyngnathus,
372.
suDiatrensis, .373.
Prymnetes, 116.
lontriventer. 116.
Pseudeutropius, 326.
verbeeki. 326.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottle, i2.9. 130.
grandis. 130.
lon^ispina. 250.
syriacus. 129.
Pseudoeleginus, 591.
aibyi, 591. ■“''i' .4:
intermeclius, 591.
jonas, 591.
inajori. 591.
Pseudolates, 499. ^*^3
heberti, 499.
Pseudosph.se rc don,
552.
hilgeiidurd. 552.
Pseudosyngnathus,
381.
opisthopteras, 381.
Pseudothryptodus,
85.
intermedius. 85.
Pseudovomer, 450.
minutus. 4.50.
Ptericephadina, 146,
153.'
elongata. 158.
raacrograstrina. 153.
Pterothrissus, 67.
Pterygocephalus,
595.
paradoxus, .595.
Ptychocephalus. 4*^7.
raaiauis. -^37.
INDEX. ^
(TA.C^.nT'^
i
Pycnostermx, 391. : ,
daviesi, 3907 |
discoides. 393. !
dorsaiis, 392, 3DS. \
diibius, 395. !
elongatus, 305. i
gracilis. 394. ■
heckeli, 390. ’
latus, 395. I
lewisi, 404. j
niger, .392.
russeggeri. 392.
Pygacanthus, 613.
aitu.s, 61.3. ,
Pygaeus, .557.
coleanus, 557.
dorsalis. 5.58.
egertoni. 557.
sibb
as. .>.o» .
gigas. .o.oft.
jeraeika, .579.
nobilis. 558.
nuchalis, 553.
oblongus. 5.58. /-
zignoi, .>06. ^
Rndamas. 536.
jugleri. 536.
Raniceps, 603.
latisuicatus,
tuberculosus. 604.''^ i
Raphicsaurus, 3/ , 4^. I
lueius. 4-3.
subulidens. 4.3.
Rhabdofario. 160. j
lacustris. 16<t. i
’Rhabdolepis. March, ’
11.
cretaceus. 20. '
Rhacolepis, 29.
brama. 28.
buccalis, 30.,
latus, o2. ^
olfersii. 23. i
Rhamphognathus, i
36 L i
paralepoides. 361.
pouipiiius. 361.
sphyi-aMioides. 362. i
i xerneuili. 362. ^
Rhamphomimia,
269.
rhiuelloides. 269.
Rhamphosus. 377
aculeaius. 377
biserratus. 373.
It
Rhineastes. 329.
arcuatus. 329.
caivus. 32'.
pectinatus. 329.
peltatus, 329
J
Rhineastes (couth).
raduius, .330.
rhieas, 329.
smithi. 3.30.
Rhinellus, 265. 2^ .
curtirostris. 269.’*^^^^^
damoni, 268. *
ferox, 267.
furcatus, 236.
laniatus, 232.
longirostris, 232.
nasaiis, 269.
robustus, 263.
schilli, 269.
tenuirostris, 269.
Rhinocephaius, 603.
planiceps, 603.
Rhipidolepis, 613.
elesrans, 613.
Rhodeus, 316.
edwardsi, 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus. 317.
latior, 317.
magnus, 317.
olicactinius. 316.
Rhombus, 606.
abropteryx. 1)03.
bassaiiianus. 603.
caudatas. 608.
cutrensis, 608.
fitzir sen, 608.
gentiiuonioi, 607.
heckeli, 608.
kirchberganus. ‘609.
ligusticus. 608.
minimus, 607.
minutus 608.
nardii, 638.
parvulus, 608.
rhenanus, 608. ,
richiardii. 608.
sauvagei, 608.-ird'^’^
Rhonchus, 458.
carangoides. 458.
Rhynchorhinus, 342.
branchialis. 342.
major, 343.
Rita, 328.
grandiscutata, 328.
Salmo, 159.
cyprinoides, 456. cX®*"?
immigratus. 160.
lewesiensis, 11.
martena. 63.
tepiitiensis, 614.
Salmo.xid.e, 159.
Saudroserrus reboulii,
520.
o.
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IXDEX.
o
•)> ;
Sardinioides. 23w»
amDiyostoma. COo.
^.^attenuatiis. 241.
■rassicaudus. 2oS.
macroDterygius. 24-2.
inesapterus, 239.
aiicrocephaius. 237.
nainucua. 242.
^aionasceri, 11, 237.
'^pusiilus. 240.
:enuicaudus. 242.
Sardinius. 247.
blackburnii. 248.
crassanmna, 132.
cordieri. 247.
' lineatus. 248.
macrodactyius. 131.
aasutulus, 248.
percrassus. 248.
roDiiscus. 131.
Sargus. 129.
ancnroDodon. .530.
auuitauicus. 530.
arinatus. 530, 570.
baraidii. 530.
oavaDnai. 530.
c-uvieri. 530, 017.
iieberti. 530.
mcisivus,
bjmuitanus. .530.
iar.'iconus. 520.
jraiiensis. 520.
• iweni. 531.
resuccuritanus, .530.
serratus. 531.
sioni. 531.
sitit’ensi.s. 530.
Saurocepnaius.
^lO.
aibensii. 114.
aranahovius. 114.
and as. 02.
broadheadi. 113.
dentatus. 114.
di.^par. ii5.
faiuraensis, 115.
incequaiis. 115.
iadexus. 115.
inrermediiis. 112.
laueirbrmis. 113.
leant! 3. 111.
iycodon. 204.
niarginaius. 228.
aaonascerd. 115.
' pitiebocoraus. 112.
picceci. 115.
Tii’Ognatuus. lo7.
knarus. 200. 2'54.
substriattis. 115.
:aaaraa;
■'1^
Saurodon. ill.
aiiinis. 11-3.
broaciheadi. 113.
conoideus. 113.
i'eros. 113.
intermedius. 112.
lanciidrrais. 113.
leanus. Ill, 222.
marginatus, 229.
plileoocomus. 112.
pysmteus. 113.
— -T^sipnirostris, 113.
Saurcrnaimohus. 207,
510.
freyeri, 210.
' SaTiTopsidium. 58.
gracilicauda, 58.
Itevissimum, 58.
Scardinius dumeriii. 311.
?cardiuiu3 sicaiius. 311.
Scams. 553.
baitrinseiisi^. 530. 531.
raioeentcus. 553.
oweni. 531.
suevicu.3. 553.
retrod on. 553.
Scatcphagiis, 501.
ainnis. 501.
caueiLinii. 5i)l.
frontalis. 501.
Scisna. 530.
amtiiiis. 530.
hoisaticus, 530.
irreenians. 530.
jacutacrix. 501.
kirenbergensi?, 539.
mendionaiis, 539.
OOttlSU.S. *3»j0. .^ / ^
piumierii. 5211
speciosus, 539.
undeciinads, 447.
Sci.ENID.E. 538.
Scisenums. 524. 5:27.
boweroausi. 527.
brevior, 527.
crassior, 527.
;oi!2ior. 510.
Scierognatims, 300.
Scomoer. 459.
aiatunffa, 456.
antiquLis. 459.
■^cordyia,
viaticus. -^48
ocomcer ' .^ont.).
speciosus. 400.
stein dacuneri. 459.
stiiedantis. 459.
ihynnu.s. 455. 457.
irachurtts, 404.-y'i>5 y o i -
Scombercdon. 405. S-
dumonci, 470.
Sccmbrampiiodcn.
■i / 4.
benedeni, 474.
crassidens, 475.
curviden.s. 474.
8combresocid.e. 356. . ,
Scombresox, 357. ic--'
licatte, 358.
obtusiroscris. 357.
ScOMBRID.E, 451. /" 3 s5~-
8cO-tIBR[FORMES. 418.
Sccmbrinus. 401.
macronoinus. 402.
'lucbalis. 401.
Scombrociupea, 135.
gaudi’vi. 138.
niaci’ODUthaima. 135.
367/.
pinuuiata. 135.
SCOPELID.E. 235.
SccDeicides, 254.
/ ..
c
glarisiantis. 255.
nicoiisi. 250.
ignooiiis. 521.
orcvnus. 450.
pelavicus. 444.
peiainis. -04.
pianovatus. 459.
iA4fy^
nriscus. s:0
o
losnoeu
s. 439.
TTooti'ivarai. 1 14.
PIHTIT.
nous. -Oi).
^copeius iacertosns. 250._
Scorpaena. 577.
miiiinia. 579.
pilar 1. 579. ,
prior, 579.
scrota. 504.
tessieri. 579.
ScoRf'.ENiD^:. 577.
8cORP.ESIFOR.MES. 57’».
Scorpasnoides. 580.
popovicii. 580.
SccrpiBnoptems.
i 5oo.
' siluridens. 580.
SCYPIIOPIIORI. 1.
Sebastodes. 570. ’
roste. 579. .<ja
^Semiophcms, 430.
gigas. 430.
7-1' massaioneianns. 431.
^ijparvuius. -±31.
— scuaerbeesi. 431.
•.^.3 veiicans. 4ol.
velifer. -t30.
Semotilus. 323.
oaircii. -jIo.
oosticus. 323.
Ssncia. ^44.
auaiis. 44.).
'■■eauiuonci. 440,
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634
I>'DEX.
.{^3c C'T '
Sericla (conr.).
i;lC;l, -t-io. ^
prisca, 444.^- ’
Serranus, 521.
^xtu3, 521.
- ^ <^«s^^z-(listinctus. 522. /
'^^dubius, 521.
^ graciiispinis. 521.
microstomus. 527.
noetlingi, 522.
occipitalis. 527.
pentacantiius, 521.
rudis, 521.
rugosus. 522.
■■'■ stiriaeus. 513, 522.
validus, 522.
ventraiis. 522. 52().
■wemmeiiensis, 522.
SiLURID.E, 324.
Silums, 325.
asciia. 359.
bagfres. 362.
cataphractus. 359.
catus. 13.3-
egerconi. 331.
>’^gaudryi, 916.
,.>'^erdicensis. 320.
SiiDhcncstoma, 3S2.
y/-r7
-2- C ’
-20.
3S2.
352.
aibyi
casteilii
S’^erdis. 506.
aduncus. 5(J8.
anaiis. 505.
budensis, 505.
eioDCfatus. 505.
forraosus. 507.
09.
. -y/;
. r.Ti CC
: Y' i.c J i ^
neersensis. u
isabeiLc. 616.
latior. 505.
lorenri, 515.
.macrurus. .107.
raicracanthus, 504.
minutus. 506.
pTiJlTlCeLlS. .li t5.
rhoensis. 509.
sandbei’geri. 509.
sauvagei. 509.
siebiosensis. 509.
tarameilii. 509.
ventraiis. 509, 616.
^ Sciea. 609.
anti qua. 610.
approxiniara. 610.
^glaber. 610.
^uesit'aiica. 611.
Solenodon (coTit). j
loboptervgius, 219. j
neocomiensis. 204. '
Solenognathus, Pzc-
te^ q' Humbert, 271, '
'^4U,
lineoiatus. 274.
Solenorh.ynch.us, 350.
elegans, 350. '
SOLENOSTOM.XTID.E. 379. |
Scricidens, 323.
baueri. 323. ;
Spanicdon, 48.
blondeii. 45.
brevis, 53. ^
electus, 45.
elonsatus. 51.
bakelensis. 274.
latus, 53.
lepturus. 54.
siinus, 53.
Sp.vriu.e. 524.
Sparisoma, 523.
Sparnodus. .324.
alriveiis. 525.
bowerbanki, 527. -
elonsatus. 526.
intiatus, .525.
intermedins. 528.
lethriniformis. 525.
raacrophthalmus, 525.
micracanthus. 525.
Sphaerodus {coni.\
conicus, 5.37.
depressus. 536.
discus, 536.
insignis. 537.
intermedins, .537.
kergomardius, .535.
lejeanianus, 530.
lens. 536.
ocuius-serpentis, 537.
parvus. 538.
polyodon, .545.
pygmteus. 535.
siibtruncatus, 536.
truncatus, 538.
wiechmanni. 538.
Sphaeebranchus.
.347.
formosissimus, 347.
Sphenocephaius.
387.
cataphractus. 388.
fissicaudus. 357.
Sphenolepis, Agassio,
275.
cuvieri, 277.
sau.amosseus. 276.
Sphyrrasna. 366.
amici 369.
boicensis, 366. /
microstomus. 527.
moioni. ,528.
ovalis, 525.
Sparoides. 537.
molassicus. .53i).
robusrus, 537.
spbtericus. 537.
Tenuis. 537.
umbonatus. 5.37.
Sparcsoma. 52
carinata, 204.
croatica, 365.
gracilis, 366.
intermedia, 367. - ^
»! It^ 1
Jb •i
►VI
'23.
ovaiis. 523.
c:et^
Sparus brama. 52"
Spams buicanus. 558.^
Sparus cbromis. 526
Sparus denrex, 525.
Sparus erytbrinus. 525.
Sparus macropbtbalmus.
525.
Sparus salpa, 526.
Sparus sargus. 525.
Sparus vulgaris. 525,
.527.
Spathcdactylus, 98.
major. -oi >8.
maxima. 366. .vr/#-*
speciosa, 368. 616. - -
sternbersensis, 369.
suessi. 368.
tvroiensis, 616.
viennensis, obbr ' ^ ..2
winkleri. 369.
SpEye-exidj;, 365. ^
Sphyraencdus, 473.
-±i 0. ,
conoideus, 476.
crassidens. 475.
gracilis, 469. ^ '
lin^uiatus. 467. , ' " *a. ?*'
priscus. 473. 2,
silovianus. 6)16.
speciosus. 616.
tenuis, 469.
Spinacanthus. 566.
blennioides, 560.
kirchberirana. 609.
neocomiensis. 9S.
Spinacites, 415.
lenricuiaris. till.
Sphaerodus. 5.37.
radiatus, 415.
provinciaiis. 611.
annularis. 535.
Sninax martrinatus,
-auvasrei, 611.
arada.sii. 545.
Squalius, 323.
ciencdcn. 190. I'.'J.
cinctus. oJS. 535.
arcirerus. .323.
lesiuaensis. 219.
cinuuiatus. 535.
bairdi. 323.
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IXDEX
^squaxius
yp.r
.aminaciis.
ooo
liearco. ;Jil.
posticii;
I’eadinai. Z'l'-j.
Stencstcma. 42C.
'oiiiuneila. 425.
Stephancdiis, 5.::;2.
siHendens. 5o2. ’ ' "
Sterecdns, -±76.
laeiitensis. 476.
3 1 rat cans. iSS.
angiicns. 77.
■apicaiis. lS9.
osvpogoa. I>0.
Stnnsia, 602.
.‘data. di.i2.
^TaOM.VTEIP-S. 410.
Styicdiis. 7.56.
lebe=eor:Cei. .55-’.
Suais. 'l l. '"5^
;Vil38mUS,
anaiieus. 651.
iatiirons. 651. 'ild.
'^Y:tG.NATUII>-E. 6>( '.
3Ymanathu3, 6:''-.‘
aiSltlS. 6 '6.
, ^ ~ .aloTi. 6.S2.
* *<1' 7 ^ > o
^ t’Otcensis.
I'i-eTif.-uiUS, 6t'^.6.
decked. 6''6.
dedii?i. 626.
OT)i->thoT3teru5. .72 1
'vpdle. 6'1.
Svncdcntis. 424.
Syncpnrys. .‘.16.
. I'Pci. 61. 6.
SymesiT-caus. r4.
Tacnynectes. t:
r;’.ciiVT)tervc:iu3.
-7k'. ‘
Itniaipes. 470.
■’laeroaaervtus
Tarsicathp-s.
eieiiane. 615.
'areiser. .d5.
Tatirinicdt hy s .
-Uioeenic'.is. 75.6.
iaciicn. .7,5.6.
T.,’i:oir-i c: nideas.
relapnclis. i::-.
'cepaa.LU5.
atati'iiiiatac. 4t
'iiuis. 4^5.
Taraticntnys. -
antiauuati:^. -47
Tetnecdas. --
-"e;>areao.
Tatraacncpt 31413.
.4VU5. 20S.
diznicicus. 208.
Tet rap rams. -90.
luinur. 116.
ni’iscus. 401.
Tetrcdcn. 571.
hisitidus. 576.
ii(tiiCiieiui. 576.
lawievi, 571.
pyarateus. 571.
c: e 1 1 - i.S . 4 * i .
TErniiDiD-E. .523.
Teathis. 523.
Tliauniataras. 160
fieiciimueiiei’i. 614.
elDpofatue. 614.
lureatus. 160. 614.
d’.s.atus. 160. 614.,
Tlarisscpater.
aiaanu^. 66.
liirtraiuDs. 6.5.
saiLuoiieus. tjo.
Xliriseon5 araciiis.
,.v^
'1.
<!•)
470.
■ •>
i:S(±o5 vexiiiirer. •
Thrisscptarcides. 54.
-JO: -e. Ci'.s. .j4.
inuernietuus. 55.
■’ aiiiCiier. 7i).
er’.iueers. 75.
Tlirisscpteras. tO.
'.aitUiiil. '0.
,rryptcaus. o ?, oJ,
ratundus. c5.
rO.
Tliynnich.th.p-s. Oii-O.
.i: oivostc'ii-a . 60.6.
Thy^.rxas. 4.54.
-pii'.'a'’a5taEU5. -^57.
•' doiceneis. Ti:57.
■ .anceoiacus.
’^iaEOvatus. 450.
pj'ODiei'ygius. -64.
-.roEiraue. -57.
seaiuiii. -x55.
tavnnu^. 455.
:oiiap’.cus. 458,
^'djiaris. 455.
Tliyrsites. 481.
7:ivisaroi.
Tliyrsiiccephalns.
— I 6.
■■doinii.'. 477.
— ?-!.)
-• w • O' a ,
I’ancorurrana. ..;16.
lurcara. 612.
.eo"i.-5 jtiia. .ji6.
'miti'a. 617.
Tinea
mac-roptei-ygia, 615.
'.aagna. 612.
micropygootera, 614.
jorr'anoaca. 316.
tarsia'er. 315.
Taidai-nensis. 315.
Tuio-aris. 615.
Titaniciithvs, Dames.
612.
T)barao. 612.
Temedon. !il2.
liorridcus. 612.
Tcmognathtis, 116.
mortiax, 117.
leiodus. 117.
Toxopoma, 613.
r)(jlituia. 0)1.3.
JTcxctes. 761.
.aitiauus. .50)1 .
Ta.\ci!ixit'.E. 580.
Tracninepiis, 591.
iberiea. 5yL
Trachinns, 590.
aracuneaui?. 5000
LteviLratas. ,5'.;0.
4)0.
590.
i:o0.
0 6.
iiiuraoais
seeiandic
veras. .59(5.
Trachp-nctns, -
reataeeits. -5(J.
Triacanthns. 566.
Trissnaspis. 173. 287.
vir'Eajatas, 14 7-
Tricninrichth^/s. 482.
incertas. 4'2.
Tnehiundes^. 429
mai-hnutus. 429.
laioerenas. a:2l.
Trichephanes .
eoaei. --16.
fodaruui. 416.
diane, 4l'>.
Trigia, 586.
a;.aiiincca. 557.
cor. 5 c 7.
eilipnca. .587.
inlausta. 556.
licatie. 586.
lyra. 5'C9.
nardii. 586.
simonejiii, .786,
TaiGLia.s. 5c5.
Trigicides, 586.
uata. 5o0,
dei;i:’aini. 7c6. ''b'd
ineiani'. 5c6
Tan cenecionsis. 5c6.
Trigcncdcn. -561.
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636
INDEX.
Tydeus, 257.
albyi, 257.
eiongatus. 257.
megistosoma, 257.
spiiekodes, 258.
, 2rT
Umbrina, 538.
pecchioiii. 538.
Uranoscspus, 590.
peruzzii, 590.
rastrum, 377.
Urencheiys, 337.
angiicus. 339.
\ avus, 337.
( yvk/t-^- -vw2.vv^-'<-^bakelensis, 538.
^7^' Uropterina, 146.
platyrachis, 158.
Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistularis, 376.
Vomer longispinus, 436.
Vomer parvuius, 451. '
Vomer prisons, 442.
Vomeropsis, 435. j
eiongatus, 437. i
longispinus. 436. |
yalenciennesi, 437. i
Xiphactinus, 92. i
audas, 92, 98. j
bracbygnathus, 97.
lestrio, 97.
Xiphias, 490. i
acutirostris. 357. I
antiquus,
dellbrtriei, 497.^
robustus, 49 / .
X1PH11D.E, 490.
Xiphopteras, 482.
falcatus. 482.
Xiphiorhynchus,
490.
elegans, 491.
Xiphiorhynchus
{con^.).
priscus, 491.
Zanclus, 4.50.
brevirostris, 450.
eocoenus. 450.
Zeus, 417.
benoisti. 417.
gallus, 449.
boernesi, 41 1
lewesiensis, 397.
licatm, 418.
platessa, 501.
pliocenieus, 418.
priscus, 516
regleyaianus, 501.
rbombeus, 439.
robustus, 418.
spinosus, 500.
triurus. 436.
vomer, 436.
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SYSTEMATIC INDEX
OP
GENERA AND SPECIES
DESCEIBED IN PART IV.
Page
Order ACTINOPTERYGrll (continued) .... I
Suborder IV. ISOSPONDYLI (continued) .... 1
Family LEPTOLEPID^ (continued) . 1
Lycoptera . I
- middendorffi . 2
- sinensis . 3
Family ELOPID^ . 7
Elopopsis . 8
- fenzli . 9
- microdon . 9
- - heckeK . 9
- crassus . 10
Osmeroides . 11
- lewesiensis . 11
- levis . 15
- gracilis . . 16
- lewisi . 17
- attenuatus . 19
PART lY, h
Xviii ’ SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family ELOPID^E (continued).
Osmeroides sardinioides .
- cretaceus .
Flops .
Megalops .
- priscus ....
- oblongus .
bTotelops .
- brama ....
Fbacolepis ....
- buccalis . . .
- latus ....
Thrissopater ....
- salmoneus .
- magnus
- (?) megalops .
Pachyrbizodus .
- basalis ....
- dibleyi ....
• - gardneri . '.
- latimentum . .
- subulidens
Esocelops .
- cavifrons .
Spaniodon ....
- blondeli . .
- elongatus . . .
- latus . ...
Thrissopteroides . .
- elongatus ...
- latus . . . .
- intermedius .
- tenuiceps . . .
- pulcher . . .
Protelops .....
- geinitzi . . . .
- anglicus
Page
19
20
22
24
24
26
27
27
29
30
32
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
40
42
43
46
46
48
48
51
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family ALBULID^
Albula
- oweni .
Chanoides . . .
- macropoma
Chanos
Prochanos
- rectifrons .
Ancylostylos
- gibbus
Istieus
- grandis . .
- macrocepbalus
- lebanonensis .
Anogmius
polymicrodus
Family OSTEOGLOSSID^ .
Dapedoglossus . .
- testis . . .
- aequipinnis
Brychsetns
- muelleri
Incertae sedis . . .
Plethodus
— ^ — expansus .
- pentagon . .
- oblongiis .
Thryptodus . . .
Family NOTOPTEEID^ .
Notopterus . .
- primaevns .
xix
Page
59
60
60
63
63
64
65
65
66
66
66
67
70 '
71
71
72
73
74
75
75
76
76
80
80
81
83
83
85
85
86
86
/
SYSTEifATIC INDEX.
Family CHIEOCE^s^TRID^ . .
Chirocentrus .
- •' (?) polyodon .
Platinx .
Chiromystus ....
- mawsoni .
Chirocentrites
- - coroninii
Portheus .
- molossns .
- mantelli
- daviesi ....
- gaultiniis .
Spathodactylus .
- neocomiensis .
Ichthyodecfces
- — ctenodon .
- anaides ....
- arciiatus .
- serridens .
- minor ....
- elegans . , . .
- - tenuideiis .
- lib aniens .
Cladocvclus ....
- gardneri . .
- lewesiensis
Sanrodon
- leanus ....
- pblebotomus . .
- intermedins
Sanrocephalns .
— — lancifonnis . .
- woodwardi . .
Incertae sedis ....
Tompgnathns
- - mordax ....
Page
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
95
95
95
98
98
99
100
100
101
101
102
103
104
105
107
108
109
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
116.
116
117
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CTE^^OTHEISSIDJE .
Ctenothrissa ....
- vexillifer .
- radians . . .
- microcephala .
Aulolepis ....
- typus ....
Family CLFPEIDEE ....
Pseudoberyx ....
- syriacus
- bottse ....
- grandis ....
Histiothrissa ....
- macrodactyla .
- crassapinna
Engraulis .
Halecopsis ....
- insignis ....
Scombroclupea . . .
- macrophthalma .
- gaudryi
Diplomystus ....
- dentatus
- brevissimus
- birdi ....
.
\ - longicostatiis .
- humilis
- altus ....
- vecteusis .
Clupea .
- scheuchzeri
- catopygoptera
- humilis
- crenata ....
- numidica .
- sardinites .
- spratfcus . .
xxii
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family SALMOI^ID^ . .
Salmo .
Mallotus ....
- villosus .
Family HALOSAURIDAE .
Echidnocephalus
- troscheli
Enchelurus
- villosus . . .
- syriacus
- anglicus
s
Family Jn'OTACAOTHIDEE .
Pronotacanthus .
- sahel-alm£e
Family DERCETIDEE . .
Dercetis ....
- scutatus . .
Leptotrachelus .
- armatus
- triqueter . . .
- gracilis . .
- hakelensis .
- elougatus .
Pelargorhynchus
- dercetiformis .
Family ENCHODONTID.^ .
Enchodus . . . .
- lewesiensis
- pulchellus . .
- annectens .
- faujasi .
- lemonnieri
- longidens .
Page
. 159
. 159
. 160
. 161
. 162
. 163
. 163
. 164
. 164
. 165
i 167
.’ 168
. 169
. 169
. 171
' 172
. 172
. 173
. 174
. 174
'. 180
. 184
. 184
. 188
. 188
.""l89
. 190
. 191
. 193
. 195
. 196
. 198
. 199
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xxiii
Pamily ENCHODONTID^ {continued).
Page
Enohodus major . 200
- gracilis . 201
- macropterus . 202
Eiirypholis . 207
- boissieri . 207
- freyeri . 210
V
Palseolycus . . 211
- dreginensis . 211
Halec . 212
- sternbergi . 212
- eupterygius . 213
- microlepis . . 218
- haueri . 219
Cimolichthys . 221
- lewesiensis . 221
- nepgeolica . 225
Prionolepis . 229
- angustus . . 230
- catapbra.ctus . 230
- laniatus . . 232
Leptecodon .......... 233
- rectus . . ■ . . . ■^ . 233
Pantopbolis . ....*. . . . . 234
Eamily SCOPELID^ . ■ ... 235
Sardinioides . 236
- monasteri . 237
- crassicaudus ' . 238
- megapterus . 239
- pusillus . . . 240
- attenuatus . 241
Acrognathus . 243
- boops ..... 243
- libanicus . 244
Leptosomus . . 244
— ^ — guestphalicus . 245
XXIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family SCOPELID-^ (continued).
Leptosomus elongatus .
- macrourus .
- minimus
Sardinius .
- cordieri . .
Dactylopogon
- grandis ....
Nematonotiis . . .
- bottae ....
Microcoelia ....
- granulata .
- libanica
Opisthopteryx . . .
*
- gracilis ....
Scopeloides . . . .
- glarisianiis
Parascopelus . ...
- lacertosus . ...
Anapterus . . . .
' - megistosoma . .
Apateodus . . . .
- glyph od us . . .
- striatus . . . ,
, - lanceolatus . .
Fhinellus . , . ' .
— - furcatus . . .
- ferox . . .
- damoni . . . .
Family GONOEHYNCHID^ .
Charitosomus
- formosus .
- major . . . .
- lineolatus . . .
- hakelensis . . .
!Yotogoneus . . . .
Page
. 245
. 245
. 246
. 247
. 247
. 248
. 249
. 249
. 250
. 252
‘ . 252
. 252
. 253
. 254
. 254
. 255
. 256
. 256
. 257
. 257
. 258
'. 258
. 260
. 264
. 265
. 266
. 267
. 268
. 271
. 271
. 272
. 272
. 274
. 274
. 275
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXV
Family GONOE-HTNCHID^^l {continued).
ISrotogoneus osculus .
- sqiiamossens .
- cuvieri .
- longiceps .
Page
275
276
277
278
Family CHIE0TIIEICID.8E ........ 279
V
Chirothrix . 280
- libanicns . 280
- lewisi . 283
- guestfalicus . 283
Telepholis . 284
- acrocephalus . 284
- (?) tenuis . 285
Exocoetoides . 286
- minor . 286
Family ESOCID^E . 287
Esox . 287
- lepidotus . 288
Family CYPEITODONTID^ ....... 289
Prolebias . 290
- cephalotes . 290
— — furcatus ........ 291
- gregatus . . 292
- stenoura . 292
- goreti . 293
- broDgniarti . 293
Pachylebias . . 294
t/
- crassicaudus . . 295
Suborder y. OSTARIOPHYSI . 296
Family CHAEACIYID^ . 297
Tetragonopterus . 298
- avus . 298
- ligniticus . 298
XXVI
\
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.
Family CYPUMID^ . .
•/
Catostomus
Amyzon
Cyprinus .
- priscus .
Earbus
- megacepbaliis
Tli}Tinichthys
- amblyostoma
Gobio ....
- analis .
Ambl}*pharyngoclon
Leuciscus .
- oeningensis
papyraceiis
colei
macrurus
leptus .
Tinea . . .
fnreata .
leptosoma
micropygoptera
tarsiger
Ebodeus
elongatus
- latior
Aspius . . .
- gracilis .
- minutus
Cobitis . .
- centrochir
- angustns
— — cepbalotes
Hexapsephus .
- gnentheri
Page
. 299
. 299
. 300
. 300
. 301
. 301
. 302
. 303
. 303
. 303
. 304
. 304
. 305
. 305
. 307
. 308
. 308
. 309
. 312
. 312
. 313
. 314
. 315
. 316
. 316
. 317
. 318
. 318
. 318
r 320
. 320
. 321
. . 321
. 322
. 322
SYSTEiTATIC INDEX.
XXVll
Family SILUEID^
Clarias ....
- falconeri
Heterobran clius .
- palseindicns
Silurus . . .
Pseudeutropius .
- verbeeki .
Hacrones .
- aor ...
Pita ....
Amiurus . . .
Ehineastes
Pucklandium
- diluvii . . ^ .
Arius .
- egertoni
- crassus . .
- (?) bartonensis
- iheringi
Bagarias . .
- gigas . . .
• * •
Page
324
324
324
325
325
325
326
326
327
327
328
328
329
330
330
330
331
332
333
333
335
335
Suborder Yl. APODES
Family MIJEHiHIDH]
Urenchelys .
336
336
337
- . . 337
- hakelensis . . . _ 333
- anglicus . . ; ^ 33^
Eomyrus . . ... 34Q
. 340
- latispinus . 340
- ven trails . ^
Bhynchorbinus . 349
- branchialis . .
- major . .
STSTEilATiC LN'DEX.
XXVlll
Family {continued).
Paranguilla .
- tigrina .
Anguilla .
leptoptera
elegans .
IS’ettastoma .
- bolcense
-'1
Page
343
343
344
344
345
346
346
Suborder YII. PERCESOCES .
FamHv CEOSSOGITATHID.E
Crossognathus .
- sabaudianus
SvUsemus .
*/
- latifrons
anglicus
Family AMIMODYTID^
Cobitopsis
acutus .
Family SCOMBEESOOIFAE
Belone . ,
- tennis .
Scombresox .
- obtnsirostris
Hemiramphus
. 347
. 348
. 348
. 349
350
. 351 !
. 351 I
357
358
Family ATKEEINID^ . 358
Atherina . . 359
- macrocepbala . 359
- aarmatica . . 360
- vardinis . . 360
Ehamphognathus . 361
- - paralepoides . 361
— - sphyraenoides . 362
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xxix
Page
Family MUGILID^ . 363
Miigil . 363
- priDceps . . 364
- radobojanus . . . . . 365
Family SPHYKJEIsHD^ . 365
Sphyrsena . 366
- bolcensis . . 366
- intermedia . 367
- suessi . 368
Suborder YIIT. HEMIBRANCHII . 369
Family AULOFHYYCHIF^ . . . 371
Protaulopsis . 371
- bolcensis . 371
Aulorhvnchus . 372
«/
— — sumatrensis . 373
Family FISTULAEIIDAE . 373
Fistularia . . " . , . , 374
— — koenigi . 374
- longirostris . 375
Aiilostoma . 375
^ .
^ - bolcense ... 375
Urosphen . 376
- dubia . 376
Family CENTEISCID^ . 377
Rbamphosus . 377
- aculeatus . 377
- biserratus . . . 378
Amphisile . . . 378
- heinrichi . 379
Family SOLEYOSTOMATID^ ....... 379
Solenorhynchus . 380
- elegans . 380
XXX
STSTElirATIC INDEX
Pamily SY^TGNATHID^
Pseudos^Tisrnatlius
•>< o
- opisthopterus
SipiionostoTiia
- albyi . .
Syngnathus .
Calamostoma .
- breviculum
Suborder IX. AC ANTE OFT ERY ail
Division A. Beryciformes . . .
Family BEBYCIDAE ....
Beryx . .
Sphenocephalus . .
- fissicaudus . ■ .
- cataphractus' . .
Acrogaster . . .
- parvus . .
‘ ‘ - brevicostatus . .
%
- beckeli . . . .,
- daviesi ....
^ " Pycnosterinx . ' . .
- russeggeri . . .
- discoides .
- gracilis ....
- dubius ....
Hoplopteryx ....
- antiquus . . .
- zippei ....
- - lewesiensis
- superbus . . .
- lundensis . . .
- lewisi ....
- syriacus
- stachei ....
Page
380 :l
381 -I
381 1
382
382
382
383
383
. 384 4
. 384
. 384
. 385 ^ ,
.387 'A
. 387 i
. 388 -
. 388 "
. 389 -rM
4.*.'
. 389 J
. 390 J
. 390 -.J
. 391
. 392
. 393
.394 ‘ ?
. 395
. 396 :
396
. 397
.397
.403
. 404
. 404
. 405
. 406
SYSTEIIATIC IlS'DEX.
xxxi
Pamily BEE-YCID^ (continued).
Dinopteryx .
Page
. 406
- spinosus . . . .
. 407
Homonotus .
...... 407
- dorsalis .
. 408
ifyripristis .
. 410
- leptacanthus .
...... 410
- homopterygius
. 411
Holocentrum .
. 412
- macrocephalum .
..... 412
- melitense ....
..... 413
Pamily APHEEDODERIDiE
. 416
FamUy CYTTID^ ...
Division B. Scombriformes ....
..... 418
Family STROIIATEID^ ....
. 419
Omosoma ......
. 419
- sabel-almae
. 419
- intermedium .
. 420
- pulchellum ... .
. .... 421
Platycormus ... . . .
. 421
— ^ — germanus . ...
. 421
Berycopsis .
..... 423
- elegans .
. 423
Pamily CAEAI^GID^ ....
..... 425
Aipichtbys . . .
. 427
- pretiosus ....
. 427
- - velifer .
. 427
- minor .
. 428
- nuchaEs ....
. 429
Semiophoms .
. 430
- velifer . . . . .
. .... 430
- velicans ....
. 431
Platax .......
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
xxxii
Family CAPtANGID-3^ (continued).
Platax woodwardi
Amphistium .
- paradoxum
Vomeropsis .
- longispinus
- elongatus .
- valenciennesi
Mene . . . .
- rhombeus .
- oblongus .
Caranx . . . .
Archaeus .
- glarisianus .
Seriola . . . .
- prisca .
lata • • •
- an alls .
Carangopsis .
- brevis . .
- dorsalis
Ductor ....
- leptosomus
Family SCOMBPU)^ .
Isuricbtbvs .
- macrurus .
- orientalis .
Thynnus .
- thynnus
- scaldisi .
— — lanceolatus
Eothynnus
- salmoneus .
Scomber . . .
Palimphyes . .
- elongatus .
Page
. 432
. 434
. 434
. 435
. 436
. 437
. 437
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 441
. 442
. 442
. 444
. 444
. 445
. 445
. 446
. 446
. 447
. 448
. 448
. 451
. 453
. 453
. 453
. 454
. 45 o
. 455
. 456
. 457
. 457
. 459
. 460
. 460
SYSTEMATIC IIIDEX. XXXllL
Family SCOMBRID^ {continued).
Page
Scombrinus . 461
- uuchalis . 461
- macropomus 462
Auxis . 463
— — (?) propterygius . 464
Cybium . 465
- speciosiim . 466
- bleekeri . 466
- excelsum ......... 467
- bartonense . 467
- lingulatum . 469
Eocoelopoma . 470
- colei . 470
- curvatiim . . 472
Sphyraenodus . 473
- priscus . 473
Scombramphodon . 474
- benedeni . 474
- curvidens ......... 474
- crassidens . .' . 475
^ Thyrsitocephalus . 476
- alpinus . . 477
Xepidopus . 477
- glarisianus . 477
- brevicauda . 480
- albyi . 480
Family PALAEORHYNCHIDAE ...... 482
Palaeorhyncbus . 483
- glarisianus . 483
- longirostris . 486
- zitteli . 487
Hemirhynchus . . 488
•/
- deshayesi ......... 488
- colei . 488
XXXIV
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX
Pamily XIPHIID.^ .
Xiphiorhynchus
- elegans .
- priscus .
Acestrus .
- ornatus
Histiophorus .
- eocoeriicus
- rotundas
Division C. Perciformes . .
Pamily PEDCIDAE .
Prolates . .
- heberti .
Acanus
- spinosus .
- regleysianus
Dates
gracilis .
Cyclopoma
gigas
(?) micracanth
Smerdis . .
- minutus
- formosus
macrurus
Labrax
- ubinoi .
- schizurus
oeningensis
Percichthvs
antiquus
Properca
angusta
beaumonti .
(?) prisca .
um
Page
. 490
. 490
. 491
. 491
. 494
. 494
. 495
. 495
. 495
. 497
. 498
iS
499
499
500
500
501
502
502
504
504
504
506
506
507
507
509
' 510
510
511
514
514
514
515
515
516
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXV
Family PEE/CID.^ (^continued).
Page
Mioplosus . . 517
- labracoides . 517
Perea . 518
Family TEFTHIPID^ . •’ ... 523
Family SPAPID.^E . • . 524
Sparnorlus . . . 524
- macrophthalmus . . . 525
- elongatus . 526
- microstomus . 527
- bowerbanki . 527
Sargiis . . 529
- orauensis . 529
- laticoniis . 529
, i
Trigonodoii . 531
- oweni . . 531
- serratus . 531
Pagellus . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Pagrns . . . 533
Chrysophrys . 534
Family SClMmDJE . . 538
Family LABRIDEE ... . . 539
Labrus . . . 539
Julis . . . . . . 541
Labrodon . 541
- superbus . 542
- canariensis . 542
Phyllodus . 546
- toliapicus . . 546
Egertonia . . 550
- isodonta . 551
Platvlsemus . 551
•/
- colei . 551
Pseudosphaerodon . . 552
- hilgendorfi . 552
xxxvi
*
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.
Page
Eamily CHROMID-® ....
. 55-4
Priscacara ....
. 554
- serrata ....
. 554
- - cUvosa ....
. 554
Division D. Chsetodontiformes . .
. 556
Family CHATODONTID.S: . .
. 556
Pygseus .
. 557
coleanus
. 5oV
Proantigonia ....
. 558
Ephippus .
. 559
- rhombus . . .
. . . . . . 559
' Family ACP-ONURID.^ .
. 562
Aulorhamphus . . .
. 562
Apostasis . . , . .
. 563
Acanthurus . . . / .
. 563
Naseus . ....
. 564
- - rectifrons .
. 564
Family BALISTID^E . . . .
. . . . . . 565 -
Spinacanthus . . .
. . ... . 566
Acanthopleurns . . .
. 566
- serratus
...... 567
Acant-hoderma .
. 568
- spinosum .
. 568
Ostracion .
. 569
Family GYMNODONTID^ . .
. 570
Tetrodon . . • ^ • •
. 571
Diodon . . . . . ;. .
. 571
- erinaceiis . .
...... 572
- scillae ....
. 572
- sigma ....
...... 573
- vetus ....
. . 573
Orthagoriscus . . .
. . 576
(M (M
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXVll
Page
Division E. Scorpaeniformes . 576
Eamily SCOEP-^ENID^E . 577
Ampheristiis . 577
- toliapicus . 577
Eamily COTTID.iE . 580
Eocottus . 580
- veronensis ......... 581
Lepidocottus . . 581
- aries . 582
- brevis . . 582
- papyraceus ........ 583
- multipinnatus . 584
Cottus . 585
Family TRIGLID^ . . . '. . 585
Division E. Gobiiformes .......... 587
Eamily GOBIID^ . 587
Eamily TEACHINIDiE . 589
Callipteryx . . . . , ... . . 589
- speciosus . . 589
- - recticaudus . 589
Division G. Blenniiformes . . . . . 591
Eamily BLOCHIID^ . 591
Blochiiis . 593
- iongirostris ........ 593
Family BLENNIID-^E . 595
Pterygocephalus . 595
- paradoxus . 595
^ ^ ' [j^ 'T/'cr^- Vi/i^P^. 30 3^ l<^ w.^'^Mo*^
l^y'] J^'
^<^(Ayy/<c^ t^o’^ )^)<- x/’// . / 7^^' ^ ^t-r ^ oiy^, (^f^
v^(rf. X/V Sy^'T Jtf' ^-/v* ^!£^:yj2i^Ji^j!y> ^
'■: ^/>vc/ ^/>A.</r'A^^xA^ JJ.^ejYeK^ Y7Y^ ■ CZy/'*!^*:/^
I . /YZstAY.' /I aYiY^u^ . y^ . k'^/. y /- 5^ S^'-4<^o .
! </C. 'Y/^ek /S^ .vf K /7^©/k K-fl^^ / ^ 2 S' f /» -^2^, /S^au,A^ /f JY/a
"^^*7' A~c»..,^>^ Y’'ZA^^y f^St'Z. /^. z s^ ^y
\ y/7. At?^vv /* {r^^Y',
jXc.
Chieocentkid^.
115
Env. Sainte-Croix (1858), p. 52, pi. vii. fig. 4. Proto-
sphyrcena albensis^ H. E. Saiivage, Hull. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Yonne, vol. xxxiii. pt. ii. (18^79), p. 51. — Aptian ; Sainte
Croix (Switzerland) and Yonne (France).
Saurocephalus ? dispar, E. Hebert, Hem. Soc. Geol. France, ["2]
vol. V. (1855), p. 352, pi. xxvii. fig. 5 ; H. B., Geinitz,
Palseontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.. (1875), p. 225, pi. xliii.
fig. 11. — Senonian Hendon, France. Turonian ; lYein-
bohla, Saxonv.
SaurocepJialus fajumensis,^ . Dames, Sitznngsb. k. prenss. Akad.
AViss., phys.-math. Cl. vol. vi. (1883), p. 147, pi. iii..
fig. 12 ; F. Priem, Bull. Soc. Geok. France, [3] vol. xxvii.
(1899), p. 245, pi. ii. figs. 18, 19. — Lower Tertiary ;
Birket-el-Qiirun, Fajum, Egypt. [Probably teeth of
Cyhiwm; Royal Natural History Huseum, Berlin.]
Saurocephalus incequalis, G. von Hiinster, Beitr. Petrefakt.
pt. vii. (1846), p. 26, pi. ii. tig. 21. — Lower Tertiary ;
Grinzing, ATenna.
Saurocephalus injiexus, F. J. Pictet, op. cit. 1858, p. 51, pi. vii.
fig. 3 . Protosphyrcma injlexa, H. E. Sanvage,. loc. cit.
1879, p. 51, pi. iii. figs. 13, 14. — Neocomian ; Sainte
Croix and Yonne.
Saurocephalus inonasterii, G. von Hiinster, op. cit, pt. vii.. (1846),
p. 48, pi. iii. fig. 15. — Upper Jurassic ; Linden, Hanover.
[Probably Hegalosaurian.]
Saurocephalus picteti, E. Arnaud, Ann. Soc. Lit. Sci. Apt (Yau-
cluse), vol. i. (1865), p. 73, figs. 1-3. — Upper Cretaceous
(Aptian) ; Apt, AHucluse.
Saurocephalus substriatus, G. von Hiinster, op. cit. pt. vii. (1846)^
p. 26, pi. ii. fig. 20. — Hiocene; Neudorfl.
There are numerous fragmentary Cretaceous fossils in the Col¬
lection which seem to belong to undetermined Chirocentridae.
Among these the following may be enumerated : —
P. 4859. Imperfect caudal fin described and figured by J. AY. Davis,
Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. (1887), p. 501,
pi. xxiv. fig. 1, as Chondrosteus?’’ ; Upper Cretaceous,
Sahel Alma, Ht. Lebanon. Lewis Coll.
47190. Hinder caudal vertebrae and base of caudal fin; Gault,
Folkestone. Gardner Coll.
P. 9019. Chain of small vertebrae and fragmentary pectoral fin,
probably of two distinct fishes ; Gault, Folkestone.
Presented by F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., 1 899.
i2
116
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
4078. Three caudal verlebrse erroneously referred to Tetrapterus
minor by L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. (1837-44), pt. i.
p. 92, pi. lx a. figs. 11-13 ; Chalk, Lewes. See Part III.
p. 406. Mantell Coll,
25838. Three associated caudal vertebrae named Tetraptemis minor,
Ag., by F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex (1850), p. xiii, pi. xxxi.
fig. 16 ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
The following imperfectly known genera and species may also
perhaps be referred to the Chirocentridae, but there are no examples
in the Collection: — >\
Andreiopleura vetustissima, 0. G. Costa, Atti P. Accad. Sci<v'^_^V
Napoli, vol. ii. (1865), no. 16, p. 27, pi. ii. (quoted as '
A. esimia on p. 10). — Upper Cretaceous ; Pietraroja,
Prov. Benevento, Italy. [Imperfect trunk ; Geological
Museum, University of Naples.]
^A^Coel/)g aster anolis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 304 (name
only). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
Pnjmnetes longiventer, E. D, Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1871), p. 52. — Cretaceous or Tertiary; Tuxtla Chiapas,
Mexico. [Nearly complete fish ; National Museum,
Y^ashington.]
The caudal region of a fish from the Cretaceous of Lesina,
Dalmatia, which also seems to belong to the Chirocentridae, is
described by F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw.
Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 212, pi. xvi.
INCERT^ SEDIS (? efiiitOeENTPTD.E).
Genus TOMOGNATHUS, Dixon.
[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 376.]
A genus known only by the head, which is short and deep and
much laterally compressed, with excessively shortened rostral region.
Skull with a delicate median occipital crest extending as far for¬
wards as the back of the large orbit ; cleft of the mouth horizontal,
also terminating at a point opposite the hinder border of the orbit ;
dentigerous half of mandible slender, its hinder half deepened.
Teeth hollow and conical, enamelled only in their distal half, and
directly fused with the jaw, not implanted in sockets ; those of the
premaxilla and the symphysial end of the dentary much enlarged,
while those of the maxilla are relatively small, decreasing in size
e-v-a
i^. 5^ ,
(^. t/^, /9oS /77e4^ Sdz-
CLt^eA. ^ /^a.(^i^t' . -^o \ /. /'Z ^ ^ 'i u 7^^ tf.^-t^- f7>-^ ).
a-c oic^ .' — “
it<. //A 7<;-^.-
C^^l/i,Wv^* ff\./>\/^ y (r'^^SyVry^ ci .
fM, ,
*
..V
/r-^ oto-Tg , Xj-nrs/c.y-i>^~aX ^ <£?,«.,
/P^O^. /?^/^- (^ . y vr/. yi>. 30'^'^’ ) .
' h- ^
/• 4^/ xx/>r. j^p, St
CHIROCEXTRID.E. 117
backwards ; a series of small teeth on the ectopterygoid, and
another very small series within the conspicuous row of mandibular
teeth, this extending a little backwards upon the elevated coronoid
region. Opercular apparatus complete, with some slender branchios-
tegal rays. •
Tomognathus mordax,. Dixon.
1850. Tomognathus mordax, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p..376, pi. xxxv.
fig' 1-
1850. Tomognathus leiodus, F. Dixon, ibid, p. 377, pL xxx. fig. 31.
[Mandibular rami ; British Museum.]
1888. Tomognathus mordax, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc.
vol. X. p. 313.
Tgpe. Imperfect skull, with jaws.
The type species, the head with opercular apparatus attaining a
length of 0’07.- Orbit occupying nearly half the total length of the
head, the maxilla nearly three and a half times as long as its maxi¬
mum depth, and the mandibular ramus a little more than three
times as long as its maximum depth. The robust jiremaxillce fused
together, and each bearing four large teeth gradually decreasing in
size from the middle line to the side ; these teeth scarcely tumid at
the base, nearly straight, enamelled and faintly fluted in their
distal half. None of the maxillary teeth more than half as large
as the latter, very slender, and rapidly becoming small in the very
close series behind about eight teeth in the ectopterygoid series as
large as the anterior maxillary teeth. Outer mandibular teeth
closely similar to those of the premaxilla, but those at the sym¬
physis a little more tumid at the base and incurved at the apex ;
the foremost tooth relatively small, the next three the largest, then
another small one as the first of a diminishing series of about six to
eight teeth. Width of operculum nearly equalling one quarter the
length of the skull; suboperculum wider than deep; both destitute
of superficial ornament.
Form. Log. Turonian Kent, Sussex, and Surrey.
P. 9237. Imperfect skull in counterpart halves of a block of chalk ;
unknown locality in S.E. England. The otic region of
the skull, the pterygo-quadrate arcade (with teeth on the
ectopterygoid), and the right mandibular ramus are dis¬
played. History unknown.
P. 4844. Imperfect skull exhibiting part of the median occipital
crest, the right postfrontal, the hollowed frontal region,
the premaxillae, right maxilla, and the mandible; S.E.
England. Purchased, 1885.
118
ACTINOriEKYGIT.
39051. Eemains of mandible showing the bases of the two series of
teeth on the ^ight side; S.E. England. Boiuerbanh Coll.
P. 4791. laws of small specimen showing the parasphenoid, possible
palatines, and the extent of the angular bone of the
'mandible ; S.E. England.
Presented by Sir Richard Owen., K.C.B.., 1884.
P. 6460. Remains of head showing the right ectopterjgoid denti¬
tion ; S.E. England. The left hyomandibiilar is also
well shown. BecMes Coll.
P.1701. Fragmentary remains of head, pectoral arch and pectoral
fins ; Kent. The inner mandibular teeth and the ecto-
pterygoid teeth are displayed, also the much-expanded
hyomandibular. The pectoral fin-rays seem to have been
a little widened and articulated in the distal half. There
are no traces of the vertebral column. Ecyerton Coll.
P. 3849. Jaws, displaying a coarse tubercular ornament on the
maxilla ; Kent. Traces of the inner mandibular and
ectopterygoid teeth are distinct. Enniskillen Coll.
41684. Fragmentary remains showing toothed ectopterygoid; Lower
'Chalk, Burham, Kent. Toulmin Smith Coll.
49058, 49032. Parts of two small heads, the second displaying the
premaxillee from the inner side; Burham.
Mrs. Smith's Coll.
?. 1702. Various fragmentary specimens, one showing the oper¬
culum, suboperculum, and preoperculum ; Burham.
Egerton Coll.
P.7646. Another fragmentary large skull ; Burham. Brodie Coll.
P. 5675-76. One small imperfect skull, one upper jaw showing
pterygoids, and two mandibular rami ; Burham. The
skull exhibits part of the occipital crest, the inner man¬
dibular teeth, and the toothed ectopterygoid.
Harford Coll.
38172. Fragment; Lower Chalk, Rochester. Purchased., \^Q\.
39050. Head with opercular apparatus ; Lower Chalk, Chatham.
Bowerbank Coll.
49761-62, -66. Three fine heads, the second showing part of the
occipital crest ; Lower Chalk, Southeram, near Lewes.
Capron Coll.
3^0 S'/. e/? /-
y^’^' / ^ j ^ ^yfJtyy/' ^yyy
yy/y^y^/.
^xy. c/? /y /^ 0^^ y/y y x x / x . y^ -
^-i^) y y^y) x9.SM. /^/)?, /. yyo, //. x><fK^j^/- «?•
3j0^. ^t^Jyfyt ^,f./r.y^yP /.yy^^/, ^ xx/x-^- /
//. yy.^() . '7^*!*yy^ cZ^i'^. ya.y4^.
2? 3^ 4^^. j^. 2 /j. /Zxx/V.^ jl
3 u^.S*.l^- /<i^o ft^
/^o, y^xx/'x-T^^. 3y.^ /^)^
CniEOCENTRID^. — CTEKOTHEI8SID Jil.
119
49763. Imperfect jaws ; Souttieram. Capron CoU.
49764-65. Detached left dentary and a small skull, both frag¬
mentary; Lower Chalk, Amberley Pit, Arundel.
Capron CoU.
P. 3849. Fragmentary jaws ; Arundel. EnnishiUen Coll.
49767-68. T wo small fragmentary heads ; Lower Chalk, Dorking,
Surrey. Capron Coll.
25925. Imperfect left mandibular ramus and another fragmentary
mandible, the first figured by Dixon, op. cit.., as the type
of a distinct species, Tomognatlius leiodus ; Washington,
Sussex. Dixon CoU.
The following specimens are not specifically determined : —
P. 6460 a. Demains of small head and opercular apparatus, remark¬
able for the very large size of the anterior teeth, which
are especially tumid at the base, incurved and not fluted
even in the apical portion ; Chalk, S.E. England. The
nutritive foramina in the dentary are large, while the
operculum and suboperculum are covered with small pits
which have a raised border. Deckles CoU.
47242. Fragmentary remains of a large head, exhibiting a non-
fluted anterior mandibular tooth ; Chalk Marl, Dover.
Gardner Coll.
37325. Fragment of small head ; Chalk Marl, Dover.
Purchased.^ 1863.
Family CTENOTHRISSID^F.
V
Supraoccipital bone prominent, but parietals partly meeting in
the middle line; squamosal reduced and apparently fused with
pterotic; snout not produced; cheek-plates reduced. Premaxilla
small and maxilla relativelj^ large and loose, both these bones
entering the upper border of the mouth ; two snpramaxillaries ;
teeth acuminate, but feeble. Opercular apparatus complete, but
few branchiostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well
ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the
abdominal cavity. Fin-fulcra absent, and simple rays in front of
dorsal fin slightly spaced ; post-temporal bones in contact with
postero-lateral angles of cranium ; post-clavicular plate overlapped
by the clavicle ; pelvic fins relatively large and advanced far for¬
wards. Scales thin and deeply imbricating.
/^O, /^Xx/X-T^^^- 31,.. /?fL
CnrROCENTRID^. — CTENOTHRISSID^.
119
49763. Imperfect jaws ; Soutlieram. C apron Coll.
49764-65. Detached left dentary and a small skull, both frag¬
mentary; Lower Chalk, Amberley Pit, Arundel.
Capron Coll.
P. 3849. Fragmentary jaws ; Arundel. Enniskillen Coll.
49767-68. T wo small fragmentary heads ; Lower Chalk, Dorking,
Surrey. Capron Coll.
25925. Imperfect left mandibular ramus and another fragmentary
mandible, the first figured by Dixon, op. cit.., as the type
of a distinct species, Tomognathus leiodus ; Washington,
Sussex. Dixon Coll.
The following specimens are not specifically determined : —
P. 6460 a. Domains of small head and opercular apparatus, remark¬
able for the very large size of the anterior teeth, which
are especially tumid at the base, incurved and not fluted
even in the apical portion ; Chalk, S.E. England. The
nutritive foramina in the dentary are large, while the
operculum and suboperculum are covered with small pits
W'hich have a raised border. Deckles Coll.
47242. Fragmentary remains of a large head, exhibiting a non-
fluted anterior mandibular tooth ; Chalk Marl, Dover.
Gardner Coll.
37325. Fragment of small head ; Chalk Marl, Dover.
Purchased.^ 1863.
Family CTENOTHDISSIDiE.
t/
Supraoccipital bone prominent, but parietals partly meeting in
the middle line; squamosal reduced and apparently fused with
pterotic ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates reduced. Premaxilla
small and maxilla relatively large and loose, both these bones
entering the upper border of the mouth ; two supramaxillaries ;
teeth acuminate, but feeble. Opercular apparatus complete, but
few branchiostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra "well
ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs nearly encircling the
abdominal cavity. Fin-fulcra absent, and simple rays in front of
dorsal fin slightly spaced ; post-temporal bones in contact with
postero-lateral angles of cranium ; post-clavicular plate overlapped
by the clavicle ; pelvic fins relatively large and advanced far for¬
wards. Scales thin and deeply imbricating.
120
ACTINOPTERTGII.
An extinct family, of the Cretaceous period, known only by two
genera, one with ctenoid scales (Ctenothrissa)^ the other with cycloid
scales (Aulolepis).
Genus CTENOTHRISSA, A. S. Woodward.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. iii. 1899, p. 490.]
Head large, trunk fusiform and laterally compressed. Maxilla
robust and arched ; mandible a little prominent, and gape not
extending behind the middle of the large orbit. Yertebrse 30 to
40 in number, half being caudal. Dorsal fin much deepened,
occupying about half of the back ; anal fin small ; caudal fin deeply
forked. Scales pectinated, large and regularly arranged, none
enlarged or thickened, and no ventral ridge-scales ; lateral line
conspicuous.
Fig. 6.
Ctenothrissa vexillifer ; restoration, slightly enlarged.
CtenotLrissa vexillifer (Pictet).
[Text-figure 6.]
1850. Beryx vexillifer , F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 8, pi. i.
fig. 1.
1866. Beryx vexillifer, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Hech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 30, pi. ii. figs. 1-3.
/7f. CrU.
^ _ _ — - - ‘ /:>■// 3 ,
/^. Si .
<r^ir>9. /^’ /^.
CTENOTHEISSIDiE.
121
1887. Beryx vexilUfcr, J. W. Davis, Trans. Doj. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 508, pi. xix. fig. 2.
1899. Ctenorhrissa vexillifer, A. S. Woodward, xAnn. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. iii. p. 490.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*07. Length of
head with opercular apparatus approximately equal to the maxi¬
mum depth of the trunk and contained about one and a half times
in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Vertebrae 30 in number. Pectoral fins about half as long as the
pelvic pair, which are inserted beneath the former and comprise 8
stout rays, the foremost only articulated distally, the others both
di’ ided and articulated distally, the longest when adpressed to the
trunk reaching the anal fin ; dorsal fin comprising from 18 to 20
rays, none spinous, about the sixth being the longest, and its length
equalling two thirds the depth of the trunk at its insertion ; two
thirds of the dorsal fin situated in the anterior half of the back,
and the anal fin, with 13 or 14 rays, arising opposite its posterior
third ; the articulations of all the fin-ravs rather distant. Scales
very finely pectinated.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 90. Large specimen, distorted by fracture across abdominal
region. Lewis Coll.
49493, P. 88, P. 5999. Three specimens, a little deepened by dis¬
tortion, the second associated with a smaller fish on the
same slab. Lewis Coll.
P. 89, P. 91. Two specimens from 0-06 to 0*065 in length, scarcely
distorted. Lewis Coll.
49496, P. 107. Twm well-preserved smaller specimens, the first
displaying about 8 branchiostegal rays. Leiuis Coll.
P. 9238. Portion of small fish displaying dorsal fin, in counterpart.
History unknown.
P. 93. Very small distorted specimen. Lewis Coll.
The following fi.sh may possibly be a large individual of this
species, deepened by distortion during fossilisation : —
P. 4759. Imperfect fish described as the type specimen of Beryx
ovalis by J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
(1887), p. 508, pi. xxvii. fig. 4 ; Hakel. The cranium is
so much broken and displaced that the frontal bones are
122
ACTINOPTERTGII.
exposed from above. The narrowness of the opercular
apparatus and the form of the preoperculum are well
shown in impression. The vertebrae cannot be distinctly
counted, but they do not appear to exceed 30 in number.
Xot more than 8 rays can be observed in either of the
pelvic fins, which are crushed together. The dorsal fin
shows at least 18 rays, and the foremost, though un¬
divided, can scarcely be described as spines. The posterior
ra3\s of the anal fin do not extend any nearer to the
caudal fin than in the tj’pical C. vex'dlifer. Lewis ColL
Ctenothrissa radians (Agassiz).
[Plate X. figs. 1-4.]
183d-38. Beryx radians, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feiiill. p. oo, and
vol. iv. pp. 4, 118, pi. b. fig. 7, pi. xiv c. figs. 7-9.
1888. Beryx radians, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 326, pi. i. fig. 9.
1899. Ctenothrissa radians, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iii. p. 491.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A robust species, attaining a length of about 0*25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained about twice in the length from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Head and oper¬
cular apparatus with a fine rugose ornament; the supramaxillaries
remarkably short and deep ; operculum about twice as deep as
broad. YertebrEe approximately 40 in number. Pelvic fins with 7
or 8 stout rays which, when adpressed to the trunk, extend to the
anal fin ; dorsal fin arising opposite a point just behind the inser¬
tion of the pelvic fins ; anal fin, with at least 12 rays, arising
opposite the hinder end of the dorsal fin. Scales moderately large ;
lateral line extending along the ninth series above that which forms
the ventral border of the flank ; all the scales very finely serrated
and deeply pectinated, those of the anterior portion of the fish also
slightly rugose or tuberculated.
Form,. ^ Log. Turonian : 'S.E. England.
4029. Type specimen, described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ;
Lower Chalk, Lewes, Sussex. The appearance of a spine
in front of the pelvic fins is proved by other specimens to
be deceptive. Mantell Coll.
P. 5418. Imperfect fish, displaying the characteristic mandible,
/
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CTEXOTH RISSID2E,
123
maxilla, and supramaxillaries, and the flattened ventral
face of the abdominal region ; Lewes.
Presented hy P. E. C combe, Esq., 1888.
25840. Fractured specimen, vtdth remains of the anal and caudal
tins ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
41775. Imperfect specimen, the parts somewhat scattered; Lower
Chalk, Burham, Kent. There are remains of the large
dorsal and pelvic fins. Purchased, 1869:.
47911. Smaller specimen, displaying postclavicular plates, well-
preserved scales, and remains of the dorsal, caudal, and
pelvic iplv.) tins, shown of the nat. size in PI. X. fig. 1 ;
Burham. Presented by the Bon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
P. 390-1. Two imperfect fishes, the second rather small, both
displaying the vertebrae ; probably from Lower Chalk,
Burham. The vertebral centra are comparatively small,
and the first specimen proves them to have been about
40 in number. Presented by the Earl of Dude, 1881.
25936. Much-distorted specimen ; Sussex. The imperfect cranium
is shown in side view, and the basicranial axis is observed
to be sharply bent upwards immediately in front of the
otic region. Dixon Coll.
4022-23. Fragmentary specimen in counterpart ; Lewes. The
cranial roof is imperfectly displayed. Mantell Coll.
49873. Feebly ornamented specimen, in counterpart; Lower Chalk,
Dorking, Surrey. Capron Coll.
49879. Bemains of small head and trunk ; Lower Chalk, Lewes.
There are traces of an ossified sclerotic capsule.
C apron Coll.
44836 a. Fragmentary remains of head and trurdc ; Grey Chalk,
Clayton Railway Tunnel, Sussex, 380 feet below the
surface. The maxilla bears a series of very small blunt
teeth. Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
P. 4843. Imperfect head and trunk, partly shown, nat. size, in
PI. X. fig. 2 ; Lower Chalk, Kent. The external orna¬
ment is well preserved. The complete right maxilla {mx.)
and supramaxillaries {s.mx.) are displaced forwards,
exposing the remarkably deepened hinder half of the
mandible, in which the suture between the angular {ag.)
124
ACTINOPTERYGII.
and dentary (d.) is distinct. There is a narrow sub-
orbital ring of cheek-plates, deeply channelled for the
sensory canal ; and below this the cheek is covered with
scales like those of the trunk. Purchased^ 1 885.
47912-13. More fragmentary specimen displaying same features,
also a smaller fragment ; Burham.
Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsliam^ 1877.
P. 6418 a. Remains of head and trunk with paired fins ; Lewes.
Presented hy P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.
49083. Remains of head and trunk with paired fins ; probably
from Rurham. Mrs. Smith's Coll.
P. 7652. Fragment with part of dorsal fin ; Kent.
Purchased, 1895.
P. 1946. Imperfect trunk ; Rurham. Egerton Coll.
49077. Imperfect head, some scales, and part of dorsal fin ; probably
fiom Rurham. The relatively small premaxillae are
apparently shown, one bearing minute teeth.
Mrs. Smith's Coll.
P. 5699. Retter-preserved head, the right side shown of the
natural size in PI. X. fig. 3, and noticed in Ann. Mag.
Xat. Hist. [7j vol. iii. (1899), p. 491; Kent. Roth
premaxilla (pmoo.) and maxilla (mx.) bear minute teeth :
and the large supramaxillaries (s.mx.) are well preserved.
AU the bones of the opercular apparatus are displayed.
Harford Coll.
49052. Fragment displaying maxilla, inner aspect, with minute
blunt teeth ; probably from Rurham. Mrs. Smith's Coll.
39429. Fragment showing length of pelvic fins, figured in Proc.
Geol. Assoc, vol. x. pi. i. fig. 9 ; Kent. Rowerhank Coll.
25862. Fragment of squamation ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.
Ctenothrissa microcephala (Agassiz).
[Plate X. figs. 5, 6.]
1835-38. Reryx microcephalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55,
and vol. iv. pp. 4, 119, pi. xiv b. figs. 3-6, pi. xiv c. fig. 10.
1850. Reryx microcephalus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 372, pi. xxxiv.
fig. 3.
1850. Reryx radians, F. Dixon, ibid. p. 371, pi. xxxvi. fig. 4 (errore).
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CTEXOTHEISSin^.
125
1883. Berxjx miwocephalus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 327.
1899. Ctenothrissa microcephala, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag-. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. iii. p. 491.
Tifpe. Imperfect fish ; British Wuseiim.
All elongated species, attaining a length of about O’ 15. Length
of head with opercular apparatus equal to the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained about twice in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Head and fins as in
C. radians^ except that the pelvic fins appear to be less elongated.
Scales very large, the lateral line extending along the fourth series
above that which forms the ventral border of the flank ; serrations
of scales coarser than in C. 7’adians.
Form. Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
4034, 4036. The two type specimens described and figured by
Agassiz, Joe. cit. ; Lower Chalk, Lewes, Sussex. In the
first specimen, the short, toothed premaxillae are distinct
in front of the maxillae ; in the second specimen, part of
the maxilla bears similar blunt teeth. Mantell Coll.
25887. Small specimen erroneously referred to “ Beryx ” radians
by Dixon, loc. cit. ; Lower Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
P. 6466-68. Th ree large specimens, variously imperfect ; Lower
Chalk, S.E. England. BecMes Cold.
P. 392. Imperfect fish showing general proportions ; Lower Chalk,
S.E. England. Presented Jyy -the Earl of Ducie^ 1881.
49881. Eine but imperfect specimen displaying the toothed maxilla,
a supramaxilla, a preoperculum, parts of the fins, and the
scales of the displaced squamation ; Lower Chalk, Beigate,
Surrey. There is an ovoid scale between the bases of
the pelvic fins. Capron Coll.
49874. More imperfect smaller fish, showing frontal region of
cranial roof and maxillae ; Lewes. Capron Coll.
49875. Portion of small head and abdominal region ; Clayton,
Sussex. Capron Coll.
P. 5419. Small trunk, showing pectoral and pelvic fins, associated
with another fish ; Lewes.
Presented hy P. E. Coombe., Esq.., 1888.
49876. Imperfect small specimen, wanting tail ; Lower Chalk,
Glynde, near Lewes. Capron Coll.
126
ACTINOrTERYGIl.
49884. Another imperfect specimen, displaying piremaxilla, maxilla,
supramaxillaries, and small pectoral lin ; Arundel, Sussex,
Cajpron Coll.
41688-89. Partly displaced remains of typical specimen, and a
fragment ; Lower Chalk, Burhani, Kent. The second
specimen is shown from below, nat. size, in PI, X. fig. 6,
and displays the base of the pelvic fins {plv.).
■' Toiihnin Smith Coll.
47914-15. Two small specimens, with incomplete head and tail ;
Burham. Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
P. 1945, P. 1946, -a. Good specimen and two fragments ; Burham.
The third is shown, nat. size, in PL A. fig. 5. Eyerton Coll.
49013. Bemains of large fish, displaying eight rays in each pelvic
fin, the foremost very stout but distinctly articulated
distally ; probably from Burham. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
49014, 49049-51. yerticall3^-crushed small head and abdominal
region, also three fragments; probably from Burham.
Mrs. Smith's Coll.
P. 5681. Two larger specimens ; probabl}^ from, Burham.
Harford Coll.
P. 6534. Fragments ; Blue Bell Hill, Burham.
Presented by S. J. Hawkins, Esq., 1891.
39075. Fragment; Kent. Bowerbank Coll.
Genus AUIjOLEPIS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. ii. 1841, p. 109.]
Head and trunk not much laterally compressed, and abdomen
flattened. Mandible a little prominent,, and gape extending to
hinder margin of orbit ; maxilla much arched, with large supra-
maxillary bones ; margin of the jaws with clusters of minute teeth.
Vertebral centra not longer than deep, slightly constricted, and
■marked with small irregular longitudinal ridges ; [probably between
40 and 50 in number]. Xo enlarged scale at the base of the
paired hns ; pectorals well on the side of the fi^h and the pelvic
pair so far advanced that their basals almost reach the pectoral
arch ; anal fin small and remote ; caudal fin forked, and its rays
comparatively slender, with joints longer than broad, and sub¬
division only quite at the extremity. Scales large and stout, smooth
^iy:.ff<^o^^ /fi/y^ 4^. — (yie^^/fLc^^cri^ -
tru - ^ ■, .yk'f'/.y
•/p^
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CTEN0THKISSIDJ3.
127
in their exposed portion, marked with a few radiating grooves in
their covered portion ; hinder margin not pectinated ; lateral line
forming a conspicuous rounded ridge on the scales it traverses in
the caudal region.
Aulolepis typiis, Agassiz. -
1837-44. Aulolepis typ^is, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol, v. pt. i. p. 14,
pt. ii. p. 109, pi. lx a. figs. 5-8,
1888. Aulolepis typus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 324,
1895. Aulolepis typus^ A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 660
(in part), pi. xliii. figs. 4, 6 {non figs. 2, 3, 5).
• 1900. Aulolepis typus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. V. p. 324, pi. ix. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about half that of the
trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Length
of the cranium somewhat less than the distance between the
occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin ; anal fin considerably nearer
to the caudal than to the pelvic pair. Each ridge on the caudal
scales produced by the lateral line, smooth and widest in front.
Form, <^' Loc, Turonian : Sussex, Kent, and Surrey.
4033. Type specimen ; probably from Lower Chalk, Lewes. The
right pelvic fin is shown and mistaken for the pectoral by
Agassiz, whose figure is inaccurate in several respects.
In this the mandibular ramus is restored, and the ridges
of the lateral line are represented too far forwards ; the
indications of the pelvic and anal fins are hypothetically
added ; while the caudal vertebral centra are considerably
too long as represented. Mantell Coll.
P. 4247. Imperfect head and scattered remains of the trunk in side-
view, with traces of the anal fin ; probably the Earl of
Enniskillen’s fossil noticed by Agassiz and the basis for
his statement that the pelvic fins “ ont leur insertion
a-peu-pres a la moitie du corps” : (?) Burham. The head
and preoperculum are figured Zoc.. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 4,
Enniskillen Co ll.
47932. Fine large fish in counterpart, much crushed and distorted,
exhibiting nearly 30 of the vertebrae, the expanded hmmal
spines at the base of the caudal fin, portions of this fin
128
ACTTNOPTERTGII.
and the anal, also remains of the pectoral and pelvic arches
as shown loc. cif. 1894, pi. xliii. fig. 6 ; Barham.
Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham., 1877.
36097. Scattered remains of small specimen, including vertebrae
and characteristic hinder scales of lateral line ; Lower
Chalk, Dorking, Surrey. Purchased, 1861.
Family CLUPEID^.
Supraoccipital bone separating the small parietals in the median
line : squamosal reduced, separated from parietals, and fused with
pterotic ; a basicranial canal ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates
reduced. Premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large and loose,
both these bones entering the upper border of the mouth ; usually
two supramaxillaries ; teeth acuminate, but usually feeble, some¬
times absent. Opercular apparatus complete, but few branchiostegal
rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra well ossified, some with
very short transverse processes ; ribs nearly or completely encircling
the abdominal cavity ; haemal arches not much fused at the base
of the tail. Intermuscular bones numerous. Fin-fulcra absent.
Post-temporal bones in contact with postero-lateral angles of
cranium ; post-clavicular plate overlapping the clavicle. Dorsal fin
small, nearly median, Avithout adipose dorsal ; anal fin variable in
extent. Scales thin and deeply imbricating. In recent forms : —
pseudo bran chi 80 present ; a large air-bladder ; pyloric appendages
numerous ; oviducts complete.
Synopsis of Genera represented hy Extinct Species.
I. Ventral ridge-scales absent.
A. Scales pectinated.
Paired fins small, the pehdc pair
opposed to the dorsal .
B. Scales smooth and CAmloid.
Maxilla rather short and arched, with
small teeth ; paired fins large , ,
Maxilla A^ery long and slender ; teeth
rudimentary or absent ; paired fins
small .
Mouth small; fins small .
II. Ventral ridge-scales present.
A few finlets behind the anal fin; no
dorsal ridge-scales .
No fir lets ; dorsal ridge-scales between
occiput and dorsal fin .
No finlets ; no dorsal ridge-scales ....
Pseudoheryx (p. 129).
Histiothrissa (p. 131).
EnyrnuUs (p. 133).
Halec >psis (p. 133).
Scomhroclnpea (p. 135).
Diplomystns (p. 139);
Clupea fp. 146).
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CLTJPETDiE.
129
Genus PSEUD OBEHYX, Pictet & Humbert,
[Nouv. Ilech. Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 32,]
Head large, trunk deeply fusiform and laterally compressed.
Maxilla robust and arched, with two large supramaxillary bones ;
mandible a little prominent, and gape not extending behind the
middle of the large orbit ; teeth minute. Preoperculum only
slightly expanded ; operculum and suboperculum deep and narrow.
Vertebrae approximately 30 in number, half being caudal. Paired
fins small, the pelvic pair inserted opposite the dorsal, which is
short-based and nearly median ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal ;
caudal fin deeply forked. Scales pectinated, large and regularly
arranged, none enlarged or thickened, and no ventral ridge-scales ;
lateral line conspicuous.
Pseudoberyx syriacus, Pictet & Humbert.
1866, Pseudohei'yx syj'iacus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 33, pi. ii. figs. 4-6.
1887. Pseucloheryx syriacus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 509, pi. xix. fig, 3.
1887. Pseudoheryx bottce, J. W, Davis, ibid. p. 633, pi. xix. fig. 4
{err ore) .
Type. Hearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’08. Length of
head with opercular apparatus less than the maximum depth of the
trunk, and contained twice in the length from the pectoral arch to
the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins each comprising about 6
rays and inserted opposite the origin of the dorsal, which is about
as long as deep, with 10 or 12 rays, occupying the middle third
of the back ; the small anal fin well behind the dorsal, with 6
or 8 comparatively short rays. Scales with deep posterior pectina¬
tions and arranged in about 30 transverse series ; each principal
transverse series of the flank comprising 8 or 9 scales.
Ho undoubted indications of spines have hitherto been observed
in any of the fins of this species.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 8686. Fine large specimen, wanting the end of the snout.
Purchased, 1897.
P. 101. Smaller specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xix. fig. 4,
under the name of Pseudoheryx hottae. Lewis Coll.
49569. Imperfect remains of large fish. Lewis Coll..
PAPvT IV.
K
130
ACTINOPTEEYGTT.
P. 8687. Another imperfect large specimen. Purchased^ 1897.
49495 P. 92. Two well-preserved fishes about 0’045 in length.
Lewis Coll.
Pseudoberj^x bottse, Pictet & Humbert.
t
1866. Pseudoheryx hottce, Pictet & Humbert, Noiiv. Pech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Lihan, p. 34, pi. ii, fig. 7.
(?) 1887. Pseudoheryx hottce, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 510.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum.
A species about as large as the type, similarly ornamented and
with similar scales and fins, but with less deepened trunk. Length
of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk, and contained about twice in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. ^
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. ^ ^
P. 114. Imperfect sj^ecimen nearly 0*075 in length. Lewis Coll.
Pseudoheryx grandis, Davis.
1887. Pseudoheryx grandis, J. W. Davis, Trans.' Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 510, pi. xxviii. fig. 4.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A comparatively large species, known only by the unique type
specimen. External ornamentation apparently feeble, and the
pectination of the scales extremely delicate. Length of head with
opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained one and a half times in the length from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Fins as in the type
species.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P.^4753. Type specimen 0*17 in length, described and figured by
Davis, loc. cit. The frontal bones are finely sculptured
behind. The pelvic fins are crushed together, thus giving
a false impression of the number of rays ; and there is no
evidence of an anterior spine. The scales seem to be
somewhat abraded, and most of those preserved have a
smooth posterior border; but a few behind the pelvic fins
seem to exhibit traces of an original very fine pectination.
Lewis Coll.
«
w. /• //^ <75>), /.' f^. y, p. (}uyd t^<LC
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CLUPEID^.
131
Genus HISTIOTHRISSA, novum.
H ead and trunk laterall}^ compressed. Cleft of mouth extending to
the hinder border of the orbit ; maxilla robust and arched, with two
large supramaxillary bones ; margin of jaws with regular series of
very small pointed teeth, Branchiostegal rays about 12 in number.
Gill -rakers very large. Vertebrae between 40 and 50 in number,
about 20 being caudal ; the centra about as long as deep, all con¬
stricted and marked with small longitudinal ridges. Fins relatively
large, but no rays excessively elongated ; postclavicular plates
slightly dilated and smooth ; foremost ray of paired fins articulated,
but not divided, and length of pectoral fin at least equal to the
space between the origin of the pectoral and pelvic fins ; dorsal fin
deeper than long ; anal fin longer than deep, and less elevated than
the dorsal fin ; caudal fin forked. Scales of moderate size, very
deeply overlapping, none pectinated ; no enlarged or thickened
ridge-scales ; lateral line inconspicuous.
Histiothrissa macrodactyla (W. von der Marck).
1858. Sardimns macrodacf^lus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol, x. p. 245.
1863. Sardinius macrodactylus, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 44, pi. vi. fig. 1.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained twice in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins with
17 rays, the length of the foremost very slightly exceeding the
'maximum depth of the trunk ; pelvic fins with 10 rays, two thirds
as large as the pectorals, and opposed to the middle of the dorsal ;
.dorsal fin with about 17 rays, the foremost two short and spinous,
the next ray longest and articulated though not divided distall}',
arising about twice as far from the caudal fin as from the occiput ;
anal fin with 18 rays, the foremost three as in the dorsal, arising
midway between the pelvic pair and the caudal.
The so-called Sardinius rohustus (W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. XV. 1868, p. 284, pi. xlii. fig. 2, and vol. xxxi. 1885, p. 254,
pi. xxiii. fig. 1) is scarcely distinguishable from this species.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
P. 2104. Finely preserved specimen about 0-23 in length ; Senden-
horst. The mouth is opened by crushing, and there are
¥2
132
ACTINOPTERTGir.
traces of the characteristic teeth both on the maxilla and
on the dentary. A patch of granulations is observed on
the oral face of the entopterygoid. Several of the head
and opercular bones are shown in impression ; there is
also an impression of the expanded postclavicnlar plate.
All the fins are preserved, only the anal being damaged
by a fracture across the fossil. Eyerton Coll.
P. 2104 a. Fine smaller specimen displaying the jaws andbranchio-
stegal rays ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll..
P. 3819. ]\Iore imperfect specimen, displaying the large gill-rakers
in impression ; Sendenhorst. Enniskillen Coll.
43009. Fish wanting the greater part of the head and caudal fin;
Sendenhorst. Purchased^ 1871.
P. 3819 a. Crushed remains of large fish ; Sendenhorst.
Enniskillen Coll.
Histiothrissa crassapinna (Davis).
1887. Osmeroides megapterus, .1. W. Davis (errore), Trans, Hoy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. iii. p. 557 (in part), pi. xxxii. fig. 4 {non fig. 6).
1887. Osmeroides minor, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 563, pi. xxxii. fig. 2.
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
1887. Sardinius crassapinna, J . W. Davis, ibid. p. 567, pi. xxxii. fig. 5.
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum].
1898. Sardinius crassapinna, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 406.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Geneva Museum.
A smaller fish than the type species, attaining a length of about
0’13, resembling H. macrodactyla in general proportions and the
fins, but not yet sufficiently well known to be precisely defined.
All the known specimens are considerably distorted.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
47368, P. 9165-67. Four specimens elongated by distortion, dis¬
playing the characteristic jaws and fins. No. P. 9166 is
noticed in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, [7] vol. ii. (1898), p. 407.
Leiuis Coll.
47380. More imperfect distorted fish. Lewis Coll.
P. 9175-78. Four distorted specimens.
49598. Small specimen.
48081. Slab with this and other fishes.
Lewis Coll.
Lewis Coll.
Lewis Coll.
t
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CLUPEID^.
133
Genus BIMGRAULIS, Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 174.]
Head and trunk much laterall}’ compressed, but ventral border
not a sharp edge. Maxilla very long and slender, with two
•supramaxillary bones ; snout prominent, and gape of mouth very
wide ; teeth rudimentary or absent. Branchiostegal rays 7 to 14
in number. Vertebrae from 40 to -50 in number. Dorsal and anal
fins small, the former nearly median. Scales of moderate or large
size, none pectinated ; ventral ridge-scales small or absent ; lateral
line inconspicuous.
The following three extinct species of this genus are recognised
on imperfect evidence, but none are represented in the Collection : —
Engraulis hrevipinnis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
matb.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 129. — Lower Mio¬
cene ; Cbiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]
Engraulis evolans^ L. Agassiz, Veues Jabrb. 1835, p. 306, and
Poiss. Loss. vol. V. pt. ii. (1844), p. 121, pi. xxxvii.
figs. 1, 2. Clupea evoJans, H. D. de Blainville, Vouv.
Diet. d’Hist. Xat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 344. Exocetus
evolans, Silui'iis catus, and Exocetus exiliens, G. S. Volta,
Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), pp. cii, clxi, clxvi, pi. xxii.
fig. 2, pi. xxxix. figs. 2, 5. — Lpper Eocene ; Monte Bolca,
near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Xatural
History.] Cc
Engraulis longipinnis, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1854, p. 128. — Lower
Miocene; Cbiavon. [[Imperfect fish; Court Museum,
Vienna.]
Genus HALECOPSIS, novum.
^ex Agassiz, Poiss. Loss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 139 (name only).]
An imperfectl}’ known genus. Head and trunk laterally com¬
pressed, more so ventrally than dorsally, but the ventral border of
the trunk not quite ai sharp edge. Gape of mouth small ; [teeth
unknown]. Pr^perculum mucli expanded, with large lower limb.
Paired fins small, the pelvic pair Opposed to the median dorsal ;
anal fin relatively very small. Scales of moderate or rather large
size ; none pectinated, but all marked with delicate radiating lines ;
no ventral ridge-scales ; lateral line inconspicuous.
134 ACTIlS’OrTEEYGn.
Halecopsis insignis (Delvaux & Ortlieb).
1844. Halecopsis Icevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 139
(name only).
1887. Osnieroides insignis, E. Delvaux & J. Ortlieb, Ann. Soc. Geol.
Belg. vol. xiv. Mem. p. 74, pi. iii. figs. 2-7, 10, 11.
1888. Osmeroides msignis, E. Delvaux & J. Ortlieb, Ann. Soc. Geol.
Nord, vol. XV. p. 60, pis. i., ii.
Tyjpe. Imperfect fish ; Delvaux Collection.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*3. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about four and a half
times, maximum depth of trunk five times in the total length of the
fish to the base of the caudal fin. Extent of dorsal fin equalling
about two thirds the depth of the trunk at its insertion ; extent
of anal fin only one third that of the dorsal.
Form. Log. Lower Eocene : Chievres, near Ath, Belgium
(Ypresian Formation) ; London Basin (London Clay).
43116, 43119. Two specimens displaying remains of the hinder
portion of the head and part of the abdominal region, the
second much the smaller ; London Clay, Primrose Hill,
London. The expanded preoperculum is shown in each,
with traces of radiating branches from the slime-canaL
In the large fossil the slime-canal is also shown with
short branches on the postorbital cheek-plates. In the
smaller fossil the upper aspect of the supraoccipital is-
exposed ; and the frontal seems to extend downwards in
a small plate on each side in front of the otic region.
Weilierell Coll.
41721. Imperfect head and anterior scales ; London Clay, Sheppey.
Touhnin Smith Coll.
28713a. Branchial region with remains of vertebrae and scales;
London Clay, Sheppey. Purchased, 18.53.
P. 1747. Nine fragmentary specimens of head and scales ; London
Clay, Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 3845. Hine similar specimens ; London Clay, Sheppey.
^nnislcillen Coll.
• •
41409. Abraded specimen ; Bed Crag (derived from London Clay),
Suffolk. Purchased, 1869.
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CLUPEID^.
135
Genus SCOMBROCLUPEA, Kner.
[Sitzuiigsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt.
1863, p. 132.]
Head and trunk much laterally compressed, and abdomen
compressed to an edge. Haxilla robust and arched, with two
supramaxillary bones ; mandible a little prominent, and gape not
extending behind the anterior border of the orbit ; teeth minute or
absent. Preoperculum forming a great triangular expansion ;
operculum and suboperculum deep and narrow ; branchiostegal rays
about 10 in number. Yertebrae about 40 to 50 in number, the
centra much constricted and strengthened with few longitudinal
ridges. Clavicle bearing a large postclavicular plate above the
pectoral fin. Paired fins small or of moderate size, the pectorals
inserted above the ventral border, the pelvic pair opposite the
dorsal ; dorsal fin arising in front of the middle point of the back ;
anal fin not much extended, but followed behind by a few spaced
fin-supports, each bearing one robust but closely articulated ray ;
caudal fin deeply forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales
of moderate size, not pectinated, none thickened or enlarged on the
ridge of the back, but a very stout series of ridge-scales, with
lateral wings, extending along the ventral border between the
pectoral arch and the origin of the anal fin ; lateral line in¬
conspicuous.
Scombroclupea macrophthalma (Heckel).
[Plate YI. fig. 1.]
1849. Clupea macrophthalma^ J. J. Heckel, in Russegger’s Heisen,
vol. ii. pt. hi. p. 344, pi. xxiii. fig. 2.
1863. Scombroclupea pinnulata, E. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Yhss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. p. 132, pi. ii., pi. hi. fig. 1.
[Imperfect fishes ; University of Yienna.]
1866. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech.
Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 71, pi. ix.
1867. Scombroclupea pinnulata, R. Kner, loc. cit. vol. Ivi. pt. i. p. 187,
pi. i. fig. 2.
1882. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad.
AYiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 225, pl. vh. figs. 7-13.
1886. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, D. G. Kramberger, Soc. Hist.
Nat. Croatica, vol. i. p. 131.
1891. Scombroclupea macrophthalma, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. cvi. p. 65, pl. i. fig. 10 (preoperculum).
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Unger Collection, Gratz.
The type species, attaining a length of 0-17. Length of head
136
ACTING PTEETGUI.
with opercular apparatus contained somewhat more than three
times, maximum depth of trunk about four times in the total
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about 40
in number, half being caudal. Pectoral fin with about 12 stout
rays, articulated only quite at the extremity, and the length of the
foremost equalling half the depth of the trunk at its insertion ;
pelvic fins about half as large as the pectorals, also with relatively
stout rays, arising much nearer to the anal than to the pectorals
and opposed to the anterior half of the dorsal ; dorsal fin with 15
rays, slightly deeper than long, the distance between the occiput
and its origin somewhat less than that between the caudal fin and
its termination ; anal fin arising a little in advance of the middle
point between the pelvic and caudal fins, the total number of the rays
being 13, and the hinder 5 or 6 of these widely spaced along the
ventral border almost to the base of the caudal. Ventral ridge-scales
25 in number, gradually diminishing in size behind the pelvic fins.
Form.^' Log. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria. Cretaceous ;
Istria ; Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia.
P. 4747. Pine specimen displaying all the principal characters of
the genus and species, shown of the natural size in
PI. VI. fig. 1 ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. The fish is exhibited
in direct side-view, with the cheek and U2:)per jaw crushed
a little forwards. The form of the relativelv small
%/
cranium is distinct, and the delicate parasphenoid is
gently bent upwards at the anterior end of the otic region.
Eemains of the large pterygo-quadrate arcade occur
beneath the cranium, the articular end of the quadrate
(^M.) for the support of the mandible being directly under
the anterior margin of the orbit. The premaxillae
are shown, one being imperfect, the other onU in
impression ; and these are proved to be longer than deep,
though small compared with the maxillae. One maxilla
(apparently the left viewed from within) is especially well
preserved (ai.r.), exhibiting its convex oral border and a
remarkably large anterior inwardly-directed process ; but
?io teeth are distinctly seen, merely some fine transverse
striations on the oral margin in its hinder half. Above
the maxilla are remains of the two characteristic supra-
maxillary bones. The mandible (cZ.) is remarkably short
and deep, partly obscured by fragments of cheek-plates ;
scarcely more than the anterior third of its upjier margin
can have entered the cleft of the mouth. Postero-
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CLUPElDiE.
137
inferiorly the head is bordered by the great expanded
preoperculum (p.op.), which has a thickened anterior
margin and is nearly smooth, marked only very slightly
by the delicate radiating branches of the slime-canal.
The right ceratohyal {cli.) and hypohyal are crushed a
little downwards, the former bearing nine branchiostegal
rays (&r.), which are laminar in shape but contract to a
point as they curve to their insertion. The operculum
(oj?.) is imperfect, but clearly deep and narrow ; the sub¬
operculum is not recognizable. The vertebrae are all
imperfect, but there are distinct indications of the slight
longitudinal ridges by which the centra are strengthened.
The ribs are as stout as in Clupea^ and the neural spines in
front of the dorsal fin are not fused with their respective
arches. Intermuscular bones occur throughout the trunk
both above and below the vertebral column. The clavicle
and supraclavicle are shown to be slender; the postclavicle
(s.op.) is relatively large. The rays of the paired fins are
observed to be relatively as robust as those of the caudal ;
the rays of the dorsal fin are more slender. The detached
anal fin-rays are distinct and shown to be very closely
divided and articulated ; their supports are connected with
each other by a process extended along the ventral border
of the tail. The squamation is well displayed in part, and
the ventral ridge- scales ajDpear to be destitute of serrations.
Lewis Coll.
49487, 49497. Two fine large specimens, slightly deepened by
crushing ; Hakel. The expanded postclavicular plate is
distinct in both specimens. Many of the intermuscular
bones in the caudal region are triradiate. Lewis Coll.
39240, -43. Two large distorted specimens ; Hakel.
Purchased, 1865.
48157. Small slab with scattered remains of four individuals ;
Hakel. Lewis Coll.
P. 8678. Large slab exhibiting numerous distorted and fragmentary
individuals associated with Diplomystus hrevissimus ;
Hakel. Purchased., 1897.
49509. Another slab with distorted and fragmentary remains of
this and other fishes ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
138
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
Scombroclupea gaudryi (Pictet & Humbert).
1866. Clupea gaudryi, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Hecb. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Libau, p. 60, pL v. tigs, 2-5.
(.P) 1882. Clupea gaudryi, F. Bassani, Denksclir. k. Akad. Wiss.^
matli.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 223, pi. vii. figs. 1-4.
Type. Imperfect fish, with incomplete anal fin ; Geneva Museum,
A comparatively small and slender species. Length of head with
opercular apjoaratus contained somewhat more than three times,
maximum depth of trunk about five times in the total length of the
fish to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrge and fins apparently as
in the type species.
Form. ^ Log. Tipper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. (?) Cre¬
taceous : Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia
49558-59. Two slabs, each with two specimens about 0*12 in
length; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
39241. Similar fish wanting eaudal fin ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
47323. Distorted fish wanting caudal fin but displaying the charac¬
teristic anal fin with finlets.
Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1874.
49503. Smaller, more imperfect distorted specimen, in counterpart,
with incomplete and displaeed anal fin. Lewis Coll.
The following imperfectly known species, not represented in the
Colleetion, also probably belong to Scombroclupea : —
Clupea antiqua, F. J. Pictet, Foss. Terrain Neocom. Voirons
(Paleont. Suisse, 1858), p. 31, pi. iv. figs. 7-13. —
Heocomian ; Yoirons, Switzerland. [Imperfect fish;
? Geneva Museum.]
Clupea lesinensis, D. G. Kramberger, Soc. Hist. Yat. Croatica,
vol. i. (1886), p. 130, and Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi,
(1891), p. 64, pi. i. fig. 9 (preoperculum). — Cretaceous ;
Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Agram.]
Clupea voironensis, F. J. Pictet, op. cit. p. 37, pi. v. figs. 1-10. —
Heocomian; Yoirons. [Imperfect fish; ? Geneva Mu¬
seum.]
^ The specimens from Mrzlec and Comen referred to this species by Kram¬
berger (Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. 1895, p. 37, pi. viii. figs. 3, 4) are too
imperfect for certain determination.
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139
Genus DIPLOMYSTUS, Cope.
[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. toI. iii. 1877, p. 808.]
Syn. Histiurus, 0. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontau. yol. y. 1850, p. 288.
Hyperlo^jhus, J. D. Ogilby, Bee. Austral. Mus. yol. ii. 1892,
p. 26.
Head and trunk much laterally compressed, and abdomen com¬
pressed to an edge. Maxilla robust and arched, with two supra-
maxillary bones ; mandible a little prominent, and gape not
extending behind the anterior border of the orbit ; teeth minute or
absent. Preoperculum only slightly expanded, operculum and
suboperculum deep and narrow ; branchiostegal raj's about 10 in
number. Vertebrae from 31 to 46 in number, the centra much
constricted and strengthened with few longitudinal ridges. Paired
fins of moderate or small size, the pectorals inserted aboye the
yentral border, the pelyic pair either in adyance of the dorsal or
opposite its most anterior rays ; dorsal fin arising in front of the
middle point of the back, neyer more but usually less extended than
the anal, which is longer than deep ; caudal fin deeply forked ; no
fin-rays excessiyely elongated. Scales small or of moderate size,
not pectinated ; a series of thickened ridge-scales, not produced
into lateral wings, extending along the back between the occiput
and the dorsal fin ; a series of larger thickened ridge-scales, with
lateral wings, similarly extending along the yentral border from the
pectoral arch to the origin of the anal fin.
This genus is represented at the present day by species from the
riyers of IS’ew South Wales and Chili.
Diplomystus dentatus, Cope.
1877. Diplomystus dentatusy E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sury. Territ.
yol. iii. p. 808.
1877. Diplomystus analis, E. D. Cope, ihid, p. 809. [Nearly complete
fish.]
1884. Diplomystus dentatus, E. D. Cope, Veid. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Bep. U.S. Geol. Sury. Territ. yol. iii.), p. 74, pi. x. fig. 1.
1884. Diplomystus analis, E. D. Cope, ihid. p. 75, pi. yii. fig. 4, pi, viii.
fig. 3. pi. X. fig. 2.
Type. Nearly complete fish;
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*5, the caudal
region comparatiyely slender but scarcely longer than the abdominal
region. Length of head with opercular apparatus much less than
the maximum depth of the abdominal region, which is contained
about three times in the total length of the fish to the base of the
caudal fin. Abdominal yertebree about 18, caudals 23 in number.
140
ACTINOPIEEYGir.
Each pectoral fin with about 12 rays, the longest not reaching the
pelvic pair, which arises nearly midway between the pectorals and
the anal, just in advance of the origin of the dorsal ; dorsal fin
deeper than long, with 11 or 12 rays, arisiug at the hinder end of
the anterior third of the back ; anal fin much extended, with 40
rays. Dorsal scutes about twice as broad as long, finely denticu¬
lated on the posterior border, and nearly 40 in number ; ventral
ridge-scales about 25 in number, not serrated, decreasing in size
backwards.
The so-called Diplomystus theta (Cope, Joe. cit. 1877, p. 811, and
Jog. cit. 1884, p, 77; Clupea theta, Cope, Bull. U.S, Geol. Surv.
Territ. no. 2, 1874, p. 51), founded on an imperfect specimen, may
also belong to this species. Diplomystus ]jectorosus (Qo'^q,Ioc. cit.
1877, p. 810, and loc. cit. 1884, p. 76, pi. x. fig. 3) is also scarcely
distinct.
Form. Log. Eocene (Green lliver Shales) : lYyoming.
P. 5230. Eine specimen 0-46 in length, displaying the median fins
and remains of the paired fins ; found 10 miles from
Sillein, on the Oregon short line of railway, Wyoming.
The jaws are crushed slightly forwards, the hyoid arch a
little downwards ; the axial skeleton of the trunk is very
well shown. Presented J)y Samuel Lalng. Esq., 1887.
P. 7489-90. Two similar specimens, showing patches of minute
stout conical teeth on some of the inner bones of the
mouth. Purchased, 1895.
P. 5218. Smaller fish 0-27 in length.
Presented hy Lord AveJniry, 1886.
P. 1860. Imperfect specimen 0-18 in length ; labelled “ Bear Biver,
Idaho,” biU probably from the Green Biver Shales of
Wyoming. Egerton Coll.
P. 4928. Still smaller specimen displaying the ridge-scales.
Presented hy R. Lydehker, Esq., 1885.
49166. Small fish about 0*105 in length. Purchased, 1878
Diplomystus brevissimus (Blainville).
1818. Cluqjecu brevissimus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 364.
1839-44. Clupea brevissvma. L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt.ii. p. 117,
pi. Ixi. figs. 6-9.
1850. Clupea brevissima, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 41,
pi. viii. figs. 1, 2.
w^6-^r -i^cr^. >cx/. /. lf.3^^./i,
A* ’ »<< »iN. t t^7Cr>*v%‘^-i^
CLrPEID^.
141
1866. Clupea hrevissima, Pictet Humbert, Noiiv. Pecli. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Libau, p. 61, pi. vi.
(?) 1878. Clupea larteti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
Yol. vi. p. 635, pi. xiii. tig. 3. [Distorted fish ; Paris Museum of
Natural History.]
1879. Clupea brevissima, F. Bassani, Yerhaudl. k.-k. geol. Beichsanst.
p. 164.
1882. Clupea brevissima, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Miss., math.-
naturw. Cl. yoI. xIy. p. 219, pi. yii. figs. 5, 6, pi. yiii. figs. 1-3.
1888. Diplomifstus brevissimus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] Yol. ii. p. 134.
Type. Nearly complete fish.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0'12, the caudal
region comparatively stout and slightly longer than the abdominal
region. Dorsal region not much elevated. Length of head with
opercular apparatus nearly equalhng the maximum depth of the
abdominal region, which is contained about two and a half times in
the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal
vertebrae 16, caudals 18 in number. Each pectoral fin with about
12 rays, the longest not reaching the pelvic pair, which arises
nearly midway between the pectorals and the anal, opposite the
origin of the dorsal ; dorsal fin longer than deep, with 17 rays,,
occupying nearly the middle third of the back ; anal fin much
extended, with 29 rays, arising in advance of the hinder end of the-
dorsal. Dorsal scutes about twnce as broad as long, wuth a longi¬
tudinal median keel; ventral ridge-scales about 25 in number, not
serrated, decreasing in size backwards.
The fossilised examples of this fish are very variously distorted,
and it is thus difficult to determine its precise form and proportions.
The so-called Clupea larteti., Sauvage, from Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, is
probably a specimen elongated by distortion. It is stated by
Sauvage to have 38 vertebrae, but only 33 are shown in his figure
of the type specimen.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. Creta¬
ceous : Comen, Istria ; Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia.
49488-89, 49502. Three fine large specimens showing the dorsal
scutes, the first noticed in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [61
vol. ii. (1888), p. 134. Lewis Coll.
P. 9239. More imperfect large specimen. History uiiknoivn.
P. 4027. Large specimen 0*12 in length, exhibiting small but stout
conical teeth on an inner bone of the mouth. Lewis Coll.
P. 8683. Fish OTl in length, elongated by crushing.
Purchased., 1897.
142
ACTIXOPTEETGII.
28398. Another imperfect fish 0-09 in length. Mantell CoU.
49490, 49499. Two smaller specimens deepened by distortion.
Lewis Coll.
P. 1861. Similar fish elongated by distortion, with 29 rays in the
anal fin. Erjerton Coll.
47315-16. Two specimens about 0-068 in length, the first in
counterpart.
Presented hij Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1874.
46397, P. 103, P. 103. Three specimens about 0-058 in length.
Lewis Coll.
47316 d. Very small fish 0-035 in length.
v O
Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1874.
P. 121, P. 4784. Two large slabs exhibiting a shoal of these fishes.
Lewis Coll.
47312. Smaller slab with a few fine sj)ecimens.
Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1874.
P. 9240. Slab with three specimens.
Presented hy Lady Esther Stanhope.
25779. Another small slab with small specimens. BLvon Coll.
P. 9241. Slab with similar specimens. EnnisUllen Coll.
P. 3825. Small slab with similar specimens, labelled by Beurard
and Agassiz as being the type specimen of Clupea heurardi,
-ti. D. de Blainville, Xouv. Diet. d'Hist. Aat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 365 ; noticed by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. ii. (1844), p. 117. The fishes are typical D. hrevis-
simus and do not agree either with Blainville’s original
description or with the specimen in the Begley Collection
subsequently described by Agassiz (loc. cit. p. 117, pi. Ixi.
fig. 2) as Clupea heurardi b Enniskillen Coll.
Diplomystus birdi, A. S. Woodward.
1895. Biplomystus birdi, A. S. IVoodward, Aun. Wag. Xat. Hist. [6]
Yol. XY. p. 3, pi. i. figs. 2-4.
Type. Xearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A small deep-bodied species attaining a length of about 0-06, the
1 Owing to the imcertain meaning of this specific name, it may best be
suppressed. The present writer has never seen a specimen from Mt. Lebanon
agreeing with the description given by Agassiz.
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CLUPEID^.
143
caudal region comparatively stout and slightly longer than the
abdominal region. Dorsal region much elevated, the margin rising
to the origin of the dorsal lin, where it is almost angularly bent.
Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling about two thirds
the maximum depth of the trunk, which is nearlj or quite as great
as its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Abdominal vertebrae 14 to 16, caudals 18 in number. Pectoral fins
with rays sufficiently long to reach the pelvic pair, which arise
opposite the origin of the dorsal ; dorsal fin longer than deep, with
about 17 rays, its extent equalling the distance from the occiput to
its origin, but much exceeding that from tlie caudal fin to its hinder
end ; anal fin much extended, with 25 rays, arising in advance of
the hinder end of the dorsal. Dorsal scutes about twice as broad as
long, with a longitudinal median keel ; ventral ridge- scales about
16 in number, not serrated, slightly increasing in size backwards.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 96. Type specimen, figured loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 3. Lewis Coll.
P. 96 a. Smaller fish displaying the general form and proportions
of the species, figured loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 4. Lewis Coll.
P. 83. Imperfect fish apparently shortened by crushing, figured
loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 2. Lewis Coll.
P. 84, P. 86, P. 87. Three more imperfect specimens shortened and
deepened by crushing. The second displays the left
pectoral fin, the third the broad dorsal scutes, which
exhibit two or three posterior denticulations on each side
in addition to the median point. Lewis Coll.
Diplomystus longicostatus. Cope.
1886. Diplomystus longicostatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc
vol. xxiii. p. 3.
1895. Diplomystus longicostatus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [6] A’ol. XV. p. 2, pi. i. fig. 1.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Cope Collection.
A deep-bodied species attaining a length of about O’ 13, the caudal
region eomparatively small and slender, scarcely more than half a§
long as the abdominal region. Dorsal region much elevated, the
margin rising to the origin of the dorsal fin. Length of head with
opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding half the maximum dej)th of
the trunk, which is nearly as great as its length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal vertebrae about 24
in number, caudal vertebrae not more than 1 2. Pectoral fins small ;
' V /'
144
ACTIXOPIERYGII.
pelvic fins mucli smaller, these arising much nearer to the former
than to the anal and opposed to the origin of the dorsal ; dorsal fin
with about 10 rays, occupying the middle fifth of the back ; anal
fin not much extended, with 8 raj^s, arising considerably behind the
posterior end of the dorsal. Dorsal scutes broader than long,
emarginate behind and thus heart-shaped ; ventral ridge-scales com¬
paratively small in advance of the pelvic fins, but rapidly increasing
in size backwards beyond it, the three hindermost scales relatively
very large, but all smooth with only one sharp point and no
serrations.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Bahia, Brazil.
P. 7109. Fine specimen described and figured by the present
writer, loc. cit. p. 2, pi. i. fig. 1 ; from the beach between
Itacaranha and Plataforma, near kilom. 7, Bahia and San
Francisco Railway.
Presented hy Joseph Maivson^ Fsq., 1893.
P. 8256-58. Three specimens ; near Itacaranha.
Presented hy Joseph Maiuson, Esq., 1896.
P. 413. iVlore fragmentary large specimen ; near Itacaranha.
Presented hy Joseph Maiuson, Esq., 1881.
P. 5530. Remains of small head and abdominal region, showing
anterior ventral ridge-scales, noticed by the present writer
in Ann. Hag. hfat. Hist. [6] vol. ii. (1888), p. 134 ,• near
^ — Itacaranha. Presented hy Joseph Maivson, Esq., 1881.
'\ k hi ((4 HTI A U Jo
Diplomystus (‘Reidy)t.
1856. Clupea humilis, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 256.
1870.. Clupea pusilla, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
p., 382 ; and Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Teriit. p. 429.
•1873. Clupea humilis, J. Leidy, Contrib, Ext. Vert. Fauna W. Territ.
(Rep. U.S, Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i.), p. 195, pi. xvii. fig. 1.
1877. Piplomystus humilis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 811.
1884. Piplomystus humilis, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. hi.), p. 77, pi. vi. fig. 3,
^ pi. ix. fig. 8, pL X. fig. 4.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; National Museum, Washington.
An elongated species attaining a length of about 0*18, the caudal
region comparatively slender and much shorter than the abdominal
region. Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly less than
the maximum depth of the abdominal region, which equals nearly
one third of the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal
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CLUPEID^.
145
fin. Abdominal vertebrao about 23, caudals 13 to 15 in number.
Paired fins small, the pelvic pair arising just behind the origin of
the dorsal and midway between the pectorals and the anal ; dorsal
fin deeper than long, with about 12 rays, arising just before the
hinder end of the anterior third of the back ; anal fin not much
extended, with 14 rays, arising far behind the dorsal, midway
between the pelvic and caudal fins. Dorsal scutes narrow and
longitudinally keeled, emarginate behind ; ventral ridge-scales 20 to
25 in number, not increasing in size backwards, smooth and serrated,
but each produced at its hinder inferior angle into a long spine.
Form. ^ Log. Eocene (Green Eiver Shales) : Wyoming.
P. 6185-86. Two large specimens 0’18 in length.
Purchased, 1890.
49168. Specimen 0*13 in length. Purchased, 1878.
P. 1859. Eine specimen 0’105 in length, displaying some of the
head-bones and the ventral ridge-scales. Egerton Coll.
P. 8393. Fractured specimen of the same size, with remains of the
dorsal ridge-scales. Presented hy Walter Crouch, Esq., 1894.
P. 4929. Well-preserved fish 0’09 in length. -
Presented hy R. Lydelcker, Esq., 1885.
49167. Imperfect smaller fish, showing scales. Pwrchased, 1878.
P. 5527. Small well-preserved fish 0'055 in length, showing both
the dorsal and ventral ridge-scales. Purchased, 1888.
Diplomystus altus (Leidy).
1873. Clupea alia, J. Leidy, Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna W. Territ.
(Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. pt. i.), p. 196, pi. xvii. fig. 2.
1877. Diplomystus altus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. hi. p. 811.
1884. Diplomystus altus, E. D. Cope, Vert. Tertiary Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. hi.), p. 79, pi. ix.
figs. 9-11, pi. X. fig. 5.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; National Museum, Washington.
A species almost identical with D. humilis, but exhibiting a
deeper trunk, the maximum depth of the abdominal region slightly
exceeding one third the total length of the fish to the base of the
caudal fin.
Form. Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Wyoming.
P. 4846. Imperfect fish 0*1 in length. Purchased, 1885.
PAET IV.
L
146
ACTINOPTERYGir.
Diploxnystus vectensis (Newton).
1889. Clupea vectensis, E. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. xlv. p. 112, pi. iv.
1889. Diplomijstus vectensis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. vi.
p. 230.
Type. Imperfect fish ; G. W. Colenutt Collection, Hyde.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0-06, the caudal
region comparatively slender. Length of head with opercular
apparatus slightly less than the maximum depth of the trunk and
contained about four and a half times in the total length of the fish
to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal vertebrae about 25,
caudals 15 in number. Dorsal fin deeper than long, with 14 or 15
rays; anal fin comparatively low and extended, with 16 or 17 rays.
Dorsal scutes narrow ; ventral ridge-scales 20 to 22 in number,
not serrated, decreasing in size backwards.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Oligocene (Osborne Beds) : near Hyde, Isle
of Wight.
P. 5930. Very small specimen; King’s Quay, near Byde.
Presented hy G. W. Colenutt, Esq., 1889.
P. 6853, -54. Small slab displaying small individuals, and several
other specimens ; King’s Quay.
Presented hy G. F. Harris, Esq-, 1893.
The imperfect specimens named as follows from the Upper
Cretaceous of Pietraroja, Province of Benevento, Italy, also belong
to Diplomystus A - A /• 3
Histiurus elatus, 0. G; Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. v. (1850),
• p. 289, pi. vi’. fig! 3, and ibid. vol. vii. (1853), p. 8, pi. i.
fig. 2.
Histiurus serioloides, 0. G. Costa, ibid. vol. viii. (1864), p. 60,
pi. ix. fig. 3.
Histiurus ventricosus, 0. G. Costa, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
vol. ii. no. 21 (1865), p. 5, pi. ii. figs. 3-5.
The original specimens are in the Geological Museum, University
of Naples.
Genus CLUPEA (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 317.]
Syn. Alosa, G. Cuvier, Begne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 319.
Meletta, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. xx. 1847,
p. 366.
Uropterina, P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. viii. 1865, p. 413.
Ptericephalina, P, Lioy, ibid. p. 414.
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CLUPEID^.
147
Head and trunk much laterally compressed and abdomen com¬
pressed to an edge. Maxilla robust and arched, with two supra-
maxillary bones; mandible a little prominent, and gape not extending
beyond the hinder border of the orbit ; teeth rudimentary or
absent. Preoperculum only slightly expanded ; operculum and
suboperculum deep and narrow ; branchiostegal rays about 6 or 8 in
number. Yertebree from 45 to 60 in number, the centra much
constricted and strengther^ed with few longitudinal ridges. Paired
fins of moderate or small size ; dorsal fin small and short-based,
opposed to the pelvic pair ; anal fin with less than 30 rays ; caudal
fin deeply forked ; no fin-rays excessively elongated. Scales of
moderate or large size, not pectinated ; a series of thickened
ridge-scales, with ascending lateral wings, extending along the
ventral border from the pectoral arch to the origin of the anal fin ;
no dorsal ridge-scales ; lateral line inconspicuous.
Clupea scheuchzeri, Blainville.
1708. Figure by J. J. Scbeuchzer, Querelse Pisciiim, pi. ii.
1755. Figures by G. W. Knorr, Samml. Merkwiirdigk. Natur, pi. xxi.
figs. 2, 3.
1818. Clupea scheuchzeri, H. D. de Blainville, Noiiv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 315.
1818. Clupea megaptera, H. D. de Blainville, ihid. p. 315.
1886. Meletta scheuchzeri, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 52, pi. i.
fig. 4, pi. iii. figs. 6, 8, 10, (?) pi. viii. fig. 6.
Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A species of slender proportions, attaining a length of about 0'25,
but not satisfactorily definable on account of imperfect preservation.
Abdominal vertebrae about 22, caudals 24 in number. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and equalling one quarter of the total length to
the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with about 12 rays, not
extending behind quite so far as the middle point between the
occiput and the base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite
the middle of the dorsal, midway between the pectorals and the
anal ; the latter fin relatively small.
If the specimens labelled Clupea megaptera by Agassiz are
correctly determined, the type specimen described by de Blainville
under this name must have been somewhat distorted and with
incomplete dorsal fin.
Form. Log: Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 3832. Fine specimen about 0‘13 in length, labelled Clupea
L 2
148
ACTINOPTEEYGTI.
. scheuchzeri by Agassiz, and employed as the basis for the
specific description given above ; Engi. Remains of
the ventral ridge-scales are distinct both before and behind
the pelvic fins. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1875, P. 3835, P. 4257. Seven large specimens variously im¬
perfect and distorted, labelled Clupea megaptera by
Agassiz ; Engi. The finest specimen is in counterpart
and elongated by distortion. Egerton 4'' Enniskillen Colls.
41827. Slightly distorted fish about 0T3 in length; Engi.
Purchased, 1869.
P. 1875 a, P. 4257 a. Small imperfect fish, in counterpart, labelled
Clupea megaptera by Agassiz ; Engi.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
Clupea catopygoptera, sp. nov.
[Plate YI. fig. 2.]
1844. Clupea catopygoptera, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii..
p. 120 (name only).
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A species of slender proportions, attaining a length of about
0*1. Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat ex¬
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and nearly equalling one
quarter of the total length of the fish. Yertebrse slightly over
40 in number, about half abdominal, half caudal. Dorsal fin as
deep as long, with about 13 rays, and its origin twice as remote
from the base of the caudal fin as from the occiput ; pelvic fins
arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal, midway between the
pectorals and the anal ; the latter fin low and very remote, with
about 15 rays.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Yerona, Ital}^
P. 3829 a. Specimen shown of the natural size in PI. YI. fig. 2,
labelled by Agassiz and to be regarded as the type of the
species. The head and anterior abdominal region are
slightly distorted, but the essential characters of the species
are displayed. Traces of the ventral ridge-scales are
observable in front of, but not behind the pelvic fins.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 285. Large distorted specimen, in counterpart.
Transferred from Museum of Practical Geology, 1880.
/^Ta^ y<r^ 3CX x/v,~/-.z
CLTJPEID^.
149
21408 c. Another fine specimen deepened by the displacement of
the squamation. Purchased, 1847.
P. 9242. Large fish, slightly distorted. History unknown.
13459. Fish wanting caudal extremity and showing traces of the
ventral ridge-scales behind the pelvic fins. Purchased,
21408 a, 21529. Six specimens in various states of preservation.
Purchased, 1847.
Purchased, 1848.
Mantell Coll.
23110 a. Imperfect fish, in counterpart.
28404. Distorted specimen.
41385. Fish deepened by crushing, with traces of the ventral ridge-
scales behind the pelvic fins. Purchased, 1869.
P. 9243. Two imperfect fishes. History unknown.
42449. Small contorted specimen. Purchased.
44874. Another contorted specimen, in counterpart.
Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
P. 1868. Six specimens variously preserved, some labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
P. 4260. Distorted fish, labelled by Agassiz. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 5132. Fine specimen, slightly deepened by distortion and showing
the ventral ridge-scales.
Presented hy Mrs. M. E. Tort, 1886.
P. 5279. Small well-preserved fish, showing the ventral ridge-
scales. Presented hy Walter Myers, Esq., 1887.
P. 9244. Another small specimen showing ventral ridge-scales.
Purchased.
P. 1868 a. Distorted fish 0-035 in length, labelled by Agassiz as
belonging to this species. Egerton Coll.
13449-50. Equally small fish, in counterpart. Purchased.
37228-29. Two small fishes. Purchased, 1863.
P. 1866, P. 3830. Still smaller fishes evidently immature and
probably belonging to this species, but labelled Clupea
minuta ^ by Agassiz. Egerton Euiniskillen Colls.
’ This name appeal’s without description in Verhandl. Ges. -vaterland.
Mils. Bohmen, 1834, p. 66, and in Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 120.
150
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
Clup ea hamilis, H. von Me^^er.
1848. Clupea gracilis, H. von Meyer {non Temminck & Sclilegel),
Neues Jalirb. p. 783 (name only).
1848. Clupea lanceolata, H. von Meyer, ihid. p. 783 (name only).
1851. Clupea humilis, H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii. p. 92, pi. xiv.
fig. 3, pi. xvi. fig. 12 (? pi. xiv. figs. 5, 7-9).
1851. Clupea lanceolata, H. von Meyer, ibid. p. 93, pi. xiv. fig. 2, pi. xvi.
fig. 11 (.P pi. xiv. fig. 6). [Nearly complete fishes.]
1888. Clupea ventricosa, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vol. iiir
p. 276, fig. 283.
Tyi^e. Nearly complete fishes.
A species attaining a length of about OM, perhaps sometimes
larger. Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and equalling one
quarter of the total length of the fish. Yertebrse approximately 45
in number, about half abdominal, half caudal. Dorsal fin slightly
deeper than long, with from 12 to 14 rays, and its origin less than
twice as remote from the base of the caudal fin as from the occiput ;
pelvic fins arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal, midway
between the pectorals and the anal ; the latter fin less elevated than
the dorsal, with about 20 rays and extending close to the caudal.
Yentral ridge-scales with very prominent backwardly- directed point,
about 22 in number.
Form. Sj' Log. Lower Miocene ; ^^j^t^berg \ ,
35500-07, 35521-23, 35750-51. One slab with many remains,
another with four fishes, two others with two fi.shes, and
ten detached specimens ; Dnterkirchberg, near IJlm.
Purchased, 1860.
36579. Slab with one good, one imperfect specimen ; Unterkirch-
berg. Purchased, 1862.
P. 1869-71, P. 3836-38. Pour slabs with various remains, and six
typical specimens ; Dnterkirchberg.
Egerton ^ EinislciUen Colls.
Specimens like the following are usually named Clupea ventricosa
(after H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii. 1851, p. 93, pi. xiv. fig. 1),
but their comparatively deepened form seems to be due to distortion
^ Also recorded from the Upper Miocene of Croatia by D. G. Ivramberger,
Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 76 ; and doubtfully from
the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, N. Italy, by F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci.
Napoli, [2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 5.
9
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CLTJPEID^.
151
daring fossilisation, and they cannot be satisfactorily distinguished
from Clu'pea humilis : —
36180. Specimen about 0’09 in length, much distorted anteriorly ;
Unterkirchberg. Purchased, 1861.
36580-81. Large and small specimen, still more distorted; IJnter-
kirchberg. Purchased, 1862.
P. 1872, P. 3839. Two typical examples evidently deepened by
crushing ; Unterkirchberg. Egerton EnnisTciTlen Colls.
Clupea crenata (Heckel). — - ,
1850. Meletta crenata, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
natmw. CL voL i. p. 2-33, pi. xxvi. ^
1850. Meletta longimana, J. J. Heckel, ibid. p. 231, pi. xxv. [Imperfect ^ f
fish ; olim Heinrich Collection, Briinn.] '
1870. Meletta sahleri, H. E. Saiivage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [2]
Yol. xxvii. p. 407, pi. ix. fig. 4.
1870. Meletta parisoti, H. E. Saiivage, ibid. p. 403, pi. ix. fig. 6, pi. x.
1870. Meletta longimana, H. E. Saiivage, ibid. p. 408, pi. ix. fig. 5.
1880. Meletta crenata, D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Beichs-
anst. vol. XXX. p. 568, pi. viii. fig. 2.
1880. Meletta longimana = Meletta crenata, F. Bassani, Atti Soc.
Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. p. 81.
1881. Meletta liecheli, A. Bzehak, Abh. naturf. Yerein. Briinn, vol. xix.
pp. 70, 72, pi. i. figs. 1-3, 5. [Nearly complete fishes ; Bzehak
Collection, Briinn]. /-e j A/. ^ 's*—
1881. Meletta sahleri =? Melettina, A. Bzehak, ihid. p. 71.
f. 337.
Type. Scales, &:c. ; olim Zeuschner Collection, Cracow.
An imperfectly known small species of slender proportions.
Head with opercular apparatus occupying about one third the length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Y ertebrae 40 to 42 in total
number, the centra delicate. Pelvic fins slightly behind origin of
dorsal, which comprises 15 or 16 raj^s and arises in advance of the
middle of the back ; anal fin low and extended.
Form. Loc. Lower Miocene (or Oligocene) : Austria, Germany,
and Prance,
P, 7041. Five imperfect specimens : Septarien Then, Florsheim,
Bhein Hessen. Purchased, 1893.
Clupea xiumidica (Sauvage).
1839-44. Alosa elongata, L. Agassiz {non Bennett, 1830), Poiss. Foss. ^
vol. V. pt. ii. p. 113, pi. Ixiv. [Imperfect fish.] tU*.^
73. Alosa crassa, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. art. no. 1,
18'-^
152
ACTINOPTERYGII.
p. 243, fig. 67. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
1873. Alosa elongata, H. E. Sauvage, ibid, p. 245, figs. 52, 64.
[Ditto.]
1873. Alosa numidica, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 249, fig. 66.
1873. Alosa renoui, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 253. [Ditto.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A species attaining a length of about 0*3. Head with opercular
apparatus large, its length exceeding the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained about twice in the length from the pectoral arch
to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrse about 30 in the abdominal,
25 in the caudal region. Dorsal fin, with about 18 rays, almost
completely in advance of the middle point between the occiput and
the caudal fin ; pelvic fins inserted opposite the middle of the
dorsal ; anal fin with 14 or 15 rays. Scales relatively large,
sometimes pitted in their exposed portion.
All the known examples of this species are distorted and frag¬
mentary ; hence diflferences between various specimens which have
been supposed to represent four distinct species. The name Clugjea
elongata cannot be used, having been employed by Lesueur in 1817
for an existing fish of another species.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Miocene : Oran, Algeria.
P. 9245. Three specimens. History uriknown.
P. 9246. Imperfect distorted fish, with some of the large scales
showing pittings. History unknown.
P. 1881. Three good specimens and various fragments.
Egerton Coll.
Cloipea sardinites (Heckel).
1850. Meletta sardinites, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math-naturw. Cl. vol. i. p. 227, pis. xxiii., xxiv.
1870. Meletta sardinites, var. heterostoma, L. von Vukotinovic, Rad
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xiii. p. 208.
1883. Clupea {Meletta) sardinites, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont.
Oesterreich-Ungarns, vol. hi. pp. 76, 82.
•.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.
A small slender species, attaining a length of about 0*12. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained four times, and the
maximum depth of the trunk about six times in the total length of
the fish. Vertebrae about 45 in number. Dorsal fin about as deep
as long, with 13 rays, entirely in advance of the middle point
between the occiput and caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite the
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CLUPETD^.
153
Ir'
hinder part of the dorsal, nearer to the anal than to the pectorals ;
anal fin with 14 rays. ft Tii
Form. ^ Log. Lower O^ocene : Eadoboj,
49161-64. Three fine specimens, and one immature individual
probably of this species. Purchased, 1878.
Clupea sprattus, Linnaeus.
1758. Clupea sprattus, C. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 318.
1868. Clupea sprattus, A. Glinther, Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. vii. p. 419.
Type. Eecent fish.
A small slender species, the length of the head with operculai’
apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the trunk.
Vertebrae 47 to 49 in total number. Pelvic fins directly opposed to
the origin of the dorsal, which comprises 15 to 18 rays; anal fin
with from 17 to 20 rays. About 12 ventral ridge-scales behind
the pelvic fins.
Form. Log. Pleistocene and Eecent: Atlantic coasts of Europe.
P. 5265-67. Three specimens in nodules from Glacial Clay, Bin-
dalen, Norway. Presented hy Henry Tryon, Esq., 1887.
The following specimens are not specifically determined : —
P. 3831. Imperfect fish about 0*09 in length, labelled Clupea
leptostea by Agassiz, apparently belonging to the species
thus named without description in Neues Jahrb. 1835,
p. 306, and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1844), p. 120^ ;
Upper Eocene, Monte Bolca, near Verona.
Ennislcillen Coll.
21408 b. Another example of the same fish ; Monte Eolca.
Purchased, 1847.
37227. Imperfect smaller skeleton probably of the same species ;
Monte Bolca. Purchased, 1863.
28437. Contorted fish about 0*11 in length, with relatively small
head ; Monte Bolca. Purchased, 1853.
36337. Another specimen apparently of the same fish; Monte
Bolca. Bean Coll.
1 This undefined species is regarded as the type of a genus Ptericephalina
by P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. viii. (1865), p. 414. One specimen is
wrongly identified with Esox vulpes by Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), pi. Ixiv.
fig. 2.
154
ACTINOPTERTGII.
P. 1873. Fish wanting head, 0’135 in length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin ; Tertiary, Crete.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1865, P. 3840. Imperfect specimens of the form* provisionally
named Clupea tenuissima by Agassiz (Verhandl. Ges,
vaterland. Mus. Bohmen, 1834, p. 66 .[name only], and
Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii, 1844, p. 120, pi. Ixi. fig. 3^);
Upper Miocene, Ragusa, Sicily. The type specimen is
supposed to be contained in this collection, but is not
recognisable. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
iov ^-7> ..
The following extinct species have also been distinguished, but
are not rej)resented in the Collection : —
Clnjpea arcuata., E. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw.
Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i, (1863), p. 143, pi. iii. fig. 2. Clupea
sphaerocepliala, L. von Yukotinovic, Ead Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xiii. (1870), p. 208. Cluipea sagorensis, var. arcuaui, F.
Bassani,Atti Soc. Yeneto-Treiit. Sci. jSTat. vol. vii. (1880),
p. 88, and Atti E. Accad. Sci. Eapoli, [2] vol. iii. no. 6
^ (1889), p. 37, pi. ii. fig. 2; D. G. Kramberger, Beitr.
^^^^^^^^^7y.-6-Falaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 75. — Upper
Lower Miocene ; Croatia, and Chiavon, Yicentin.<^'^'y«^-
6os?nVfsZ;h‘, I. Bonomi, Eivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896),
P- 215, pi. V. fig. 5. — Upper Miocene (Tripoli) ; Mondaino,
^ ' Province of Forli, Italy. [Distorted fish.]
Cluj)ea hrevicejjs, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k, Akad. AYiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 333 ; F. Bassani, Atti E.
Accad. Sci. Eapoli, [2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 34, pi. ii.
fig. 1. — Lower Miocene : Chiavon, Yicentin. [Nearly com¬
plete fish ; Court Museum, Yienjaa.]
Clugpea caudata., H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. i. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 21, and ihid. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, p. 238,
pi. xiii. fig. 76 ; I. Bonomi, Eivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii.
(1896), p. 208. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily, and
Mondaino, Prov. Forli, Italy. [Imperfect fish.]
Clupea dentex, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 362 ; L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. ii. (1844), p. 116, pi. Ixi. figs. 4, 5. — Miocene ; Murazzo
Strutiano, Italy. [Imperfect fish.]
Clujpea denticiformis, P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. viii.
1 Imperfect fisbes from the Upper Miocene of Mondaino, Province of
Forli, Italy, are also referred to this species by I. Bonomi, Eivista Ital. Paleont,
vol. ii. (1896), p. 209, pi. v. fig. 2.
^ X M*. /2c^A<^cX.Ci^ /f3 ^
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CLUPEID^.
155
(1865), p. 413 ; E. Bassani, Palaeont. Italica, vol. iii.
(1898), p. 86, pi. ix. fig. 10. — Tipper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. - [Imperfect fish.]
Clupea ecMomi^ H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 228, pi. vii. fig. 45, and ihid. vol. xi. (1880),
110. 3, p. 45, pi. xxiv. fig. 9. — Upper Miocene;
Licata, Sicily. [Imperfect trunk.]
Clupea elongata, E. Steindachner, Sitzungsh. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 556, pi. i. fig.
D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr. - Ungarns,
vol. iii. (1883), p. 74. — ‘Upper Miocene , Hernals and
Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Clupea engrauliformis, P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. j)Iat. vol. viiif-v^
(1865), p. 413; E. Bassani, Palaeont. Italica, vol. iii.\
(1898), p. 85, pi. ix. figs. 7-9. Clupea polyaclianthina,
P. Lioy, loc. cit. p. 411. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish.}!; /7us ‘(jeaV?
Clupea fontannesi, H. E. Sauvage, in E. Eontannes, Le Bassin de
Crest (1880), p. 205, pi. vii. figs. 1-3. — Lower Miocene ;
Eurre, Drome.
Clupea gervaisi, E. de Botella, Descrip. Geol. Murcia y Albacete
(1868), pi. xi. figs. 8-11, and expl. (?) Chip) ea elongata,
Ag.,” E. de Botella, ibid. pi. xi. figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 12. — Lower
Pliocene (?) ; Lorca, Murcia, Spain. [Imperfect fish.]
Clupea gracillima, E. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Xapoli, [2]
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 36, pi. ii. fig. 3. Meletta gra~
cillima, I. J. Heckel, Sitziingsb. k. Akad. IViss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 129. — Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum
Vienna.]
Clupea grandisquama : Meletta grandisquama, E. Steindachner,
Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst. vol. xiv. (1864), p. 363. —
Miocene ; Stampfen, Carpathians. [Scales.]
Clupea grandonii, E. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Rapoli, [2]
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 41, pi. iii. fig. 4. — Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [IMearly complete fish; Museum of
Vicenza.]
Clupea gregaria, de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Lose. — Proc. Verb. vol. i.
(1878), p. xix (name only) ; H, E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol.
vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, p. 44. — Upper Miocene ; Gabbro,
Tuscany, and Licata, Sicily. -
Clupea hauling eri, ^ . J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. VTss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1850), p. 235, pi. xxi. — Miocene ;
156
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Margarethen, Vienna. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geo¬
logical Survey, Vienna.]
Clupea heterocerca, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 80, pi. xiii. fig. 9. — IJ]3per
Miocene : Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial
Geological Survey, Vienna.]
Clupea injiata^ L. von Vukotinovic, Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xiii.
(1870), p. 209 (as variety of 0. vent7ncosa) ; D. G. Kram-
herger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883),
p. 75, pi. xiv. fig. 3 ; F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
[2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 39. — Upper and Lower
Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia, and Chiavon, Vicentin.
Clupea \MeleUa) inteinuedia^J). G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 53, and Soc. Hist. Nat.
Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 136. — Upper Miocene; Szakadat,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Museum of Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]
Clupea latissima, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2]
vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 35, pi. ii. fig. 4. Alausa latissima^
J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw.
Cl. vol. xi. (1854;, p. 331. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon,
Vicentin. [Nearly complete fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Clupea loi'CCB, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol. vi.
(1878), p. 635, pi. xi. fig. 5. — Lower Pliocene (?) ; Lorca,
Murcia, Spain. [Fragmentary fish.]
Clupea Iu7%dg7'en% J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1890), p. 427, pi. xlv. fig. 5. — UjDper Cretaceous
(Danian); Limhamn, Malmo, Sweden. [Indetermin¬
able imperfect trunk ; Geological Museum, University of
Lund.]
Clupea maeeki^ D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 79, pi. xiii. figs. 10, 11. —
Upper Miocene; Vrabce, Croatia. [Imperfect fish; Geo¬
logical Museum, University of Agram.]
Clupea macrocerca^ I. Bonomi, loc. cit. (1896), p. 213, pi. v.
fig. 4. — Upper Miocene (Tripoli) ; Mondaino, Province of
Forli, Italy. [Imperfect fish.]
Clupea megaptei'yx. H. E, Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. I, p. 231, pi. xiv. figs. 87, 88. — Upper Miocene ;
^ Licata, Sicily. [Distorted fish.]
Clupea melettcefoi'mis^ F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 558 ; D. G. Kram¬
berger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883),
ffi-t 2^ C&J Jl_ ^ , /<}■ ■
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CLUPEID^.
157
Z^upea
/yvZcyt.^ OP*^^ ^
Clupea
, ^ Clupea
Clupea
p. 74, pi. xiii. fig. 12. — Upper Miocene ; Hernals and
Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
microsoma, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. i. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 20. Clupea sp., H. E. Sauvage, vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 239, pi. xiii. fig. 75. — Upper
Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Imperfect fish.] -
mondainensis, I. Bonomi, loc. cit. (1896), p. 211, pi. v,
fig. 3. — Upper Miocene (Tripoli) ; Mondaino, Province of
Eorli, Italy. [Distorted fish.]
mucronata, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad,
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 58, pi. xi. fig. 3. — Middle Miocene ;
Sagor, Croatia. [A'^early complete fish.]
ombonii, E. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. jSTapoli, [2] vol. iii.
no. 6 (1889), p. 40, pi. iii. fig, 1, — Lower Miocene
Chiavon, Yicentin. [Nearly complete fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Padua.]
cy fllupea opisthopteryx, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 235, pi. xiv. fig. 84. — Upper
Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Distorted fish.]
Clupea prcEsardinites : Meletta prcesardinites, A. Bzehak, Abh.
naturf. Yerein. Briinn, vol. xix. (1881), p. 78, pi. i. figs. 8,
10. — Miocene ; Gr. Seelowitz, Moravia. [Fragments ;
Bzehak Collection, Briinn.]
Clupea sagorensis, E. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Y4ss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. (1863), p. 135, pi. ii.
fig. 1 ; E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci, Nat. vol. vii.
(1880), p*,89, and Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2] vol. iii.
no. 6 (1889), p. 37, pi. iii. fig. 5. Clupea alia, E. Stein¬
dachner, loc. cit. 1863, p. 137, pi. ii. fig. 2. — Middle and
Lower Miocene; Croatia, and Chiavon, Yicentin.
Clupea saulos, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. i. (1870), art.
no. 7, p. 21, and ibid. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, p. 232,
pi. xiii. fig. 78. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Dis¬
torted fish.]
Clupea styriaca : Meletta styriaca, E. Steindachner, Yerh. k.-k,
geol. Beichsanst. 1863, p. 136. — Miocene ; Leoben, Styria.
[Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]
QfClupea trinacridis, H, E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 234, pi. xiii. fig. 77 ; I. Bonomi, Bivista Ital.
Paleont. vol. ii. (1896), p. 206. — Upper Miocene; Licata,
Sicily, and Mondaino, Prov. Eorli, Italy. [Distorted fish.]
Clu^a vulcotinovici, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 78, pi. xiii. figs. 7, 8. —
158
ACTINOPTERYGir.
Upper Miocene ; Dolje and Vrabce, Croatia. [Imperfect
fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.]
Clupea ocenoplianis, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
^0. 1, p. 237, pi. xiv. figs. 83, 86 ; I. Bonomi, Uivista
Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896), p. 207. — Upper Miocene ;
Licata, Sicily, and Mondaino, Prov. Eorli, Italy. [Dis¬
torted fish.]
Clupea zandea, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 229, pi. vii. fig. 46, and ihicl. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 42, pi. xxv. fig. 12. — Upper Miocene ; Licata,
Sicily. [Imperfect trunk.]
OtoUthus (Clupm) testis^ E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xliii. (1891), p. 82, pi. i. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Oligocene ;
Germany. [Otolith.]
The following names are also ascribed to supposed Clupeoids
from the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca by P. Lioy, Atti Soc. Ital.
Sci. Hat. vol. viii. (1865), pp. 411-414, but neither the genera
nor species are scientifically defined or recognisable : — Clupea
ophthalmica^ O. clirysosoma, C. microcepJiala, 0. minutissima^
0. cepJialus^ Uropterina platyrachis, PtericepJialina macrograstrina^
and P. elongata.
The so-called Clupea laticauda (F. I. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt.
Liban, 1850, p. 39, pi. vii. fig. 3) from the Upper Cretaceous of
Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, does not belong to this genus. The type
specimen in the Geneva Museum is too imperfect for precise de¬
termination, but seems to represent a member of the Enchodontidae
(A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Hat. Hist. [7] vol. ii. 1898, p. 488).
The undefined name Clupea goldfussi is given by Agassiz (Poiss.
Foss. vol. V. pt. ii. 1844, p. 120) to an unknown fish from the neigh¬
bourhood of Bingen. Clupea laiuleyi, C. m enegliinii^ and C. sauyagep^-^
are also merely names for undetermined fishes from the Upper
Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. — Proc.
Yerb. vol. i. 1878, p. xix).
The existing genus Chatoessus (Cuvier, Begne Animal, ed. 2,
vol. ii. 1829, p. 320) has been supposed to occur in the Upper
Miocene of Podsused, Croatia (Chatoessus humilis^ C. hrevis, and
C. tenuis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xxxviii. 1859, pp. 782-788, pi. hi.). The fishes
thus named, however, are claimed by Kramberger to belong merely
to a species of Clupea characterised by the elongation of the hinder-
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SALMONID^.
159
most dorsal fin-ray. They are grouped together by him under the
name of Chipea {Melettci) doljeana (Kramberger, Beitr. Palaout.
Oesterr.-IJngarns, vol. iii. 1883, p. 77, pi. xiv. fig. 4), and recorded
from Dolje, Podsnsed, and Yrabce. There are no specimens in the . ,
Collection
CZ*.yLjt.>
The fishes "described as follows are not represented in the Collec-
tion and are not clearly distinguished from Clapea : — ^ ^
£/rvc.4y^c^ 3/0
Alosina salmonea^ A. Wagner, Sitzungsb. k. bay. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-phys. Cl. 1860, p. 54. — Upper Eocene : Wernleiten,
near Traunstein, Bavaria. [Nearly complete fish ; Palae¬
ontological Museum, Munich.]
Clupeops insiynis, H. E. Sauvage, in E. Eontannes, Le Bassin de
Crest (1880), p. 209, pi. vii. figs. 4, 5. — Lower Miocene ;
Eurre, Drome. [Type species of Cliipeops. Imperfect fish.]
To this or the closely-related family of Alepocephalid^ may
probably be
follows : —
Esox monasteriemis, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
(1863), p. 32, pi. iii. fig. 3. — Upper Cretaceous ; Senden-
horst, lYestphalia. [Imperfect trunk : Academy of
Miinster.]
^ /f. ^ ^ y<!>Q^AzAs ‘
V ‘ A 86'3 ,
Family SALMONIDAi.
referred the portion of the trunk of a fish described as
Recent fishes distinguished from the Clupeidae by the presence of
an adipose dorsal fin* and the incompleteness of the oviducts ; also
by the normal overlapping of the postclavicular plate by the clavicle.
The extinct genera not being recognisable from their skeletons, the
family was united by Agassiz with those of the Clupeoids under
the comprehensive designation of Halecidae.
Genus SALMO (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 308.]
Head large, and trunk elongate-fusiform with rounded abdomen.
Mouth deeply cleft and dentition powerful ; spaced conical teeth on
the ])remaxilla, maxilla, dentary, vomer, and palatine, none on
pterygoids. Paired fins of moderate size, the pelvic pair opposed to
the median dorsal ; anal fin short, with not more than 14 rays ;
caudal fin truncate. Scales small.
This genus ranges throughout the freshwaters of the arctic and
160
ACTINOPIERYGII.
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. It is only definitely
known among fossils by unimportant fragments of Pleistocene age.
of which there are none in the Collection.
The following supposed extinct species is doubtfully deter¬
mined : —
Salmoil) immigratus, D. Gr. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 102, pi. vii. fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ;
near Podsused, Croatia. [Portion of trunk ; University
Geological Museum, Agram.]
The following supposed extinct genus and species is known only
by the skull, which resembles that of Salmo but has the maxilla
subcylindric or rod-shaped instead of flat or laminar : —
Bhabdofario lacusfris, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
(1871), p. 546. — Pliocene ; Idaho. [The t3’pe species, as
large as Salmo salar.']
The fish-remains described as follows are supposed to represent
another extinct genus, Thaumaturus, closely related to Salmo, but
distinguished by the great obliquity of the cleft of the mouth and
the crimping of the scales. There are no examples in the Col¬
lection.
Thaumaturus fur catus, A. E. Reuss, Geogn. Skizze aus Bohmen,
vol. ii. (1844), p. 264 ; G. C. Laube, Sitzungsb. Ver. Lotos,
1900, p. 4, figs. 1-5. Aspius furcatus, H. von Me3'er,
Palseontogr. vol. ii. (1851), pp. 59, 64, pi. viii. figs. 1-4.
Aspius elongatus^ H. von Meyer, ibid. p. 61, pi. xii. figs. 5,
6. — Lower Miocene : Kutschlin, Bohemia. [The type
species. Imperfect fish.]
x\y^Thaumaturus lusatus, G. C. Laube, Sitzungsb. Yer. Lotos, 1900,
Jit)p. 6. — Lower Miocene: Warnsdorf, Bohemia. [Eish
- ' ^ ^ showing impression of adipose dorsal fin ; Geological
Museum, German University, Prague.]
r ^
r
^ Genus MALLOTUS^ Cuvier.
[Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829, p. 305.]
Head and trunk more or less laterally compressed, elongate-
fusiform. Mouth deeply cleft and dentition very feeble ; mandible
prominent. Paired fins relatively large, the pelvic pair opposed to
the short median dorsal ; anal fin not much extended ; caudal fin
forked. Scales minute, slightly enlarged along the lateral line.
Only one species is known.
S C^ ' ^.S . S . /^</i6. , ^ / ^ p 3
gjp<
OCX— ^
^^[HaA^ . nf<r^. ?«. "X. l’ V
6xva.<y%Axv o^^xov't— vxv
C:ScxyW« ^^c-^SE-C-<ax.^^^^
/ii^i.^1^ 4:?/ti^ f* l/'cn^/',
A- S' .
A2 *•'**•*<■ /^^^o-**-*— e^
J ^-S. /95^J yO.^^S^
/■•y . /yb/^ . 7^'x. /^^/^,/p47/^. /--cry^pfsr^
/t? . <? * /?- '^' " y^^/ ^ 3 .
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yro^^, /.3^y/^/.7^ ?-
<3 ^
SALilOJTID^.
161
Mallotus villosus (Miiller).
1776. Clupea villosa, 0. F. Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 50.
1838-44. Mallotus villosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. toI. v. pt. ii. p. 98,
pi. lx.
1848. Mallotus villosus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
vol. xxi. p. 392, pis. 622, 623.
1894. Mallotus villosus, J. W. Dawson, The Canadian Ice Age, p, 265,
pi. Yiii. fig. 1.
Type. Decent fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and nearly one quarter of the total length of the
fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrse about 6S in total
number. Pelvic fins inserted opposite the origin of the dorsal fin,
which arises at the middle of the back and comprises 13 or 14 rays ;
anal fin with 21 to 23 rays, and its base-line forming a convex
curve. ^ ^
Form. Log. Pleistocene and Decent : coasts of northern North ^
America and North-eastern Asia. S.B-- Ca,[{^ hu
The only known fossil examples of this species are contained in ^
concretionary nodules from Glacial Clay. In Greenland these
nodules are split by the Eskimo along the plane of the contained fish
and then used as scrapers.
P. 9247. Four specimens ; coast of Greenland. History unhnown.
P. 1851, P. 3813. Three specimens labelled by Agassiz ; Greenland.
Eyerton Ennishillen Colls.
P. 119. Specimen in unusually thick nodule ; (?) Greenland.
Purchased, 1883.
P. 272. One specimen; Green’s Creek, 10 miles below Bytown on
the Ottawa Diver, Canada.
Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.
44918. Similar specimen ; Green’s Creek. Purchased, 1873.
P. 1852, P. 3812. Six specimens; Green’s Creek.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
P. 6931. Fish in remarkably thick nodule; Green’s Creek.
Purchased, 1893.
Other fragmentary fossils have also been referred to existing
genera of Salmonidse, as follows : —
Coregonus lavaretus, Linn. : A. G. Nathorst, Geol. Foren. Stock-
PAKT IV.
M
162
ACTINOPTERTGII.
holm, Forhandl. vol. xv. (1893), p. 574. — Pleistocene ;
Skattmanso, Upland, Sweden.
^ Osmerus albyi^ H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 215, fig. 53. — Upper Miocene; Licata,
Sicily. [Imperfect fish.]
Osmerus cVacJiiardi, de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. — Proc. Yerb.
vol. i. (1878), p. xix (name only). — Upper Miocene;
Gabbro, Tuscany.
Osmerus larteti, H. E. Sauvage, loc. dt, 1873, p. 213, fig. 41, and
loc. cit. vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, p. 40, fig. 11. — Ibid.
[Ditto.]
^ Osmerus 'propterygius^ H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 216, figs. 54,62. — -
Ibid. [Ditto.]
A Osmerus scarabellii^ I. Bonomi, Eivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896),
p. 218, pi. V. fig. 6. — Upper Miocene ; Mondaino, Prov.
Forli, Italy. [Ditto.]
^ Osmerus (?) stilpiios, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 218, figs. 55,
63. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
The generic determination of these supposed species of Osmerus
is very doubtful.
Family HALOSAURID^E.
Trunk much elongated, the caudal region relatively large and
tapering. Parietal bones in contact, excluding the supraoccipital
from the cranial roof ; squamosals suturally united with parietals
and completely covering the otic region ; snout a little produced ; a
suborbital series of enlarged cheek-plates bearing the well-developed
slime-canal. Mandibular suspensorium inclined forwards, and
g-ape of mouth small ; premaxilla chiefly forming the upper border
of the mouth, but maxilla also entering it ; teeth minute or rudi¬
mentary. Oj)ereular apparatus incomplete, with numerous well¬
spaced slender branchiostegal rays, but no gular plate. Vertebral
centra in the form of thin cylinders jnerced by the notochord ; ribs
very short. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-fulcra absent; fin-
rays bifurcated slightly and articulated at wide intervals in the
distal half ; pectoral fins placed well upon the flank,, and pelvic fins
well-developed, abdominal ; a single dorsal fin about the middle of
the back ; anal fin much extended, sometimes confluent with the
caudal. Scales thin and cycloid ; lateral line conspicuous along the
ventral portion of the flank.
This family survives only in the deep sea, where it is represented
by Halosaurus and one or two other closely related genera. An
f
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Stye ^ /■?-2S'A^'i
^fTf¥ /3 ^ y^^cy^ ,
z /zt0^y • j ^ f
/<sy /r*z'a. ? xe /»»<» r , — ^ z*. *». ^./f’.xh»4.<^
✓ ./L/. ^ /i.fiz^^.ii / /-«, »r/aT. fz-'fzt. y^y.
C s c^7jp^^'- ;^x J.
HALOSAT7EIDJ3.
163.
account of the osteology and the anatomy of some of the soft parts-
of the type genus is given by Giinther \
Genus ECHIDNOCEPHALUS, W. von der March.
[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell. vol. x. 1858, p. 247.]
An imperfectly known fish from which the existing genus HaU-
saurus is not yet clearly distinguished. The dentition, cheek-plates,
and pectoral fin are unknown, while the number of rays in the
dorsal and pelvic fins is slightly less than is usual in the recent
genus. Eranchiostegal rays about 12 in number. Vertebral centra
very short and numerous as far as the middle of the caudal region,
marked with delicate longitudinal striae. Dorsal fin with two
simple, and about six branched rays, arising behind the pelvic pair
and in advance of the anal, which is much extended and not
differentiated from the caudal. Scales of lateral line thickened and
apparently enlarged.
Echidnocephalus troscheli, W. von der Marck.
1858. Echidnocephalus troschelii, "VV. von cler Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Gesell. vol. x. p. 247.
1858. Echidnocephalus tenuicaudus^ W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 248.
[Imperfect fish ; Academy of Miinster.]
1863. Echidnocephalus troscheli, W. von der Marck,. Palseontogr. vol. xi.
p. 55, pi. viii. fig. 1.
1863. Echidnocephalus tenuicaudus, W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 56,
pi. viii. figs. 2, 3, pi. xiv. fig. 1.
. 1868. Echidnocephalus troscheli, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xv.
p. 288.
1873. Echidnocephalus troscheli., W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxii. p. 62.
1897. Echidnocephalus troscheli, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc,
^ p, 268, pi. xviii.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’3. Length of
head with opercular apparatus apparently twice as gTeat as the
maximum depth of the trunk, and equal to the distance between
the clavicle and pelvic fins. Vertebral column as far as the middle
of the caudal region comprising eighty short and deep centra ;
those beyond being relatively longer and less ossified. Pelvic fins,
each with about 6 rays, arising midway between the pectoral arch and
the anal fin ; dorsal fin short and deep, arising nearly opposite the
^ A. Giinther, Deep Sea Fishes, ‘Challenger’ Eep. — Zool. vol. xxii. (1887),
p. 232, pi. lx. figs. 1-8.
164
ACTINOPTEEVGII.
35tli vertebral centrum ; anal fin less elevated and with more
delicate ra3’s than the dorsal, arising nearly opposite the 50th
vertebral centrum.
The so-called E. tenuicaudns is still regarded as a distinct species
by von der March in his latest list (Palaeontogr. vol. xxxi. 1885,
p. 240), but the only differences observed seem to be due to accidents
in distortion and preservation.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous ; Westphalia.
P. 2111. Imperfect fish displaying some of the principal characters
of the head and opercular apparatus, described and figured
in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 268, pi. xviii. fig. 1 ; Senden-
horst. Egerton CoV.
P. 2114. Imperfect specimen on slab with other fishes, described
ihid. p. 271 ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
P. 4481. Impression of fish wanting the end of the snout, described
and figured ihid. p. 269, pi. xviii, fig. 2 ; Sendenhorst.
EnnisTcillen Coll.
P. 5949. Head and greater portion of trunk in counterpart,
described and figured ihid. p. 270, pi. xviii. fig. 3 ; Sen¬
denhorst. The scales of the lateral line are especially
conspicuous. Purchased, 1889.
Another example of this species is preserved on a large slab
numbered P. 9251.
Genus EKTCHEIjURUS, W. von der March.
[Palaeontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 58.]
An imperfectly known genus provisionally placed in this family
on account of the general resemblance of its skeleton to that of
Echidnocephalus. Vertebrae very short and numerous, marked with
delicate longitudinal striae ; neural arches in the abdominal region
expanded into narrow laminae. Paired fins small, about equal in
size ; dorsal fin at least as deep as long, arising opposite to or
behind the pelvic fins ; anal fin much extended ; a separate fringing
caudal fin, pointed behind. Scales small, those of the lateral line
apparently thickened but not enlarged.
Enchelurus villosus, W. von der March.
1863. Enchelurus villosus, W. von der March, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 58, pi. ix, fig. 5.
Tgpe. Imperfect distorted trunk ; Academy of Miinster.
/fiM. - /. /a-^A /%.yS.
'(^- ‘^'•/. >. ^ ■"
HALOSAURID^.
165
The type species, known only by the unique type specimen,
probably attaining a length of about 0’2. Anal fin with not less
than 25 rays, and dorsal fin apparently completely opposed to it.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Baumherg, "W^estphalia.
Aot represented in the Collection. In the type specimen in the
Academy of Miinster some of the anterior vertebral centra seem to
show that a large remnant of the notochord pierced them. The
haemal spines are somewhat thickened but not fused together at the
base of the caudal fin. Long and delicate intermuscular bones are
conspicuous, extending nearly to the end of the tail. The extended
anal fin (“ dorsal” of von der Marck) is clearly separate from the
caudal, and exhibits remarkably short supports. The dorsal fin is
represented only by five articulated and divided rays opposite the
middle of the anal ; but the specimen is so much distorted that the
original relationships of these two fins are uncertain.
Enchelurus syriaciis, sp. nov.
[Plate XII. figs. 1, 2.]
Type. Distorted fish ; British lluseum.
A species attaining a length of about 0T2. Length of head with
opercular apparatus equalling twice the maximum depth of the
trunk, and probably contained about three times in the length from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Operculum nearly
as deep as broad, its hinder border slightly produced into a broad
crimped prominence. Vertebrae approximately 100 in number.
Pelvic fins, each with about 8 rays, inserted opposite the origin of
the dorsal fin, which comprises from 16 to 18 rays, and arises as
far from the occiput as its termination from the base of the caudal
fin ; anal fin with about 30 rays, arising opposite the hinder end of
the dorsal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 5998. T3"pe specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XII.
fig. 1. The fish is accidentally bent upwards at the
middle of the abdominal region, and the pectoral arch
seems to be a little displaced backwards. The cranium is
evidently low and elongated, but no other feature is
recognisable in the head. There are remains of a
tolerably robust opercular apparatus, with a few long
and slender branchiostegal rays (hr.) below. Part of
the stout and broad clavicle is seen, with remains of the
scapular arch and pectoral fins behind. There is a large
scapula above a smaller coracoid, without any intervening
166
ACTING PTERre II.
vacuity ; and fouT slender basals can be seen supporting
the appended pectoral fin (pcf.). The vertebral centra are
obscure, but their arches are distinct ; the characteristic
expansions of the neural arches in the abdominal region
are especially well shown. The pelvic fins (plv.), with
their closely apposed supporting bones, are preserved just
in advance of the dorsal fin, which is opposed to the space
between the pelvic pair and the anal. The rays of the
dorsal fin, probably about 17 in number, are stouter than
those of the anal, which seem to have been shorter and
not less than 30 in number. Of the caudal fin, only a
fragment remains. Leiuis Coll.
P. 9168. Larger and more im'perfect specimen, shown of the natural
size in PI. XII. fig. 2. The head is vertically crushed
and seen apparently from above. The postorbital portion
of the cranium is longer than broad, while the interorbital
and rostral portions are very slender. The left mandibular
ramus is sufficiently complete to indicate that the
quadrate articulation was beneath the hinder border of
the orbit. The operculum (ojj.) is trapezoidal in shape,
and slightly crimped postero-superiorly ; an impression on
the right suggests that the preoperculum was much
expanded ; while there are remains of a suboperculum
and very slender branchiostegal rays on the left. The
vertebrae in the abdominal region bear the expanded
neural arches, and also short, slender ribs. The 'Column
is distorted just behind the dorsal fin. Imperfect remains
of all the fins occur, including the large and fringing
rpointed caudal fin. The squamation is not well preserved ;
but one longitudinal series of scales near the ventral
border is conspicuous, apparently by its being thickened,
not enlarged. The latter series doubtless indicates the
course of the lateral line. Leivis Coll.
46529. Imperfect specimen, specially displaying the vertebrae and
pelvic fins. The short and deep vertebral centra are
marked with delicate longitudinal ridges. The ribs are
short and slender, not suppoifed by any transverse pro¬
cesses. The laminar neural arches in the hinder two
thirds of the abdominal region are overlapped by extremely
slender, separate neural spines. Lewis Coll.
46560. Distorted fragment, showing robust clavicles, also remains
of paired and dorsal fins. Lewis Coll.
HALOSAURID^.
167
Enchelurus anglicus, sp. nov.
[Plate XII. fig. 3.]
Type. Imperfect anterior half of fish ; British Museum.
A large species, probably attaining a length of about 0'25. Too
imperfectly known for precise definition, but probably similar to
E. syriacus in general proportions. Operculum as deep as broad,
gently rounded and not crimped at the binder border.
Form. Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
P. 4249. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PL XII.
fig. 3 ; Lower Chalk, probably Kent. The cranium is
exposed from above, and its roof-bones are shown to be
unornamented. The postorbital region is at least as
broad as long, while the interorbital and rostral regions
are much laterally compressed. The parietal bones {;pci.)
are large, meeting in the middle line ; while the squa-
mosals {sq.) cover the whole of the otic region, except
perhaps behind. The frontals (/r.) are extremely narrow
in their anterior half ; and the slender mesethmoid {eth.\
which projects forwards beneath them, exhibits a slight
expansion at its anterior end. Among the remains on
the side of the cranium, there is a quadrate on the right,
and an entopterygoid {enpt.') on the left. The quadrate
bears a small ])Ostero-superior process, probably to clasp a
S3^mplectic. The entoj)terygoid is a large laminar bone,
slightly more than twice as long as deep. Bemains of
the premaxillee beneath the end of the mesethmoid indicate
that they must have been relatively small, with a delicate
rod-like extension behind. They distinctly bear very
minute teeth. The maxilla (mx.), shown on both sides, is
relatively very large ; its anterior portion being a stout
narrow bar extending forwards above the premaxilla,
while its larger hinder portion is a considerable laminar
expansion, not externallj^ ornamented. The evidence
of teeth on this element is uncertain. The mandible
(md.') seems to have been comparatively small, but its
remains are imperfect and partly obscured. There is,
however, reason to suspect that the gape was small, and
that very little of the maxilla entered it. The left
operculum (qp.), though somewhat fractured, shows its
oharacteristic smoothness and rounded posterior border.
Fragmentary remains of the vertebral axis are preserved
as far as the pelvic fins. The anterior vertebral centra
168
ACTINOPTEETGII.
are deeper than long, but those more posteriorly are about
as deep as long ; all are marked by very delicate longi¬
tudinal ridges. Traces of slender ribs occur, and all the
neural arches bear curious laminar expansions. Portions
of the pelvic fin-supports {'plv.') are distinguishable, and
there are a few indications of very thin scales.
EnnisJcillen Coll.
The following specimen seems to belong to a species of Enclielurus,
but is not satisfactorily determinable : —
P, 9248. Imperfect distorted fish, nearly as large as the type spe¬
cimen of E. anglicus, wanting caudal extremity ; Upper
Cretaceous, Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. The characteristic
cranium is exposed from above, and the left maxilla and
mandibular ramus are well shown. There are also remains
of a tubercular tritoral dentition on some of the inner
bones of the mouth. The expansions of the neural arches
cannot be seen. Eemains of the pelvic, dorsal, and anal
fins occur. The scales are marked by radiating grooves
in their covered portion. Leivis Coll.
Family NOTACANTHID^.
Trunk much elongated, the caudal region slender and tapering,
with or without a diminutive caudal fin. Parietal bones partly in
contact, but not completely excluding the supraoccipital from the
cranial roof ; squamosals suturally united with parietals and com¬
pletely covering the otic region ; snout a little produced ; cheek-
plates very delicate. kTandibular suspensorium inclined forwards,
and gape of mouth small ; premaxilla extended and excluding the
maxilla from the upper border of the mouth ; teeth slender, never
much enlarged. Opercular apparatus complete, with a few branchi-
ostegal rays, but no gular plate. Vertebral centra much constricted,
those of the abdominal region with very short and broad transverse
processes ; ribs long and slender, inserted just below the neural
arches. Intermuscular bones present, sometimes fused with the
ribs. Pectoral arch connected with the skull by ligament. Fin-
fulcra absent ; paired fins well-developed, the pelvic pair being
remote ; dorsal fin rudimentary, its supports being widely spaced,
and the rays, when present, being represented chiefl)" b}'’ small
spines; anal fin low and much extended, its anterior portion at
least spinous. Scales thin and cycloid; lateral line distinct along
the upper part of the flank.
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NOTACANTHIDJE.
169
Notacantlius and two or three closely allied genera still exist in
the deep sea. An account of the osteology and anatomy of some of
the soft parts of the type genus is given by Gunther \ and there is
some reason to believe that the fish is truly physostomous^.
Vaillanthas observed bone-lacunae in several parts of the skeleton ^
Genus PRONOTACANTHUS, novum.
An imperfectly known genus, with laterally-compressed trunk
and an excessively elongated abdominal region which comprises at
least 70 vertebrae. Teeth recurved, in single regular series in the
mandible. A regular, spaced series of dorsal fin-supports extending
along the whole length of the abdominal region, each support
expanded distally, but not bearing either fin-ray or spine.
Pronot acanthus differs from all the existing genera in the absence
of dorsal siDines or fin-rays. It has already been mentioned in
Ann. Mag. jS^at. Hist. [7J vol. v. (1900), p. 322.
Pronotacanthus sahel-almse (Davis).
[Plate XV. figs. 1, 2.]
1887. Anguilla saliel-almce, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 625, pi. xx. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus twice as great as the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained about eight times in the
distance between the paired fins. Xumber of dorsal fin-supports in
the same space about 52.
Form. 4' Toe. Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
46535, P. 4741. Type specimen in counterpart, unsatisfactorily
described by Davis loc. cit., with figure restored from both
sides of the fossil. The right side of the fossil is re-drawn
in PI. XY. fig. I. The head is distorted and too imperfect
for description, but the bones bordering the mouth are
shown to be comparatively stout, and there seems to be
an antorbital cheek-plate traversed by a branching sensory
canal. The much-constricted vertebral centra are mostly
broken along the middle and partly obscured by the
^ A. Giiuther, Deep Sea Fishes, ‘Challenger’ Eep. — Zool. vol. xxii. (1887),
p. 245, pi. lx. figs. 9-15.
^ L. Yaillant, Exped. Scient. Travailleur et Talisman. — Poissons (1888),
p. 383.
^ L. Vaillant, op. cit. p. 323.
170
ACTINOPTERTGII.
numerous delicate intermuscular bones, so that the non-
appearance of the characteristic short transverse processes
is perhaps to be explained by the imperfections in the
mode of preservation. The neural arches and spines are
very slender, and inclined sharpl}- backwards throughout
the length of trunk preserved ; the delicate ribs seem to
have completely encircled the abdominal cavity. Traces
of the contents of the intestine are observed throughout
the greater part of the abdominal region, extending behind
the pelvic fins nearly as far as the specimen is preserved.
One pectoral fin is bent upwards and the other down¬
wards, and they are sufficiently well exhibited to indicate
that they are comparatively large and robust, each with
about 10 rays. The pelvic fins (plv.) are very remote,
and observed to be supported b}’ a pair of slender bones
which are pointed in front. The pelvic fin-rays are much
more slender than those of the pectoral fins, and perhaps
about two thirds as long as th-e latter. The fish is broken
away shortly behind the pelvic fins, and neither side of
the fossil exhibits the additional fragment represented by
Davis. Still further back on the left-hand slab, there
occurs the terminal portion of a tail with a small differ¬
entiated caudal fin ; but it is very uncertain whether this
belongs to the fish now described. The dorsal fin-supports
are well shown as indicated in the drawing, each with a
small triangular expansion at its distal end ; but there
are no traces of fin-ravs in connection with them. There
V
are no undoubted remains of scales. Lewis Coll.
49542, P. 9169. Imperfect head and greater part of ahdominal
region, exhibiting a small fish swallowed tail foremost, in
counterpart. The front half of the right side of the fossil
is shown of the natural size in PI. XY. fig. 2. The
cranium in side-view appears less deepened than in the
existing jS^otacantJius, but it has the same delicate para-
sphenoid bone. The maxilla, shown on the left side
of the fossil, is gently curved and comparatively stout,
but its hinder end is obscured. The mandible is still
stouter, its articulation below the middle of the orbit,
its hinder half very much deepened, its short oral margin
still bearing three slender recurved teeth. The opercular
apparatus is imperfect and distorted, but below it there
are distinct remains of about ten delicate branchiostegal
rays. The constricted veitebral centra are fractured,
4
/f. /f
/^, ^ <ym ^ OU^l^r >^ ^ ^ ^•
9i C^*.t, t«0 ^.^9/ yfr/ /X* '^aA 2>C^^
^ pp7h -• CTff') ^ /fsriTy P{K ^^u*.
^cro X. jc'i-
/^« 0'<Z*^ fy SSr^'yyt^-^ P.^^
y f f* /cf . ^ /ip»^ - 7''**-^^ ,
DERCETID^.
171
and there are no traces of transverse processes. The
neural spines, ribs, and intermuscular bones are shown as
in the previous specimen, and the characteristic dorsal
fin-supports occur, without any traces of the fin itself.
E-emains of the clavicle and supraclavicle occur ; and the
longest rays of the pectoral fins are about half as long
as the head with opercular apparatus. No scales can be
distinguished. Lewis Coll.
49522. See p. 182.
Family DERCETID^„
Head and trunk much elongated. Parietal bones of moderate
size and meeting in the middle line ; squamosal suturally united
with parietals and completely covering the otic region •; snout con¬
siderably produced ; cheek-plates delicate or wanting. Mandibular
suspensorium vertical or inclined backwards, and gape of mouth
very wide ; premaxilla delicate, extending in front of the ethmoidal
region, and apparently forming the greater part of the upper border
of the mouth; teeth conical and slender, in a single series on the
margin of the jaws, clustered on the pterygoid arcade and the inner
side of the mandible. Opercular apparatus complete, with few
slender branchiostegal rays, but no gular plate. Vertebral centra
in the form of delicate constricted cylinders pierced by the noto¬
chord ; ribs long and slender, borne by laminar transverse processes ;
neural and haemal spines in the caudal region very short. Inter¬
muscular bones present. Fin-fulcra absent ; fin-rays bifurcated
slightly and articulated at wide intervals in the distal half ; post¬
temporal bones in contact with the supraoccipital, and pectoral fins
low down upon the flanks ; pelvic fins well-developed, abdominal ;
a single dorsal fin, more or less extended; anal fin short; caudal
fin separate. Ordinary scales small or wanting, but two or more
continuous paired series of enlarged scutes along the flanks ; no
median dorsal or ventral scutes.
Synopsis of Genera.
I. No scales between scutes.
Dorsal fin occupying the greater part
of the back, and anal fin opposed
to its hinder portion ; scutes much
expanded . Dercetis (p. 172).
Dorsal fin not occupying more than
one third of the back, and anal
fin behind it ; scutes not much
expanded . Leptotrachelus (p. 173).
172
ACTIXOPTEETGn.
II. Small scales between scutes.
Trunk completely covered with scutes
and small rliomboidal scales :
dorsal fin occupying the greater
part ol tbe back, and anal fin
opposed to its binder portion . . Pelargorhynclius (p. 188).
Genus DSRCBTIS9 Agassiz.
[Xeues Jalirb. 183-1, p. 389.]
External bones slightly ornamented with short ridges and rows
of tubercles. Teeth in form of small, slender, hollow cones, more
or less clustered. Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in number. Pelvic
fins arising nearer to the pectorals than to the anal ; dorsal fin
occupying the greater part of the back ; anal fin opposed to the
hinder part of the dorsal ; caudal fin forked. ^lost of the dermal
scutes considerably expanded, and the adjoining longitudinal series
often in contact ; a paired series along the dorsal and yentral
borders, and another along the lateral line ; no intermediate
squamation.
Dercetis scutatus, Agassiz.
1834. Dercetis sicutatus, L. Agassiz, Xeues Jahrb. p. 390, and Poiss.
Foss., Feuill. p. 20.
1844. Dercetis scutatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yol. ii. pt. ii. p. 259.
Type. Xearly complete fish ; Palmontological lluseum, ILunich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*35. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about one fifth of the total
length of the fish (including caudal fin). Pectoral fins much larger
than the peMc fins, these two pairs separated by a space about
equal in length to the cranium ; dorsal fin, with about 50 rays,
arising well in adyanee of the pelyic fins ; anal fin, with not less
than 16 rays, opposed to the hindermost part of the dorsal. Dermal
scutes ornamented with fine tuberculations, and the three longi¬
tudinal series on each side almost or completely in contact.
Form. Loc. Fpper Cretaceous: Eaumberg, "Westphalia.
Xot represented in the Collection.
The following specimens from the English Chalk probably belong
to Dercetis.^ but are not specifically determined ; —
31075-82. Imperfect anterior portion of a large fish, comprising
the head, clayicle, abdominal yertebree, many well-
preserved scutes, and one of the expanded pelvic bones ;
Chalk, Grays, Essex. The cranium measures about 0*12
^ z¥^y, 9it/i^'t.^ c^ /. /^r
JZ)en^cc^z^ ^
97^. X/V//^^7 3), /, a
DERCETID^.
1^0
to
in length. The anterior vertebral centra are not more
than twice as long as deep. The dermal scutes are large
and very broad, with both the postero-lateral branches
truncated and conspicuously ornamented with tubercles.
The longitudinal series of scutes must have been in con¬
tact at least in the middle of the trunk ; while those of
the lateral line are scarcely more than half as large as
those of the dorsal row. Purchased^ 1853.
P. 3847. Remains of small head and trunk, with highly ornamented
broad scutes ; Chalk, Kent. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3847 a. Portion of series of similar scutes with an ornamentation
more radiate than usual ; Chalk, Sussex.
Enniskillen Coll.
The following species have been described on the evidence
of unsatisfactory fragments, and are not represented in the Col¬
lection : —
Dercetis limhamnensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1890), p. 431, pi. xlv. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Cre¬
taceous (Danian) ; Limhamn, near Malmo, Sweden.
[Imperfect head and vertebrae ; Geological Museum,
University of Lund.]
Dercetis reussi^ A. Fritsch, Rept. u. Fische bohm. Kreideform.
(1878), p. 20, pi. ii. fig. 8, pi. iv. fig. 1, pi. x. figs. 1, 6,
woodc. fig. 46. — Turonian ; Bohemia. [Fragments ;
Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.]
Genus LBPTOTRACHSLXJS. W. von der Marck.
[Palaeontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 59.]
/
Syn. Trmnasnis. E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iv.
1878, p. 67.
External hones slightly ornamented with short ridges and rows
of tubercles ; premaxilla longer than deep, produced to an acute
point in front ; all the teeth small, slender, hollow cones, only
tip]3ed with enamel, and more or less clustered. Vertebrae between
60 and 80 in number. Pelvic fins opposed to the dorsal, which
does not occupy more than the middle third of the back ; anal fin
behind the dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Most of the dermal scutes
triradiate, some narrow heart-shaped, and adjoining longitudinal
series scarcely if at all in contact ; a paired series along the dorsal
and ventral borders, and another along the lateral line ; no inter¬
mediate squamation.
MH
174
ACTING PTERYGII.
Leptotrachelus armatus, W. von der Marck.
1863. Leptotrachelus armatus, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xi.
p, 59, pi. X. fig. 3.
1885. Leptotrachelus armatus, AV. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxxi.
p. 260.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Mlinster, AYestphalia.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'5. Length of head
with opercular apparatus contained about six times in the total
length to the base ef the caudal fin. Anterior abdominal region
excessively slender, a series of about 10 anterior vertebrse equalling
the length of the head. Pelvic fins much larger than the pectorals,
arising at about the middle point of the trunk. Dermal scutes
of abdominal region excessively attenuated, those of the caudal
region robust.
Form. 4’ Toe. Upper Cretaceous: AV'estphalia.
F. 2109. Imperfect head and abdominal region, with remains of the
fins ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
Leptotrachelus triqueter, Pictet.
1850. Dercetis triqueter, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban, p. 47,
pi. ix. figs. 5, 6.
1850. Dercetis linguifer, F. J. Pictet, ibid. p. 47, pi. ix. figs. 7, 8.
[Fragment of abdominal region ; Geneva Museum.]
1866. Leptotrachelus triqueter, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Eech. Poiss.
Foss. Mont Liban, p. 95, pi. xiv. figs. 1, 2.
1887. Leptotrachelus triqueter, J. W Davis, Trans, Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. hi. p. 620, pi. xxxviii. fig. 1.
Typ>e. Fragment of abdominal region ; Geneva Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0‘3. Head with opercular
apparatus occupying about one fifth of the total length of the fish to
the base of the caudal fin. Anterior abdominal region not exces¬
sively elongated, its vertebral centra about twice as long as deep,
and a series of 16 or 17 equalling the length of the head; the other
vertebrae nearly similar in proportions. Pectoral fins each with
about 11 rays, the length of the longest equalling one third that of
the head with opercular apparatus ; pelvic fins slightly larger than
the pectorals, arising just behind the anterior third of the trunk,
each with not less than 7 or 8 rays ; dorsal fin occupying the
middle third of the trunk, with about 35 rays, the hindermost
comparatively small and slender ; anal fin with about 8 rays, twice
as distant from the pelvic pair as from the caudal. Dermal scutes
of moderate size and narrow, those on the dorsal and ventral
borders of the caudal region bearing a backwardly-directed smooth
/, . yt(j^ A^-V/ir . /t-tfv.
(I,') ^ .^I4'2^ Z^, /rhh
^ ' S^J r>.&*t,9L ^fk^ , - /7Zmu».>V'>5^. /%*i.
/'O’Sv^ yZ.
/^^^./►/•. ^ CX^-wv^ . /v^
DERCETID^.
175
uncinate spine, which is especially large in the region between the
pelvic and anal fins, but becomes much reduced on the caudal
pedicle ; anterior abdominal flank-scutes narrow heart-shaped.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous ; Mt. Lebanon, Syria.
P. 4007. Specimen figured by Davis, Joe. cit. pi. xxxviii, fig. 1 ;
Sahel Alma. The head is much shortened by accident,
the projecting premaxillaries being broken away in front,
the cranium imperfect behind ; and the opercular region
is also shortened by the distortion of the fish. The
cranial roof appears to be exposed from withiu, and
where the bone is flaked away a small impression of the
right frontal shows the longitudinally-ridged ornament.
The characteristic anterior termination of the mesethmoid
is well-preserved. The extent of the very large orbit is
shown in Davis’ flgure; in front there is the usual
smooth, ovoid cheek-plate. Some of the very slender,
backwardly-curved teeth are exhibited in remains of the
jaws. An impression of the left operculum is seen, but
too imperfect for description. The vertebrae can be
distinguished throughout the length of the fish and seem
to have been slightly over seventy in number ; those
towards the hinder edge of the abdominal region ex¬
hibiting the robust transverse processes, of which each
bears a long and very slender rib. The anterior half of
the abdominal region is much distorted, and the pectoral
fin is preserved on either side, that of the left side being
most nearly complete. Ten rays can be counted in the
latter, the three foremost being much the stoutest, with
sparse articulations in their distal half, the others
comparatively delicate, both articulated and subdivided in
their distal half. The pelvic fins are also squeezed apart
and exhibited one on either side of the fossil, arising about
twice as far from the caudal as from the pectorals and
comprising a few slender rays longer than those of the
latter. The dorsal and anal fins are not preserved, but
the caudal is nearly complete and shown to be slightly
forked, with about six short fulcral rays at its base above
and below. The scutes are largest and shown partly in
double series on the margins of the fossil, and thev
distinctly form a continuous line along the regions which
would be occupied by the dorsal and anal fins. They are
all triradiate, with slender branches,, and longitudinally
176
ACTINOPTERYGir.
ridged but apparently unornamented. On the ventral
border of the caudal region each scute bears a well-
developed, posteriorly-directed uncinate spine ; and nearly
the whole series here is exposed in side view. Scutes of
this kind are similarly observed in the fragmentary type
specimen described by Pictet. The scutes of the flanks
are smaller and more delicate, but not clearly shown.
Near the dorsal border of the anterior abdominal region
some of these occur in a regular series, apparently pierced
by the slime- canal of the lateral line, and having the
anteriorly-directed pierced ray very large in comparison
with the others. Somewhat larger scutes of the same
form appear again in series below the vertebral column in
the neighbourhood of the pelvic fins ; and others seem to
be crushed upon the transverse processes of the vertebrae in
the same region. Eemains of lath-shaped plates on the
flank are also distinguishable on the anterior half of the
caudal region. Lewis Coll.
49536. A larger fish, wanting the greater part of the head but
displaying the dorsal fin, noticed by Davis, loc. cit. p. 620 ;
Sahel Alma. About 70 vertebrae can be distinguished,
and those in the hinder part of the abdominal region
exhibit the usual very large transverse processes, from the
extremities of which very slender and nearly straight ribs
are suspended. The remains of the paired fins are too
fragmentary for description ; but the pelvic pair seems to
be in its natural position, arising just behind a point
opposite the origin of the dorsal, and its rays are shown
to be finely divided distall}^ The dorsal fin occupies
nearly the middle third of the back, ihe distance between
its origin and the occiput about equalling that between
its termination and the caudal fin. All its rays are
simple in the proximal half, but articulated at wide
intervals and subdivided in the distal half. The foremost
two or three rays are shown only in impression, but the
others are well-preserved, and the total number seems to
have been about thirty-five. About twelve of the hinder-
most rays are much more delicate and shorter than the
others. The anal fin is wanting, but the caudal fin is
preserved, showing the cluster of basal scales above and
the distant articulations of its rays. The dorsal and
ventral marginal scutes are preserved, but nearly all are
''"' -P' 1-; ,. ■, '. . - '
■ ‘ . • . ' "ACh
DERCETID^.
-1
i < (
displayed from the attached face, and only one specimen
on the upper border of the caudal pedicle exhibits the
uncinate spine. There are distinct traces of similar
scutes along the base of the dorsal fin. Some of the
obliquely-directed lath-shaped plates are observable on the
caudal region. Lewis Coll.
49540. Fish about 0’3 in length, vertically depressed anteriorly,
shown in lateral aspect from the middle of the abdominal
region backwards, noticed and figured in ‘ Xatural
Science,’ vol. xii. (1898), p. 258, pi. x. ; Sahel Alma.
The specimen is interesting as enclosing an undigested
fish O’OTo in length, which has been swallowed as usual
head foremost, and distends the hinder abdominal region
from a depth of less than 0'015 to more than 0‘02.
Among the fractured remains of the head the character¬
istic end of the rostral region is distinct, ornamented by
a few smooth longitudinal ridges. Behind the head the
pectoral fin is shown fragmentarily on each side. jS^ine
rays seem to be indicated on the right side, those beyond
the foremost four being comparatively delicate and short,
but all with widely-spaced articulations at the distal end
and the majority bifurcated. The foremost ray on the
left side, also showing distal articulations, measures 0’02
in length. The number of vertebrae exhibited seems to
be about 80. The pelvic fins, represented by that of the
left side displaced downwards b}’ the distended stomach,
are as large as the pectorals, and nearly similar, but
apparently with stouter rays which are only six in
number. The pelvic fin-support is a delicate expanded
lamina, not clearly seen. The anal fin is well-preserved,
about twice as deep as long, comprising seven or eight
stout, closelv-arranged ravs, each undivided in the
proximal half, bifurcated and with distant articulations
in the distal half. The distance between this fin and the
pelvic pair (displaced) is somewhat less than that between
the latter and the pectorals, and not quite twice as great
as that between its origin and the caudal. The dorsal fin
is wanting. The caudal is a little crushed, but exhibits
the characteristic bifurcation. The triradiate dorsal and
ventral scutes are shown along the entire length of the
trunk as far forwards as the pectoral arch, except above
the distended stomach and the base of the anal fin ; aU
PART IV.
178
ACTi:S’OPTERTGII.
those ill advance of the pelvic fins being conoparatively
slender. Most of those in the caudal region are exposed
from the inner aspect, and the uncinate spine is thus
only visible on a few dorsal scutes of the caudal pedicle.
There are traces of scutes on the flanks, but they are not
distinct. Lewis Coll.
49541. Equally large fish, the head and anterior abdominal region
exposed from below, the remainder of the trunk from the
side ; Sahel A^ma. The imperfect long and slender man¬
dible is shown from below, the ramus of the right side with
five large pits in sparse longitudinal series at its anterior
end. A fracture seems to indicate the division between
the dentary and articulo-augular elements ; if so, the
latter is almost as long as the former. Traces of very
slender branchiostegal rays are observed behind, seven
being indicated on the right, and possibly more on the
left side. Slightly more than seventy vertebrse can be
counted, and some of the characteristic centra in the
anterior abdominal region exhibit the laminar transverse
processes. The pectoral fins are imperfectly preserved on
each side of the trunk, and that of the right distinctly
indicates eleven rays, the hindermost excessively delicate.
The pelvic fins are shown only in a fragment opposite
the anterior end of the dorsal fin, of which the foremost
nine or ten rays are preserved. The anal fin is almost
destroyed, but the caudal fin is not much injured. The
marginal scutes are of the usual form and proportions,
distinctly in continuous series along the base of the dorsal
and anal fins; some on the ventral border of the mid-
caudal region are exposed in side-view and display the
relatively large uncinate spine, which becomes greatly
reduced on the corresponding scutes of the caudal pedicle.
The appearances on the flank are difiicult of interpreta¬
tion; but below the vertebral column just behind the
pectoral fins there is a series of narrow heart-shaped
scutes shown from the inner face, which seem to have
borne a median longitudinal keel ; and below these again,
especially a little further hack, there are traces of the
oblique lath-shaped plates, which are still better observed
on the caudal region. At the base of the anal fin,
indeed, three of these lath-shaped plates seem to be
directly continuous with the postero-superiorly inclined
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DERCETID^.
179
arm of three successive ventral scutes. ^loreover, a few
of the dorsal scutes here appear to have their postero-
inferioiiy inclined arm extended in like manner.
Lewis Coll.
P. 4018. Another fine specimen, showing the fiank-scutes of the
anterior abdominal region ; Sahel Alma. Leivis Coll.
49537. Imperfect contorted fish, with reflexed head ; Sahel Alma.
Immediately in front and behind the orbit there aro
remains of a delicate plate, which may belong to the
cheek. Clustered slender conical teeth are observed in
the jaws. Some of the anterior vertebrae exhibit the
characteristic laminar transverse processes, while a few of
the caudals still bear the short neural spine. The large
pelvic, fins are crushed together in the usual situation.
The dorsal fin is evidentlv similar to that of no. TObSG,
but the rays are depressed and cannot be counted ; some
of its supports are distinct in the hinder part, each much
expanded at the articulation with the corresponding ray.
Immediately before and behind the dorsal fin the double
series of dorsal scutes is preserved, those of both sides
being exposed from the inner aspect ; it is also clear that
this double series was continuous along the base of the
fin. A few of the ventral scutes are shown from the
external aspect, with spine broken away, in the hinder
part of the caudal region ; and those of the left side are
exposed in continuous series above the base of the anal fin.
The caudal fin is expanded by crushing. Leivis Coll.
P. 4863. Nearly complete fish bent in the middle and with
imperfect fins ; Sahel Alma. In the abdominal region
the very slender ribs are shown suspended from the
expanded transverse processes ; and there are traces of
the delicate laminar pelvic fin-supports. Here may also
be distinguished some of the narrow heart-shaped flank-
scutes, becoming more markedly triradiate near the origin
of the dorsal fin ; while between this row and those on
the ridge of the back there is a double series of relatively
small and delicate triradiate scutes. Leivis Coll.
49535. Imperfect head and abdominal region, lateral aspect ;
Sahel Alma. One small antorbital cheek-plate is observed
on the head, and there seems to be a more fragmentary
... postorbital ; there is also a cluster of slender conical
n2
180
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
recurved teeth in both jaws. The relatively great extent
of the articulo-angular element of the mandible is
distinct, while a few of the slender branchiostegal rays
occur below. The clavicle is shown to be robust, and the
pelvic fin-support expanded. Remains of an undigested
individual, apparently of Leptotraclielus gracilis, extend
along the whole length of the abdominal region ; and
there are some rounded bodies clustered in advance of
the pelvic fins, which may be ova. Lewis Coll.
46524. Small imperfect fish, wanting the rostral end of the skull ;
Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
47361-62. Two imperfect examples of the trunk ; Sahel Alma.
Lewis Coll.
The following specimen probably belongs to a large individual
of Leptotraclielus triqueter, but its specific determination is un¬
certain : —
P, 1903, P. 4250. Vertically crushed skull and pectoral arch, in
counterpart ; Sahel Alma. The rostral region and an
impression of the remainder of the cranial roof exhibit an
ornamentation of delicate raised lines and rows of small
tubercles ; those on the mesethmoid in a longitudinal
direction, those on the hinder part of the frontal more or
less radiating and scarcely reaching its posterior border.
The mandibular ramus of the left side is shown to be
similarly ornamented with longitudinal series of fine
tubercles. The slender teeth are clustered as usual.
Remains of the slender spaced branchiostegal rays are
seen, about 12 on the left side. The right pectoral fin
exhibits 11 rays, all distantly articulated at the distal
end, and all except the first two bifurcating twice distally.
The anterior vertebral centra are not more than twice as
long as deep. Egerton Ennishillen Colls.
Leptotrachelus gracilis, Davis.
1837. Leptotrachelus gracilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 623, pi. xxxviii. fig. 3.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A very slender species attaining a length of about 0*5, but usually
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus contained about
five and a half times in the total length to the base of the caudal
sr'i’T-
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■t'. 'ii-'' I'*'-;'
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DERCETID.1:.
181
fin. Anterior abdominal region excessively slender, and its vertebral
centra about three times as long as deep, with much expanded
transverse processes ; a series of 13 or 14 anterior vertebrae equalling
the length of the head ; the other vertebral centra a little deeper
in proportion to their length. Pelvic fins much larger than the
pectorals, arising just in advance of the middle point of the trunk,
the distance between the pectoral and pelvic pairs equalling twice
the length of the head with opercular apparatus ; dorsal fin occup\lng
less than the middle third of the trunk ; number of fin-rays probably
as in Z. triqueter. Dermal scutes narrow, those on the dorsal and
ventral border of the elongated abdominal region excessively
attenuated ; anterior abdominal fiank-scutes narrow heart-shaped.
It seems probable that the fragments named Deixetis tenuis by
Pictet (Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban, 1850, p. 46, pi. ix. figs. 1-4)
belong to this species ; but they are too imperfect for certain
determination.
Form. Loc, Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.
48086. Type specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. ; Sahel Alma.
The end of the snout is broken away, and the flaking of
the bone exposes some of the slender clustered teeth of
the upper jaw. The delicate ovoid plate at the anterior
border of the orbit is distinct ; and a curved plate much
broader than deep, just in front of the clavicle, may be
the suboperculum. The very slender vertebrae of the
somewhat distorted abdominal region exhibit the ex¬
panded transverse processes ; and the characteristic dermal
scutes are distinct as far forwards the pectoral fin.
The total number of vertebrae seems to be between 70
and 80. The scntes on the ventral border become notably
enlarged towards the base of the pelvic fins, which seem
to have been larger than the pectorals. The long trans¬
verse processes of the vertebras are well shown in the
region between the remains of the dorsal and pelvic fins.
Further back one of the ventral caudal scutes is exposed
in side view, dis])laying a small uncinate spine and one
arm distinctly produced into one of the lath-shaped plates,
which are very conspicuous. The anal fin is represented
only by five fragmentary rays. The caudal fin is similar
to that of L. triqueter. Leiuis Coll.
49538. More imperfect fish about 0'23 in length; Sahel Alma.
One of the pectoral fins, imperfect distally, exhibits eight
rays ; the other fins are indicated merely by fragments.
182
ACTIXOPTERTGIT.
The very slender scutes are shown to extend forwards as
far as the pectoral arch. Lewis Coll.
P. 4738. Another fine hut contorted specimen 0’31 in length ; Sahel
Alma. The slender pointed premaxillae are shown ex¬
tending forwards beyond the cranial rostrum. The long
transverse processes of the vertebrae in the hinder
abdominal region are shown in impression ; the expanded
pelvic fin-supports are also preserved. The very narrow
ventral scutes of the anterior abdominal region are shown
to pass rapidly into much larger scutes with widely-
spreading lateral branches towards the base of the pelvic
fins, and these continue for some distance beyond. Some
of the marginal scutes of the hinder caudal region are
very clearly produced into the lath-shaped plates of the
flank. Lewis Coll.
48085. A larger contorted specimen more imperfect, wanting the
hinder half of the caudal region ; Sahel Alma. The pelvic
fin-rays are shown to be remarkably long, closely articu¬
lated and subdivided at the distal end. The dorsal fin is
evidently much extended, but its rays are depressed and
cannot be counted. Leiuis Coll.
49522. Remains of two specimens on one slab, with Pronotacantlms
saJiel-almce ; Sahel Alma. The more contorted specimen
exhibits the double series of dorsal scutes on the anterior
part of the caudal region, and there are remains of the
dorsal fin extending between them. The characteristic
transverse processes are also observed in the hinder half
of the abdominal region. * Lewis Coll.
49539. Contorted small fish ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
48087. Another small specimen in counterpart ; Sahel Alma. The
double series of dorsal and ventral scutes are well shown
on the caudal region. The anal fin arises somewhat
nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic fins and comprises
at least eight rays. The dorsal fin is showm, but its rays
are depressed and cannot be counted. Lewis Coll.
47360. Anterior portion of two small fishes crossing each other on
one slab ; Sahel Alma. The fragment without head is
interesting as showing in the anterior abdominal region a
series of narrow heart-shaped scutes of the flank, in
addition to the dorsal and ventral series. Lewis Coll.
2-1 ^
.1-
■■* . . ■ \- . ■'. .
/^OS. ^ . ^U^,M //. 'U'<r^, x/x.
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>tn/x<rv,
DERCETIDJE.
183
P. 9170. Ptemaiiis of very small contorted dsli exhibiting eight
rays in one of the pelvic fins ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
47359. Imperfect trunk with anal fin ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
48088. Imperfect trunk with dorsal fin, associated with Bhinellus
furcatus ; Sahel Alma. Leivis Coll.
46533, - a. Two examples of caudal region, the second displaying
more than 30 rays in the dorsal fin ; Sahel Alma.
Lewis Coll.
P. 1902. Hinder portion of fish, showing seven rays in the pelvic,
and eight or nine in the anal fin ; Sahel Alma.
Egerton Coll.
The following specimens may represent unusually large in¬
dividuals of Leptotraclielus gracilis, but are too imperfect for
satisfactory determination : —
P. 4852. Imperfect anterior portion of fish, noticed and the head
figured by Davis (Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
1887, p. 622, pi. xxxviii. fig. 2) under the name of
Leptotraclielus triquetei\ var. a\ Sahel Alma. The head
is shown in lateral aspect, much fractured, with some of
the slender clustered teeth exposed ; while fragments
of the external bones in the hinder portion of the
cranial roof and in the mandible are ornamented with
very fine tubercles. These tubercles on the dentary and
angular bones are arranged in obliquely-directed, nearly
parallel lines. The opercular apparatus is evidentH
well-developed, though the separate elements cannot be
distinguished. The vertebral centra are similar in pro¬
portions to those of L. gracilis, and show some of the
expanded transverse processes supporting remarkably
slender ribs. Above the vertebral column there are
longitudinally extended rods stouter than the ribs, which
seem to be intermuscular bones. Above the vertebrae at
the hinder end of the fossil may also be observed the
narrow heart-shaped scutes of the flank, which are
ornamented with radiating lines of flne tubercles. The
dorsal and ventral borders, with their scutes, are broken
away. Lewis Coll.
P. 4019. Hinder half of equally large fish; Sahel Alma. The
characteristic vertebrae are imperfectly shown, and there
are remains of the pelvic, anal, and caudal fins. The
184
ACTTNOPTEETGII.
laminar expansion of one pelvic fin- support is distinct ;
and some of the bordering scutes on the caudal region are
observed to be prolonged into the lath-shaped plates.
Lewis Collo
f
Leptotrachelus hakelensis, Pictet & Humbert.
1866. Leptotrachelus hakelensis, Pictet & Humbert^ Nouv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Mont Liban, p. 98, pi. xiv. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
An' imperfectly known small species about 0*12 in length, with
much attenuated rostrum. Anterior abdominal region short, and
vertebral centra not more than twice as long as deep ; total number
of vertebrae probably about 60. Length of head with opercular
apparatus about equalling the distance between the pectoral and
pelvic fins ; distance between the pelvic and anal fins considerably
greater. Dorsal and ventral triradiate scutes much attenuated.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.
P. 6001. Relatively large and well-preserved specimen, wanting
the end of the tail ; Hakel. The operculum seems to be
nearly quadrangular in form, a little broader than deep ;
and it is bordered below by a suboperculum of about half
its depth. The vertebrae are shown, with traces of the
very delicate dermal scutes ; and there are fragmentary
remains of the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. Lewis ColL
P. IBS'S". Smaller and more imperfect specimen, showing the form
of the cranial roof ; Hakel.
Presented hy Sir J. William Dawson.^ K.G.M.G.^ 1884»
Leptotrachelus elongatus (Agassiz).
[Plate XII. fig. 4.]
1835. Fercetis elongatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55 (name
only).
1837-44, Fercetis elongatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. voL ii. pt. ii. p, 258^
pi. lxvi«. figs. 1, 2, 5-8 {non figs. 3, 4).
1879. Fercetis elongatus, W. Davies, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. vi. p. 145.
1888. Fercetis elongatus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 318.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A slender species, probably attaining a length of about 0*6, but
usually smaller. The postorbital region of the skull about as broad
as long, this occupying the hinder quarter and the orbit the next
%
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p^. XV*/. 7^. ?•.
DERCETID^.
185
quarter of the cranial length ; the length of the head with opercular
apparatus contained between four and five times in the total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior abdominal
vertebral centra about three times as long as deep, those beyond
less elongated, and those in the hinder half of the abdominal region
with large transverse processes. Pelvic fins in advance of the
middle of the trunk ; [other fins unknown]. Dermal scutes of
moderate size and narrow, more or less ornamented with short
ridges and spinous tubercles, those on the dorsal and ventral
borders of the caudal region also bearing a slender backwardly-
directed uncinate spine.
To this species Agassiz originally referred the specimens from the
Chalk of Lewes described and figured as Murcena ? lewesiensu by
G. A. Mantell, Loss. South Downs (1822), p. 232, pi. xxxiv. fig. 11,
pi. xl. fig. 2. These fossils subsequently proved to be merely worm-
burrows lined with various scales of fishes (W. Davies, Geol. Hag.
[2] vol. vi. 1879, p. 145) ; and similar specimens from the Turonian
of Bohemia were described under the name of Lepidenteron longis-
simum (A. Pritsch, Eept. u. Pische bohm. Xreideform. 1878, p. 19,
fig. 45).
Form. Log. Senonian and Turonian : S.E. England.
4132-33. Type specimen, in counterpart, comprising the head and
greater part of the trunk without fins, figured by Agassiz,
tom. cit. pi. Ixvia. figs. ], 2, 6-8 ; Lewes, Sussex.
ManteU Coll.
4134. Pragment of caudal region of large fish, figured by Agassiz,
ibid. fig. 5 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
49793. Head and anterior part of trunk, in counterpart, the cranial
roof shown of the natural size in PI. XII. figs. 4, 4 u ;
Lewes. This cranial roof is fiaked in such a way that
some pieces remain on one side of the fossil (fig. 4), and the
rest on the counterpart (fig. 4 a). The postorbital region
of the skull occujues one quarter of its total length, and is
about as long as broad, wuth parallel sides and the
occipital border excavated by a sharp re-entering angle.
The frontal region between the orbits is excessively
constricted in front. All the external bones are
ornamented with a few delicate longitudinal ridges,
occasionally subdivided into tubercles. When the roofing
bones are removed, as in fig. 4, the well-ossified though
small supraoccipital can be observed beneath, bearing a
slight vertical median crest ; but, as shown by the
186
ACTINOPTEBYGII.
impression of the external aspect of the roof on the other
side of the fossil, this bone is not exposed above. The
parietals (p«.) are an unsymmetrical pair of plates,
broader than long, meeting throughout their length in
a slightly sigmoidal suture, and marked by about two
ridges which extend from border to border, w^hile other
short ridges and tubercles are observed behind. The
squamosals (sq.) seem to have been very narrow and
insignificant plates at the postero-lateral angles of the
skull, not extending further forwards than the parietals.
The frontals (fr.) extend and expand backwards to form
more than half the postorbital region of the cranial roof ;
and these are not a symmetrical pair, that of the right
side being wider and extending further backwards than
that of the left side. The few ornamental ridges on these
bones do not quite reach the hinder margin and are in no
way connected or correlated with those on the parietals.
The very narrow interorbital region is comj)aratively
stout, and impressions suggest that a delicate crescent-
shaped wing extended upwards and outwards from the
frontal on each side to protect the relatively large eye¬
ball. The anterior end of the frontals seems to have
expanded a little again on the rostral region, two wings
of membrane-bone being crushed iu the fossil on the sides
of the ethmoid and these are apparently directly con¬
tinuous with the frontals. The orbit (orb.) occupies one
quarter of the length of the skull, and at its anterior
border on each side there is a thin, ovoid, convex plate,
which seems to be a dermal or membrane-bone. The
well-ossified mesethmoid (eth.) is marked by numerous
fine longitudinal ridges terminating a little behind the
anterior end, which is scarcely expanded but is curiously
truncated and hollowed in front in such a way as to give
it the appearance of being a tube. The crushed jaw¬
bones lie on either side of the rostral region, and extend
for a short distance in advance of it, tapering to an acute
point. The bases of a single regular close series of minute
teeth in the dentary are observable on the left side. Im¬
mediately behind the occiput, and pointing to its median
re-entering angle, the pair of post-temporal plates (p.t.)
is preserved ; each being triangular in shape, longer than
broad, and unornamented on its outer face. Just behind
these again is one of the narrow heart-shaped scutes,
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DERCETID^.
187
exposed from its inner face, but distinctly showing through
its transparent bone an external ornament of tubercles.
The triradiate scutes further back are also distinctly
tuberculated and radiately striated, and in the region
probably of the pelvic fins three of these are shown to” be
of relatixely gigantic size, the hindermost and largest
nearly as wide as the occiput. Capron Coll.
41198. Imperfect coiled-up fish in counterpart, showing remains of
the head and about o2 vertebrae; Upper Chalk, Charlton,
Kent. Purchased, 1868.
43512. Another similar specimen in counterpart, displaying some ^
of the caudal scutes ; Upper Chalk, Bromley, Kent. ^ —
Purchased, 1872.
43574. JJ ore imperfect specimen displaying the cranium and pro-
jecting premaxillae ; Bromley. 1872.'^^^"^
44624. Fragment of caudal region ; Bromley. Purchased,
P. 1905. Portion of anterior abdominal region ; Kent.
P. 1905 a. Portion of trunk ; Dover.
P. 6457. Fragmentary remains; English Chalk.
Egerton Coll.
Egerton Coll.
BecTcles Coll.
43098. Eemains of large skull, probably of this species, showing
slender clustered teeth ; English Chalk. Wetlierell Coll.
P. 9100. Impression of part of trunk in flint, from beach at
Hunstanton, Korfolk.
Presented hy B. B. Woodward, Esg., 1899.
The following species have also been described but are not
represented in the Collection : —
Leptotrachelus longipinnis, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ.^vol. iv. (1878), p. 68. — Upper Cretaceous (Kiobrara
Group); Dakota. [Imperfect
Leptotrachelus sagittatus, W. von derHarck, Palaeontogr. vol. xxii. ^ -
(1873), p.63, pl.ii. fig. 1. — Upp Cretaceous; Sendenhorst,^^*^^"^^^'*’^®^^^
”\Yestphalia. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Hiinster.]
I^eptotrachelus virgulatus : Tricenaspis virgidatus, E. D. Cope, ' * ' *
' loc. cit. 1878, p. 67. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group);
Dakota. [The type species of Tricencespis. Imperfect
fish.]
188
ACTINOPTERYGir.
Genus PELARGORHYNCHUS, W. von der Marck.
[Zeitsclir. deutscli. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 242.]
External bones slightly ornamented with short ridges and rows
of tubercles. Teeth in form of small, slender, hollow cones, more
or less clustered. Pelvic fins arising nearly midway between the
pectorals and anal ; dorsal fin occupying the greater part of the
back ; anal fin opposed to the hinder part of the dorsal ; caudal
fin forked. Two paired series of scutes on the fiank moderately
enlarged, with a dense intermediate squamation of small rhomboidal
scales.
Pelargorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck.
1858. Felargorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 248.
1858. Pelargorhynchus blochiformis, W. von der Marck, ibid, p. 244.
[Imperfect trunk : Academy of Miinster.]
1863. Pelargorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr.
vol. XI. p. 61, pi. xi., pi. xii. fig. 3.
1863. Pelargorhynchus bloehiiformis, W.von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xi.
p. 64, pi. xii. figs. 4-6.
1885. Pelargorhynchus dercetiformis, W. von der Marck, loc. cit.
voL xxxi. p. 261.
Tyjpe. Imperfect distorted trunk ; Academy of Miinster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'65. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about five times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins with one articu¬
lated, six articulated and divided rays, arising slightly nearer to the
anal than to the pectorals, considerably behind the origin of the
dorsal ; dorsal fin with 64 rays, the foremost the longest and much
deeper than the trunk, arising about twice as far from the occiput
as is its termination from the caudal fin ; anal fin with about 16
rays, its hinder end opposite that of the dorsal. Lateral scutes
elongate-heart-shaped, marked with radiating lines or rows of
minute tubercles, and the upper series larger than the lower series ;
intermediate squamation very finely granulated.
Form, Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
P. 2112. Imperfect trunk showing median fins and traces of the
paired fins ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
P. 1906. Eragment of trunk; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
As shown by a skull in the Kansas University Museum, Lawrence,
the jaws described by Cope under the generic name of Stratodus
o*.^
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^<V7f
ENCHODONTID.E.
189
(Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 349) belong to a member
of the family Dercetidae. The following species are distinguished,
but are not represented in the Collection : —
Stratoclus ajpicalis, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1872, p. 349, and Vert.
c> ^aZa<_^Lj2rz;i-I/Cret. Form. West (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.
1875), p. 227, pi. xlix. tigs. 6_8. — Upper Cretaceous
(Niobrara Group) ; Smoky Hill River, Kansas. [Jaw
with teeth ; Cope Collection.] ^ ^ ^ _j ,
Stratodus oxypogon, E. I). Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii.
(1878), p. 180. — Upper Cretaceous ; Kansas, [Remains
of jaws ; Cope Collection.]
p. H
«
Family ENCHODONTFDiE.
Supraoccipital bone not prominent, but extending forwards to
the frontals and separating the small parietals in the median line ;
squamosal reduced, only partly covering the otic region, which
projects laterally ; no basicranial canal ; snout not produced ; cheek-
plates well developed. Mandibular suspensorium vertical or
inclined backwards, and gape of mouth wide ; premaxilla delicate,
considerably extended and excluding a great part of the slender
maxilla from the upper border of the mouth ; teeth fused with the
supporting bone, not in complete sockets, those on the pterygo¬
palatine arcade and dentary the largest. Opercular apparatus
complete, with few slender branchiostegal rays and no gular plate.
Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs
not completely encircling the abdominal cavity ; a compound
hypural bone at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present.
Fin-fulcra absent ; the rayed dorsal fin never much extended,
usually near the middle of the back, and sometimes an adipose fin
behind. Scales delicate or absent ; but occasional longitudinal
series of scutes, the dorsal series, when present, being unpaired.
The nearest living allies of this extinct family appear to be the
Odontostomidse and Alepisauridse, in both of which the margin of
the upper jaw is formed exclusively by the premaxilla, while in the
first the large teeth are depressible. Only three genera are known,
Odontostowus^ Omosudis, and Alepisaurus {Flagyodus), all from the
deep sea. , ^
Synopsis of Genera.
I. One large terminal palatine tooth.
Dorsal fin in front of anal ; no postclavicular
plate . Enchodus (p. 190).
190
ACTINOPTERYGir.
Dorsal Hn in front of anal ; a postclaTicular
plate .
Dorsal fin opposed to part of much-extended
anal ; no postclavicular plate .
TI. No enlarged palatine tooth.
Palatine teeth in one longitudinal series ;
no teeth barbed : no scutes, but minute
scales .
Palatine teeth in two longitudinal series ;
some ectopterygoid teeth semibarbed ;
dermal scutes present, but not deepened
on flank .
One much-deepened series of scutes on
flank, supporting lateral line .
As Frionolepis, but with small upper and
lower lateral scutes .
Large teeth at mandibular symphysis ;
median dorsal scutes but apparently
no others .
Eurypholis (p. 207).
Palceolycus (p. 211).
Halec (p. 212).
CimGlichthys (p. 221.)
Prionolepis (p. 229).
Leptecodon (p. 233).
Pantopholis (p, 234).
Genus KIMCHODUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Poss., FeuiU. 1835, p. 55, and vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 64.]
Syn. Isodus, J. J. Heckel, in Ilussc^ger’s Peisen, vol. ii. pt. iii. 1849,
p.. 342.
Phasyanodus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1857, p. 167.
Ischyrocephalus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. X. 1858, p. 248.
(?) Teiheodus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. no. 2,
1874, p. 43.
Solenodoti, D. G. Kramberger (jioii Brandt, 1833), Jahrb. k.-k.
geol. Ileichsanst. vol. xxxi. 1881, p. 373.
Holcodoti, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. Ixxii.
1885, p. 18.
Eiirygnathus^ J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
1887, p. 601.
Trunk elongate-fusiform, both this and the head laterally com¬
pressed. Cranial roof exhibiting a deep median longitudinal
depression, its lateral and occipital margins ornamented, like the
other external bones, with ridges and tubercles of ganoine.
Mandible a little prominent, provided with an inner widely -spaced
series of large slender teeth, the largest in front, also a marginal
series of minute teeth, all nearly or completely solid : premaxilla in
the form of a vertical lamina, deepest in front, tapering behind, and
with a single spaced series of small teeth ; maxilla long and slender,
either finely toothed or toothless at the oral border ; palatine
•CUl
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EXCHODOXTID.E.
191
thickened and tumid, with only one large tooth fixed at its anterior
end; ectopterygoid robust, with a single spaced series of large
slender teeth, gradually diminishing in size backwards ; no teeth
barbed. Operculum strengthened on the inner side by a ridge
extending horizontally backwards from the point of suspension ;
branchiostegal rays about 12 to 1(3 in number. Vertebrae 40 to 50
in number, about half being caudal ; he centra at least as long as
deep, constricted mesially, and marked with small irregular longi¬
tudinal ridges. All except the foremost rays of each fin finely
divided distally, but none excessively elongated. Xo postclavicular
plate. Pectoral fins large, pelvic fins much smaller and arising far
forwards ; dorsal and anal fins large, neither much longer than
deep, the former arising much in advance of the middle point of
the trunk, the latter also far forwards ; [a posterior adipose dorsal
fill observed in a few well-preserved specimens ;] caudal fin forked,
with curved fulcral rays and stout, articulated, undivided rays at
its base both above and below. Rudimentary dermal scutes, nob
overlapping, in a single median series between the occiput and the
dorsal fin, and along the course of the lateral line ; a pair of
enlarged hook-shaped dermal scutes at the base of the tail, one on
either side of the caudal pedicle.
The cranial osteology of Encliodus is best known from the
specimens occurring in the English and Dutch Chalk ; the trunk
and fins are only satisfactorily shown in the nearly complete fishes
obtained from the Upper Cretaceous of Westphalia and Mount
Lebanon.
Enchodus lewesiensis (Mantell).
[Plate XI. fig. 1.]
1822. Esox lewesiensis, G. A. Mantell, Foss. South Downs, p. 237,
pi. XXV. fig. 13, pi. xxxiii. figs. 2-4, pi. xli. figs. 1, 2.
1835-44. Enchodus halocyon, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55,
and vol. v. pt. i. p. 64, pi. xxv c. figs. 1-16.
1850. Enchodus halocyon, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 373, pi. xxx.
figs. 20, 27, pi. xxxi. fig. 11.
(?) 1875. Enchodus halocyon, H. B. Geinitz, Palmontogr. vol. xx. pt. ii.
p. 226, pi. xli. figs. 5-20 (in part).
1888. Enchodus levesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 315 (in part), pi. i. fig. 5 {non fig. 6).
Type. Fragments of jaws, &c. ; British Museum.
The type species, known only by fragmentary specimens, usually
small, but the mandible sometimes attaining a length of 0*1. The
sides of the cranial roof and the outer face of the mandible
ornamented with numerous and closely-arranged sharp ridges,
192
ACTIXOPTEBYGII.
mostly radiating and each bearing a series of small tubercles ; these
ridges on the dentary bone radiating from the symphysis, on the
articulo-angular bone radiating from the mandibular articulation.
Palatine bone produced forwards as a short cylindrical extension in
advance of the ethmoid articulation, and the long slender tooth,
antero-posteriorly compressed, fixed at its extremity at right-angles
to the long axis of the bone ; the outer face of the premaxilla only
sparsely ridged ; dentary rapidly contracting almost to a point at
the symj)hysis, where it exhibits about three large irregular
processes; the mandibular ramus considerably deepened behind, its
maximum depth nearly equalling one third of its total length ;
about six large mandibular teeth, all both slender and little curved.
Teeth much compressed, and some delicately striated, none con¬
spicuously serrated on the edges. Operculum nearly two thirds as
broad as deep, marked by numerous sharp, radiating, tuberculated
ridges.
The heads from the Turonian of Bohemia described under the
name of Encliodus lialocyon, Ag., by A. Fritsch (Rept. ii. Fische
bohm. Kreideform. 1878, p. 35, pi. vii. figs. 1-3) seem to differ
from this species in the more slender proportions of the mandible.
Form. Log. Senonian and Turonian: S.E. England. (?) Turo¬
nian : Saxony and Bohemia. ,
4004, 4049, 4157, 4160, 4180-81, 4183-84, 4186, 4198. The series
of type specimens figured by Mantell and Agassiz, except
the detached teeth, which are also probably in the Mantell
Collection but not identifiable ; Chalk, Lewes. The
original of Agassiz, loc. cit. fig. 1, shows the left pre-
maxilla from the inner aspect, with remains of the
pterygo-quadrate arcade and mandible ; fig. 6 represents
a portion of the ectopterygoid ; figs. 9, 10 represent the
extremity of the palatine ; and figs. 14, 15 two imperfect
opercula, Mantell Coll.
P. 5415. Small skull and mandible, displaying the cranial roof,
premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary, described and figured
in Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. p. 315, pi. i. fig. 5 ; Lewes.
Presented hy P. E. Coom.be, Esq., 1888.
25749, 25755, 25765. Imperfect right dentary, with two detached
large teeth doubtfully of this species, figured by Dixon,
op. cit.', Chalk, Sussex. Diccon Coll.
4001, 4071, 4182, 4201. Two very imperfect small skulls, and two
fragmentary mandibles ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
/f,/^/^, ^jf: y^. yC^. XI j^/>,
T^^/s~ /y^s^A&'S.
l>v»
^7
^Oxa-v^ ^tr^Cf ,
7^ (^4^^/. >^^j? ^-p,
^^^^^'^AAJ7. wx^e/^ /^ (^O y^. X/ 'Z 7^.
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^ ^ / . ^3^. i''yt,y^ e.jL.A^ , P, / /.
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y^. S^.^(?“-9~rCtA/‘XA^y y^r>>.
/^’ XfV. /^-^"/^ ^(lae^-^f. /^.
ENCHODOXTIDJE.
J93
39080. E,emaius of small mandible and operculum ; Brighton.
Bomerhank Coll.
P. 6481. Imperfect cranium; English Chalk. Beckles Coll.
P. 6459. Remains of small head, showing characteristic palatine
bone ; English Chalk. Beckles Coll.
P. 6458. Imperfect large right dentary, abnormal in possessing two
enlarged front teeth closely apposed ; English Chalk.
Beckles Coll.
49783. Portion of very small mandible ; Epper Chalk, St. Catherine’s
Hill Pit, Guildford. Cciirron Coll.
49744, 49782. Portions of two small mandibles ; Upper Chalk,
Shalford, Guildford, Cajoroii Coll.
36332. Imperfect small right dentary ; Chalk, Grays, Essex.
Daniels Coll.
44578. Imperfect large left dentary, its symphysial end shown of
the natural size in PI. XI. fig. 1 ; Upper Chalk, Bromley,
Kent. Purchased^ 1873.
25904. Imperfect mandible and opercular apparatus, with remains
of vertebrae and pectoral arch, probably of tliis species ;
English Chalk. Dixon Coll.
25921. Eragmentary mandible with branchiostegal rays, doubtfully
of this species ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
47926. Uery large left palatine, with imperfect tooth, of the form
characteristic of this species ; Chalk, Burham, Kent.
Presented hi) the Ron. Robert Marshani, 1877.
Enchodus pulchellus, sp. nov.
[Plate XI. figs. 2, 3.] 7 - * '
1888. Enchodus levesiemis, A. S. oodward (errore), Pfoc. Gehl. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 315 (in part), pi. i. fig. 6. >..y
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
A species about as large as the type, known only from fragmentary
specimens. Palatine bone produced forwards as a short cylindrical
extension in advance of the ethmoid articulation, and the long
slender tooth, laterally compressed, fixed at its extremity at right-
angles to the long axis of the bone ; the outer face of the pre¬
maxilla ornamented with numerous sharp, tuberculated ridges
radiating from the symphysis ; mandibular ramus about four times
PAET IV.
0
194
•ACTIXOPTITRYGII.
as long as its maximum depth, ornamented with conspicuous
tubercles, of which the large majority are not placed on ridges ;
more than six enlarged mandibular teeth. Teeth much compressed,
sometimes with very dhlicate striations but not serrated.
Form. ^ Log. Turonian (?) : Kent and Sussex.
P. 1703. The tj^pe specimen, shown of the natural size in PL XI.
fig. 2 ; Chalk, Kent. Only part of the left lateral border
of the cranium is shown above the orbit and otic region,
and exhibits the usual ornament of tubercles on ridges.
A fragment of the parasphenoid, the left hyomandibular
(Jim.'), and left metapterygoid, are exposed, but too
imperfect for description. The fractured remains of the
left premaxilla with its characteristic ornament,
obscure the pain tine and part of the ectopterygoid {ecpt.)^
but most of the teeth of these inner elements are shown.
The palatine tooth {pal.) is much the largest and exhibits
very feeble traces of longitudinal striation. The left
mandibular ramus is well-displayed, though imperfect
anteriorly and a little fractured behind. The upper part
of the dentary {d.) is flattened on the outer face and
ornamented by tubercles with no definite arrangement,
while in its lower portion a few tuberculated ridges
radiate from the symphysis backwards and downwards ;
The precise boundary of the articulo-angular {ag.), which
'is similarly ornamented, is not clear. The mandibular
teeth are straight and more slender than those of the
palato-pterygoid arcade. The deep and narrow tuber-
'culated preoperculum (p.op.) is partly shown, and there
are traces of a small reflection at its lower end which may
have been a short spine. The operculum (op.), exhibiting
'numerous radiating lines of small tubercles, is for the
most part beautifully preserved ; and the equally ornate
suboperculum (s.oj?.), with rows of tubercles chiefly
directed downwards, is also represented by a large
fragment. Egerton Coll.
P. 5416. Kemains of another head in a small block of chalk, the
left palato-pterygoid arcade figured in Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. pi. i. fig. 6 ; Chalk, Lewes. The imperfect right
premaxilla exhibits the characteristic ornamentation much
abraded, bears very slender well-spaced teeth, and is
shown of the natural size in PI. XI. fig. 3. The right
palato-pterygoid arcade is exposed from the inner aspect,
S'.Aa xi'^.
T.&’lf.f^. /4X3^ / / 3.
196
ACTI]V"OPTERYGTI.
fractured right palatine ('pal.) is exposed from the inner
aspect on the left side of the fossil ; and there are
obscured remains of the ectopterygoid (ecpt.) on both
sides. History unknown.
P. 6661. Imperfect right palatine with tooth exhibiting unusually
conspicuous striations, shown of the natural size from the
outer aspect in PI. XI. fig. 5 ; probably from the Kentish
Chalk, Harford Coll.
P. 398. More imperfect right palatine, with tooth less elongated ;
English Chalk. Presented hy the Eay'l of Dude, 1881.
25810. Eemains of larger palatine, the tooth only in impression ;
English Chalk. Dixon Coll.
P. 6459. Smaller right palatine ; English Chalk. Heckles Coll.
Enchodus faujasi, Agassiz.
[Plate XI. fig. 6.]
1799. Figure by Faujas St. Fond, Hist, Nat, Mont. St. Pierre,
Maestri cht, pi. xix. fig. 10.
1843-44. Enchodus favjasii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yoI. y. pt. i, pp. 6,
65, pi. xxix. fig. 3.
1893. Enchodus faujasi, L. Hollo, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. yoI. vi.,
Proc.-Verb. p. 185, figs. 1, 3.
Type. Dentary bone ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A large species, known only by fragmentary specimens', the
mandible attaining a length of at least O’lo. The sides of the
cranial roof marked with a few sharp ridges, not tuberculated ; the
outer face of the mandible remarkably smooth, not ornamented with
tubercles, a few ridges and grooves radiating from the symphysis on
the dentary, from the mandibular articulation on the articulo-
angular bone; premaxilla slightly and irregularly ridged ; opercular
apparatus ornamented with very fine tubercles in radiating lines.
Palatine bone short and stout, the ethmoid articulation extending
to its anterior end, where the long and slender tooth is directed
downwards and a little forwards ; dentary rapidly contracting
almost to a point at the symphysis ; the mandibular ramus con¬
siderably deepened behind, its maximum depth about equalling
one third of its total length ; about eight large mandibular teeth,
all slender, some often irregularly curved, the foremost much the
largest.
Form. Log. Danian : Holland.
42976. Fine head associated with remains of the vertebral column;
^ 2, y^'^ ' ^ ’ ^ ^c2uy._4ciu
iA
?r^
ENCHODONriDJD,
197
Maastricht. The cranium is somewhat obscured and
fractured, but the general characters of the cranial roof
(PI. XI. fig. 6) can be observed. The plane of the occiput
is about at right-angles to that of the roof, and the
occipital border exhibits the five prominences characteristic
of the higher fishes. The small median eminence, partly
broken away, is formed by the supraoccipital bone (s.occ.),
which seems to enter the cranial roof as a short and broad
plate. The inner pair of prominences are formed by the
large and robust epiotics {ep.o.) ; the outer, or pterotic,
prominences {pt.o.) are broken, but the right side of the
fossil exhibits a delicate plate of bone extending forwards
and inwards presumably upon the pterotic element to the
ridge on the frontal at the level of the hinder border
of the orbit. The outlines of the parietal bones are
not shown, and the precise limits of the hinder end of
the frontals are uncertain. The frontals (/r.), however,
extend remarkabl)- far backwards, and are evidently
ridged in the manner characteristic of the genus, though
the inwardly directed triangular ridged area spreading
backwards along the postorbital region is broken away.
The ridges are all sharp, but not tubereulated, and the
smooth median area occupies nearly the inner half of the
bone. The elements of the palato-pterygoid arcade are
almost completely covered by matrix and the investing
bones, though some of the teeth are partly seen. The
delicate laminar premaxilla (fig. pmx.') is imperfectl}"
shown on both sides, and that of the right is fractured by
being crushed on one of the ectopterygoid teeth (x.) ;
it is a deepened plate of bone in its anterior half, tapering
to a very slender production behind, and must have
formed the margin of at least half the gape. It bears a
regular close series of very small teeth on its oral border,
these being indicated by their bases on the left, by a few
crowns on the right side. The very slender maxilla (ma*.),
best shown by a fragment on the right side, bears still
smaller closely-set teeth. In its crushed state the region
of the cheek on the left side is covered in front by two
bones which cannot be satisfactorily determined. The
foremost exhibits an external ornament of radiating lines
of very fine tubercles, and may possibly belong to the
opercular apparatus. The other is deep and narrow, with
,a triangular exiiansion below, exposed from the inner
198
ACTIXOPIEETGII.
aspect, and perhaps representing the left clavicle. The
mandible is fractured, and the ar'ticulo-angular element a
little displaced with respect to the dentaiy. Both these
bones are smooth, marked only by a few grooves and
ridges. On the dentary (d.) one groove extends directly
backwards from the symphysis just below the oral border,
widening on the upper hinder extension of the bone,
which seems to reach the articular end of the mandible ;
while a band of about six similar grooves extends back¬
wards and a little downwards from a point near the
symphysis to the short lower hinder extension of the bone.
On' the articulo-angular {ag.} the grooves radiate from
the postero-inferior angle, one set continuing the lower
band on the dentary already mentioned. Some of the
characteristic large teeth are preserved, and the outer
border of the dentary is shown to bear a close regular
series of small slender teeth. Behind the skull are
remains of the right operculum bent inwards, this being
ornamented with very delicate tubercles and radiating
lines. Between the mandibular rami are observed traces
of the hyoid apparatus and branchiostegal rays too im¬
perfect for description. Numerous vertebral centra, in
various states of preservation, are clustered round the
head. They are longer than deep, much constricted, and
strengthened with delicate longitudinal ridges at the side.
A triangular hypural bone is also preserved.
Van Breda Coll.
42977. Bight dentary exposed from the inner aspect, with eight
teeth. Van Breda Coll.
42978. Imperfect ectopterygoid. Van Breda Coll.
42867, 42978 a. Two imperfect left palatines. Van Breda Colh
42866, 42978 h, c. Six detached teeth. Van Breda Coll.
Enchodus lemonnieri^ Bollo.
1893. Enchodus lemonnieri, L. Dollo, Bull. Soe. Beige Geol. vol. vi.,
Proc.-Yerb. p. 185, figs. 2, 4.
Type. Palatine and dentary ; Eoyal Museum of Yatural History,
Brussels.
A large species, known only by jaws, in which the large teeth
are comparatively short and broad and much laterally compressed.
Palatine bone produced forwards in advance of its large tooth.
/ ^ *rA /• r C.c/v^. *> «-
/^tvc4 . ^
ENCHODOXTIDJE.-
1IJ9
Dentary bone with about eleven large teeth, of which the foremost
does not much exceed the others in size.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Senonian : Belgium. Danian ; Holland.
42978 d. Fragment of left dentary, w‘th foremost large tooth;
Danian, Maastricht. Van Breda Coll.
30750. Detached, tooth ; Craie phosphatee, Ciply, near Mons.
Par chased..
EInchodus longidens (Pictet).
(?) 1849. Isodus sidcatus, J. J. Heckel, in Russegger’s Reisen, vol. ii..
pt. hi. p. 343, pi. xxiii. fig. 4. [Dentary bone.]
1850. Furypholis longidens^ F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mont Liba.n,
p. 31, pi. V. fig. 1.
1866. Ew'ypholis longidens, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Mont Liban, p. 105, pi. xvii.
1882. Eurypholis longidens, P’. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. M iss.,,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 274, pi. xii.
1887. Earypholis longidens, J. Davis, Trans. Ro3^ Dublin Soc..[2]
vol. hi. pp. 597, 602.
Type. Distorted small fish ; Geneva Museum.
A small species known by nearly complete fishes attaining a
length of about OB. Length of head whth opercular apparatus
much exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and occupying
one third of the total length to the base of the caudal fin. The
mandible, operculum, and most of the other external bones orna¬
mented with fine tuberculated ridges. Palatine bone produced
forwards as a short cylindrical extension in advance of the ethmoid
articulation, and the long slender tooth fixed at its extremity ;
outer face of premaxilla apparently smooth ; dentary rapidly con¬
tracting almost to a point at the symphysis, and the maximum
depth of the mandibular ramus contained about three and a half or
four times in its total length. Teeth slender, much compressed,
and often delicately striated. Vertebrge about 40 in number, 24
being caudal. Pelvic fins somewhat smaller than the pectorals,
arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal ; dorsal fin with 16
rays, its depth about equalling that of the trunk at its insertion ; anal
fin much smaller, with 18 rays, arising nearer to the pelvic fins than
to the caudal. Dorsal scutes three or four in number, broadly oval,
and ornamented with delicate radiating lines.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
49505. Imperfect fish, a little elongated by distortion. The head
is crushed forwards, exhibiting the proportions of the
mandible and part of its ornamentation, besides remains
200
ACTrN^OPTEETGII.
of the premaxilla, palatine, and ectopteryg*oid. The pelvie,
dorsal, caudal, and anal fins are preserved, though some¬
what imperfect. Traces of the ornamented dorsal scutes,
' and the enlarged pair of spinous caudal scutes are shown.
Remains of an undigested small fish are observable in the
abdominal region. Lewis Coll.
49508. Imperfect contorted fish, showing the mandible, palatines,
and part of the premaxillae and ectopterygoid.
Lewis Coll.
?. 4854. Another specimen shortened by distortion, with remains
of the dorsal scutes, the very small scutes of the lateral
^ line, and the enlarged pair of caudal spines. The latter
are ornamented with delicate longitudinal striations,
directed a little obliquely. Lewis Coll.
49506. Fish wanting hinder half of caudal region, displaying inter¬
muscular bones, dorsal scutes, and both pectoral and
pelvic fins, Lewis Coll.
48534. Imperfect trunk, probably of this species, displaying median
fins, the anal being crushed backwards by distortion.
Lewis Coll.
48149. Imperfect distorted trunk, with traces of the dorsal scutes
and some of the small smooth scutes of the lateral line.
Letvis Coll.
The following specimens represent a form of Enchoclus, named
Eiirygnatlius marcliesettii by D. G. Ivramberger (Bjela Jugoslav,
Akad. vol. xvi. 1895, p. 34, ph vii. fig. 2), not yet clearly dis¬
tinguished from E. longiclens. The type specimen of the so-called
E. marcliesettii is in the Trieste Museum, and was obtained from
Hakel, Mount Lebanon.
P. 4748. Well-preserved fish 0'17 in length, displaying the fins;
Hakel. Lewis Coll.
P. 9250. Smaller distorted specimen ; Hakel. History unhmwn.
?. 95. Minute specimen with large head, probably young of this
species ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
Enchodus major (Davis).
1887. EurygnatJms ferox, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 602, pi. xxxvi. fig. 1, [Nearly complete fish ; British
Museum.]
9yii^. .^7/ 'TTcr/r y^/x,^. ^a/^ /7. ^^>3,
/^STU^ ^ '' CT. /^- Z 5 ^
or
^ U.
^ X/ 6 F ^ /^' / '
EXCHODOXTID.E.
201:
1887. Eurypholis mojur,^. W. Davis, ibid, p. o97, pi. xxx, fig. 2.
(?) 1887. EnchodAis recnrvus, J. Davis, ibid. p. 522, pi. xxv. fig. 6.
[Imperfect mandibular ramus ; Edinburgh Museum.]
Type. Xearly complete fish ; British Museum.
The type species of the so-called Eiirygnathus, attaining a length
of about 0’4. Closely resembling EncJiodus longidem in form, pro¬
portions, and ornament, but differing in the slenderness of the
mandible, of '^hich the length is five times as great as its maximum
depth.
Form. (^' Loc. Upper Chetaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
P. 4768. The type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.
The end of the snout is broken away. Lewis Coll.
P. 4853. The type specimen of Eurygnatlius fero.r, described and
figured by Davis, loc. cit. Traces of the characteristic ex-'
ternal ornament are conspicuous, and the pointed anterior
end of the dentary exhibits the usual irregular bony pro¬
cesses along the symphysis. Portions of the large teeth
of the dentary and palato-pterygoid arcade are exposed,
and a fragment of the delicate premaxilla, with compara- *
lively minute teeth, is seen in the midst of these remains.
*/ '
The head is a little lengthened by crushing and the oper¬
culum displaced backwards. The small smooth scutes
pierced by the lateral line are well observed on the caudal
region, but the pair of enlarged spines on the caudal
pedicle are fragmentary. Lewis Coll.
P. 4763. T ery large head with greater portion of trunk, and the
dorsal fin crushed somewhat forwards. Lewis Coll.
49504. A contorted fish exposed chiefly from the ventral aspect,
displaying the ornament of the mandible, some branchio-
stegal rays, the paired fins, caudal vertebrm, one of the
caudal spines, and a few of the scutes of the lateral line.
The lower end of the left clavicle is also .shown, not much
expanded at the angle, but externally ornamented with
radiating ridges. Leivis Coll.
48084. Imperfect abraded remains of head. Lewis Coll.
Enchodus gracilis (AV. von der Marck).
1858. IscJiyrocepbalus gracilis, 'Sy. von der Marck, Zeitsehr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 248.
1868. Iscbyrocephalus gracilis, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogi*. vol, xi,
p. 28, pi. ii. fig. 2.
202
ACriNOPTEKTGII.
1808. Ischyrocephalus cataphractus, W. von der Marck, he. cit. vol. xv.
p. 281, pi. xlii. fig. 3, pi. xliii. fig. 8. [Imperfect fiyfi ; Academy
of Miinster.]
1873. Ischyrocephalus gracilis, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxii.
p. 58, pi. i. fig. 2.
1885. Ischyrocephalus cataphractus — Ischyrocephalus gracilis, W. von
der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi. p. 249, pi. xxii. figs. 3, 4.
Type, Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species of the so-called genus Ischyrocephalus, attaining
a length of about 0‘35. Length of head with opercular apparatus
much exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and occupying
one third of the total length to the base of the caudal fin. The
mandible, operculum, and most of the other external bones orna¬
mented with fine tuberculated ridges. Maximum depth of man¬
dibular ramus contained about four times in its total length.
Vertebrae about 50 in number. Pectoral fins with 14 or 15 rays ;
pelvic fins much smaller, with at least 6 rays, arising opposite the
origin of the dorsal; dorsal fin with 18 rays, of which the three
foremost are gradually lengthening spines; anal fin arising much
nearer to the pelvic fins than to* the caudal and comprising 25 rays,
of which the three foremost are gradually lengthening spines.
Dorsal scutes four in number, elongate-rhomboidal in shape, and
ornamented with delicate radiating lines.
An impression of the adipose dorsal fin has-been observed in this
species, opposite the hinder part of the anal fin.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous Westphalia.
P. 3848. Abdominal region of small, fish,, showing impression of
operculum and remains of the pectoral, pelvic, and dorsal
fins ; Sendenhorst. Ennishillen Coll.
Enchodus macropterus (W. von der Marck).
1863. Ischyrocephalus macropterus, W.. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xi, p. 29, pi. hi. fig. 4.
1868. Ischyrocephalus intermedins, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xv.
p. 282, pi. xliii. fig. 1 . [Imperfect anterior portion of fish ;
Academy of Munster.]
1885. Ischyrocephalus inter medms — Ischyrocephalus macropterus, W.
von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi. p. 249.
Type. Imperfect fish.; Academy of Miinster.
An imperfectly defined species much resembling E. gracilis, but
attaining a somewhat larger size and apparently with a smaller
head in proportion to the length of the trunk. The mandible seems
m
f /? ^ /tri> A ,A /'i
yii '^' i*t S j fv •• 3 .
/Y^. rv- f ^
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ENCHODONTID^.
203
to be more slender than in the last-named species ; while only 12
divided ravs have hitherto been observed in the dorsal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg and Sendenhorst,
Westphalia.
Not represented in the Collection.
The following specimens, mostly referable to the genus Enchodus,
are not specifically determinable : —
49063. Bemains of dentaries and palatine ; Grey Chalk, Dover.
Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 8945. Imperfect left dentary ; Grey Chalk, Folkestone.
Purchased.^ 1898.
P. 8754. Imperfect mandible ; Grey Chalk, Folkestone.
Purchased, 1897.
35172. Palatine bone; Cambridge Greensand, Cambridge.
Purchased, 1859.
P. 7260-65. Various fragments of jaws ; Cambridge Greensand,
Cambridge. Jesson Coll.
P. 9181. Portions of palatine bones ; Upper Cretaceous, Elkader,
Logan Co., Kansas.
Presented hy Handel T. Martin, Esq., 1899.
P, 9183. Portion of small right dentary; Elkader.
Purchased, 1900.
P. 598. Tooth described under the name of Enchodus serratus by
Egerton, Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. (1814), p. 383 ; Cre¬
taceous, Pondicherry, Madras, Eyerton Coll.
Fragments of jaws and teeth, mostly referable to this genus, have
also been described under the following names, but none of these
forms seem to be represented in the Collection : —
Enchodus amicrodus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
(1898), p. 193. — Upper Cretaceous; Kansas. [Dentary
bone ; Kansas University Museum.]
Enchodus anceys, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Pep. U.S.
Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 301. ClmoUchthys
anceps, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. (1872)?
p. 352. Phasganodus anceps, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875,
p. 236. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas.
[Right palatine ; Cope Collection.]
Enchodus calliodon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
204
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
(1872), p. 354, and op. cit. 1875, p. 240. — Ibid. [Tooth ;
Cope Collection.]
Eticliodus ccirinatus : SpJiyrcena carinata., E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad.
jN'at. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 93, and Ann. Rep. U.8. Geol.
Surv. Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 424. Phasganodus cari-
7iatus, E. D. Cope, op>. cit. 1875, p. 235. — Ibid. [Tooth ;
Cope Collection.]
Encliodus corneti., H. Eorir, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. vol. xiv. (1887), -
Mem. p. 37, pi. i- figs. 2, 3. — Upper Cretaceous (Danian);
Yienx-Eauqnemont, Belgium. [Jaws ; Eorir Coll.]
Enehodiis dirus: Phasganodus dims., J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat.
8ci. Philad. vol. ix. (1857), p. 167, and Contrib. Ext. Vert.
Eaima W. Territ. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv, Territ. vol. i.
pt. i. 1873), p. 289, pi. xvii. figs. 23, 24. — Cretaceous ;
Cannon Ball River, Dakota. [Dentary bone ; Academy of
Sciences, Philadelphia.]
Encliodus doliclnis, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, pp. 239, 300, pi. liv.
figs. 7, 8 ; E. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 279, pi. xxvii. figs. 16, 17. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara
Group); Kansas. [Palatine, &c. ; Cope Collection.]^
Encliodus fero.i\ J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 185o,,^^'7^
p. 39*^ Sphyrama, S. G. Morton, Syuiops. Organ.
, Remains Cret. U. S. (1834), p. 32, pi. xii. fig. 1. —
Greensand; New Jersey. [Tooth.]
Encliodus gladiolus, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 301. Pliasga-
nodus gladiolus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 235. Gimoliclitliys
gladiolus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 353. — Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group);
Kansas. [Tooth ; Cope Collection.]
Emliodus lycodon : Sam^oceplialus (?) lycodon, R. Kner, Sitzuugsb.
k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. yoI. Ivi. pt. i. (1867),
p. 174, pi. ii. (and ? pi. iii.). Solenodon neocomiensis,
D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst. vol. xxxi.
'(1881), p. 377. Holcodon lycodon, D. G. Kramberger,
Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 19. — Cretaceous ;
Comen, Istria, and (?) Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia. [Imper¬
fect head ; Imperial Geological Survey Museum, Vienna.
The type species of Solenodon, Kramberger, and Holcodon,
Kramberger.]^/' A '
Encliodus oxytomns, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 278. — Green¬
sand ; New Jersey. [Tooth; Cope Collection.] ::
Encliodus parvus, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii. 3'^^ j
(1898), p. 192, woodc. Referred to E. shumardi by E. B.
A
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4
E^’CHOT)OXTID^. / V. , ,205
Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. slvi. (1900), p. 28o/ — Upper
Cretaceous (Xiobrara Group); Gove County, Kansas.
[Dentary ; Kansas University Museum.]
E'ficliodus petrosus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
no. 2 (1874), p. 44, and op, cit. 1875, p. 239, pi. liv.
figs. 4-6; P. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. slvi. (1900),
p. 278, pi. xxvii. figs. 13-15. — Upper Cretaceous (Xio-
brara Group) ; Kansas. [Portions of skull, including
palatine, and associated vertebrm ; Cope Collection.]
Encliodus pressidens, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. , a
(1870), p. 241. — Greensand; Xe«Mersey. [Palatine bone.]
Encliodus semistriatus, 0. C. Marsh, Proc. xlmer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. 1869 (1870), p. 230. Phasganodus semistriatus,
E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 277. — Greensand ; Xew
Jersey. [Teeth.]
Encliodu.s shumardi, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci, Pbilad. 1856,
p. 257, and Contrib. Ext. Tert. Pauna IV. Territ. (1873),
p. 289, pi. xvii. fig. 20 ; P. B. Loomis, Palaeontogr.
vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 280, pi. xxvii. figs. 18, 19. — Cre¬
taceous ; Sage Creek, Dakota. [Dentary bone; Xational
Museum, IVashington.]
Encliodus suhceguilateralis, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xxiii. (1886), p. 3. — Cretaceous ; Brazil. [Palatine.]
Encliodus tetrcecus^ E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1875, p. 278, — Cretaceous;
Delaware and Xew Jersey.
Encliodus valdensis, VI. Dunker, Monogr. Xorddeutsch.Wealdenbild.
(1846), p. 62, pi. XV. fig, 24. — Wealden; X. Germany.
[Indeterminable tooth, probably not of this genus.]
The jaws named as follows seem to differ from Encliodus only in
the absence of the terminal tooth of the palatine, which may have
been shed : —
^^Tetlieodus pepliredo, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
no. 2 (1874), p. 43, and Vert. Cret. Perm. West (Eep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 237, pi. liv.
figs. 1-3. — Upper Cretaceous (Xiobrara Group) ; Kansas.
The imperfect fish described as follows also seems to belong to
the genus Enchodus : —
Elopopsis dentex, J. J. Heckel, Deukschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), p. 254, pi. xiii. fig. 2. —
Cretaceous ; Comen, Istria. [Pish wanting end of tail ;
Bosthorn Collection.]
ag.^ angular; co., circuinorbitals ; clentary ; d.s., dorsal scutes; mx., maxilla; ojo., operculum ; orh., orbit; pci., postclavicular plate;
pel vie fin-support ; premaxilla (with large teeth of palatine and ectopterjgoid showing within) ; preoperculum ;
w., suborbitals; i=,op., subopercnlum.
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EXCHODOXTID.E.
207
Genus EURYPHOLIS, Pictet.
[Poiss. Poss. Mont Liban, 1850, p. 28.]
Syn. Saiirorhamphus, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. 1850, p. 217 (inaccurate definition).
Form and proportions, arrangement of jaws and dentition as in
Enchodus. Cranial roof almost completely covered with tubercular
ornament ; cheek-plates comprising the hinder portion of a small
circumorbital series, and large posterior suborbitals, also orna¬
mented with tubercles. Preoperculum narrow and deep, its lower
end expanded into a small, stout, posteriorly directed spine ;
operculum triangular in shape, its transverse inner ridge extending
from the point of suspension to the hinder angle ; branchiostegal
rays about 15 in number. Yertebrse approximately 40 in number,
the centra slender and much constricted. A large triangular orna¬
mented dermal plate fixed to the lower half of the clavicle ; the
pectoral fin, of moderate size, arising above this upon the flank of
the fish ; pelvic fins very large and far forwards. Dermal scutes
well-developed, some slightly overlapping, and all ornamented with
tubercles ; three or four large median scutes in series between the
occiput and dorsal fin, and smaller scutes along the course of the
lateral line, but none enlarged on the caudal pedicle.
Many details in the osteology of this genus are illustrated by the
specimens of the typical species described below.
Eurypholis boissieri, Pictet.
[Plate XI. fig. 7.]
1850. EuryplioUs sulcidens, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mont Liban,
p. 29, pi. iv. fig. 1. [Head and anterior abdominal region ; Geneva
Museum.]
1850. Eurypholis boissieri, F. J. Pictet, ibid. p. 30, pi. iv, figs. 2-4.
1866. Eurypholis boissieri, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Kech. Poiss. Foss.
Mont Liban, p. 102, pis. xv., xvi.
Type. Head with abdominal region ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Head with
opercular apparatus about twice as long as its maximum depth,
occupying one third of the total length to the base of the caudal
fin. Ornament consisting of closely-arranged rows of fine, well-
separated tubercles, covering all the external bones and scutes.
The large palatine tooth smooth and inclined a little forwards ;
some of the other teeth slightly fluted at the base of the crown.
Operculum an almost equilateral triangle ; spine at the lower end
208
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
of preoperculum short and stout ; postclavicular plate triangular,
somewhat longer than deep, and its postero-superior margin ex¬
cavated. Pectoral fin arising just above the postclavicular plate,
the large pelvic fin immediately behind this plate and in advance of
the origin of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin somewhat deeper than long,
comprising 12 rays, and the distance between its hinder end and
the caudal fin slightly exceeding that between its origin and the
occiput ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, at least as long as deep,
comprising 13 rays, and arising much nearer to the caudal than to
the pelvic fius. Three large dorsal plates behind the occiput, ovate
in form, very slightly overlapping, ornamented with closely-
arranged concentric rows of tubercles, and not quite reaching the
dorsal fin ; lateral scutes much smaller, irregularly triangular and
deeper than broad, perforated by the sensory canal.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mount Lebanon, Syria.
49478. A vertically crushed specimen, displaying the head and
opercular bones as shown in PI. XI. fig. 7. The cranial
roof is shown partly from within, partly in impression of
the outer ornamented face ; but it merely exhibits the
large extent of the frontals (/r.), not distinctly indicating
the other elements. The extended premaxilla
deepened in front and tapering behind, is conspicuous on
each side and exhibits the single series of small slender
teeth, fixed on tumid bases. On the left side the slender
maxilla (ma’.), with small teeth in its hinder portion, also
seems to be partly preserved. The orbit (o.) is bounded
behind by a chain of small, tuberculated circumorbital
plates (co.), of which four are preserved while the whole
of the cheek between these and the preoperculum is
covered by posterior suborbitals (s.o.), of which the limits
are not clear. Both mandibular rami are exposed from
•within and exhibit the characteristic teeth on tumid bases,
while that of the right side shows two irregular promi¬
nences of bone at the tapering symphysis. Each ramus
gradually deepens behind and seems to consist of two
elements, dentary (d.') and articulo-angular (ug.), of which
the limits are indicated by the impression of the tubercu¬
lated outer face of the leftside. The preoperculum {p.op.)
' is a thickened vertical rod, almost reaching the cranial
roof above, and terminated below by the short and stout
posteriorly-directed spine ; a narrow tuberculated lamina
extends along its posterior margin. The triangular opei-
ENCHODONTID^.
209
culam {op.) exhibits its thickened inner rib, and is suffi¬
ciently transparent to admit of the radiating lines of fine
tubercles on its outer face being seen. The suboperculum
{s.op.) is imperfectly preserved only on the left side; its
tubercular ornament is arranged in almost vertically
directed lines. The dorsal scutes {cl.s.) are exposed from
within, and immediately behind the left operculum the
inner face of the triangular post-clavicular plate (p.cl.) is
also shown. One pelvic fin (plv.) is preserved behind.
The other remains are too imperfect for description.
Lewis Coll.
P. 72. Another vertically crushed specimen, more imperfect. The
dermal scutes of the lateral line are well shown.
Lewis Coll.
P. 1904. Smaller imperfect vertically crushed head and abdominal
region. Egerton Coll.
49479-82. Pour specimens in side view, the second and third
displaying the caudal fin, the fourth wanting it. All
except the first exhibit the slender branchiostegal rays,
while the third and fourth show the large anterior tooth
on the thickened palatine bone. Lewis Coll.
P. 74. Another fine specimen in side view, displaying one of the
pelvic fins. The foremost ray of this fin is much the
stoutest, closely articulated but not divided distally ; it is
also the shortest ray, and the others, to the number of
about seven, gradually increase in length. Lewis Coll.
49555. Smaller fish in side view, displaying the dorsal and caudal
fins. There are remains of a swallowed fish in the
abdomen. Lewis Coll.
P. 276. Imperfect fish in side view, displaying the scutes and
external ornamentation.
Trcinsf erred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.
P. 73. A very fragmentary specimen, in counterpart. Remains of
the branchial arches, hyoids, and branchiostegal rays are
displaced below the pectoral region. Lewis Coll.
39235. Smaller imperfect specimen, with a fragment.
PAKT IV.
Tristram Coll,
It
210
ACTINOPTERYGII.
P. 71. Head and abdominal region of a similar specimen in side
view, associated with small Urenchelys hahelensis.
Lewis Coll.
P. 75-77. Three small fishes in side view, showing the principal
characters of the genus and species. In the second
specimen the space originally occupied b}’ the notochord
is filled with calcite, which proves that a delicate thread
persisted piercing each centrum. This and the third
specimen also exhibit the peculiar form of the pelvic
bones, one of which is restored in the diagram, text-
fig. 7. The main portion of this element gradually
expands towards its anteriorly directed end; it is con¬
tracted presumably at the point of origin of the pelvic fin,
and thence sends a small expanding process inwards to
meet its fellow of the opposite side. Lewis Coll.
49483. Fish only 0 •095 in length, lateral aspect. Lewis Coll.
P. 78. Trunk of another small fish. Lewis Coll.
Eurypholis freyeri (Heckel).
1850. Saurorhamphus freyeri, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. p. 217, pis. xviii., xix.
1867. Saurorhamphus freyeri, R. Kuer, Sitzimgsb. k, Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. 01. vol. Ivi. pt. i. p. 184.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Laibach, Austria.
The type species of the so-called Saurorhamphus, attaining a
length of about 0'2. Head with opercular apparatus occupying
one third of the total length to the base of the eaudal fin.
Ornament apparently as in E. hoissieri. Fins almost as in the
latter, but abdominal region probably somewhat more elongated.
Four large dorsal plates behind the occiput, ovate in form, very
slightly overlapping, ornamented with fine tubercles, and not quite
reaching the dorsal -fin; lateral scutes smaller, irregularly tri¬
angular, and notched (perhaps also perforated) by the sensory canal.
The erroneous restoration by Heckel gives a very false idea of
this fish. Every feature in its osteology hitherto definitely dis¬
covered, suggests that its reference to the genus Eurypholis is
correct.
Form. Log. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.
Not represented in the Collection. In addition to the type, the
only known specimen is an imperfect fish in the Museum of the
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna,- described by Kner, loc. dt.
<5V«. cSc^’. f^oUr, \rcrf. xx:\/‘f. Jy. 4<47/i^. /— //
/f^^. ^ /!>■<’?
^7^ 2<; i<wyT* ^ .
ENCHODONTIDiE.
21 J
Genus PAXi-ffiOLYCUS^ W.. von der Marck.
[Palaeontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 31.]
Trunk much elongated, both this and the head laterally com¬
pressed. Ja’ws and dentition as in EncJiodus and Euryjjholis.
Vertebrae at least 70 in number, nearly half abdominal ; the centra
longer than deep, constricted mesially, and strengthened by at least
one lateral longitudinal ridge. All except the foremost rays of
each fin finely divided distally, but none excessively elongated. ISlo
postclavicular plate. Pectoral fins rather large ; pelvic fins very
small ; dorsal fin also very small and remote, with one spine and
about 8 divided rays, opposed to part of the much-extended anal
fin, which has nearly 50 rays ; caudal fin small and deeply cleft,
with stout basal rays. A series of median dorsal scutes immediately
behind the occiput, [but no other dermal covering hithertO'
observed].
Palseolycus dreginensisj W. von der Marck.
1863. PalcBolycus dreqinensis, W. von der Marck, Palseontoo-r. vol. xi.-
p. 31, pi. iv. fig. 7.
1885. PalcBolycus dreginensis, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 251.
Type. Nearly complete fish; Academy of Miinster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-4. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about ten times, and length of head with
opercular apparatus nearly eight times in the total length of the
fish. Enlarged teeth longitudinally striated. Vertebrae 75 in
number, about 32 referable to the abdominal region ; the centra
slightly pierced by persistent notochord. Pelvic fins arising slightly
behind the middle point between the pectoral and anal fins ; dorsal
fin arising considerably behind the anal, but opposed to part of the
anterior half of the latter, comprising one spine and 8 divided rays,
the spine not much shorter than the first divided ray ; anal fin
extending along nearly the whole of the caudal region, with about
46 well-spaced divided rays, apparently no anterior spinous rays.
Dorsal scutes perhaps about 6 in number, ornamented with fine
radiating ridges.
Form, ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : neighbourhood of Sendenhorst,
Westphalia.
Not represented in the Collection. The above diagnoses are
based especially upon the second specimen in the Academy of
Munster described by W. von der Marck, loc. cit. 1885.
p 2
212
ACTINOPTEETGII.
Genus HALiEC, Agassiz.
[Yerhaudl. Ges. vaterl. Mus. Bohmen, 1834, p. 67.] '
Sjn. Pomognatlms, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 367.
Archceogadus, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xv. 1868, p. 291.
Phylactocejdialus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
Yol. iii. 1887, p. 605.
Trunk deeply fusiform, both this and the head laterally com¬
pressed. Cranial roof exhibiting a median longitudinal depression,
its lateral and occipital margins ornamented, like the other external
bones, with ridges and tubercles of ganoine. Mandible a little
prominent, with several rows of recurved conical teeth, irregular in
size and arrangement ; premaxilla long and slender, with two or
more rows of minute teeth ; maxilla long and slender, underlapped
by the premaxilla for the greater part of its length, but entering
the gape behind, where it bears a spaced series of relatively large
conical teeth pointing forwards; a conspicuous supramaxilla present;
the comparatively stout palatine and ectopterygoid bones bearing a
close series of acute, laterally- compressed teeth, which are largest
in the middle and diminish towards each extremity ; no teeth
barbed. Preoperculum very narrow and deep, with a conspicuous
posteriorly-directed spine at its lower end ; operculum strengthened
on the inner side by a ridge extending almost horizontally back¬
wards to its postero-inferior angle ; branchiostegal rays about 15 in
number. Yertebrse from 35 to 45 in number, the centra at least as
long as deep, much constricted mesially and somewhat strengthened
with small longitudinal ridges. Fin-ray^s robust and all articulated,
mostly also subdivided distally ; no fin-rays excessively elongated.
Paired fins large, the pelvic pair not much smaller than the
pectorals; the short dorsal fin within the anterior half of the trunk;
anal fin relatively small and remote ; caudal fin deeply forked. A
regular squamation of very small scales, the exposed area of each
quadrangular in shape ; no enlarged scutes.
Halec sternbergi, Agassiz.
1834. Halec sternbergii, L. Agassiz, Yerhandl. Ges. vaterl. Mus.
Bohmen, p. 67.
1844. Halec sternbe^'gii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 123,
pi. Ixiii.
1845-46. Halec sternbergii, A. E. Reuss, Yerstein. bohm. Kreideform.
pt. i. p. 13, pt. ii. p. 118, pis. xxii., xxiii.
1878. Halec sternbergiij A. Fritsch, Rept. u, Fische bohm. Kreideform.
p. 37, pi. ix.
1883. Halec sternhergii, A. Fritsch, Archiv naturw. Landesdurchf.
Bohmen, vol. v. no. 2, p. 89, fig. 47.
f
/ ^ V yx>x: /./i- y/.
fffiJ- \ZS r Uw t.* . ^xL<.<-
/i^t3 3S^P, ^'r'^'e^<.^ .y^- -T. ^"Z.
EXCHODOXTIDJE.
213
Type. Imperfect fish, wanting tail ; Royal Bohemian Ilusenm,
Prague.
The type species, attaining a length of about I'O. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained approximately three times
in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Operculum comparatively smooth, its breadth about two thirds as
great as its maximum depth. Yertebrse about 45 in number.
Form. Log. Turonian : Bohemia.
P. 5732. Plaster cast of type specimen ; .Jung Koldiu, Bohemia.
Presented hy Prof. Anton FritscJi, 1888.
P. 9002-04. Three imperfect specimens in irregular fragments ;
Yinary, Bohemia. Purchased^ 1899.
■ Halec eapterygius (Dixon).
1837. Osmeroid.es lewesiensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. lx b.
figs. 3, 4 (errore).
(?) 1844. Osmeroides gi'anulatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. vol. v. pt. i. p. 14
(name only).
1850. Pomognathus eupterygius, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 367,
pi. XXXV. figs. 6, 7.
1888. Pomognathus eupterygius, A. S. lYoodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 318.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Brighton Museum.
The type species of the so-called Pomognathus., attaining a length
of about 0‘4. Length of head with opercular apparatus much
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, which is probably
contained about four times in the length from the pectoral arch to
the base of the caudal fin. Length of mandible somewhat exceeding
the depth of the head at the occiput ; operculum considerably
deeper than broad ; the infero-posterior spine of the preoperculum
short, stout, and ornamented with tubercles. The external
tubercular ornament very fine, arranged in more or less radiating
lines on the sides of the cranial roof, the supramaxilla, mandible,
opercular apparatus, clavicle and supraclavicle. The stouter rays
of the paired and dorsal fins also ornamented with longitudinal
series of verv fine tubercles. Yertebrse about 45 in number.
The squamation of this species is unknown, probably on account
of the soft nature of the chalky matrix in which the specimens are
preserved.
Form. 4)' Log. Turonian and Senonian : Rent and Sussex.
43388. Remains of small fish, in counterpart ; Lower Chalk, Bur-
ham, Kent. The general proportions are as stated in the
214
ACTINOPTEKYGHI,
diagnosis. The total number of vertebrae is shown to be
about 45, and of these the 21 caudals are well preserved.
Fragments of all the fins except the anal are distinguish¬
able. Purchased, 1872.
32336. Imperfect head and abdominal region, with the greater part
of the dorsal and paired fins ; Lower, Chalk, Maidstone.
The fossil is broken across at the back of the head, and
the opercular apparatus thus destroyed behind the pre¬
operculum. The cranial roof is flattened, constricted
behind, widest at the hinder border of the orbits, and
marked by a sharp median depression between the orbits.
The very large froutal bones extend almost to the
occipital border, and are smooth in the middle portion
which passes into the interorbital depression, but are
marked with the characteristic ornament in the outer or
lateral portion. Anteriorly they unite in a suture with
the short and broad, smooth mesethmoid bone ; antero-
laterally they are overlapped by the nasal bones. The
latter elements are well preserved, each being shown to
be antero-posteriorly elongated, almost ovate though
pointed behind, and very conspicuously ornamented with
radiating series of tubercles. The otic region is too
imperfect for description, and there are no traces of
cheek-plates ; but in side-view there are recognisable
remains of the jaws. The triangular metapterygoid is
completely displayed, but the remainder of the pterygo¬
palatine arcade is obscured except at its upper border.
The very long and slender premaxilla is imperfect in
front, but exhibits the characteristic fine tubercular
ornament in its hinder two thirds, while the oral margin
still bears some of the minute teeth. The maxilla, though
fractured, is preserved for the greater part of its length,
underlapped more than halfway by the premaxilla ; and
its hinder third exhibits some of the large and charac¬
teristic spaced teeth, which are inclined with the point
forwards. Above the hinder third of the maxilla is
the highly ornamented supraraaxilla, antero-posteriorly
elongated, pointed in front and rounded behind. The
mandible is crushed at the symphysis and otherwise
fractured, but the suture between the dentary and
angular is distinct, and the fine tubercular ornament is
shown to cover the lower portion of both elements, being
'-y^^'*'''^ cu.^^ y^' ^ T/- .
ENCHODONTIDJE.
215
absent only in the area apparently overlapped by the
upper jaw. The course of the sensory canal on the
angular and dentary is marked by a deep open groove.
The preoperculum is narrow and deep, with the long axis
vertical ; and its finely tuberculated lower end is scarcely
bent forwards, being produced instead backwards into a
short blunt spine, which is incomplete at the point in the
fossil. Comparatively slender and well-spaced branchio-
stegal rays are shown beneath the hinder end of the
mandible, perhaps eight or nine in number. The vertebral
centra are much constricted, apparently strengthened
only by. one ridge on each side, with which the somewhat
expanded head of the rib articulates. The neural arches
are small and low laminar expansions, each extending
along the anterior half of a centrum and bearing at its
postero-superior angle the long and slender neural spine.
The imperfect remains of the clavicle exhibit a large inner
lamina nearly at right-angles to the more delicate lamina
in the plane of the fiank; and the pectoral fin is shown
to be relatively large, with at least 12 stout rays, which
are partly ornamented. The pelvic fins are also indicated
as stout and far forwards, with antero-posteriorly elongated
triangular supports. The anterior rays of the dorsal fin
are shown to be very stout, ornamented with fine tubercu-
lations and longitudinal rugae ; all are imperfect distally,
but the foremost is shown to be articulated towards the
end, while the second and doubtless the others are both
articulated and divided distally. Purchased., 1857.
49111. Fra gment of head and abdominal region, displaying the
characteristic opercular apparatus ; probably from the
Lower Chalk, Burham. Mrs. SmitKs Coll.
P. 1703 d. Fragment of head and abdominal region; Chalk, Kent.
The ribs are shown to be compressed, not round in
section ; and the vertebral centra appear to have been
pierced by the notochord. Egerton Coll.
?. 3657. Head and fragment of abdominal region ; English Chalk.
The greater portion of the cranial roof is displayed, and
the small posterior spine of the supraoccipital bone is con¬
spicuous. In side view the maxilla is well exposed, being
imperfect only at its hinder end. It is shown to be a
slender bone, slightly deepened in front and curved
216
ACTINOPTERTGII.
inwards to the ethmoidal region, also slightly deepened
again in its hinder third, where it bears the spaced series
of comparatively large teeth. Its lower margin is
ornamented with fine tubercles throughout its length*
The supramaxilla, premaxilla, and dentary are also im¬
perfectly preserved ; and part of the thickened ecto-
pterygoid is exposed within. The lower end of the
preoperculum bears the usual posterior spine, and its
fine tubercular ornament extends in a narrow band at
least halfway up the ascending limb of the bone. The
operculum is ornamented with close radiating lines of fine
tubercles ; and the more delicately marked suboperculum
is shown to be relatively small. The clavicle is partly
ornamented with elongated tubercles in radiating series ;
and the supraclavicle exhibits longitudinal rows of
tubercles in its exposed hinder half. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 4537, -a. Pine small head with opercular apparatus, and a more
imperfect specimen ; Burham. Enniskillen Coll.
35104, -05. Remains of a smaller head with vertebrae, also part of
another small head in two pieces ; Rochester, Kent. In
the first specimen the great extent of the premaxilla is
well shown. Par chased ^ 1860.
47298. Remains of an equally small head and abdominal region,
with traces of the dorsal and paired fins ; Lower Chalk,
Dover. Judging from sections of the constricted vertebral
centra, a persistent thread of notochord seems to have
pierced them. Gardner Coll.
P. 9252. Remains of large head, the mandible 0*09 in length ;
English Chalk. History unknown.
47916. More fragmentary remains of large head ; Lov/er Chalk,
Durham. Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1877.
41108. Pragmentary remains of small head ; Lower Chalk, Durham,
Kent. Purchasedy 1868.
49082. Pragmentary head showing the ornamented anterior ex¬
pansion of the premaxillae ; Durham. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 9044. Remains of small head ; Blue Bell Hill, Durham.
Presented hy S. J. Hawkins^ Esq., 1891.
/ ^
T,e^X^Z. y^.S'M. /^OZ^ /.6'3^ //. xin.^y.Sr
^ «5i^jfi.^-</u^*<<V ^ '^’ ^ ^ '7^/' ^ '
ENCHODONTTD^.
217
P. 5662, P. 5688. Small head and scattered remains of another ;
Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Harford Coll.
39073. Yertically crushed skull exposed from below ; near Graves¬
end, Kent. The hjmmandibular and pterygo-palatine
arcade are imperfectly displayed from within, and the
extent of the delicate premaxilla is well shown on the right
side. A cluster of minute tubercular teeth seems to occur
on the inner face of the hinder end of the ectopterygoid.
Boioerhank Coll.
P. 4289. Imperfect very small skull ; Dover. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3657 a. Imperfect vertically crushed skull and other fragments ;
Lewes, Sussex. The two comparatively large post-
temporal plates are shown to impinge on the middle of
the occiput ; and they seem to have been exposed only to
a small extent postero-externally, where they are orna¬
mented with radiating series of fine tubercles.
Enniskillen Coll.
39073» Kemains of obliquely-crushed small skull and pectoral fins,
exposed from below ; Lewes. Tbe horizontally-directed
ridge of bone on the inner face of the operculum is
indicated ; and the lower end of the preoperculum dis¬
plays its characteristic form. Twelve ra}’^ are shown in
the left pectoral fin. Boiuerhank Coll.
P. 5413, -14. Two imperfect small skulls, the first with operculum ;
Lewes. Presented hy P. E. Goomhe, Esq., 1888.
4285. Imperfect skull erroneously referred to Osmeroides leivesiensis
by Agassiz, loc. cit., and noticed by A. S. Woodward in
Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. p. 318 ; Lewes. Also noticed
and figured in Horsfield’s ‘ History of Lewes,’ vol. i. p. xi,
pi. 29, fig. 13, 8bS Amia lewesiensis,^sintell. On the right
side the hyomandibular, quadrate, metapterygoid, ento-
pterygoid, and ectopterygoid elements are exposed ; and
there seems to be a fragment of an ossified sclerotic.
The large teeth on the ectopter3’goid are proved to be
hollow. On the left side the anterior ornamented end of
the premaxilla is also preserved. Mantell Coll.
49786. Imperfect skull ; Giynde, near Lewes. Capron Coll.
P. 1809. Imperfect small head ; Sussex. Egerton Coll,
218
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
49750. Fragment displaying left premaxilla from the inner aspect ;
Brighton. This bone, which is imperfect behind, hears
the characteristic minute teeth. Capron Coll.
49785. Fragment of small skull showing portion of ossified scler¬
otic ; Brighton. Capron Coll.
43392. Small cranium and part of jaws ; English Chalk.
By exchange, 1872.
25804, 25813, 25896. Kemains of jaws; Sussex. Dixon Coll.
P. 3057 h. Portion of dentary with teeth ; Lewes.
EnnisTcillen Coll.
Halec microlepis (Davis).
1887. Phylactocephalus microlepis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. iii. p. 605, pi. xxxv. fig. 2.
1888, Pomognathus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. ii.
p. 355.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
The type species of the so-called Phylactocephalus, attaining a length
of about 0‘2. Length of head with opercular apparatus scarcely
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained
somewhat more than twice in the length from the pectoral arch to
the base of the caudal fin. Length of mandible about equalling
the depth of the head at the occiput. Opercular apparatus and
external ornament as in H. eupterygius. Vertebra3 about 35 in
number. Dorsal fin wiih about 17 rays, occupying the second
(quarter of the back, and pelvic fins opposed to its hinder half ;
anal fin very small, with 10 or 11 rays, arising twice as far from
the pelvic fins as from the caudal. Scales smooth.
Form. Loc. Dpper Cretaceous.: Mt. Lebanon, Syria.
P. 4757. Type specimen unsatisfactorily described and figured by
Davis, loc. cit. ; Hakel. The head and opercular bones
preserved are chiefly those of the right side exposed from
within. A fragment of the thickened ectopterygoid is
seen bearing the characteristic teeth ; immediately below
it are remains of the slender maxilla, with spaced
teeth at its hinder end. The right mandibular ramus is
indicated chiefly as an impression of its tuberculated
outer face ; and fragments of the left ramus occur below
this, with apparently an overlapping trace of the left
premaxilla. The characteristic preoperculum, operculum
/fdS.,/,. ^-s, J/. ?‘:m.^^.y.
/V* 4,-
ENCHODONTIDJS.
219
(“ preoperculum ” of Davis), suboperciilum operculum ”
of Davis), and small interoperculum are shown, chiefly
as impressions of the external ornamented face. There
are also impressions of the hroad ornamented external
face of the clavicle and supraclavicle. The number of
vertebrae is approximately 35, and about 17 may be
reckoned as caudal. The dorsal fin is imperfect distally,
and thus does not exhibit its true elevation ; the caudal
fin is distorted by crushing. Lewis Coll.
P. 117. Head and abdominal region of a slightly larger fish, in
counterpart ; Hakel. Traces of the ornamented cranial
roof and the characteristic jaws can be distinguished ;
and there are indications of at least 15 branchiostegal
rays. The foremost pelvic fin-ray is shown to be com¬
paratively stout and only articulated, not subdivided
distally. Lewis Coll.
%/
P. 105. Small fish, somewhat distorted by crushing, apparently
young of this species ; Hakel. Each pelvic fin is shown
to comprise about 10 rays ; and the dorsal fin is nearly
as deep as the trunk at its origin, the two foremost rays
being only articulated, not subdivided distally. There
are distinct remains of the muscle-plates of the trunk.
Lewis Coll.
P. 9151-52. Two imperfect impressions of the caudal region, much
weathered ; Hajoula.
Presented hy A. S. Woodward, Esq., 1898.
Halec haueri (Bassani).
1879. Elopopsis Jiaueri, F. Bassani, yerhandl. k.-k. geol. Heichsanst.
p. 165.
1881. Solenodon lobopterygius, D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol.
Heichsanst. vol. xxxi. p. 377. [Imperfect fish ; University Mu¬
seum, Agram.]
1881. Solenodon lesmaensis, D. G. Kramberger, ibid. p.-377. [Ditto.]
1882. Elopopsis haueri, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw, 01. vol. xlv. p. 214, pi. iv.
1885. ELolcodon lesinaensis, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. p. 20, pi. iv. fig. 2.
(?) 1895. ELolcodon aff. lesinensis, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. xvi. p. 35.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.
A small species attaining a length of about 0-3. Length of head
220
ACTi:S'OPIEIlYGII.
with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained somewhat more than three times in
the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Length of mandible somewhat exceeding the depth of the head at
the occiput. External tubercular ornament very fine. Yertebrae
about 35 in number. Pins and scales apparently- as in the preceding
species.
Form. Log. Cretaceous : Island of Lesina, Dalmatia.
P. 7452. Imperfect fish wanting the caudal fin, slightly larger
than the type specimen. Among the crushed remains of
the head may be observed impressions of the characteristic
teeth of the ectopterygoid ; there are also traces of the
fine tubercular ornament of the mandible. The vertebrae
are rather large, and seem to have been about 35 in total
number. The fins are very imperfect, and the number of
their rays cannot be counted ; but, so far as preserved,
they seem to agree with those of H. microlepis. There
are also obscure indications of the characteristic minute
scales. Parchased, 1895.
P. 7453. Ifore imperfect specimen, displaying the fine tubercular
ornament of the external bones. The characteristic
maxilla and supramaxilla are distinct. Purchased,, 1895.
The following specimen is not specifically determined : —
^ '49520. I'lsL wiHrat least 45 vertebrae and dorsal fin more remote
than usual ; Upper Cretaceous, Hakel, Mount Lebanon.
There are traces of the small scales. Lewis Coll.
The following imperfectly defined species are known only by
fragments, and are not represented in the Collection : —
\ 't-A
I :
Halec guestphalicus Arcliceogadus guestplialicus, AY. von der
: L' ' Marck, Palaeontogr. voi. xv. (1868) p. 291, pi. xlii. fig. 1,
and (“ = Halec sternhergii ”) ihid. vol. xxxi. (1885),
p. 241. — Upper Cretaceous (Planer) ; near Dortmund,
Westphalia. [Type species of Archceogadus. Imperfect
head and anterior abdominal region ; Academy of Miinster.]
Halec laubei, A. Fritsch, Eept. u. Fische bohm. Kreideform.
(1878), p. 38, pi. X. fig. 4, — Turonian (Planer); Weis-
senberg, near Prague, Bohemia. [Imperfect head ;
German University, Prague.]
1
1
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ENCHODOXTID^.
221
Genus CIMQLICHTHY3, Leidy.
[Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v(^ xi. 1857, p. 95.]
Syn. (?) Plinthophorus, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. vol. i. 1864, p. 115.
Empo, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 847.
Trunk elongate-fusiform. Cranium as in Enchodus. Premaxilla
in the form of a vertical lamina, externally ornamented, and either
toothless or vrith a series of minute teeth ; maxilla long and styli-
form, similarly either toothless or with minute teeth where it
enters the oral margin ; ectopterygoid bearing a single spaced
series of acute, laterally-compressed teeth, which are largest in
front and sometimes exhibit a single posterior barb towards their
apex ; palatine with a double longitudinal series of teeth, none
barbed, the largest behind ; dentary thin, but so bent that it has a
wide horizontal extent, with a close series of minute teeth on its
extreme outer margin, another close series of larger teeth withiii
this, and a third inner series of relatively large recurved teeth, well
spaced, and not barbed at the apex. Operculum strengthened on
the inner side by a ridge extending horizontally backwards from
the point of suspension. Vertebrae from 50 to 60 in number, about
half being caudal; the centra at least as long as deep, much
constricted, and marked with fine irregular longitudinal ridges.
A series of large dermal scutes along the dorsal ridge between the
occiput and the dorsal fin ; smaller scutes along the course of the
lateral line.
One specimen of the trunk hypothetically ascribed to the so-
ealled Empo exhibits three longitudinal series of rhombic scutes on
the fiank of the abdominal region. Their “ apices are directed
forwards, and the surface has a reticulate sculpture. In another
species they appear to be smooth” (^Cope). There is no certain
evidence of intervening scales.
Cimolichthys lewesiensis^ Leidy.
1835-44. Saurodon leanus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55, and
vol. V. pt. i. p. 102, pi. XXV c. figs. 30, 31 {errore).
1850. Saurodon leanus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 373, pi. xxx.
figs. 28, 29, pi. xxxii *. fig. 10 {errore).
1857. Cimolichthys levesiensis, J. Leidy, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xi. p. 95.
1878. Cimolichthys levesiensis, £. T. Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiv. p. 795.
1888. Cimolichthys levesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 316.
222
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
Type. Imperfect ectopterygoid ; British Museum.
The type species, Dot satisfactorily definable, with cranium
attaining a length of about 0T5. Maximum width of cranium
slightly exceeding one third its length, and premaxilla ornamented
with radiating tuberculated ridges. All the teeth of the ecto-
ptervgoid, except the few small ones posteriorly, moderately slender
and slightly barbed; the largest tooth of the inner mandibular
series situated within the anterior half of the dentary.
Form. Log. Senonian and Turonian : Sussex and Kent.
4039. Type specimen described and figured by Agassiz, loo. cit. ;
Chalk, Lewes. This is the hinder half of the left ecto¬
pterygoid exposed from within. Mantell Coll.
P. 5491. Imperfect skull and mandible, noticed by the present
writer, loc. cit. p. 317 ; Chalk, Lewes. The specimen is
damaged by an oblique fracture, and the rostral region of
the cranium is obscure ; but the I'routal bones are well
displayed and shown to extend close to the occipital
border. Only a trace of the small supraoccipital,. with its
hinder keel, is preserved. There is a shallow, antero-
posteriorly elongated fossa above the otic region on each
side. ^Fragmentary remains of the premaxilla on each
side prove it to have been an antero-posteriorly elongated
laminar bone, bent inwards above on its long axis, and
I
ornamented externally with tuberculated radiating ridges.
The long and slender maxilla, which is almost smooth, is
nearly complete on the left side, and extends forwards
above the premaxilla to about the middle point of the
latter. Neither the maxilla nor the premaxilla, as pre¬
served, exhibits any indications of teeth. The imperfect
mandible is seen from beneath, and two of its large
recurved teeth are exposed. There are also remains of
the pterygo-palatine arcade, with several of the character¬
istic barbed teeth, and with marks of the oval bases
of attachment of similar teeth which have been broken
away. The slender ceratohyal is preserved on the left
side ; while immediately above it is exposed part of a
laminar bone, probably entopterygoid, bearing clustered
minute teeth.. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1810 a. More fragmentary skull and mandible, noticed by
Loomis, Palaeontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900), p. 267 ; Chalk, Kent.
The maxilla does not exhibit any teeth ; but a fragment.
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ENCHODONTID^.
223
probably of the right premaxiila, bears part of a series of
very small conical teeth. The large ectopterygoid teeth
are shown to be hollow. The palatine seems to bear two
longitudinal series of teeth. Part of the ossified sclerotic
is preserved on the right side. Eyerton Coll.
P. 1810 b. Yery fragmentary remains of skull and mandible;
Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Egerton Coll.
P. 5663-4. Two specimens exhibiting remains of jaws, the first
also displaying the characteristic preoperculum with the
small spine at its postero-inferior angle ; Chalk, Kent.
Harford Coll.
37752. Hinder half of left ectopterygoid associated with other
fragments ; Upper Chalk, near Brighton. Saull Coll.
P. 1810 C.. Hinder half of large right ectopterygoid, associated with
other fragments ; Burham, Egerton Coll.
P. 407. More imperfect fragment of ectopterygoid ; English Chalk.
Presented hg the Earl of Ernie, 1881.
25756-57.- Two large barbed teeth of the ectopterygoid bone,
figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxx. figs. 28, 29 ; Chalk,
Sussex. Exxon Coll.
39122. Imperfect dentary bones with remains of the characteristic
dentition ; Chalk, Hailing, Kent. Boiverhank Coll.
32343. Imperfect right dentary with teeth ; Chalk, Maidstone.
Purchased, 1857.
49066. Imperfect left dentary with teeth ; Lower Chalk, Kent.
Mrs. Smith's Coll.
49064. Bemains of associated dentaries ; Lower Chalk, Dover.
Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 7393. Associated remains of jaws either of this or an allied
species ; Lower Chalk, Dover. The characteristic, orna¬
mented premaxilla on each side bears traces of a single
close series of minute conical teeth ; but tne fragments of
maxilla are toothless. An unusually stout inner tooth is
shown in the mandible. Purchased, 1895.
Cimoliclitkys ncpcBoltca ; remains of head and anterior abdominal region, one quarter nat. size. [P. 6330.]
og.^ angular; cl., dentary ; fr., frontal ; op., operculum ; pet., pectoral fin-rays; pmx., premaxilla ;
pt., ectoplerygoid ; s., median dorsal scutes.
224
ACTIN-OPTEKYGII.
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ENCHODONTID^.
225
Cimolichthys nepseolica (Cope).
[Text-figures 8, 9.]
1872. Etnpo nepaholica, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. toI. xii.
p. 3-1/ .
1872. Cimolichthys siilcatus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 351. [Dentary]
1874. Empo sulcata, E. D. Cope, Ball. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. no. 2^
p. 46.
1875. Empo nepceolica, E. D. Cope, Vert. Cret. Form. West (Bep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.), p. 230, pi. xlix. fig. 9, pi. 1. fig. 8,
pi. lii. fig. 1, pi. liii. figs. 3-5.
1900. Cimolichthys nepaeolica, F. B. Loomis, Palasontogr. vol. xlvi.
p. 271, pi. xxvii. figs. 1-3.
Type. Imperfect palatine bone ; Cope Collection.
The type species of the so-called Empo, 'with skull from 0-3 to
0'4 in length. The sides of the cranial roof and the outer face of
the mandible ornamented with numerous and closely -arranged
sharp ridges, mostly radiating and bearing a series of minute
tubercles ; these ridges on the dentary bone radiating from the
symphysis, on the articulo-angular bone radiating from the
mandibular articulation. Maximum width of cranium across frontal
region about half its length ; maximum depth of mandibular ramus
contained six or seven times in its length. Premaxilla a very
thin lamina with a regular and uniform series of sharply recurved
teeth, as small as the outermost teeth of the dentary; palatine
inner teeth in close series, half as thick at the base as the large
outer teeth, which are inclined somewhat outwards but strongly
recurved towards the apex ; ectopterygoid teeth few and large, the
two foremost being the largest, compressed to a sharp edge in front
but not behind ; mandibular teeth also compressed to a sharp edge
only on their anterior aspect and strongly recurved. Operculum
considerably broader than deep. Dorsal scutes in front of dorsal
fin ovate and produced into a slender point in front, ornamented
externally with radiating series of very fine tubercles.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous (iSTiobrara Group) : Kansas.
P. 6330. Imperfect head and abdominal region^ sketched in outline
in the accompanying fig. 8. The cranium is exposed
from above, displaying the large frontals (/r.) but crushed
at the occiput and wanting the ethmoidal region. The
remains of the jaws are displaced below and to the left of
the cranium. The delicate laminar premaxilla {pmoc.),
with its small recurved teeth, is seen in front. The left
palato-pterygoid arcade {pt.) is imperfectly displayed, with
P^RT IV. Q
I
226
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
some of its large teeth ; and the two dentary bones (d.)
of the mandible occur deeper in the matrix, that of the
right side being partly obscured. The left articulo-
angular bone (ag.) is displaced, and also partly covered
by other fragments. The imperfect left operculum (op.)
is distinguishable from its inner face, but is turned so
that its horizontal axis is directed downwards. Five of
the anterior vertebral centra are exhibited, showing the
deep infero-lateral pits for the ribs. Further back are
other centra, beneath which the somewhat robust ribs are
also preserved. There are obscure remains of the
pectoral arch, with traces of very stout pectoral fin-rays
(pet.) ; and there is only a fragment of one other fin, the
dorsal, which has remarkably robust supports, but is not
shown in the figure. Five of the characteristic scutes (5.),
partly displaced, are observed on the ridge of the back in
front of the dorsal fin, the two foremost being shown
chiefly as an impression of the outer face.
Purchased, 1891.
P. 6339. Scattered remains of head and anterior abdominal region,
sketched in outline in the accompanying fig. 9. The
imperfect cranium, wanting the ethmoidal region, is
exposed from beneath, and the well-preserved basi-
occipital (h. oec.) demonstrates the absence of a basicranial
canal. The otic region is shown to be well ossified, and
bounded in front by a prominent sphenotic or post-frontal
(sp.o,). Further forwards there are remains of the large
frontals (fr.). The displaced jaws are observed below
the overturned cranium. The imperfect right palatine
(r.pl.) and anterior end of ectopterygoid (r.ecpt.) are
partly obscured by the fragments of the frontal region.
Next below is part of one of the thin laminar premaxillae
(pmx.), bearing the characteristic regular series of small
recurved teeth. Then follow remains of the left pala¬
tine (l.pl.) and ectopterygoid (l.ecpt.), displaying the
characteristic dentition. The hinder portion of the
ectopterygoid is toothless, and curves downwards as it
approaches the quadrate (qu.) ; while it seems to be
bounded above by the entopterygoid (l.enjgt.), which
exhibits the bases of an antero-posteriorly elongated
cluster of minute teeth. The fragmentary hinder portion
of the right ectopterygoid (r.ecpt.) partly overlies the left
*
ENCEODONTIDiE.
227
dentary (l.d.)^ whioh is exposed from within and displays
a few of the teeth of both series. The left articulo-
angular Q.ag.), with its terminal facette for the quadrate
articulation, is slightly displaced. The imperfect right
Fig. 9.
Cimolichthys nepaolica ; head -bones, &c., nearly one quarter nat. size. [P. 6329.1
b.occ., basioccipital ; fr., frontal ; l.ag., left angular ; l.d., left dentary ;
Lecpt., left ectopterygoid ; l.enpt., left entopterygoid ; l.pl., left pala¬
tine; op., operculum ; pet., pectoral fin-rays; qu,, quadrate; r.cl., right
clavicle ; r.d., right dentary ; r.ecpt., right ectopterygoid ; r.pl., right
palatine ; scl., sclerotic plate ; sp.o., sphenotic (post-frontal).
dentary (r.(^.) shows its oral border, with the bases both
of small and large teeth. Among other remains behind
the jaws, both opercula (op.) are seen from within : there
is also the right clavicle (r.cZ.), with a few scattered
pectoral fin -rays {pet.). Yertebral centra, as in the
previous specimen, are scattered behind the head.
Purchased, 1891.
The following specimens of Cimolichthys from the English Chalk
are not sutficiently complete for specific determination : —
P. 4506. Imperfect cranium 0*16 in length, showing the frontal
bones ; locality unknown. EnnisTcillen Coll.
Q 2
228
A.CT1N0PTERTGII.
49065. Imperfect mandible, equally large, ■with part of the palato-
pterygoid arcade ; Kent. Mrs. Smith’s ColL
49824. Imperfect left palato-pterygoid arcade, showing three teeth
and the bases of others ; Lower Chalk, Southeram, Lewes.
C apron Coll,
38750. Imperfect palatine associated with anterior end of dentaries;
Lower Chalk, Burham, Kent. Purchased^ 1862.
43101. Fragment of palatine ; Kent. Wetkerell Coll,
The following species are unsatisfactorily defined, and are not
represented in the Collection : —
Cimolichthys contractus.^ F. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi.
(1900), p. 273, pi. xxvii. figs. 8, 9. Empo contractu^
E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sarv. Territ, no. 2 (1874),
p. 46, and Vert. Cret. Form. West (Bep. IJ.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. ii. 1875), p. 232, pi. liii. figs. 14-17. — Upper
Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) ; Kansas. [Palato-pterygoid
arcadqij ^
Cimolichthys lisbonensis : Empo lishonensis, A. Stewart, Kansas
U niv. Quart. [A] vol. viii. (1899), p. 1 1 1 . — Ujjper Cretaceous
(Lisbon Shales); Kansas. [Premaxilla; Kansas University
Museum.]
Cimolichthys merrilli, F. B. Loomis, loc. cit. 1900, p. 272,
pi. xxvii. fig, 7. Empo merrilli, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1874,
p. 46, and op. cit. 1875, p. 232, pi. liii. figs. 10-13. —
Upper Cretaceous liS'iobrara Group) ; Kansas, [Palatine,
&o^f^ i
Cimolichthys semianceps, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xii. (1872), p. 351; F. B. Loomis, loc. cit. 1900,
p. 273, pi. xxvii. figs. 4-6. Empo semianceps, E. D. Cope,
op. cit. 1875, p. 233, pi. liii. figs. 1, 2, 6-9. — Ibid.
[Portions of jaw^^^^
Numerous detached barbed teeth of Cimolichthys have been
described as follows : —
Spinax marghiatus, A. E. Beuss, Yerstein. bohm. Kreideform.
pt. i. (1845), p. 8, pi. iv. figs. 10, 11. Acanthias
marginatus, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Yorwelt, Fische (1848),
p. 301. Anenchelum ? marginatum, E. Hebert, Mem.
Soc. Geol. France, [2] vol. v. (1855), p. 350, pi. xxvii.
fig. 4. Saurocephalus ? marginatus, H. B. Geinitz,
^ . 4-i €_«. ? 30° '2. y£>/
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230
ACTINOPTERTGII.
Prionolepis angustus, Egerton.
1850. Prionolepis angustus, Egerton, in Dixon^ Geol. Sussex, p. 368,
pi. xxxii.^ fig. 3.
1888. Prionolepis angustus^ A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 306.
Type. Dermal scutes ; British Museum.
The type species, known only by the scutes of the flank. The
largest scutes about seven times as deep as broad, and the
forwardly directed portion above the lateral line comparatively
short ; the hinder margin very regularly, closely, and deeply
pectinated; the anterior portion either smooth or marked with very
feeble vertical rugae, except above the lateral line where these rugae
are conspicuous.
Form. ^ Log. Turonian and Senonian : S.E. England.
P. 9253. Type specimen, an imperfect mass of scutes chiefly shown
from the inner aspect, briefly described and figured by
Egerton, loc. cit.; Lower Chalk, Burwell, near I^ewmarket.
Dixon Coll.
29040. Three fragments of chalk with remains of scutes ; Upper
Chalk, Swaftham, Norfolk.
Presented hy C. B. Rose, Dsq., 1854.
46393. Group of scutes ; Lower Chalk, Caine, Wiltshire.
Cunnington Coll.
35876. Imperfect scute ; Grey Chalk, Dover. Purchased,
39058. Imperfect scute ; Chalk, Kent. Bowerlank Coll.
49776. Bemains of scutes more ornamented than usual, but
probably of this species ; Lower Chalk, Dorking.
Capron Coll.
Prionolepis catapliractns (Pictet & Humbert).
1866. Aspidopleurus cataphractus, Pictet & Humbert, Noiiv. Rech.
Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 109, pi. xviii. fig. 1.
1887. Aspidopleurus cataphractus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin
Soc. [2] vol. hi. p. 624, pi. xxxviii. fig. 4.
1887. Engraulis tenuis, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 635, pi. xxx. fig. 5 (errore).
1898. Prionolepis cataphractus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 411.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species of the so-called Aspidopleurus, attaining a
length of about 0’22. Length of head with opercular apparatus
.S'
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ENCHODONTID^.
231
somewhat less than half the length of the trunk from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin; maximum depth of trunk
contained about seven times in the same measurement. Pelvic
fins arising somewhat in advance of the middle point of the trunk,
opposite the hinder part of the dorsal fin, which comprises about
16 rays and is completely within the anterior half of the trunk ;
anal fin comparatively low and small, with about 14 rays, arising
much nearer to the caudal fin than to the pelvic pair. Lateral
dermal scutes between 40 and 50 in number, and the largest about
five times as deep as broad, with the forwardly directed portion
above the lateral line two thirds as deep as the portion below it ;
the hinder margin deeply pectinated, though rather irregular, and
the uppermost pectinations the longest ; the anterior portion
marked with delicate and irregular vertical rugge.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4864. Large fish in lateral aspect, wanting the dorsal and
caudal fins ; Hakel. The pelvic fins are shown to be
about as large as the pectorals, and the pelvis is very well
displayed. The laminar pelvic bones taper forwards, and
are firmlv united at their distal end in an inter-digitating
suture. Lewis Coll,
P. 9149. Another large fish vertically crushed and partly in
counterpart ; Hajoula. An imperfect impression of the
cranial roof seems to indicate a median hollowing and a
lateral ornamentation of radiating lines and tubercles ;
while the ethmoidal region is clearly short and broad,
though acutely pointed in front. The jaws are very
imperfect, but they are proved to have been delicate ;
while the only remains of dentition are one slender
lanceolate tooth in front and clustered minute blunt
teeth behind. Posterior to the outwardly crushed cheek
on either side there are remains of the narrow pre¬
operculum and the well-developed operculum ; and the
latter plate is shown to have been strengthened not only
bv the thickening of its anterior border, but also by
a horizontally-directed ridge on its inner face, while the
upper half of its outer face is marked with numerous
delicate radiating lines which are partly tuberculated.
The vertebral column is imperfectly preserved, comprising
delicate constricted centra, longer than deep, each
distinctly pierced for the persistence of the continuous
notochord. The ribs seem to be short and comparatively
232
ACTmOPTEETGII-
stout, not supported by transverse processes. The upper
and lower limbs of the bent clavicle are equal in size ;
and one of the pectoral fins, which is displaced and
apparently incomplete, shows remains of ten rays. The
lateral scutes are very well exhibited, and each is pierced
by a tubular perforation for the passage of the sensory
canal of the lateral line. These scutes begin to appear
immediately behind the pectoral arch and extend regularly
to the base of the caudal fin ; at least 45 are indicated on
each side, and the series is probably not quite complete
behind. Presented hy A. S. Woodward, Esq., 1898.
P. 4004. Hinder abdominal and caudal regions of an equally large
fish ; Hakel. The scutes of the right side are displaced,
exposing the vertebral column ; and there are remains of
the pelvic, dorsal, and caudal fins. Lewis Coll.
P. 4006. Imperfect tail displaying scutes and vertebrae ; Hakel.
Leivis Coll.
P.4005. Imperfect smaller fish, about 0*16 in length; apparently
somewhat elongated by distortion ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
P. 4754. Imperfect fish 0*115 in length, unsatisfactorily figured
by Davis, he. cit. pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 ; Hakel. A partial
impression of the right operculum exhibits the character¬
istic ornament. There are traces of all the fins.
Leivis Coll.
P. 4871. A very small fish of which the counterpart (in the
Edinburgh Museum) is figured by Davis, loc. cit., under
the name of Engraulis tenuis ; Hakel, The characteristic
scutes and all the fins are displayed. There are about
14 rays in the pectoral fin, 8 rays in the pelvic, 14 or 15
rays in the dorsal, and about 14 rays in the anal fin.
Lewis Coll.
Prionolepis laniatus (Davis).
1887. Rhinellus laniatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 612, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.
(?) 1887. Rhinellus lonyirostris, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 611, pi. xxxvii.
fig. 3. [Imperfect small fish shortened by distortion ; Edinburgh
Museum.]
1888. Relonostomus laniatus, A. S. Woodward, Rep. Brit. Assoc, p. 678.
1891. Apateopholis laniatus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890,
p. 634, pi. Iv. fig. 11.
Type. IS'early complete fish ; British Museum.
J
t
ENCHODONTID^.
233
The type species of the so-called Apateopholis^ attaining a length
of about 0"35. Length of head with opercular apparatus nearly
equalling the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base
of the caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained four times
in the same measurement. Pelvic fins arising just behind the
middle point of the trunk, opposite the hinder part of the dorsal
fin, which comprises about 20 rays and is almost completely within
the hinder half of the trunk; anal fin comparatively low and
extended, with about 17 rays, arising nearer to the pelvic pair than
to the caudal fin. Lateral dermal scutes very thin, between 40
and 50 in number, and the largest about four or five times as deep
as broad, ornamented with extremely delicate concentric ridges,
sometimes subdivided into tubercles, following the lines of growth ;
the hinder margin not pectinated, but notched by the lateral line.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous; Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4745. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. dt.
p. 612, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1, and further noticed in Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 634 ; Hakel. Some scutes are
displaced dorsally in the abdominal region, and the
ornament of one is well displayed. Lewis Coll.
P. 4026. Fish about 0*18 in length ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
P. 4870. Still smaller specimen, wanting the extremity of the
snout and tail ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
P. 4869. Head of large specimen noticed by Davis, loc. cit. p. 614,
described and figured in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 635,
pi. Iv. fig. 11 ; Hakel. Lewis Coll.
39237. Imperfect caudal region of large specimen ; probably from
Hakel. There seem to be remains of a thickened scute
of undetermined form on the caudal pedicle.
Tristram Coll.
Genus LEPTECODON, WiUiston.
[Kansas Univ. Quart. (A) vol. viii. 1899, p. 113.]
As Prionolepis, but with an additional series of scutes on the
flank above and below those of the lateral line.
Leptecodon rectus, WiUiston.
1899. Leptecodon rectus, S. W. WiUiston, loc. cit. p. 113, pi. xxvi.
Tijpe. Imperfect fish; Kansas University Museum.
234
ACTIl^OPTEEYGII.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about three times in the
length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained nearly seven times in
the same measurement. Ornament of scutes reticulated, scarcely
radiating.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) : Smoky Hill
Hiver, Kansas.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus PANTOPHOLIS, Davis.
[Trans. E,oy. Dublin Soc. (2) vol. iii. 1887, p. 599.]
An imperfectly definable genus. Enlarged teeth near symphysis
of mandible. Abdominal region much elongated, with a median
dorsal series of overlapping scutes extending from the occiput to
the origin of the dorsal fin ; apparently no other scutes.
The only known species of this genus is not represented in the
Collection : —
Pantopholis dorsalis., J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 600, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 2 ; A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. iv.
(1899), p, 320. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt.
Lebanon. [Distorted head with abdominal region;
Edinburgh Museum.]
The following specimen seems to belong to the Enchodontidse,
but cannot be generically determined : —
P. 4008. Elongated fish with imperfect head, small median dorsal
fin, much-extended anal fin, and forked caudal fin ; Upper
Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. There are doubtful
traces of thin elongated scutes along the course of the
lateral line. Lewis Coll.
Indeterminable isolated tuberculated dermal scutes of Ench-
odontidse have also been named as follows : —
Acipenser cretaceus, A. Daimeries, Bull. Soc. Boy. Malacol. Belg.
vol. xxvii. (1892), p. xvi. — Senonian; Eolx-les-Caves,
Belgium.
Dipnolepis jahni, A. Eritsch, Archiv. naturw. Landesdurchf.
Bohmen, vol. ix. no. 1 (1893), p. 66, fig. 30.— Turonian
(Priesener Schichten); Chotzen and Pardubic, Bohemia.
[Eoyal Bohemian Museum, Prague.]
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ALPHABETICAL INDE
V
lAVc'f';. — The numbers of pages on ■■.viiich mere incidental references occur
are torinted in italics.]
Abramis. 3Tj.
= _^brauja. 319.
-vcauthias marstinatus.
“-"JS.
Acanthcderma. 368.
oruicuiarnm, .368.
ovaie. .3’ic'.
ipniosum. .'68.
Acanthcin-allus. 616.
’.=aoed:c. '>16.
Ac ant ho ne m o n sis .
4.3tJ.
canellinii. 4-30.
Acanthcnemns, 449.
oertrandi. 449.
niamentosus. 449.
>uoauren=. 449.
Acanthonotcs. 481.
aiaru.s, 481.
armatus. -sCl.
’-icatic. 4S’2.
Acanthochoria. 38 r,
-391.
libamca, 390.
Acanthopieurus,366.
brevis. 3')7.
ser-niLUS, ’67.
Acanthopsis, 320.
acinus. 353.
an^uscus. 321.
At AliTIIOprERYGIi. --‘CA.
Acanthnrns. .'63.
eanos.';c. . 63.
duvaii. 364.
Acanus, 300.
aiquispina. 301.
arciiatus, .301.
croaticus. 563.
gracilis, 502.
longispina. 300.
ndnor. 30O.
oblongus. 501.
'■)valis. 500.
regleysianus. 301.
^ninosus. 300.
4
sruri. 5()3.
Acara, 5.55.
Acerina. 522.
vulgaris. 522. _ ,
Acestrns. 494.
urnatus. 494.
Acmeuser cretaceus. 234.
Acrcdontcsaurns.
•J i .
gardneri. 4C).
Acrogaster. 38^.
brevioo=catus. 389.
daviesi. 390.
heckeli. 390.
rninurus, O^O.
xirvus. .389.
Acrcgnathus. 243.
coons, 443.
libanicas. 244.
Acrogrammatciepis,
38.
steiniai. 38.
-ICROXURID-E. 562.
Aipichthys {cont^.
nuchaii.-:. -±29.
pretiosns. 427.
velifer. 427.
I Alausa latissima. 15'6.
Albnia. tiO.
brevis, 65.
de zignii. 65. . o.
iata. 65.
oweui, 60.
Albulid.e. 59.
Alburnus. 319. ,
imocaenicus. 319, -f-.-.o-r
steindaciineri. 319.
Alepisanriis. i''9.
ALErOCEl’HALID-E. 1 5iL
Alcsa, 141).
’n .
r'liAenuca. -j. ■■■_>.
eras.sa. 1.31.*^
elongata. 131.
nuiuidica. 132.
renoni. 132. _
Alosina. 1.’''9. /c-
saimouea. 159.
Amblypharyngo-
don. -^04.
Amblynterus olfersi,
- k .
Anna indica, 3* >4.
Amia leaves len sis. 417.
Amiurus. 328.
eanceilatns. 32^. ^
inaconneili. 32^ ,-’
Ammod vtes. 334.^^ _ -r
gaiiui’vi. 3.')4.
Acrcpcma, -81.
toDianus. 361.
.-izoiie. .3'-)4.
aita. ^-rl.
Ammodytid.e. 354.
'iiiuen. 564.
Agonns. 5^7.
Amphenstns. 577
jvaiis, •■!)4.
■'irimas. .’^7.
toiianicns, 577-
'?uui^. -.164.
Aipichthys. -427.
Amphipiaga, 416.
Tio;. vCfUS. .j63.
ninor, -±28.
bracnvncera. 416.
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-impnioiie,
iienincr;]. lj~'A.
loneirosrris, -j70.
;^»lmpnistiu3n. 434.
bozzuanum, 'b.5.
dubiimi, 435.
longipenne, 435.
paradosura, 434.
Amphodon, 474.
benedeni, 474.
ourvidens. 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 300.
commune, 300.
fusiforme. 300.
mentale, 300.
pandatum, 300.
ANACA^■THl^'I, 597.
Anapterus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elongacus, 257.
macrocephalu.s. 2.58.
megistosoma. 2.57.
sicuius. 257.
Anguilla ycoi-u.).
saael-ainu'c. 169.
rentrali?. 341.
Tuiiiaris, 349.
iinogmius, 71.
aratus, 72.
contractus. 71.
evolutus, 72, 386.
favirostris, 73.
polymicrodus, 72.
Anormuras, 275. |
macrolepidotus, 277.
Anthias. 520.
bassanii, 520.
stiriacus, 520.
Apateodus. 2.58.
glyphodus, 258.*^^
lanceolatus, 264.
striatus. 260.
Apateophclis, 229,
233.
laniatiis, 232.
Aphredoderid.e, 416.
Apodes. 336.
Asineops. 417.
pauciradiarus. 417.
squaiuirrons. 4i7.
Tiridensi?. -i:17
Aspidci3pi3. 59.
steinlai, 59.
Aspidopleurus, 229,
230.
cataphractus, 230.
Aspius, 318.
brongniarti, 293.
eolumnae. 319.
ecnomi, 319.
elongatus, 160, 614.
furcatus, 160.
gracdis, 318.
minutus, 318.
vexillifer. 319.
Astephus, 329.
Atherina, 359. “
macrocephala. 3.59.^, <.r-
minutissima. .361. (
sarmatica, 360.
Tardinis. 360.
O'
-5,5 0
sphekodes. 258.
Apogon, .521.
Atherinichthys, 361.
toenia. 2.58.
j krambergeri, 521.
Athekixid.e. 358.
Anarrhichas, 596.
macrolepis, 521.
Atherinoides, 361.
lupu.s. 596.
spinosus, 521.;^„s'Hi»^'‘‘'‘'
' Atherinops, 361.
Anchybopsis, 322.
Apostasis, 56.3.
Atherinopsis, 361,
latus, 322.
croatica, 563. CiM>tf^/’*^;-Auchenaspis, Bleeker,
Ancistrodon, 570.
sturi, .563.
; 330.
armatus. 570.
Apsopelix, ,
j ' Auchenilabrus, 552.
fissuratus. 570.
sauriformis. 353.
frontalis. 552.
Ticentinus. 570.
. Arapaima, 74.
Auchenoglanis, 330.
Ancylostylos, 66.
Arciiaeogadus, 212,
' Auliscops, 372.
cribbus. 66.
220.
siimatranus. .373.
Andreiopleura, 116.
guestphalicus. 220.
i Aulolepis, 126.
esimia. 116.
Archaeoides. 442.
reussi, 59.
retiisrissima. Lit 3
longicostatus, 442.
tvpus, 15. 16, 127.
Ansdopogon. 107.
lomrus. 443.
Aulorhamphus, 562.
tenuidens. 108.
macrurus. 442.
boicensis. 562.
Anenchelum. 477.
Archaeoteuthis.
canossffi. 563.
brevicauda. 4^0.
524.
capellinii. 563.
breviceps, 478.
cciaronensis. 524.
Aulorhy.vchid.e, 371.
dorsale, 478.
Archaeus, 442.
Aul0rh.3mch.us, 372.
glarisianuin. 477.
-brev^is, 443.
sumatrensis. 373.
heteropleuriim. 47S.
^larisianus. 442.
Aulostoma. 375.
isonieurum. 478.
Argyreiosus, 450.
bolcense. 375.
latum. 478.
minutus. 450.
licatic, 0/6. .'^^xc.oCt.ck^
lonsipenne, 478.
Arms, 330.
Auxis, 4i7.“463.
margrinatum. 228.
baroni, 334.
croaticus, 4bo,
AngTiiila, 344.
bartonensis. 333.
minor. 465.
brancbiosteeaiis. 345.
crassus, 332.
propterrgius. 464.
.V
brevicula. .342.
elegans, o45.
hakelensis, 210. 338.
intersninaiis. .345.
latispina. 346.
leproprera. 344.
muitiradiata. 34-5.
nachvnra. .34.3.
dutemplei, 616.
egertoni. .331.
germanicus. 334.
iiieringi, 333.
vansionis. 334..j^^_^jr^
Asima, 536.
uicfleri, 5.36i
A.'iNEoriD.E. 416.
sarmaticus. 459.
stiriacus. 46.5.
thynnoides, 465
' ...rrabceensis, 465.
■ , JJ 7
Bagarius. 335.
3.!]5.
v;u'reili. ;126), 33.'
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rXDEX.
Eacnni.s aor.
3aiistes, 5^8.
caiiasii,
dubius. 5db.^
jTBALI'TrD^E. 5i>5.
■Barbus. 30] .
?os5ilis. 302.
mesacephaius, 302.
'' steinheiiuensis. 302.
'* vui^aris. 3U2.
3asilich.tliys, 361.
Batiiyscma. i-iO.
lutkeni. 440.
Batbvtlirissa, 67.
Beione, 356.
acutiroscris.
dava. 357.
tenuis. 3577"
^Belonostoinus
232.
357. 358.
laniatus.
Beuycii).e. 384.
Behyciformes, 384.
Beryccpsis, 423.
eie^ans. 423.
’iiidstromi. 425.
Beryx, 385.
a ter, 302.
daimaticus, 386.
dinoiepidotus. 386.
sermauus. 421.
. -♦ inscuiptus. 386.
L .A*- ^ lesinensis, 386.
inicrocepuaius. 124.
mukidentatus. 386.
niser, 392.
ornatus. 307. 400.
ovaii'. 121.
poiYinicn'odus
^ radians. 122 124. -r/h-
a(j6.
■j'*^^-'^'"***’** subovatus, 386.
3‘i' 3UT)erbus. 46.3.
syriacus. 405.
vaienciennesi, 386.
■vexiilifer. 120.
ziDpei. 397.
Blexxiib.e. 595.
Blenniifoemes. 591 .
Biennius, 596.
cuneiiormis. 566.
fossiiis. 596.
oceilaris. 566
Blociiiid-e. 591.
Blcch-ius. .393.
lono'iro.srris. 593.
niacTopterus. ..)9.3.
Be ops, 537.
.'isjas. 537.
Bexhresteus. 613.
orevtirons. 61-J.
atus. 613.
326.
0-0.
Botlircsteus (r-ont.').
minor. 611.
Braciiy^nathus, 519.
^ tenuiceos. 519.
BrachvsTDcndyius,
270'
creraceus. 270.
indicus. 3i
. saroprerix.
Brachyrhynchus,
49 { . ^ '0 /
solidus, 497.
tereriroscris, 497.
vnnbenedensis, 497.- •
Brosmius, 602..
elonsatiis. 602.
fuchsianus, 662.
strossniayeri. 602.
susedanu.s. 602.
Brctula. 605.
lonsripinnata. 66,3.
Brychaetus, 76.
nuieiien. 76.
Bucklandium. 330.
diiUvii. 330. 570.
Butyrinus. 60.
Caeus. 57.
leopoidi. 57.
Calamopleurus. 351.
an^iicus. 351. ^
Calamcstcma,"*
Agasnz. 383.
brevicuium. 3S3.
C alamo Sterna, sfein-
da. 'aner. 383. 562.
bolcensis, 562.
canosste. 563.
Callicnymus. 588.
macroceohaius. 588.
Caran^opsis ov;???.).
brevis. 446.
dorsalis. 447.
lanceolatus, 448.
lador, 446.
maximus. 448.
Caranx, 44 1.^
caraugopsis. 441.
graeilia. 441.^ ^
• 11 ■'S'
nauen. 441.
longipinnatus, 442..-..^^^.5
.* f
\ f
oyaiis^442.. _
rigidicaudus, 442.
Cariniceps, 458.
compressus, 458.
Catestomus. 299.
cristatus. 366.
sbosiionensis. 300.
Cextkiscid.e, 377.
Centriscus. 377.
acuieatus. 378. E--
longirosrris. 379.
toni. 377.
veliraris. 379.
Chaetodon. 566.
arcuatus. 561.
argu.><. 561.
asper, 560.
aureus. 449.
canescens. 456.
canus, 558.
ehirurgus, 559.
hoereri. 560.
lineacus. 564.
inesoleucus. 559.
nigricans. 565.
papilio. 433.
pinnatiiormis, 433.
pinnatus, 433.
pseudorbombus. 560.
' '-i C ^
•y'TX ^
'o-« _
vpsrente. 448. ^ rhomboides, 4.50,
Callipterytx. 589.
recncaudus. 589.
speciosus, .589.
Calopomus. 536.
porosus. 536.
Cantiiarus, .537.
urcianensis. 537.
Capito. 365.
Capitedus, 323.
angustus. 536.
dubius. 5.37.
indicus. 532.
Interruotus. 537.
subtruncatu
truncatus
Oak.vn g id.e,
Carangodes.
ceonaius, t!.56.
Carangopsis. 446
■iu:ui.-=. 445.
42 o.
50.
559.
rhombus. 5.59. 560.
saxatiiis, 412.
striatus. 415.
subarcuatus. 561.
subaureus, 449.
substriacus. 415. 560.
suhvespertiiio. 433.
tnostegus, 564.
veiicans, 431.
reiifer. 4,30.
vesnertiiio. 433.
CniTODOXTID-E. 556.
Ch-etodontiformes. ,556,
Clianoides. 63. ^^/oiZasirsc--
macropoina
Clianos. 64.
brevis. 6-5.
ibreipatus. 65.
65. -
63. _
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INDEX.
1)22
^ I b .
Ciiaracin'id.e. ’297.
Charitosomus, 271.
formosus, 272.
hakelensis, 274.
lineolatus, 274.
major, 272.
Chaitcessus, 158.
brevis. 158.
humiiis, 158.
tenuis, 158.
Chelonia radiata, 491.
Chimiera furcata. S4.
Chirocentrites, 90.
cavoiini, 92.
coroninii, 91.
gracilis, 91.
libanicus, 105.
vexillifer. 92.
Chirocextridj:. 56.
Chirocentrus, 88.
polyodon, 88.
Chircmystus, 89.
masvsoni, 90.
Chirostcma, 3()1.
Chirothru iD.E, 279.
Chirothrix, 280.
guesti'alicus, 28-3.
lewisi, 283.
libanicus. 280.
Chondrosteus. 115.
Chondrostoma. 316.
bubalus, 310.
elongata. 316.
laticauda, 615.
minutum. 318.
stepbani, (>15.
CUROMID.E. 554.
Chrysich.th.ys, 327.
theobaklL 327.
Chrysophrys, 534.
...
agassizi,
«.)•_> f .
-o-
y arsenai’irana. o-ji.
brusinai, 534.
-i' Qi.
. ^S-‘incta, 535.
- -r/fiennii. 537.
herrlei, 534.
lawleyi, 534.
uiiocenica, 537.
scacchii. 534,
zignoi. 534.
Cimolichthys,
227.
anceps, 203.
coutracrus, 228.
^ ‘ .glubiulus, 204.
f alewesiensis. 221.
221.
bonensis. 228.
merrilii. 228.
nepteoiica.
225.
semianceps. 228.
suleatns. ‘J25.
Cladccyclus, 107.
gardneri, 108.
lewesiensis, 109.
occiden tails, 110.
streblensis. 110. 1'*^
sweeti, 11
Clarias, 324.
falconeri. 324.%^
Clinus, 597.
gracilis, 597.
Clupea, 146.
aha, Leidy, 145.
aha, Steindachner, 157..
antiqua, 138.
arcuata, 154.
attenuata, 19. /
beurarcU.
bosniaskii. 154.
bottte, 250.
breviceps. 154.
brevis. 270.
. • - ^
brevissima, 140. ' , y
T 1-1 '
caudata. io4. t
catopygopiera. 148.
cepbaius. 158.
cbrysosoma. 158.
erenata. 151.
curta. 22. ^
cyprinoides. 63. 456. I
deticex. 154.
denticiforrais, 154. '
doljeana. 159.
dubia, 270
ecnoini, 1.5.5. |
elongata, Davis. 55. i
eloneata, ^Steindachner. |
155, 460. i
engraulhormis, 155. !
evolans, 133. ;
fontannesi. 155. i
ojaudryi, 138. . \
gervaisi, 155. . ‘
gigantea. 10.5^'^'^^*^^"'
goidfussi, 1.58. I
gracilis. 159. !
gracillima. 155. '
grandisquama, 155.
grandonii. 155.
gregaria. 155.
guescpbalica. 237.
baidingeri, 155.
lieterocerca, 156.
humiiis. Leidv, 144.
humiiis. Meyer. 150.
inriata, 1.56.
intermedia. 156.
lanceoiata. 150.
laneti. 141.
lata, 10. 53.
iaticauda. 15S.
’.atissima, l.'b.
Clupea (conr.).
lawieyi, 158.
leptostea, 153.
lesinensis, 138.
lewisii, 17.
lorcm. 156.
lundgreni. 156.
maceki. 156.
macrocerca. 156.
raacropbtbalma. 135.
macropoma, 63.
megaptera. 147.
megapteryx. 156.
meiettaeformis, 156.
meneghinii. 158.
microcepbala, 158.
microsoina. 157.
minima, dJp. 246.
minuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis. 157.
■* mucronata. 157.
murtenoides. 63.
nuniidica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbthaimica. 158.
opisthopterys, 157.
poiyachanthina. 155.
priesardinites. 157.
pulchra. 56.
pusilla. 144.
sagorensis. 1.54. 157.
^7-
-1-) c.
! ^
sardinites. 1 52.
sardinoides, 1 9.'
sauios. 15 (.
sauvagei. 158.
seheucbzei'i, 147.. '
..., 5Cu
sinensis. Oo.
spbaerocepbala, 154.
sprattus. j.i.3. ^
stynaea, loi. ' -
tenuissima. 154.
theta. 140.
thrissa, 63.
thrissoides, 63. „ -
trinacridis. 157.
rectensis, 146.
ventricosa, 150.
villosa. 161.
Toironensis, 1,38.
vukotinovici, 157.
xenophanis. 1,58. .
zanclea, 158. b'*.
Clupeid.e. 128.
Clupeops, 159.
insignis. 150.
Cobitis, "320.
angustus. 321.
bredai. 320.
cenrrocliir. 320.
■ •epbalotes, -hM.
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Cobitis ico/it.).
Cybium i cG}ir.).
Dentex (con:. .
lotiiriceps. liTS.
V boctii. ^70. ^
fauiaal. ^ rc?cryy,''s, .
teyieri, 1.
./clumouLi. 470.
laekeuieiisis. .5227
Cobitopsis.
exceisum. 467.
^ lepcacanchus. 522.
acutus. '6~)b.
lingulaiaiu. -t69. ' '•
microdon. 523.
exilis. jr).").
marroDOinuin. 462.
muensteri. .523.
Ccalocepiiaius, 457.
raacuiatLiin. 4!i6.
nobilis. 523. /z>/jc-ceti^
>aimoneu5. 457.
parcschi. 170.
sardiniensis, 523.
Ccelo paster, ili4
proosti. -x70. - ventnilis. 52.3. ,
an alls. 116.
speciosum. 466.
JjERCEXrD-E. 1/1.
Cceloperca, 519.
tenue. 470.
Dercstis. 172.
latitVons. 519.
Cycicides. 59.
elongaius. 134.
Ccsiopcma. 470.
iiieisas. 50.
liinbaranensis. i.73.
coiei. 470.
Cyciolepis. 59.
iinsuifer. 174.
eurratuiu. 47-
a as.si z i . 59 .\7^r
reus.si, 173.
irBvp. 472.
Cycloponia. 504. ^ '
sciiratus. 172.
Ccelorhvnchus. 59.3.
triir;s. 504
teiiui.^. iSl.
Couirer brevior. .■)47.
! n 1 c r a e a n r b a ! n , 5 <3 4 .
triquerer. 174.
Ccnosaurops. 612.
spin(3suin. ,5u4.
D ar aiatopty ebus.
bo\s'maiini. 612.
CvcLOi’TKi’aDa;. 537.
-•al),
Cono3aurns. 612.
Cyclopterus. 537.
inacropiubaimus. 24.3.
bownuinni. 612.
luinpus. dOd. 5'^7.
Desmicbtliys. 45u.
('ovax ri<5uracu.s. 570.
Cyciotomoden. 45.
dauorei. 456.
Coregonus, Oil.
vaijraas. 4.5.
Diapiiyzodus. 541,
lavarerus. 161.
Cyclurus L-rassu.s. 503.
Corvina sibberuius, .569.
Cyebu’us iniuor. 533.
ovaiis. 546.
(loTTID-E. 5S0.
Cyclurus neiuopceryx.
r-risioneiia. 546.
Cottus. 565.
598.
Diasticiius, .322.
anes. 532.
CvpuixiD.E. 299.
mactuMion, 322.
..^revis. 5S2. oSS.
Cyprinodon ievatus, 416..
parviciciis. 392.
O-ryptotreinus. 585.
CvpRrxonoxTiD.E, 2'^9.
straneuiatus. .322
divaricatus. 535.
Cyprinus. 3iji ».
Dictyedus. 473.
borndus. 535.
i)ipunctacus, 313.
crassideus. 475.
bvnoceras. 535.
» j.
carpio. 301.
descruccor. J:7-4.
lauLtipinnarus. 534.
J eses . : -y
' pri scu.'. 4 i f). '
[lapyracens, 5>3.
ininutus. lilt).
rupelieusis. 47.3.
poncifex. 535.
papyraceiis. 307
Dinepteryx. 4i <6
quadriconiis, 535.
priscus, 301.
.s'.jiuosus. 4'J7.
imcinatus. .5^'5.
suLiauiosseii.s. 276.
Dioden. 571.
Crsniiabrus, 540.
Cyttid.e. 417.
acantiiodes. 574.
^zainocu;\^. 541.
Cyttciies. 417.
antiQuus. 573. - _
w(K)d\vai-di. 541.
ijlaronensis, 417.
corsicauus, .574.
Crommycdus. 55.3.
irrpffuiaris. .55.3.
Dactyiopogon. 24.'^.
crinaceiis. ^
iOlcVl, - — .o *7^^ V O
eristic eps. 595.
araiifiis. 249. ‘ ^ d
3"^ ciganrodu.s. 574.
paradoKus. 5‘.'5.
parvuius. 249.
^ iieptadiodon. 574.
CltuSSOGX VTHI O.E. .IdO.
Dact37iopterus. 536.
bererodon. 575.
Crosse ?nath.iis. 643.
piiocenicus. .53r).
bileendorri. 575.
sauaudianus. .340.
roiiLans. 536.
incercus. 575.
Ctenedep-tex, .522.
Dapedcaicssus. 74.
iraiicus, 575.
iaexeniensis. .522.
aeutus. 75.
uieristodus. 575.
Ctenopoma. 579.
squioinnis. 75.
aionsesjuvensis. .57.5.
jeineika. 579.
eneausuis. 76.
piacyoaus, 57 5. 9,^
Ctenothrissa. 120.
te.-itis. 75.
ruvasendiP. 57.51
inii-rof-epnaia. i24.
Daptinus. 111. 112.
sciiUp. 572.
radian.'. 122.
broadiieacii. 113
sigr'ua. 573.
vpxiilifer. 120.
iurerinedius. i 12.
sreiiudus. 575.
CrF.xoTiiin.''.'[D.E. 119.
nnlebotoinus. 112.
'enuisoinus. .57.5.
Cybium. -<5.5, 466. -6.9.
Dantex. 522.
-3 1
oarronen^e. 4' >7.
brevicens. 212.
Diplomvstus. 139.
•va'>isniii!is. .'■92.
ulu.'. ia.i.
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624
INDEX.
^V, /• 1^0 ■
t
Diplcmystus I Enchelurus
analis, 139. j syriaous, 165.
birdi, 142. I villosus, 164.
brevissimua, 140. | Enchelyopus, 343.
'dental us, 139 tigrinus, 343.
hurailis. i ^xciiodoxtid^. 189.
lougicostatus, 143.
/.^^Apeetorosus, 140.
i tbeta, 140.
Tectensis, 146.
Diplctomodon, 612
borrificus, 612.
Dipnolepis, 234.
iahni, 234.
Ductor, 448.
leptosomus, 448.
Dules, 521.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521.
Echeneis, 451.
glaronensis, 451.
Echenus, 613
politus. 613.
Ecliidnccephalus,
163.
tenuicaudus. 163.
troscheli. 163.
Egertcnia, 550.
gauitina, 73.
gosseleti. ool.^CC^-
isodonta. 551. >"112
Electrolepis, 415.
horrida, 415.
Elopid.e. 7.
Elopides, 23.
couloni. 23.
Elcpcpsis, 8.
crassus, 10.
dentes. 205.
feuzli, 9.
baueri, 210.
beckeli, 10.
microdoD. 9.
ziegleri, 10.
Elops, 22.
Embalorh.yiich.us,
497.
kinnei. 497.
Empo, 221.
contracta. 228.
lisbonensis. 21.8.
merrilli. 228.
nepabolica. 225.
semianceps, 228.
sulcata. 225.
Encbeiziphius tereti-
rostris, 497.
Enchelurus. 164.
anslicus. 167.
Enchodus, IQO.*^^
amicrodus, 203.
anceps, 203.
annectens, 195.
bleekeri, 466.
calliodon, 203.
carinatus. 204.
corneti, 204.
clirus, 204.^‘*‘^ jp
dolicbus, 204.
faujasi, 196.
leros. 204.
•gladiolus. 204.
gracilis, 201.
, . balocyon, 191.
^,^*i'^*^'‘^emonnieri, 198.
lewesiensis, 191, 193.
'Tongidens. 199.
lycodon, 204.
inacropterus, 202.
major, 200.
marcheseitii. 200.
oxytoraus. 204.
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulcbellus, 193.
recurvus. 201.
semistriatus. 205.
serratus, 203.
sbumardi. 205.
subaquilateralis, 205. ^
tetraecus. 205.
lU . -li ^
valdensis, 205.
Engraulis, 133.
brevipinnis, 133.
evolans. 133, 287.
ioDgipinnia. 133.
tenuis. 230, 285.
Enneodon, 571, 515.
echinus. 574.
Enoplouhthalmus,
323.*
scblumbergeri, 323.
Enoplosus, 521.
pygopterus, 521.
Eocoelopoma, 470.
colei. 470.
curvatum. 472.
Eoccttus, 580.
Toronensis. 581.'
Eomynis. 340.
dolloi. 340.
latispinus, 340.
vent rails. l>ii.
Eothynnus, 457.
.salmoueu.s. 457.
Ephippites, 617.
peissenbergensis, 617.
Ephippus, 559. ^
lougipennis, 559.^
nicolisi, 560.
oblongu-s, 560.
oweni, 570.
rhombus, 559.
Equula, 450.
scillae, 450. ^
Eiismatopterus, 416.
endliclii, 416.
levatus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.
Esocelops, 46.
cavifrons, 46.
Esocid.e, 287.
Esox, 287.
belone, 375.
destructus, 615.
falcatus, 482.
lepidotus, 288.
lewesiensis, 191.
lonsdrosrris. 375.
lucius. 255. 289. 366.
macropterus, 89.
monasreriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus, 288.
saurus, 361.
sphyraena, 361, 362,
366.
spret, 362. 366.
vulpes, 153.
waltscbanus. 289.
Eucymodus, 481.
bunteri. 481.
Eurygnathus,
Agassiz, 46.
cavifrons. 46.
Eurygnathus, Davis,
190.
feros. 200.
marcbesettii. 200.
Eurypholis. 207.
boissieri, 2o7.
freyeri. 210,
lonsidens, 199.
major, 201.
sulcidens, 207.
Exocetus evolans. 133.
Exocetus exiliens. 133.
Excccetoides. 286.
minor, 286.
tenuis, 285.
Fierasfer, 605.
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T'ierasier (com.).
.iuuriut;. dOo.
'?osLerus,
Fisiularia, C74.
boicensis, b7b.
inoiisis. 'iio.
bV^'dubia. .li7G.
koeniiri, 374.^
lon^irosui’is, 077).
tabucana. b70.
nenuiro-sn-is. b77).
FfsTULAiiiiD-f:. 07.4.
Fnndulus, d'Jo. '
CkADlD.E. 597.
Gadopsis, GIG.
brevicep:;. GIG.
Gadus, 599.,
L-ofleiiiius. ^0/
orOtDlUS (COiuW
bas=anii. bob.
brevi.s. 582.
,<3^ '
conieu.s. 554.
eiacas. 554.
■ - I'rancofui’canus, 555.
, I . . _
10 Dim. 05>.
laacroactus. 5SS.
inaca’urus. 551.
maximu.s, 553.
microceDuaius, 555.
7..-Heinirh.ynchus( cut.).
desaavesi. 455.
467.
Heimsaurida, G70j
neocoLuiensii. 270.
, H smith vrsit as, 481.
' arnuicus. 48^.
Piacus. 451.
licatce. 452.
Hemitrichas, G2G.
i •^oiiiscieoia, G2G.
.. Heptadiodcn, 571,
■.'/ 7 o .
ecbinus. o74.
- eie^ans. G0( ). .
• r’aba. iU)4.
0 • , . > 1 .
larior. P')i. 4u*a>^^c4£.
iuicus. GOU.
meriangiLs. G0l>.
ineruicciiia. 589.
■niiiurus. GOl.
inorrhua. G9l.
poliachius. GOl.
poiyneiuus. GOl.
pseiKiayliiinus, GOl).
* -simoiex. G04.
.'peetabili.>. Gi.)4.
sconpanii. GOl. "
reiiuis. GU4.
tuberciiiosiis. G04.
venuscus. G04.
Virens. GOl.
Gasteronemus. 4G7
ooiontrus. 44U.
rb.oiiiDeus, 4G9.
Gephytrura, 296.
f*')ncencrica. 29G.
muitipinuaius. 554. " -
oblon^’us. 554.
peruzzii. .788. . -.^^4^7«»Heterobranchus.
puiiUS, 0(?4y -jJ.j.
pane in die us. G25.
Heterciepis. G12.
Heterctis, 74.
Hexapsephus, G22.
Lruencueri. G92.
smvrnensis, 445.
veronensis. 551.
vicinalis. 558.
vienuensis. 554.
Gcniognachus, 577.
eorypiuenoides, 577.
inaxuiaris. 577.
Cto .V p an yx c 1 1 1 d -e , 271.
Gcnorhynchus, 271.
•zreyi. 471.
l'4 V M X O D ( ) T 1 1 ) -E . 5 7 0 .
Gymnodus, 572. .175.
diodon. 575.
heterudon. .575.
monse'j:urensi3. .57.5.
4/y .c:/^a .d' -
vjrSli 0S, "i.
iiiassaioncfoi. o2G.
Gi^antichthys, G12.
niiarao. G12.
Giliicus, 99, 101.
areuatu.'. IDI.
Poiyniierodus. 101.
Glossodus. <li(vier. GO.
itecKeii, 7G. ,1'5 .
Glyptccephalus. 570.
ractiatu.^. 570.
Gdbiid.e. 557.
^ l-oniiEORMES, .;>7.
Hacqnetia. G12.
boiceusis. G12.
Haiec. 212 aSS-A.'nii
euotery^ius. 21G.
j;i!e5rniiaiieus. 220.
liaueri. 219.
laiibei. l'2U.
niicroiepis. 21 S.
'Cernber'ji. 212.
Haiecopsis. IGG.
iusignis. 1G4.
Levis. 1G4.
Haj.o.-'aurid.e. 1G2.
Halcsauras, IG2.
IIai’lo.mi. L.
riE-MIBRAXCIIII. GG9.
Hemic^rclus. 59.
streulensis. 59.
Hemieiopepsis. .55.
gibbus. 58.
graciiis. 58.
suessi. 55.
Hemiiamieronites.
Histialcsa. 55.
rhioiiieri. 58.
Histiocsphaius. 579.
oas.sauii. .m9.
Histiophorus. 495. - '
anr.iquLis. 495.^- '
tlesuayes. 4-54. '
eocienicus. 495.
Uuinaiurnampiias,
4'.-) I .
parvuius. 497.
priscus. 491.
ro Past us, 497.
rotundas. 495.
Histiothrissa. 131.
crassapinna, iG2.
macroclactyia. IGl.
Histrams.'lGO.
eiatus, 146. -- ^ ^ .
serioioides, 14G.
ventricosus. 14G.
Hclacanthus. 561.
inicrocepiiaius. 5i)l.
piovenorum, 5G1.
Hclcodon, 190. ?oi.
le.sinaensis. 219.
Iveodon. 204. ^
Hclcoiepis, 11, :?0.^ ■...
cretaceus. 4O.
Holccentrum. 412.
eaieanr'er. 502.
laneeoiatum. 521.
macrocepbaiuni, 412.
njacui:',cum. 5i)4.
nAOify-
Gcbic, G-OG.
59.
meiitense, 4iG.
anads. G04.
■Steiniai. 59.
pyefteuni, -IG.
;naior.
Hemiramphus. G5j5.
pys'iiiieum 414.
rieinus. '115.
eawarasi. ■55.’?.
sotro. -12.
GebitiS. 158.
Hemirhvnchus. ib.y.
Hoiostsus. 270.
biruarus. .>51.
eoiei.
raoeinus. 470.
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IXDEX.
a'
Homonotus, 407.
dorsalis, 408.
Y'/'f^AywAMS. ler, 392.
.^^-^^omorhynchus, 488.
bruxelliensis, 490.
Hoplopter3rx, 396.
< , rmtiquus, 396.
/JYC 4^o.''^wesiensi3, 397.
lewisi, 404.
^^undensis, 404.
minor, 406.
^ • voblonsus, 406.
^c'V'aa.lS^ spinoius, 407.
stachei, 406.
superbus, 403.
syriacus. 40.5.
zippei, 397.
Hopicstethus, 414.
int^ens, 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawleyi, 414.
nettelbladti. 414. *
o'tiolatus. 414.
pisanus. 414.
Hyperlophus, 139.
Hypsodcn, 37. 92.
lewesiensis. 33. 40. 45,
94, 95. 98, 109.
minor. 102.
oblon^us, 26.
toiiapiciis, 24.
H5rpsospondylus, 58.
ba.ssanii. 58.
Hyptiu^, 58.
sebastiani. 58.
Ichthyodectes, 99.
acanthicus. 107.
anaides. 100.
arouatus, 101, 110.
cruentus, 107.
ctenodon, 100.
elegans. 103.
goodeanus, 107.
haraatus, 107.
-'^<7Ht/vM/]>^banicu3, 105.
Zap, .minor, 102.
muitidentatus. 107.
j occidentalis. 1<)1.
pernieiosus. 107.
poiyniicrodus, 101.
prosnathus. Iu7.
serridens, 101.
^ --I ’
ii » tenuidens, 104.
Ich-thyotringa, 265,
200.
tenuirostris, 269.
Iguana (?) haueri. 564.
Imogaster, 391 .
auratus. 394. 110.
Ischyrhiza, 46. '
antiqua, 45.^^ '
mira, 46. I
radiata, 46. 614.
cataphractus, 202.
gracilis, 201.
intermedins, 202.
niacropterus, 202.
Isodus, 190.
suicatus, 199.
Istieus, 66.
^ gracilis, 70.
grandis, 67.
lebanonensis. 71.
macrocephaius, 67, 70.
inacrocoeiius, 67.
ransOspondylus. 67.
microcephalus, 67.
spottii. 71.
Istiophorus, 495.
Isurichthys, 453.
^ macrurus, 453.
orientalis, 453.
Isurus, Agassiz, 453.
macrurus, 453.
Julis. 541.
agassizii, 540.
muensteri, 540.
sigismuudi, 541.
Kurtus Telifer, 430, 431.
Labeo cuvieri, 616.
Labidesth.es, 361.
Labrax, 509.
bosniensis. 512.
delheidi, 512.
elongatus, 512.
heckeiii. 510.
intermedins, 512.
latus, 512.
lepidotus. 512.
longiceps, 513.
major, 513.
moj.sisovicsi, 513.
multipinnatus 513.
neumayri, 513.
oeningensis. 511.
sagorensis. 513.
schizurus, 510.
steindachneri, 513.
stiriacus, 513.
ubinoi. 510.
Labrid.e, 539.
Labrodon, 541.
atricanus. 542.
alsinensis. 545.
bazini. 543.
Ischyrocephalus,
190.
Labrodon (cont.).
belgicus, 543.
bourgeoisi. 543.
britannus, 543.
cauariensis, 542.
carolinensis, 543.
chantrei, 543.
cocchii, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 514.
edwardsi, 544.
gaudrvi, 544.
o I' _
haueri, 544.
heterodon, 54-1.
umltidens, 544.
pavimentatum, 544,
po^odom 545.
quensteckb*54.5.
rhedouum, 545. ^ ^
sachen, 545.
sauvagei, 545.
sellae, 545. _ _
.soldanii, 515,
superbus, 542: ^ -r
trapezoidalis, 545.
trigonella, 516.-
Labrophagus, 611.
esocinus, 611.
Labrns, 539. v -
agassizi, 540. ^ ^ •
bifasciatus, 464. ; •
ibbetsoni, 540. ^
malapterus. 595.
meruia, 540.
microdon, 540.
parvulus, 540.
priscus, 540.
punctatus, 558.
rectifrons, 558.
turd us, 504.
yaienciennesi. 540.
woodward!, 541.
Laparus, 596.
alticeps, 596.
Lates, 502. —
gibbus, 502.
gracilis, 502.
heberti, 499.
macropterus, 503.
macrurus, 503.
notffius, 502.
partschi, 503.
sagorensis. 513.
Lebias.
aymardi, 292.
cephahnes, 290.
crassicaudu.s, 295.
crassus, 296.
eisgrabensis. 294.
furcatus, 291 .
gaudryi, 294.
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= 27
Lebias (rn,ir. •.
gobio. '-CM. _ ^
in even,
minimus. 2y4.
perpusiiius. 201.
renuis. 294.
zisJiioi. 204.
Lepidenteron. 1^5.
lonsissimum. iC'b.
Lepidocctfas, .361.
anes. 562.
brevis. 562.
eionsratus. .364.
iiraeiiis. iilT.
muitininnarus. 564.
papyraceus, 5c^5.
Lepidcpides. 477.
brevisponciyius, 4a i.
(lubius. 4ai.
leiDrosooiKivius. 451.
Lepidopns, -t77.
aibvi. 46i).
anguis. 4a0.
brevicauda. 460.
carnatiiieus. 4aU.
dubius. 461.
S'iai-i.sianus. 477.”
'-61.
leprosponayius. -±o
meneiihinii. 461.
Leptecodon. 2.>J.
recru-'^, loo,
Lepticiithys, GIC).
aeuis. tilO.
Leptccephalus, 540.
graciiis. 540.
medius, 547.
tmnia, 54<i.
LEPTOLEPioa;. 1.
Leptcsomus, 244.
■"erassicoscarus. 240.
X^-Uc. eioiiiiaLus. 245.
^uestpbaiicus. 245.
macrouims. 245.
minimus. 24(>.
Lepictracheius, j.75.
armatus, ±74.
eiono'atus, 164.
‘ crraeiiis. laO.
V ‘ liakeiensis. i>4.
longipinnis. 1.'7.
sagittacus. ic;7.
rnqiiecer. .1.74. LSo.
virgui.atus. iS7.
Leuciscus, 5(>5.
acrogaster. -alO.
aula. 511.
bosniaskii. 510.
brevicaua.a. 510.
’ -revis. 51
bun.-iiu.s. ;.4iO.
aisreiiiiiensi^. 511.
o
Leuciscus \ ronf.).
eecconii. 512.
cepiiaion. 507.
eephalus. 509.
coiei. 506.
dorsalis. 511, 512.
dumeriii. 51 i, 512.
eibiswaioensis, 5l0.
elesans. 515.
ervrhronatiiaimus.
509. ^
eurystomus. 511.
fritsciii. 015.
sabbrensis. 51 1.
Uibbus, 5l(.>. ,
gracilis, -aid. f > _
harrmauni. 514.
helveacus. 5t,)5.
heterurus. 510.
dranrzi. 511.
larteti. oil.
latiuscuius. 505.
leptus, 509.
lieatie. 511.
maerurus. 508.
medius, 510.
oeninsensis. 505.
' panyraceus. 50/ .
piesiomerus. 511.
poivsarcii.s. 511.
nueiiaris. 511.
i.
pusiilus, 500.
' racaimud. 511.
remocus. 511.
rudius. 509
sauvaeei. 512.
sicanus, 511. 512.
steEoani. 511. 015.
tarsi2er. 515.
turneri. 511.
vexiilii'er. 511.
Leucus, 522.
conaomanu.s
iatus. 522.
Lenresthes. 501.
Lewisia. aq.
ovalis. 55.
Lichia, 445.
ana. a-iO.
auaiis. -i4o.
lata. 445.
prisca. 444.
~eounf;a.
' root: a in;. — i-O.
Lobcdus. .'57.
eci e m ( )n ran us . 5-' '> 7 .
'-obcoterTis. 415.
pecrin:iEu<. - 15.
i .' 'PH ! T n
LcTniEis. ■p!.
Taci;v~omi
522.
o.
jcpnilis I
p.’itaijonicus. 591.
pisearoriu.s. 591.
Loricaria, 591.
pieeostomus, 591.
LoxcsicmTis. Oil.
mancus. Oil.
Lacania, 59o.
Lucioperca. 521.
skorpui. 521.
Lucius antediiuMauus.
— CO. .
Lutianns epuippium, ^
ouid 501.
Lutodeira, (74.
Lycopiera, i. __
maerorhyncna. 2
middendoriri. 2.
^ sinensis. 5
Lyriolepis.TTT:
iucasicus, 5‘.)
Macrclepis, 4i5.
eioinrarus. 415.
]>Iacrcnes, ^27.
aor. 557.
nacrostcma. 501.
aitum. .'()!.
f
L.
3L\CRURin.E. 005.
Idacrurus, O' '5.
orrecui-sor. '4)5.
r?Iallotus. 100.
viiio.sus. 10 1.
Me^aioaon. 57,
ewesieiisis. 9.3.
'auroides. 95.
iMegaioiepis, CrC
• bascncaensis, 1^2.
iatus. 462.
Meeaiops, 24.
lorcinaLUs. 0.3.
L
obloneus. 20.
■oriscus. 24.
riegaiurites, 571.
niddum. 572.
LleeapTis, 260.
juesttaiicus. i:6.').
r’Ie2;istcp-as, 2qo. 26’4,
iruesdaiicus. 565.
Lleietta. idO.
erenaia. 151.
dolieona, 159.
gTaciilim.a. 15.3.
aranciisQuama. 1-3.3.
aecEed. 151.
’.mierosroma. 152.
mcermedia. 150.
-unQ'imana. .^51.
:;u-!soci. 151.
'rmsi'.rennnes. 1-37.
^ujiieri. Cl.
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Meletta {cant.'].
sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzeri. 147.
styriaca, 157. ^
Meiettina, 151.
Mene, 437.
oblongus, 440.
pusilla, 441.
rhom bens. 439.
^ Menidia,-361.
Merlangus, 600.
cognatus, 604.
spatuiatus. 604.
suifolkensis, 600.
Tulgaris, 600.
Merlinus, 6U3.
cristatiis. 603.
,Merluccms, 601
attenuatus, 604.
balticus, 604
,ol
bosniaskii. 601.
' ' ' >5^
. emarsinatus, 604. .
g3 * ~
'miocenicus. f >04. -9*7-
obuisus, 604.
Mesogaster, 361.
crelafeus. 362.
uOH-
517.
518.
51 7.
gracilis. 254.
sphyriEnoicie?. 362.
Metopcnich.th.ys,
55<S.
longirostris, .350.
(•ctacanthu.'. .350.
Micro ccelia, 2.32.
grauulata, 2.32.
libanica, 252.
Microdou nuchali.s, 420.
5Iicrod()n pulchellus,
421.
Mioplcsus,
abbreviatus
beani, 518.
labracoides.
ioDgus, 51c.
multideritatus. .318.
sauvageanus. 518.
Monocentris, 414.
hospes, 414.
' integer. 414.
subrotundns. 415.
Mouopteros srigas, 89.
Morrhua, 590.
icgienuoides. 601.
extensa. 6Ul.
faba. 604.
ianceclata. 601.
lata. 6< ‘5.
macroi>rery_^ia. (>Ul,
miniina. 601.
^()eilinc■eI\sis. <)()5.
'ZMgadaren.'!'. 6< M .
?.ro>a>aurus ^"Cicili.s. 4
INDEX.
! Mugiib 363.
brevis, 446.
cephalus. 364. . . , . -
/•! . debiiis, 3oo.
prmceps, ob4.<77'/v.^
radoboianus. 365. i
I MroiLiD.E. 363.
^ Murjena csca, 347. i
I Mursena conger, 344.
; MuriBua lewesiensis. 185.
Muriena inyrus, 341.
I Mursena ophis. 347.
I Ml'r.enid.e. .336.
j Mylccyrprinus, 322.
inflesus. 322.
kingi, 323.
longidens, 323.
robustus. 322.
My Ic pha r yngo don,
323.
Myripristis, 410.
homopterygius, 411.
leptacanthus. 410. , , ;
toiiapicus.4]2-^"'i;,:4’!;>^'
Myrus, 310.
vulgaris, 341.
Nummopalatus, o41,
544.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
bazini. 543.
belgicus, 543.
bourgeoisi, 543.
britannus. 543.
chantrei, 543.
cocchii, 543.
edwardsius, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
haueri, ,544.
heterodon, 544.
multidens, 544.
pavimentatus, 544.
polyodon. 545.
quenstedti, .545.
rhedonuin. 545.
sacheYi, 545.
sauvagei. .545.
trapezoidalis, 545.
Naseus, 564.
brevirostris. 564.
nucbalis, 565.
recti Irons, 564.
Naupygus, 611.
biicklandi. 611.
Nemachilns, 320.
bredai, 320.
centrocbir, 320.
cepbalores, 321.
‘ --
rnu
tener, 615.
teyieri, 321.'’')
Nematcnotns, 240.
bottle. 2.50.
Nemcpteryx, ,308. • ■
f. , 508.
elougatus. 598.\<uV&Vs
■ trosebeli. 508.
Nettastoma, ,346.
bolcense, 346.
INoT.vc.wTuin.E, 168.
Notacanthus, 160.
iXotieus agassizii. 540
Nctelops, 27.
brama. L'T.
Nctogoneus, 275.
cuvieri, 277. 615.
longicens, 278.
osculus, 275. 7<^'‘
276.
Odax carolinensis, 543.
Odonteus, .5.56.
depresses, 556.
pygmieus. 556.
sparoides, 5.56.
Odontostomus, 189.
Oligobeius, 323.
aroiferns, 323.
lauiinatus. 323.
Oligoplarchus, 519.
sqiiainipinnis. 510.
Omiodon, 270.
caba.ssii, 270.
Ommatolampes,
400.
eicbwiddi. 491 .
Omosoma, 410.
interuiediuin. 420
nionasten, 421.
pulcbellum. 421.
sahel-alnne, 419.
Omosudis. 180.
Oncolepis, 505.
isseli, .597.
Oi’iiimrD.E. 605.
Ophidium, 60,
barbatum. 343. 347
voltianum. 605.
,i30 -
o(>l
squainossein
yoTOPTERin.!:. ■'5.
Notopterus, ■'6.
])rniia'\'u.s.
OrinoCEPlIALID.E
Ophiocephalus, 360.
=triatus, 464.
Opbisurus acuticaudu;
' 4 / .
Opisthomyzon, 451.
Opisthopteryx, 253
'•urtus. 254.
gracilis. 254.
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Orcynus. 4. '14.
<ouinuicii!. 454.
-aiiceoiatus. 400. |
latioi’. 4oo. , 1
meciius. 45ti. 1
'Caidi.sii, 4.3d;
Oricardiniis, 44.
lortus, 4li.
Ortliagcriscus. 570.
i-helonoDsis. 370.
Osmeroides, 11. j
attemiatus. i',J.
beigicus. 22.
breris. 10.
i-rassus. 10.
cretaceus. 20.
divaricaius. 1:2.
dubiu=. 10.
evolutus. 72.
iriarisiauus. i;o3.
arariiis. 10.
^rauulatus. 210.
iasiu^nia. 104.
latus. JO. :
levi?. 13. ,
leweiiensis. 11,
I'.nvui. 17.
iiKinteiiii. 12.
■ aaxiiuiis. Id.
I'oegaotei’us. 1-j 2. x.OO.
luicroeeijuaiiis. 207.
mi nor. 102.
uiunasterii. 207. 20S.
pectnioiepis. 22.
puiymici’odus. 72.
<arciinioides, 10.
vina^e;;^l5. 21.
Osmerciepis. 30.
.•ericiaaLa. 30.
Osmeriis, IC'2.
aibyi. 102. :
eofuieri. 247.
d'aciiiardi. il'2.
giansianns. 233.
lai’ier.i. 102.
Drooterveuis. i'o2.
L - . —
^oaraueuii. L02.
>liiDnos. [02.
0>T.i.UluFHV.-'I, I'OO.
• bSTKOGLO.^^IP.E. 70.
Osteoaicssurn. 74.
-_‘!ieauit'u:n. 7'i.
Ostracicn. do.o.
iiuDenaiis. dtiO.
iuieruru.-. ..r>0.
obionaus. 30,0.
airnrii^. 300.
Otciitlius,
acuminalu.-^. Oi J."
■ icLaanu-iKu.-^. Oo;;.
iiaur; .[.'7.
£5
Otolith US \Loni. ).
aauiauis. 322,
americanus, 431.
amolus. 300.
ajjpi-uximatu.s. OlO.
atteniiatus. 004.
lalticus. 004.
bavaricus. 00(5.
biscissus. uOO.
Nboertseri. 003. - - ’
Drevior. 047.
ciaTbornensi?. 3,08.
escape
C'Lolithus ;.,-c-//r. _
miocenicus. 004.
]i\(iG:untinus. 322„'t^'3^ '-v
mucronatus. 004.
inutabilis, 3i!0.
neiriecrais. 41.3.
iietteibladti. 414.
nobilis. 320.
uoetlingi. 322.
luintiui:. iit)3.
obotretus. 003.
(Tvlerluecius) ubtiisus.
604.
coaiiatus. 004.^‘
cor, 387. _
crassu
danicus. ostioiatus, 414.
•:r<^rs£Lu^ (Sciania) obtuius, 300
002. ta04. ^.*.2,. uccuitus. 005.
%
iEerveidarum; debiiis,
413.
(3Iuafilidarum ) debiiis.
003.
deci'piens, 308.
diii'ormis. tiOd.
dispar, 3:^8.
di.srinctu3, 322. 9- /v-
eietraiis. tiOO,
eiegantuius. .302.
elevatus. 000
eilipricus, 38
eiomratus. 300.
emai'afiuauis. 004.
ei)orrectus, 308.
laba, 004. —
fraucoturtauus. derd.
rrequens. 322. ' -
aemma. 308.
germaniciis. 004.
geron, 415.
iiDberuius. 300.
giaber. 010.
grea’ainus. 308.
auesEialiaus. Oil.
luiiiendoni. 003.
liOisaticus, .3.30.
husTDes. 414.
bybridus. iJOd.
ina'ens. 414.
ovatiis, 500. _
uarvuius. 415. •
* - - ^ / .
persouatus. .jc; i .
pisauus, 414.
planus. r;04.-
piebejus. 522.
))underosus. 004.
posterns, 003.
pract'ursor, ilOd.
])ninas, . _
}’adiaus. 308. /
V Eerycidarum)
u.anus. 413.
( Eliombus 1 rlieiianur,.
008.
aaxouicu
■//a
rue-
10.
.-oeiiin-
soedlii-
^ a •
■■'0.
;ns Ignis. 00
iusuetus. 3:3.^.
integer. 414.
iuterniedius. 3.38.
irretriilaris. 50O. ,
, kircuberirensis. 300
/ laciuiatus. 414.
beviaatus. 30O.
latisuieatus. 000.
I. It us. 00,3.
lawieyi. 414.
lenticuiaris. Oil.
luarciiicus. iSlKj.
meridionaiis. 500.
;:icvcn. o(i;;.
■ s'
00 .a
sector. 000.
seelanuicui.s, 3[
I Murriiua)
a'ensis. 005.
(-dparidarum )
■_'ensis. 3.' >8.
siniiiis. 508.
siinttlex. 0(.)4. '
singula lis, OOO.
snatuiatus. 004.
4.
speciosus. 500.
speccabilis. 004^
.^uicaru.s, 3>5. _
jUDrotundus. 41.3
^uiibikensis. O'.OJ.
supracretaceus, -i.15.
tenuis. 004.
testis, 1.38.
thynnoides. 4^’'
“uoereuiosus. 004:
rangionis. 004.
varians. 322.
venustus. 004.
verus. 300.
vicinaiis. 3i''.
vulgaris. OOIJ.
Pacinyespnam;
• 'I'l. si. •'ll us, 0>ii.
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8:30
IXDEX.
Pach;5fe:^t'er,
polys[^ndylus, o'.
spinosus. 520.
30 i/’O <-< . Paciiylebias, 294.
crassicaiidus, 295.
5,,^ Pachyrhizodus, 37.
basaiis, 37.
caninus, 44.
curvatu3. 44.
dibleyi, 38.
gai’dneri, 40.
glypbodus, 258.
gracilis, 45.
kingii. 42.
latimentuni, 42.
leptognathus, 45.
, leptopsis, 45.
f^^iinimus. 45^
sheareri. 45.
SLibulidens, 43.
velox. 45.
Pachvstetus gregatus,
292.
Pagellus, 532.
aquicanicus, 53:3.
^35. de st6taiiii. 5o3.
elegantulus. 5:32.
leptosteus. .333.
libanieus, :390.
microdon, 53:3.
peruzzii, .3:3:3. -
stenoura, 53:3.
Pagrus, .3:33.
iiiene^tdnii. 5.33.
oiidrianus. •VSo.
pileatus. 53:3.
priscus. 533.
torus. 5.34.
Palaeobrosmius, 598.
elongatus, 598.
4^^7^o^^^lggogadtis, 598.
troscheiii, 598.
Palaeolycus, 211.
dregmensis, 211.
Pat..eoruvn'ciiid.e, 482.
Palaecrhynchus, 483.
bruxeiliensis, 490.
colei, 488.
desebinanni, 487-
egertoni, 488.
giganteus, 487.
glarisianus, 483,
gracilis, 486.
latus. 185.
longirosiris, 486).
inedius. 485.
rnicrospondylus, 489.
riedli. 487.
zitteii. 487.
Palanarrhichas, 597.
crassus. 597.
*ercichthys, 514.
f
Palimphemus, 270.
anceps. 270.
Palimphyes, 460. beaumouti, 515.
brevis, 460. ^X^4/»y,«‘c*4^PEi{CiD.E, 498.
antiquus. 514.
JU
crassus, 460
elongatus. 460.
glaronensis, 460.
grai'ilis, 460.
latus. 460.
longus, 460.
Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.
Paralates, 520.
bleicberi. 520.
Paralepis. 257
Paraleuciscus, 312.
ecnoini, 312.
Paranguilla, 343.
tigriua. 343.
Paraperca, 520.
provincialis, 520.
Paraphvllodus,
546. '
Parascopelus, 256.
lacertosus, 256.
Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.
lesiniformis,
269.
Pegasus natans. .383.
Pelamys, 482.
adunca, 482. ,
robusta, 482.
Pelargorhynchus, '
188.
blocbiiformis, 188.
dercetilbrmis. 188.
Pelates, 523.
quindecimaiis. 523.
Pelycorapis. 354.
berycinus, 354.
varius, 354.
Perea, 518.
alsheimensis. 513.
beaumouti. 515.' ,
cyprinodon.
elougata, 51.0.' y 7-
duviatilis, 518
Pegasus
forbesi, 510.
formosa, 410. t^- - ■^‘rs
lepidota, 511./^-^
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantha. 518.
minuta. 506.
moguntina. 512.
punctata. 366.
raduia, 526.
reboiiiii. 520.
urasebista. 516.
Peklesoces. 347.
Percifor.mes, 497.
Percostoma, 519.
j angustum, 519.
! Peristedion, 586.
personatus, 587.
urcianensis, 586. / ,
; Phacodus, Cope, 553. r''
j irregularis, 553.
Phacolepis— Rhacolepis.
'’^■t^Jialacrus, 4.58.
' cybioides, 458.
Phareodus, 7^J'd._*>'^
acutus, ^6.
sericeus, 76., .
Pharyngodopilus,
541, 540.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis, 544.
bourgeois!, 543.
canariensis, 542.
carolinensis, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
haueri, 545.
multidens, .544.
polyodon, 545.
I quenstedti, 545.
: sell 03, 545.
soldanii, .545.
superbus. 542.
■ Phasganodus, 190.
anceps, 203.
australis, 61.5.
carinatus, 204.
{ dirus, 204.
I gentryi, 615.
I gladiolus, 204.
seniistriatus, 20.5.
! Phasgan-Qs, 613.
declivis, 613.
Pholidophorus inacro-
rhynchus, 2.
^hycis, <i02.
,Uei
“ suessi, 602.
Phylactocephalus,
212, JIS.
)nicrolepis, 218.
Phyllodus, 546.
bowerbanki, 549.
colei. .549.
corsicanus, 574.
cretaceus, 550.
curvidens. 550.
deborrei, 5.5(4
depressus, 550.
duvaii, 550.
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Phyilcdus (cnnt.).
eiegar.s. 5.'^0.
iervaisi, 5.30.
haneri. 544.
iiexagonalis, 540.
hipparioavx, 017.
incertus, 575.
inconstans, 550.
irregfiiiarLs, 548.
latidens, 550.
levesquei, 550.
marqinaiis. 548.
mechus, 548.
multidens, 544.
petiolatus. 548.
plauus. 047.
poiyodus, 547.
secuudarius. 549.
Platcps, 70.
'Ubuiidens.
Platvcormus, 421.
r»
I '
.rermauus, 421.
Platycormus (conf.).
gibborus. 420.
(jblonaus. 402.
Platygenys, 013.
ru^MsLi.s. Oi.j.
Platylsemus, 551.
colei, 551.
Piatylates, 520.
nipei;eu.sis, 520.
Plectropoina ura.^chista,
510. 010.
Pleionemus. 442.
aiacrosnondvius. 442.
Plethodus >0.
expansus. 81.
I'urcat.us, 84.
oblongiis. 83.
pentaicon, S3.
Portheus icont.).
lesirio. 07.
lowi, 07.
inautelli. 95.
inuiossus. 92.
inudiiei. 07^
thaumas. 97
Prionoiepis. 229.
angusrus. 230.
cataphracrns, 230.
l.'iniaEus. 232.
Priscacara, 554.
ciivosa. 5.34.
cypha. 555.,
liups, 555.
oxy prion. 555.
peaiei. 555.
serrafa. 554.
speciosus, 549.
Pleuracanthns serratus.
testudinaria. 555.
5ubdepressus. 544.
507.
Pristigenys. 415.
submedius. 549.
Pieuronectes, 008.
nuieropntiiaiuuis.
toliapicus. 540.
platessa. ^.'54.
Prisiipoma. 523.
umbonatus. 55i).
atiadratidus. 0)07.
tureatum, 523.
Pimeiodus, 32'^.
Plisuro-nectid-e. 000.
Prcantigonia, 55,'
antiauus. 329.
Plinthophorus, 221.
lon^irostra. 5597""
aor. 327.
robustus, 239.
octacantha. 559.
sadleri. 335.
Pliopiarchus, 520.
radobopina. 559. _
Pisodus, 00. >U.
septemspinosus. 520.
.'teiuaachneri. 559
loueardi, 73.
sexspiiiosus, 520.
Proballostcmus, :
ovreni. Oi).
tviutei. 520.
lonifuius. 200.
Plagycdus, ISO.
Podccephaius, 519.
Prcch.ano3. .i.5.
Planesox, 519.
niiidus. 519.
recti Irons. (>5.
vorax. 519.
Podccys, 520.
Progymnodon,
Platacanthus, 509.
ntinutus. 520.
ubiiioi. 510.
Pcdopteryx, 587.
hilgendoi-ii. 575.
Platax. 432.
albyi, 5(^7.
Prelates. 409.
ainssimus. 433.
bosuiaski. 557.
beberri. 499.
brevis. 429.
Pceciiia lauieLiiern. 015.
Prclebias, 290.
I'oicbicus. 434.
Pcecilia oeninirensis. 5c'2.
brontrniarti. 29*3.
coscacus, 433.
Pcaciiops, 290.
cepnaiutes. 290.
cuneus. 433.
breviceps, 290.
crassicaudus, 295.
maeropterygius. 433.
Posonias inukidentatus.
davidi. 4.
minor. 427. 428.
538.
eiieranus. 615.
nuc bails, 429.
Poiynemus, 445.
furcatus. 291.
papilio. 433.
quinuiiarins, 411, 446.
gaudryi, 294.
piiyseteroide, 433.
PcmacanthTis, 501.
qobio, 204.
piieum. 433.
subarcuam.s. 501.
Lrored. 293.
pinnaiirormis. 433.
POM.V.CEXTRID.R. 555.
gregauis, 292.
piinianus. 433.
PcmaphracLus, 76.
meyeri. 294.
subvespertilio. 433.
egertoni. 70. oO.
minimus. 294.
woodwardi, 432.
Pomcgnathus. 212,
oustaieti. 293.
Platessa, 008.
Oid.
perpusillus. 291.
sector. 009.
euprerv2:ins. 213.
puichetlus. 615, ^
Plaiinx, .t-9.
Pcrtheus, 92.
stenoura, 292.
caCuiiii. c9.
ansniatus, 98.
Pronctacanth.tis.
eionsfatus. c9.
arcnatus. 101.
sanei-aamte, 109. C
'zisas. o9.
australis. 97.
PrcTDerca. 514.
41.
a.' L'iS'-Trl^
i09.
braciiYgnathus, 97. ’
daviesi, 05.
^auitiniis. 05.
iiadius, OS.
auausta. 515.
eaiimonti. oio.
lepidota. 511.
’■^risea. 510.
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bolcensi.s. '611.
Protautoaa. 553.
conideiis. 553.
longiclens. 553.
Protelops, 56.
anglieus. .57. *
geinitzi, 57.
Prothymallus, 61-i.
lusatus, 614.
princeps. 614.
"'^*/*^Protobalistum, .'66.
^ ^ j iuiperiaie. 566.
omboni. 567.
f^fPrctocatcstomus,
275.
constoblei. 275.
P rotosph vra-na albensis,
11.5.
Protos uii vias! i a i n tiexa .
115.
P r oto syn gnat h.Tis,
-.44^
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Prymnetes, 116.
longiventer. 116.
Pseudeutropius, 326.
verbeeki. 326.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottoi. i25. 13U.
granciis. 131).
longispina. 250.
synacus. 129.
Pseudoeleginus, 591.
aibyi. .591. ' 'g
intennedivis. .591.
jonas, 591.
Tnajori. 591.
Pseudclates, 499. i-c-j
heberti. 496,
Pseudospliasrcdon.
552.
hilgeiidora. .552.
Pseudcsvnanathus,
•381. '
opisthoDCeras. 3S1.
Pseudothryptodus,
85.
intermedins. 85.
Pseudovomer, 450.
minutus. ioO.
Ptericephaiina, 146,
153.^
elongata. 158.
macrograsirina, 153.
Pterotiirissns, 67.
Pterygocepjaalus,
595.
paradoxus. 595.
ocephaius. 487.
r.aaiatus. -^7.
TMDPX.
<r>t
Pycnosterinx, 391.
daviesi. 39:11
discoides. .393.
dorsaiis, 392. SD3.
dubiiis. 395.
elongatus, 395.
gracilis, 394.
beckeli, 390.
latus, 395.
lewisi, 4(14.
niger, 392.
russeggeri. 392.
PygacVnthus, 613.
altus. 613.
Pygaeus, 5.57.
eoieanus. .557.
doi-salis. 558.
egertoni. 557.
gibbus. 557.
gigas. .558.
jemeika, 579.
nobilis. 558.
nuchalis, 558.
oblongus. 558. r-
zignoi, .306.
:qu-
SJS^i
Radamas. .536.
jugleri. 536.
Raniceps, 603.
latisLiicatus, 603.^^/^^ty5,
tubercuiosus. 604.'^
Raphicsaurus, 3 < , -jjj .
lucius. 4-3.
f subuliden.s, 4.3.
Rhabdofario, 160.
lacustris. 160.
^Rhabdolepis. Marck,
11.
cretaceus. 20. .
Rliacolepis, 29.
brama. 28.
buccaiis, 30. ,
Ptyc
latus, 32.
olfersii, 28.
Rh.amphognath.us.
36 L
paraiepoides. 361.
poiupilius, 361.
sphyrmnoides, 362.
verneidii. 362.
Rhamphornimia,
269.
rhiuelloides. 269.
Rhamphosus, 377.
aculeatus. .377. ^
biserraius. 378.
Rhineastes. 329.
arcuatus. 329.
caivus. 329.
pecrinatus. .‘129.
pel rat us. 329.
3 J?*
6^.
Rhineastes {com.).
radulus, 330.
rhseas. 329.
smith!. 3-30.
Rhinellus, 265, 269. .
curtirostris. 269.*“^^^^
damoni, 268.
ferox, 267,
furcatus, 236.
laniatus, 232.
iongirostris. 232.
nasaiis. 269.
robustus. 268.
schilli, 269.
tenuirostris, 269.
Rhinocephalus, 603.
planiceps. 6(13.
Rhipidolepis, 613.
elegans. 613.
Rhodens, 316.
edwardsi, 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus, 317.
latior, 317.
magnus, 317.
oligaetinius, 316.
Rhombus, 606.
abropteryx. (108.
bassanianus. 608.
caudatus. 608.
cutrensis, 60S.
fitzir geri, 60S.
gentiluomoi, 607.
heckeli, 60S.
kii’chberganus. 609.
ligusticus. 60S.
minimus. 607,
minutus 60S.
nardii, 638.
parvuius, 60S.
rbenanus. 60S.
richiardii, 608. ^
sauvagei, 60S...rd^'^
Rhonchus, 45S.
carangoides. 458.
Rhynohorhinus, 342.
branchialis, 342.
major. 343.
Rita, 328.
grandiscurata, 32S.
Salmo, 159.
cyprinoides. 456. c\«’'3
immigratus, 160.
lewesiensis, 11.
marmua. 63.
tepiitiensis, 614.
S.4.L.MOXID.E, 159.
Saudroserrus rebnulii,
520.
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Sardinicides. '2oC),
amblyostoma. 303.
\ attenuatu?. 241.
-Tassicaudiis. 233.
macroutervLrius, 242.
raegapcerus. 239.
microceDhaius. 237.
minucus. 242.
ynonasteri. 11, 237.
pusiilus, 240,
renuicaudus. 242.
Sardinius, 247.
biackburnii. 248.
■n’assaDinna, 132.
■.cordieri, 247.
lineacas. 248.
ruacrodactvius. 131.
nasutulus. 248.
percrassus. 248.
robuscus. 1.31.
SargTis. 729.
aninrowodon. 530.
aquitauicus. 530.
anuacus. 530, 570.
baraldii. 530.
javannai. 530.
cuvieri. .330, 617.
heberti. 530.
incisivus, 530.
piujuitanus. 530.
lariconus. 520.
oi’anensis. 529.
oweni. 531.
resuccaritanus. .330.
serratus. 531.
sioiri. 531.
siiir’eiisi.s, 530.
Saujocephaius.
■* 1 • »
lio.
aibensis. 114.
araT)aiiovius. 114.
auciax. 92.
broadheadi. 113.
deniatus. 114.
di^par. 115.
.fajumensis. 115.
inaequaiis, 115.
innexus. 115.
inrermedius. 112.
lancirbrmi.>. 113.
leanus. 111.
lycodon. 204.
inarginatus. 228.
xionasterii. 115.
' phlebocoinus. 112.
picceti. 115.
■iorosrnacuus. 107.
^iriaLus. 260. 264.
suoscrianus. 115.
:haurna.s. 98.
'.vood'^arai. 114.
— > » T?'r«TT-
a. -ia.WJ._L f .
IXDEX.
: .
Saurodon. ill.
ainnis, 113.
broadheadi. 113.
conoideus. 113.
t'erox. 113.
incermedius. 112.
ianciformis, 113.
leanu.s. Ill, 221.
znarsinacus, 229.
phlebocoinus. 112.
pysmceus. 113.
— — xinniroscris, 113.
SaurorhaimDiius, 207,
210.
ireyeri. 210.
^Sauropsidiiim. .58.
graciiicauda, 58.
hnvissimum, 58.
8cardinius dumeriii. -311.
.Scardinius sicanus. 311.
Scams, 553.
baicrinsensi^. 530. 531.
luioeenicus. 553.
oweni. 531.
suevious. 553.
tetrodon. 553.
Scatophagns. 561.
aihnis. 561.
capeilinii. 561.
frontalis. 561.
Scioena. 539.
aiQDius. 539.
hoisaticus, 530.
irrezruiaris. 539.
jacuiatrix. 561.
kirehbergensis, 539.
meridionaiis. 539.
OOtClsll??, .3*_)9, ? /
piumierii, 5211 -
speciosus. 5o9.
undeL-iiuaiis. ^47.
Sci-EXID-E. 538.
Sciasmims. 524,
boweroanki. 527
;=ccmcer ‘■.coat.).
speciosus. 466.
sceindacuneri.
suiedanus. 459.
thynnus. 455. 457.
rrachurus. 464.Vily o i - ^
Scomberodon, -^65.
dumoEti. 470.
Scombramphodon.
4 i 4,
benedeni. 474.
erassidens. 475.
curvidens, 474.
•■'’coMBREsociDa:, 356. ,
Scombresox, 357. " '
iicatie, 358. ,
obtusirostris. 357.
SCOMBRID.E, 451. T 2 o7>~
ScOilBRlFORMES. 418.
Scombrinus, 461.
macrononius. 462.
nucbaiis. 461.
Scombrociu'cea. 135.
gaucirvi.
O
138.
lO.O.
niacropiithaima.
200,
pmuuiata. 135.
SCOPELTD-E. 235.
Sccpeicides, 2.14.
iriarisiauus. 255.
nicoiisi, -56.
Scopeius iacercosus. 256.
Scorpsena. 577.
minima. 579.
pilar i. 579.
nrior, 579.
- s-<
o:2t
brexior, 527.
crassior. 597.
longior. 519.
Sciercgnatiius, 3
Scomber, -i59.
aiatunsfa, 456.
antiquLis, 459.
"^corcivia, 445.
00.
giaucus. 446
ignobilis, 52
orcvnus. 456.
pelamcus. 444.
neiamis. 464.
L
pianovacus. 459.
nriscus. -±59.
I honiDeus. 439. , -.fwwry
sun. aricLis. -59.
’’ 9" .1 £ ^ C ^ jUX
i scrota. 504.
cvcu cessieri. 579.
ScoRp.EXtnai. 577.
8cORP.EXIFOR.MES. 57'>.
Scorpcencides. .580.
ponovicii. 580.
Scorpaenoptems.
58o.
siiuridens, 580.
ScYPITOPIIORr. 1.
Sebastodes, 579.
roste. 579. <c2 '
Semiophoms. -=30.
gigas. 43lj.
niassaioniiianus. 43L
vgjparvuius. 431.
senaerbeeki. 431.
xeiicans. 431.
veiifer. 430.
Semotilus. 323.
■ f
baircii. 323.
iioscicus. ._/2.j.
Sencia. 444.
anads, 445.
’ceaumonci. 44f).
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INDEX.
Sericia (co?zr.3. . '
Solenodon icoyit.').
Sphaerodus (com.'.
liita. 445.
loboptei-ygius, 210.
j conicus, 537.
_ pt'iscii. 444...-
Serranus, 521.
neocomiensis. 204.
Solenognathus. Fic-
depressus, .336.
discus. 536.
- 'distinctus, 522. i- j
iet 4* Hiimhert, 271.
i insignis. o3< .
•V / -J, j
j intermedins. .337.
' '^'^^dubius, 521.
iineoiatus. 274. j
kersomardius, 535.
graciiispinis. 521.
Solenorhynchus, 380.
lejeanianus, 550.
microsiomus. 527. j
eiesans. 580.
lens. .336.
noetlinsfi, 522.
SOLENOSTO.M.VTID.E. 370.
ocuius-serpentis. 537.
occipitalis. 527.
Scricidens. 323.
parvus. 538.
pentacanthus, 521.
bauei’i. 525.
poiyodon, 545.
rudis, 521.
Spanicdon. 48.
pyomteus, 535.
ruCTO.sus. 522.
blondeii. 48.
subtruncatus, 536.
/T7 .'TJsj stiriacus. 513, 522.
brevis, 53.
truncatus. 538.
. validus, 522.
ven trails, .o22. o2t).
electus. 48.
wiechmanni, 538.
elongatus. 51.
Sphagebranchus,
werameiiensis, 522.
hakeiensis. 274.
547.
SfLURID.E, 524.
latus. 55.
formosissimns. 547.
/ Siluriis. .325.
lepturus. 54.
S-Dhenocephalus.
_>.06- ascita. 559.
sinius, 53.
O J -
1 .
baeres. 362.
Sparid.e. 524.
cataphractus. 388.
cataohractus. 350.
Sparisoma. 525.
fissicaudus. 387.
catus. 133.
Sparnodus. 524.
Sphenolepis, Ac/ossi:;,
egertoni. 531.
ahi veils. 525.
275.
^.j^Sa-RGrri, GIG.
bower ban ki, 527. -
cuvieri. 277.
'“^^.^^--■^erdicensis. o-G.
Sipiionostoma, CS2.
aibyi,
casteilii. GS2.
S'^^rdis. o0i4
aduncus. .308.
anaiis. 508.
budensis, 508.
elougatus. 508.
forinosus. 5U7.
heersensis. 500.
isabella?. GlO.
latior. 508.
lorenti, 518.
raacrurus. 507.
micracanthus, 504.
minurus. 50d.
py^mceas. 5()5.
rhoen-sis. 500.
sandber2:eri. 500.
•sauvagei, 509.
sieblosensis, 500.
tai’ameiiii. 509.
^ ventraiis. 509. GIG.
Soiea. 000.
anriqua, 610.
aDproximata. GlO.
Sfiaber. GlO.
guesttalica. Gll.
kircuberirana. GOO.
lencicularis. ijl 1.
provmciaiis. Gll.
.'auvneei. Gll.
Soiencdcu. 100. .'GO.
ieirinaensis. OlO.
eloniratus. 52G.
iiidatus, .'28.
intennedius. 528.
lethnniformis. 525.
muerophtualmus. 525.
ruicracanrhus. 525.
microstomas. 527.
moioui. 528. ’4
ovaiis. 525.
Sparcides. 5.57.
moiassicus. 55').
I’obusrus. 557.
spbrericus. 557.
squamosseus. 27G.
Sphyr2ena. 5GG.
ainici 5G0.
bolcensis. 5G6.
carinata, 204.
croatica. 5i)8.
gracilis. 5GG.
intermedia, 567. ,
iOr'/.^X'py iPTO J ^
JiJ 'i.
tenuis, 537.
major. o\\>. ;n
maxima. 5GG.
speciosa. 5G8, iUG. •
sternbersensis, 3G0.
sues.'i. 5G8. , 5^5
tvroiensis, GIG.
537.
Y' • C , O f ^
umbonatus.
Sparcsoma, 523.
ovaiis. 523.
Snarus brama. 527.
Sparus bulcanus. 55q.^
Spams chromis. 526.
Sparus denrex, 525.
Spams ervtbrinus. 525.
Sparus macrophtbalmus.
525.
Sparus saina. 526.
Sparus sargus
Sparus vuigaris
507.
Spathcdactyius,
neo(*omiensis. 58.
Sphcercdus. .'57.
annularis. 535.
arada.sii. 545.
cinctus. 5J0,
Cll ; a tiii.lt. u S . O.jO
tn. St f
525.
•325.
•'8
... t_ .
.... ^
'.jO.
viennensis. 368.'
winkleri. 3G9.
Sphyr.exid-e, 565.
.SphyrrsBnodus, 475.
^^»a««<'OOltll , 4)0.
^ conoideus, 476. -i
crassidens, 475.
gracilis. 4G9.
liugulatus. 467.
priscus. 473.
siiovianus. GIG.
speciosus. gig.
tenuis, 460.
Spinacanthus. 566.
blennioides. 5GG.
Spinacites. 415.
raaiatus. 415.
Soinax marixinatus, 228.
Sqnaiius. 525.
arcir'erns
bairdi. 525.
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i:>TDEX
•Jo*)
.
Squaiins (conr ).
kiuimatus.
licara?. ^Jll.
o ^ o
JOSllCUS, ■jJ.O.
reaciinsi. ol'S.
Stenostcma, 423
puiciieiia, 425.
Stephancdiis, 5
5niendei?s, 532.
Stsreodus, 476.
ineiicensis, 47().
Stratodus. 1S8.
ansiiciis. 57.
apic-aiis. 189.
oxvposon, 139.
Stnnsia,
a lata. Gij2.
.■^TROMATEID-E. 419.
Styiodiis. 5.y>.
le'oescoiitei. 553.
3udis, 257.
Syilasmiis. 3,50.
auRiicus, 351.
iatil'i’ons. 351, *>14.
>v::g);atiiii).e. 3311.
3vnanathns, 332.^
^ ' •) O *■»
, - .'.IbYi. 382.
ijoicensis, o3o.
breTictilus, 3S3.
heini?i. 333.
■'ODi.srhopterus, 38 1 .
■vpiile. -G^l.
Syncdcniis. ;.24.
Synophrys. 013.
'.onei. 013.
Sv’nieemcdns. :4.
AtllS. 34.
Tacnynectes, l70.
:,racuYi-)terT2fuis.
270. "
louiiipes, 27(.'.
Ill a c r 0 d a a t y i ii s . _ 7 0 .
.-n ^ 7. y, ..T.)
M (•'bX t-mt ^ V Ol 1. ^ ,
eierans. 315.
■trsigei'. 315.
Taunnichthys. 553
.aioceiucus. 553.
iaciien. 553.
Tatiroira conideii;. 553,
relephoiis. 33-i:.
..crocepiiaius, _i4.
'■'iautennaLai. 2a5.
■ niuis. 235.
TaraxichthY/s, --±0.
-ntiauitatis. 449.
Taxhecdns. 190.
'^eX'ureao. 205.
Texraqonopierxxs,
2'.i35
aYiis. 298.
i'.'riiiiiciis.
JIIQ
— L/C.
'atraptixrxis, a90.
priscus, 491.
Tetrcdcn, *571.
hispidus. 570.
lioiickenii. 576.
l-iuvleyi. j71.
pY2:raaiu3, 571.
s c 1 1 1 IC . >J / 1 .
TErniiDiD.E. 523.
Teuxhis, 523.
T-iaumaxnriis, 160.
aeiciiLuueileri. 0)14.
eioi’^atus. 614.
I'lU’cacus. 160. 614. ,
Iiisatas. 16U, 614..;'
Thrisscpaxer. 32:
niaii'Eu^. 33.
laeERUups. 35.
saluioiieus. 33.
Thriiions araciiis, 91.
iTiis vexillifer. 92.
So,
‘’riirii
Thrisscpxercides,
Oraa'a C Ua. j4.
iiiteniienius. 55.
^dirua. 54._
;’;iuciiei’. Jii.
teniucens. 55.
Tlirisscpxerxis, 39.
cacuiiii. ''9.
Tlir77ptcdus, 5,?,
'"I*.
I’otundus. 85.
zitteii. '5.
Tiiynnichthy/s. 303.
aiiibiYOStoina. 303.
Th>'^*nxis. 454.
~^au2'ustatus. 457.
■'^boiceiiais. 457.
' iaiiceoiatus, 450.
pianoYatua. 459.
propierYgiua. 404.
proximus. 457.
acaidisi, 45*5. -
thvnnua. 455.
ToiioDicas. 458.
Yul2aris. 455.
Tl377rsixes, 481.
lovii-atu!. ad.
Tliy r sit c c epha ius ,
4/ 6.
jiiiiniL.s. 477.
.-)
i rancoi u rtaiia . 316.
I'urcara. 312.
IE 11 1 Oa’i 1 1 1 .-l . uiOt
:!2Euioa. 615.
14.
Tinea icoui^.).
aiacroDCei’Ygia, 615.
magna, 312.
raicro^iygoprera, 314.
obrruricaca. 316.
tar3i2?r. 31*5.
Yaidarnensis, 31 5.
Yid^aris. 315.
Titanich.th.ys, Barnes,
012.
pbarao, 612.
Tomodon, 012.
iiorriiica.s. 612.
Temognathns, 116.
morclax, 117.
leiodus. 117.
Toxopema, 013.
pjiitum, 0)13.
Texotes, 561.
ahtiGuus. 501.
i:AciiixrD.-i
589.
Trachinop^is, 591.
iberica. 591.
Trachinus, 590.
iiracunculu.-i. 590.
UEvuracits. 590.
inutaoilis'. 590.
seeiandicus, 590.
verus. .5911.
Trachynctns, 450.
■en IE ceps. 45o.
Triacanthus. SMS.
Triinnaspis, 173. 1S7.
YU'2uj'iras. I77.
Trichinrichthys, -r82.
incernis. 4>2.
Trichiiirides._.229
raarannatus. l:29.
miocaxnus. 481.
Trichephanes. -16.
copei. 416.
foliaruin. 410.
Idans, 410.
Trigia, 586.
adjuncta. 587.
cor. 5 7 7.
^iliDtica. 587.
inr'ausca. 536.
licacre. 586.
lyra. 539.
nardii. 586. ^
simoneilii. 58(),
TraGLiiXE, 585.
Trigicides. 586.
alata. 580).
deiarciini. 580. ■jj'\
insi2nis. 5e'6
■^an jenedeiisis. 530.
CCiC*’^ Jol
'jWeRl. .y-Jl.
serraius. 531.
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INDEX.
T^rdeus, 257.
albyi, l.'57.
eiongatiis, 257.
mesistosoma, 257.
snaekodes, 253.
Umbrina. 538.
pecchioiii. 533.
Uranoscspus, 590.
peruzzii. .590.
rascrum. 377.
Urencheiys, 337.
angiicus. 339.
X tXVUS* OO I •
'yv*. hakeiensis. u3S.
^7^' Uropterina, 146.
placyracnis. 158.
Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistularis, 376.
Vomer ioDgispinus, 436.
' Vomer parvulus. 451.
; Vomer priscu3, 442.
Vomeropsis, 435.
! eionsatus, 437.
' longispinus. 436.
' T^ienciennesi. 4.37.
, Xiphactinus, 92.
audax, 92, 98.
braehygnathus, 97.
lestrio, 97.
Xipiiias, 490.
acutirostrls. 357.
anciquus, 495. ,
, delfortriei,497.
; robustus.'497. ^
XiPHiiD.i:, 490.
, Xiphopteras, 482.
I falcatus. 482.
' Xiph-iorhynchus,
, 490.
elegans. 491.
Xiphiorhynchus
[cont.^i.
priscus, 491.
Zancius, 450.
brevirostris, 450.
eocoenus, 450.
Zeus, 417.
benoisti. 417.
gailu3, 449.
Iioernesi. 417.“"
lewesiensis, 397.
licatm, 418.
piatessa, 501.
pliocenicus, 418. _ ^
priscus, 516. '
regieysianus, 501.
rhombeus, 439.
robastus, 418.
spinosus. 500.
triurus. 436.
vomer, 436.
PRINTED RY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED LION COUMT. FLEET STREET.
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A’,-'-
'. • I,'
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
OF
GENERA AND SPECIES
DESCRIBED IN PART lY.
Order ACTIN’ OPTERYGII (^continued) .... i
Suborder IX . ISOSPOJYDY'LI {continued') .... 1
Family LEPTOLEPIDEE {continued) . 1
Lycopfcera . \
- middendorffi . 2
- sinensis . 2
Family ELOPID^E . 7
Elopopsis . 3
- fenzli . 9
- microdon . 9
- heckeli . 9
- crassus . 20
Osmeroides . 21
- lewesiensis . 21
- levis . 25
- gracilis . 26
- - ^ewisi . 27
- attenuatus . 29
PART IT. A
• • • e
XVlll
STSTEilATIC INDEX.
Family ELOPID^ (continued).
Osmeroides sardinioides .
- cretacens .
Flops . . . . . .
Megalops .
- priscus ....
- oblongus . . .
i!^otelops .
- brama ....
Bhacolepis ....
- bnccalis
- latus ....
Thrissopater ....
- salmoneus .
- magnus
- (?) megalops .
Pacbyrbizodus .
- basalis . . . .
- dibleyi . . . .
• gardneri . '.
■ • - latimentum . .
- subulidens
Esocelops . . . . .
— - caYifrons . . .
Spaniodon .. . .
- blondeli . . .
- elongatns . . ' .
- latus . . . .
Tbrissopteroides . . .
- elongatus . . .
- latus ....
- intermedius . .
- tenuiceps . . .
- pulcber . . .
Protelops . ....
- geinitzi . . . .
- anglicus '. . .
Page
19
20
22
24
24
26
27
27
29
30
32
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
40
42
43
46
46
48
48
51
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Pamily ALBULID.P] .
Albula .
- oweni .
Chanoides .
- macropoma .
Chanos .
Prochanos .
- rectifrons .
Ancylostylos . . .
- gibbus . . , .
Istieus .
- grandis .
- macrocephalus .
- lebanonensis .
Anogmius .
- polymicrodiis .
Pamily OSTEOGLOSSID^ .
Papedoglossus . . . . .
- testis ...
- asquipinnis .
Biy^chaetns .
-f
- muelleri . . . . .
Incertae sedis ' .
Plethodus . .
— ^ — expansus .
■ - pentagon .
- oblongns .
. Tbryptodus ........
Pamily I^OTOPTEEID^
bTotopterus .
- primaevns . . ...
h 2
xix
Page
59
60
60
63
63
64
65
65
66
66
66
67
70 '
71
71
72
73
74
75
75
76
76
80
80
81
83
83
85
85
86
86
/
XX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family CHIFOCEXTRID^
Chirocentrus .
- (?) polyodon
Platinx
Chiromystus .
- mawsoni
Chirocentrites
- - coroninii
Portheus .
- molossus .
- mantelli
- daviesi .
- gaultinus .
Spathodactylus .
neocomiens
Ichthyodectes
- ctenodon .
- anaides .
- arciiatus
- serridens .
- minor .
- elegans . ,
- tenuidens .
- lib aniens .
Cladocyclus .
- gardneri
- lewesiensis
Sanrodon . .
- leanus .
- pblebotomus
- intermedins
Sanrocephalns .
— lanciformis
- woodwardi
Incertae sedis . .
Tompgnathns
- mordax .
Page
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
95
95
95
98
98
99
100
100
101
101
102
103
101
105
107
108
109
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
116.
116
117
SYSTEMATIC I2IDEX.
Eamily CTENOTHRISSID^
Ctenothrissa .
- vexillifer .
- radians
- microcephala
Aulolepis
- typns . .
xxi
Page
119
120
120
122
124
126
127
Family CLFPEID^ . ' 128
Pseud oberyx . 129
- syriacus . . 129
- bottse . . 130
- grandis . 130
Histiothrissa . . 131
- macrodactyla . 131
- crassapinna ........ 132
Engraulis . - 133
Halecopsis . . . . 133
- insignis . 134
Scombroclupea . .' 135
- macropbthalma . 135
- gaudryi . 138
Diplomystus . 139
- dentatus . 139
- brevissimiis . 140
- birdi . 142
- longicostatiis . 143
— — humilis . 144
- altus . 145
- vecteusis . . 146
Clupea . 146
- scheuchzeri . . 147
- catopygoptera . 148
- humilis . 150
- crenata . 151
- - numidica . 151
4
' - sardinites . 152
- sprattus . 153
Xxii SYSTEilATIC INDEX.
Pamily SAL:y:O^TID^ . .
Salmo .
Mallotus ....
- villosus .
Family HALOSAFRID^ .
Echidnocephalus
- troscheli
Enchelurus
- villosus .
- syriacus
- anglicus
N
Family XOTACAA'THID^ .
Prouotacanthus . .
- sahel-almm
Family EEECETID^ . .
Dercetis ....
- scutatus
Leptotrachelus .
- armatus . .
- : : ;r - ^ — — triqueter . ..
■ - gracilis . .
- hakelensis .
- elongatus .
P el argo rh YD chu s
V - O v'
- dercetiformis .
Family EXCHODOllTID^ .
Enchodus ....
- lewesiensis
- pulchellus . .
j »
- annectens .
- — faujasi .
- lemonnieri
- longidens .
Page
- '
159
159
160
161
162
' Vi
163
163
164
164
165
167
.-ai
168
169
169
-M
171
■
a
‘'M
172
172
173
174
.-■ia
174
-
- r —
180
184
184
188
188
'
' 189
190
191
193
195
196
198
199
?■
■rv ■
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family ENCHODONTID^Fl {continued).
Enchodus major .
- gracilis .
- macropterus ....
Eurypholis .
- boissieri .
- freyeri .
Palaeolycus ......
V
- dreginensis ....
Halec . . . .
- sternbergi .
- eupter^’gius ....
- microlepis .
- haiieri .
Cimolichthys .
- lewesiensis ....
- nepseolica .
Prionolepis .
- angustus . . . . ' .
- cataphra.ctus ....
- laniatus . . . . " .
Leptecodon . . . . . - .
- rectus . . . . .
Pantopbolis . . .
Family SCOPELID^ .
Sardinioides .
- monasteri . . . . .
- crassicaudus ■ . . . .
- megapterus ....
- pusillus . . .
- attenuatus .
xicrognathus .
- boops ......
- libanicus .
Leptosomus .
— ^ — guestphalicus ....
XXlll
Page
200
201
202
207
207
210
211
211
212
212
213
218
219
221
221
225
229
230
230
232
233
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
243
243
244
244
245
XXIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family SCOPELID^ (continued).
Leptosomus elongatus .
- macrourus .
■ - minimus
Sardinius .
- cordieri
Dactylopogon
- grandis ....
I^ematonotus ....
- bottae ....
Microcoelia ....
- granulata .
- libanica
Opistbopteryx . . .
- gracilis ....
Scopeloides ....
- glarisianus
Paras cop elus . ...
- - lacertosus . . - .
Anapterus . . . .
- megistosoma .
Apateodus . . . .
- gl}’phodus . . .
- striatus . . . .
- lanceolatus
Ehinellus . . . ^ .
- furcatus . . .
- ferox . . .
- damoni ....
Family, GONORHYiS'CHID^ .
, Charitosomus
- formosus .
- major . . . .
- lineolatus . . .
- bakelensis . . .
Yotogoiieus . . . .
Page
245
245
246
247
247
248
249
249
250
252
252
252
253
254
254
255
256
256
257
257
258
258
260 J
264 “
265 "i
266
267
268
271
271
272
272
274 ■ .
274
275
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXV
Family GOXORHTNCHIDa^l {continued).
Page
iS’otogoneus osciilns .
. . 275
- squamosseus .
. . 276
- ciivieri ' .
. . 277
— longiceps .
. . 278
Family CHIEOTHEICID^ ......
. . 279
Chirothrix .
. . 280
- libaniciis . . .
. . 280
- lewisi .
. . 283
- guestfalicus .
. . 283
Telepholis . .
. . 284
- acrocephalus .
. . 284
- (?) tenuis .
. . 285
Exocoetoides . . .
. . 286
\
- minor .
. . 286
Family ESOCIEiE . .
Esox . .
. . 287
- lepidotus .......
. . 288 •
Eamily CYPEINODONTID^ .
. . 289
Prolebias . . . ...
. . 290
■ '^3
- cephalotes .
. . 290
• .-1
■ Am
- - furcatms - . ...
. . 291
-
- — — gregatus .
. . 292 '
- stenoura .......
. . 292
- goreti .
. . 293
- brongniarti ......
. . 293
-
Pachylebias .
. . 294
- - crassicaudus .
\
Suborder y. 0STAR10PH7SI .....
. . 296
Eamily CHAEACIjS'ID^ .
. . 297
Tetragonopterus .
. . 298
- avus .
. . 298
- ligniticus .
. . 298
XXVI
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family CYPUINID^ . .
Catostomus , .
Amvzon
Cyprinus .
- priscus .
Barbus . . .
— — megacephalus
Thynnichthys
- amblyostoma
Gobio ....
— — analis .
Amblypharyngodou
Leuciscus . .
Tinea
oeningensis
papyraceus
colei
macrurus
leptus .
L . ■ . ■
- furcata . •
- leptosoma
- micropygoptera
— tarsiger
-Ehodeus . .
- elongatus
- latior .
Aspius . . .
- gracilis .
- minutus
Cobitis . .■
- centrochir
- angustus
- cephalotes
Hexapsephus .
- guenfcheri
■ 'i'
315
'AS'
ivr,;:
SYSTEMATIC IIJDEX.
Family SILUEID^ . . . ,
Clarias .
- falconeri
Heterobran chus ,
- palaeindicus
Silurus ....
Pseudeutropius .
- verbeeki .
Hacrones ....
- aor . . . . ,
Pita .
Amiurus ....
Ebineastes ...
Bucklandium
- diluvii . . _ .
Arius .
- egertoni
- crassus .
- (?) bartonensis
- iberingi
Bagarius . .
- gigas . . .
Suborder VI. APODES . . .
Family MUE^EVID^ . .
IJrenchelys .
- avus ...
- hakelensis
- anglicus . .
Eomyrus . .
- doUoi .
- latispinus . .
- ventralis .
Ehvnchorhinus .
- branchialis
- major . .
xxvii
Page
324
324
324
325
325
325
326
326
327
327
328
328
329
330
330
330
331
332
333
333
335
335
336
336
337
337
338
339
340
340
340
341
342
342
343
STSTEilATTC rS’DEX
Family IMFF-lFINIDFE (^continued).
Paranguilla ....
- tigrina ....
Anguilla .
- leptoptera .
- elegans ....
Tsettastoma ....
- bolcense
Suborder YII. PEHCESOCES .
Family CFOSSOG^^'ATHID.xFj
Crossognatbus
- sabaudianus
SvUsemus .
V
- latifrons
anglicus
Family AFE^IODYTID-tF^
Cobitopsis
acutus
Family SCOl^IBEESOCID^
V
' — — teimisA. .
Scombresox . .
- obtusirostris
Hemiramphus
F amily ATBLEEFNID-^ .
Atherina .
- macrocepbala
— — sarmatica .
— ■ — yardinis
Ehamphognathus
- paralepoides
- sphyrsenoides
Paee
343
343
344
344
345
346
346
. 347
. 348
. 348
. 349
. 350
. 351
. 351
. 354
. 354
. 3oo
. 356
. 356
357
. 357
. 357
. 358
. 358
. 359
359
. 360
. 360
. 361
. 361
. . 362
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xxix
Page
Family MUGILID^ . 363
Mugil . 363
- priiiceps . ’ . - . 364
- radobojanus . . . . . 365
Family SPHYE^NID^ . 365
Sphyraena . 366
- bolcensis . 366
- intermedia . 367
- suessi . 368
Suborder VIIT. HEMIBRANCHII . 369
Family AULOEHYJTCHID.^ . . .371
Protaulopsis . 371
- bolcensis . 371
Aulorhynchus . 372
- sumatrensis . 373
Family FISTULAEIID.^
Fistnlaria . . A.
— — koenigi .
- _ longirostris
Aulostoma
A ' - - ^ bolcense T
Urosphen .
- - dubia
373
374
374
375
375
375
376
376
Family CEllTEISCID^
Ehamphosus .
- aculeatus
- - biserratns
Ampbisile .
- heinricni
. 377
. 377
. 377
. 378
. 378
. 379
Family SOLEYOSTOMATID^ . 379
Solenorbynchus . 380
- - elegans . 380
XXX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Pamily SYNGNATHID^
Pseudosyngnathus
- opisthopterus
Siphonostoma
- albyi . .
Syngnathus . .
Calamostoma .
- breviculum
Suborder IX. ACANTHOPTERYGII
Division A. Beryciformes . . .
Pamily BEPYCIDJS . .
Beryx ....
Sphenocephalus .
- fissicaudus . ■
- cataphractus’
Acrogaster . .
- parvus .
^ — — brevicostatus
- beckeli . .
- daviesi .
Pycnosterinx . ’ .
- russeggeri .
- discoides .
- gracilis . .
- dubius .
Hoplopteryx . .
- antiquus
- zippei . .
- lewesiensis
- superbus .
- lundensis .
— ~ lewisi . .
- syriacus
- stachei .
Page
380
381
381
382
382
382
383
383
384
384
384
385
387
387
388
388
389
389
390
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
396
397
397
403
404
404
405
406
1
A
■
M
SYSTEMATIC EYDEX. XXxi
Pamily BEE-TCID^P (continued).
Page
Dinopteryx . 406
- - spinosus . 407
Homonotus . . . . . . . . . . 407
- dorsalis . 408
Mvriuristis . 410
y 1.
- leptacanthiis . . . . 410
- homopterygius . . . 411
Holocentrum . * . . . 412
- macrocephalum . . 412
- melitense . . 413
Pamily APHEEDOBERIDiE . 416
Pamily CYTTIDEE . . 417
/
I
Division B. Scombriformes . . 418
Pamily STEOMATEIDEE . .419
Omosoma . . 419
- sahel-almae . 419
- intermedium . 420
- piilchellnm . . . . 421
Platycormus . . . . 421
— — germanus . .... . . ... 421
Berycopsis . 423
- elegans . . 423
Pamily CAEAEGIDEE ......... 425
Aipichtliys ..... . 427
- pretiosus . 427
- velifer . . 427
- minor . 428
- nuchalis . 429
Semiophoms . 430
- velifer . 430
- velicans . . . 431
Platax . 432
XXXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family CARANGID^ (continued).
Platax woodward! .
Amphistium . . • •
- paradoxum . •
Yomeropsis . . . •
- longispinus
- - eloDgatus .
_ valenciennesi . .
. .
- rhombeas .
- oblongiis .
Caranx .
Arcbaeus .
- slarisianus .
o
Seriola .
- prisca ....
- lata . • • • •
- analis ....
Caraagopsis ....
- brevis ....
- - dorsalis
Factor .
- ^ leptosomas .
Family . . • •
Isaricbtbys ....
- macraras
- - orientalis .
Tbynnas . . .
- tbynnas
- scaldisi .
- lanceolatas
Eotbynnas
- salmoneas .
Scomber ....
Palimpbyes . . .
- elongatas .
. 4:§2
. 434
. 434
. 435
. 436
437
. 437
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 441
, 442
. 442
. 444
. 444
. 445
. 445
. 446
. 446
. 447
. 448
. 448
. 451
. 453
. 453
. 453
. 454
. 455
. 455
. 456
. 457
. 457
. 459
. 460
. 460
iLfi lilitlii". Ji!'- . ■ I'l'li . • . i ill! •..i\ . ...
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXxill
Pamily SCOMBRIDiE {continued).
Page
Scombrinus . 4(51
- nuchalis . 461
- raacropomiis 462
Auxis . 463
- (?) propterygius . . 464
Cybium . i . . . 465
- speciosum . 466
- bleekeri . 466
— — excelsum . 467
- bartonense . 467
- lingulatum . 469
Eocoeloporaa . 47O
- colei .......... 470
- curvatiim . 472
Sphyrsenodus . 473
- priscLis . . 473
Scombramphodon . 474
- beneden^ . 474
- curvidens . 474
- crassidcDS . 475
^ Thyrsitocephalus . . 476
- alpinus ... . . , , . . . 477
Lepidopus . . . . . ^ 477
■ — — glarisianus . 477
- brevicanda . 480
- albyi . 480
Family PALAEOEHYNCHID^ . 482
Palaeorhynchus . 483
- glarisianus ........ 483
- longirostris . 486
- zitleli . 487
Hemirhynchus . 488
- deshayesi . 488
- colei. . . 488
PART IT.
XXXIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Eamily XIPHIID^iE
Xiphiorhynchus
- elegans .
- priscus .
Acestrus .
- or n at us
Histiophorus .
- eoccenicus
- rotuudus
Division C. Perciformes . . .
Family PEE.C1DAE ....
Prolates . .
- heberti .
Acanus ....
- spinosus .
- regieysianus .
Dates , m . . •
- gracilis .
Cyclopoma . . .
- gigas . . .
- (?) micracanthum
“ A Smerdis . . A- *
- minutus
- formosiis . .
- macrurus .
Labrax ....
- - ubinoi .
- scliizurus . .
- oeningensis
Percichthys . .
- antiquus . .
Properca ....
- angusta
- beaumonti .
- (?) prisca . .
498
499
499
500
500
50r
502
. 504
. 504
. 504-
. ■ 506
. 506
'. 507
. 507
. 509
. 510
'. 510
. 511
. 514
. 514
. 514
. 515
. 515
. 516
Page
490
l;
- ’^3-
490
491
491
'•'A
494
494
-4
495
M
495
495
497
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXXV
Eamilv PERCIDjE {continued').
Page
Mioplosus . 517
- labracoides . 517
Perea . 518
Family TEUTHIDID^ . ' 523
Family SPAEID^E . • . 524
Sparnodiis . 524
- macrophthalmus . 525
- elongatus . 526
- microstomus . 527
- bowerbanki . 527
Sargiis . 529
- oranensis . 529
- laticonus ......... 529
, f
Trigonodon . 531
- oweni . 531
- serratus . 531
Pagellus . . 532
Pagrus . 533
Chrysophrys . 534
Family SCIuENID^ . . . . . . 538
Family LABRID..P] . 539
Labrus . 539
Julis . 541
Labrodon . 541
- superbus . . . 542
- canariensis . 542
Phyllodus . . . 546
- toliapicus . . 546
Egertonia .... .' . 550
- isodonta . 551
Platvlaemus . 551
- colei . 551
Pseudosphaerodon . 552
- hilgendorfi . 552
SYSTEMATIC I^"DEX.
Family CHROMIDJS
Priscacara
Page
55-t
serrata
clivosa
Division D. Chaetodontiformes
Family CH.ETODONTID^
Pygseus . .
- coleanus
Proanfcigonia .
Ephippus .
— - rhombus
Family ACRONTIP/ID-<E
Aulorhamphus
Apostasis .
Acanthurus .
Naseus . . .
>— - rectifrons
Family BALISTID./F1
Spinacanthus
Acanthopleurus .
- - serratus
Acanthoderma .
spinosum
Ostracion . .
Family GYMNODONTID^
Tetrodon .
Diodon . . . .
- erinaceiis
- scillae .
sigma
vetus
Orthagorisciis
554
554
554
556
• •
• •
• •
556
557
557
558
559
559
- • • ♦
• • •
• •
562
562
563
563
564
564
565
^-566^^^^^
566
567
568
568
569
570
571
571
57
57
573
573
576
l<) lO
SYSTEMATIC mDEX.
XXXVll
Page
Division E. Scorpaeniformes . . 576
Family SCOEP.FINID.E . .577
Ampheristus . . 577
- toliapicus . . 577
Family COTTID^ . 580
^ Eocottus . 580
- veronensis . 581
Lepidocottus . 581
- aides . 582
- brevis . 582
- papyraceus . 583
- multipinnatus . 584
Cofctus . 585
Family miGLID^ 585
Division F. Gobiiformes . . . . . . . ... . 587
Family GOBIID^ . .......... 587
Family TKACHINID^ . .589
Callipteryx . . ... i .' . . 589
- - speciosus . 589
- - recticaudus ........ 589
Division G. Blenniiformes . . 591
Family BLOCHIID^ ... - . 591
Blochiiis ........... 593
- longirostris . . 593
Family BLENNIIDiE . 595
Pterygocephalus . . 595
- paradoxus . 595
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235
Supraoccipital bone not prominent, but extending forwards to
the frontals and usually separating the small parietals in the
median line ; squamosal reduced, only partly covering the otic
region, which projects laterally ; snout not produced ; cheek-plates
delicate or wanting. Mandibular suspensorium vertical or inclined
backwards, and gape of mouth wide ; premaxilla much extended,
excluding the maxilla from the oral margii^ deiitition*.,u^ij§dly^
feeble, but sometimes with enlarged laniary teeth, not depressible,
on the border of the jaws. Opercular apparatus complete, with
few branchiostegal rays and no gular plate ; gill-opening very wide.
Vertebral centra well ossified, none with transverse processes ; ribs
not completely encircling the abdominal cavity ; a compound
hypural bone at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present.
Fin-fulcra absent ; post-temporal bones in contact with the supra¬
occipital ; pectoral arch without precoracoid process, and pectoral
fins low down on the flank. Scales, when present, thin and cycloid
or ctenoid, sometimes enlarged along the course of the lateral line,
and often extending over the cheeks and opercular apparatus. In
recent forms : — pseudobranchiag well developed ; no air-bladder ;
pyloric appendages few or absent, and intestinal tract very short ;
oviducts complete ; no barbels ; a small adipose dorsal fin ; numerous
phosphorescent spots.
These are all marine fishes, many ranging to great depths ; and
the extinct members of the family are known only from marine
formations. ♦ . . x
Synopsis of Extinct Genera.
I.
Premaxilla delicate.
A. Normal forms with anal fin completely
behind dorsal fin.
Maxilla expanded behind ; pectoral
fins small and delicate ; anal fin
very small ; scales ctenoid .
As Sardinioides, but pelvic fins rather
laro'er and scales cvcloid
As Sardinioides, but paired fins nearly
equal in size and scales cycloid ....
Maxilla not expanded behind; pectoral
fins large ; dorsal fin short-based ;
anal tin extended ; scales cycloid . .
Pectoral fins large, the foremost ray
much elongated and closely arti¬
culated ; dorsal and anal fins short-
based .
Sardinioides (p. 236)
Acrognathus (p. 243).
Leptosomus (p. 244).
Sardinius (p. 247).
Dactylopogon (p. 248).
236
ACTrNTOPTEEYGII.
Paired fins small ; one dorsal fin-ray
mucli elongated and closely articu¬
lated ; anal fin very small ; scales
cycloid . .
B. Normal forms with dorsal fin not
completely in advance of anal fin.
Teeth minute ; pectoral fins small ;
dorsal and anal fins extended ....
. Teeth minute ; pectoral fins large ;
dorsal and anal fins short-based and
acuminate ; caudal fin with long
slender lobes .
As Oinsthopte7'yXj but teeth rather
large and in spaced series .
C. Much elongated forms with anal fin
completely behind dorsal fin.
Pectoral fins large ; pelvic fins small
and far forwards ; dorsal fin short-
based and median ; anal fin some¬
what extended .
Paired fins small ; dorsal fin short-
based and remote ; anal fin much
extended .
II. Premaxilla very stout.
Premaxillae and mandible scarcely ex¬
tending further forwards than the
ethmoid . . .
Premaxillae and mandible produced into
a long rostrum ... .
Nematonotus (p. 249).
Micrococlia (p. 252).
Opisthopteryx (p. 253).
Scopeloides (p. 254).
Pat'ascopelus (p. 256).
Anapterus (p. 257).
Apateodiis (p. 258).
RJiinelhis (p. 265).
Genus SARDINIOIDES, W. von der March.
[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 245.]
Syn. Dermatoptyclms, W. von der March, Palaeontogr. vol. xv. 1868,
p. 287.
Head large, and the maximum depth of the trunh at the origin
of the dorsal fin. Mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical ; jaws
moderately stout, and maxilla expanded behind ; teeth very minute ;
cheeh scaly. Branchiostegal rays about 9 in number. Vertebrae
between 30 and 40 in number, about half being caudal ; the centra
longitudinally striated and not longer than deep ; ribs delicate. No
fin-rays elongated, but two or three in front of the median fins
undivided and spinous. Pectoral fins very delicate and small, well
above the ventral border; pelvic fins well developed, with about
7 rays, opposed to the dorsal fin, which is nearly median a'nd
comprises from 10 to 18 rays ; anal fin behind the dorsal, at least
-2Jch
-t
/»irA~~^ • ^ ■
A
SCOPELID^.
237
as deep as long, with about 10 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked.
Scales large and uniform, finely serrated on the hinder border, not
deepened or thickened along the course of the lateral line.
So far as can be determined from the skeleton, this genus
appears to differ from the surviving Scojpelus only in the compara¬
tively small size and remote situation of the anal fin, and in the
serrated character of the scales.
Sardinioides monasteri (Agassiz).
1839-44. Osmeroides monasterii, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 103, pi. lx d. fig. 3.
1839-44. Osmeroides microcephalus, L, Agassiz, ibid. p. 104, pi. lx d.
fig. 4. [Distorted fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
1858. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 245.
1858. Sardinioides microcephalus, W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 245.
1858. Clupea guestphalica, W. von der Marck, ibid. p. 250. [Immature
fish ; Academy of Miinster.]
1863. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 46, pi. vi. fig. 2, pi. vii. fig. 10.
1863. Sardinioides microcephalus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xi.
pp. 47, 50, pi. vi. fig. 3, pi. vii. fig. 9.
1868. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xv. p. 285.
1885. Sardinioides monasterii, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 254.
1885. Sardinioides microcephalus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 255.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’2, but usually
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, and equalling at least
half the length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of
the caudal fin. Vertebrae about 32 in number. Pelvic fins arising
opposite the origin of the dorsal, much nearer to the pectorals than
to the anal ; dorsal fin about as deep as the trunk at its origin,
comprising 12 or 13 rays, of which the two foremost are short and
spinous, the third the longest and articulated though not divided
distally, and the others both articulated and divided distally ; anal
fin resembling the dorsal, but comparatively small and remote, with
only 10 rays. Serrations of scales deep and conspicuous.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
All the following specimens were obtained from Sendenhorst : —
35038. Fine large specimen, displaying the minute teeth in both
jaws, and nine branchiostegal rays. Purchased, 1860.
238
ACTINOPTERYGII.
35057. More imperfect large specimen in impression.
Purchased, 1860.
35010. Another large specimen chiefly in impression, with traces
of the minute teeth, the nine hranchiosfcegal rays, and the
base of the pectoral fin. Purchased, 1860.
35040. Remains of another large fish, showing parts of jaws.
Purchased, 1860.
35011. Imperfect large trunk with median fins. Long inter¬
muscular bones are seen in impression. Purchased, 1860.
P. 3822. Large fish, wanting the end of the tail. The mouth is
widely open, displaying the maxilla and premaxilla.
There are also some impressions of the finely serrated
scales. EnnisTcillen Coll.
P. 3820, a, b. Three smaller specimens, the third with an impression
on the upper border of the tail perhaps to be interpreted
as indicating a small adipose fin. EnnisTciUen Coll.
P. 4636. Small fish 0T15 in length, with open mouth and deepened
by crushing. Ennishillen Coll.
P. 2103. Three imperfect specimens, chiefly in impression.
Egerton Coll.
42006. Pish 0*16 in length, with traces of the clustered minute
teeth in the mandible and a doubtful impression of the
adipose dorsal fin. Purchased, 1870.
43010. Two small fishes probably of this species, associated on one
slab. Purchased, 1871.
P. 1874. Impressions of two imperfect small fishes, about 0*09 in
length, probably young of this species. Egerton Coll.
P. 3828. A still smaller fish deepened by crushing and with open
mouth. Einiskillen Coll.
Sardinioides crassicaudus^ W. von der March.
1863. Sardinioides crassicaudus, W. von der March, Palaeontogr.
vol. xi. p. 4o, pi. vi. fig. 4.
1888. Sardinioides monasteri, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palseont.
vol. hi. p. 275, fig. 282 (en'ore).
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Miinster, Westphalia.
A larger and more robust species than the type, attaining a length
of about 0'3. Fins as in the type species but relatively less
y^, iT '^ynr-p(</^tjn^ ^ l2^/^:yZ,
C<.*M: //2/ rPrx. ^<^3), ^ 53.
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SCOPELID^.
239
elevated ; dorsal fin much less deep than the trunk at its origin,
comprising 17 or 18 rays, of which the two or three foremost are
short and spinous, the next the longest and articulated though not
divided distally, and the others both articulated and divided distally.
Serrations of scales deep and conspicuous.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
P. 3821. Pine large specimen about 0*25 in length, with open
mouth displaying the maxilla and premaxiUa chiefiy in
impression. The greater part of the fish is shown only
in impression, and there seems to he evidence of an adipose
dorsal fin. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 2101. Equally large fish, much broken and distorted before or
during fossilisation, but displaying the characteristic
Scopeloid mouth and most of the branchiostegal rays.
Egerton Coll.
P. 2102. Fragmentary specimen, displaying the greater part of the
dorsal fin, and remains ot the vertebrge and ribs in the
abdominal region. The notochord seems to have passed
through a small perforation in each vertebral centrum.
Egerton Coll.
P. 3823. Imperfect smaller fish on slab with remains of Sardinioides
monasteri and Istieus grandis. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 2101 a. Fish about O' 17 in length, wanting the greater part of
the head. Egerton Coll.
Sardinioides megapterus (Pictet).
1850. Osmeroides megapterus, F. J, Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban,
p. 27, pi. iii. fig. 3.
1898. Osmeroides megapterus { = Sardinioides), A. S. Woodward, Ann,
Mag. Nat. Hist. [7] vol. ii. p. 488.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Geneva Museum.
A species about OHo in length, known only by imperfect and
distorted specimens insufficient for the basis of a precise diagnosis.
General proportions apparently as in the type species, but the
vertebrae 40 in number, the dorsal fin-rays only 10 or 11 in number
and the scales very feebly serrated.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
49552. Imperfect fish shortened and deepened by distortion,
exhibiting the characteristic mouth widely opened, seven
240
ACTINOPTERYGTI.
branchiostegal rays, and parts of the pelvic, dorsal, anal,
and caudal fins. Lewis Coll.
P. 9171. Another specimen deepened anteriorly hy distortion,
showing the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins, and traces of
the very fine serrations on some of the scales. The pectoral
fin-rays are not less than 14 in number. Lewis Coll.
47356. Specimen elongated by distortion, with remains of about
40 vertebrae, and parts of the pelvic, dorsal, and caudal
fins. Lewis Coll.
Sardinioides pusillus, sp. nov.
[Plate XVI. figs. 2, 3.]
Type. Imperfect fish : British Museum.
A small robust species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length
of head with opercular apparatus not exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained somewhat less than twice in
the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Vertebrae 30 in number. Pins as in the type species, except that
the dorsal comprises only 10 or 11 rays. Serrations of scales deep
and conspicuous.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon,
48123. The type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XVI.
fig. 2. The open mouth displays very minute teeth, and
its upper margin is clearl}’' formed by the slender ex¬
tended premaxilla. The maxilla, with its triangular
distal expansion, is seen in imperfect impression above
the premaxiUa. The stout parasphenoid marks the base
of the cranium. The vertebrae are clearly not more than
30 in number, and of these about 15 may be counted as
caudal. The anterior abdominal region is much disturbed,
and the paired fins are represented solely by an impression
of the 6 rays of one of the pelvic pair. The dorsal fin
comprises two comparatively short and slender spines,
then the longest ray, articulated distally but not sub¬
divided, and then 7 or 8 articulated and divided rays.
The anal fin is relatively very small, apparently with 8 or
9 rays, but imperfectly preserved. The caudal fin is also
imperfect, but distinctly forked. Where the scales are
partially broken away, their posterior serrations are
especially well seen upon the pale-coloured matrix.
Lewis Coll,
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SCOPELID.TC.
241
P. 4482. Another imperfect specimen, represented of the natural
size in PI. XVI. fig. 3. The head is crushed backwards
and the mouth widely opened, while the displaced hyoid
apparatus bears the characteristic branchiostegal rays.
29 or 30 vertebrje can be distinctly counted, and the con¬
stricted centra seem to have been marked with fine
longitudinal ridges. One of the small, delicate pectoral
fins is partly seen; while the comparatively large and
robust pelvic fins, each with 6 or 7 rays, are also preserved
beneath the origin of the dorsal. The latter fin is well
displayed ; and the anal fin seems to exhibit 8 stout rays.
The lobes of the caudal fin are imperfect distally. The
serrations of the scales are very imperfectly shown,
except as impressions on the matrix in front of the pelvic
fins. Ennishillen Coll..
47819, 49588. Two more imperfect specimens. Lewis Coll.
P. 1950. Distorted fish. Egerton Coll.
P. 4483. Imperfect fish. Ennishillen ColL
Sardinioides attenuatus, sp. nov.
[Plate XII. fig. 5.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A small elongated species, known only by the type specimen..
Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding
the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained about three
times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Vertebra 30 in number. Pins apparently as in the type
species, except that the dorsal comprises only 10 or 11 rays.
Serrations of scales deep and conspicuous.
Form. Sf Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 8682. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XII.
fig. 5. The mouth is closed, but the form of the mandible
is distinct, while the characteristic premaxilla and maxilla
are well displayed above it. The vertebral column is
displaced in a sigmoidal curve in the abdominal region :
but there seem to be indications of 15 vertebrae here, and
a similar number can be counted in the caudal region.
One of the small, delicate pectoral fins is imperfectly
shown; and there are obscure traces of the relatively
large and stout pelvic fins. The dorsal fin is imperfect
1>.4.RT IV.
E
242
ACTINOPTERYGII.
and partly depressed, but it seems to have comprised
about 10 rays, the length of the longest approximately
equal to the depth of the trunk at its insertion. The
anal and caudal fins are also imperfect. The large, very
finely serrated scales (fig. 5 a) are especially well seen in
the caudal region. Purchased, 1897.
The following specimens seem to be referable to an undetermined
species of Sardinioides, and are interesting as showing the small
parietal bones meeting in the middle line of the skull : —
P. 3977. Vertically crushed imperfect fish, originally about 0*2 in
length ; English Chalk. The bones of the cranial roof
exhibit a faint rugose ornament, and the short and broad
median ethmoid projects forwards in front. The parietals
are very small, but clearly overlie the supraoccipital and
meet in the middle line. There is a large supraorbital
bone on each side. The characteristic jaws and scaly
cheeks are seen, while the opercular bones exhibit the
same rugosity as the cranial roof. A few vertebral
centra are exposed, and there are remains of the pectoral,
pelvic, and dorsal fins. The large, feebly ctenoid scales
are scattered. Ennishillen Coll.
49057. Imperfect head ; English Chalk. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
The following names have been given to fragments, which may
be imperfect and distorted specimens of one or other of the West¬
phalian species described above : —
Sardinioides macroj^terygius, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr.
vol. xxxi. (1885), p. 256, pi. xxiii. fig. 3. — Upper Cre¬
taceous ; Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Distorted trunk ;
Academy of Miinster.]
Sardinioides minutus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi. (1885),
p. 255, pi. xxiii. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Sardinioides tenuicaudus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xi.
(1863), p. 48, pi. vii. fig. 8. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
An examination of the undermentioned specimen has convinced
the present writer that this must also be referred to the genus
Sardinioides, the typical scales being clearly distinguishable, and
the vertical banding of the fossil being due to the state of pre¬
servation of the muscle-plates : —
*
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MA/^yj^pdiL^ (^-p^QAy^cAe^ j/ oy\^'y/'p(^j,.ot^, {P.P/7cc
y4<;^-4^,/^X.xx Hf .-^•^. /-^, — ^pypt^pL.
J/^3<r2^. cifi^'^. ^.S':'^/. /^o^K^/r. 3/^ /Zk. j^y7.
SCOPELID^.
243
Dermatoptychus macroplitJialmus^ W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. XV. (1868), p. 287, pi. xliii. fig. 4. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Impression of fish, in counter¬
part ; Academy of Wiinster. Type species of so-called
DermatoptycJius.'] ^ yu'crt ^ m
Genus ACROGNATHUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Poss. vol. V. pt. ii. 1844, p. 108.]
Head with remarkably large orbits and narrow interorbital
region. Mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical ; maxilla ex¬
panded behind ; teeth very minute and clustered. Yertebrie
between 30 and 40 in number. Pectoral fins delicate, inserted
above the ventral border ; pelvic fins comparatively large, with 7
or 8 very stout rays, inserted far forwards ; dorsal fin short-based,
in the anterior half of the back, without any excessively elongated
ray ; anal fin very small and remote ; caudal fin forked. Scales
large, thick, and uniform, not serrated on the hinder border ;
lateral line conspicuous.
4 4
Acrognathus boops, Agassiz.
1844. Acrognathus hoops, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 108,
pi. lx a. figs. 1-4.
1888. Acrognathus hoops, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 323.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; British Museum.
The type species, imperfectly known, attaining a length of about
0*12. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably
Exceeding the maximum depth, probably equalling about half the
length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin. Dentary and angular bones of mandible marked with sharp
radiating grooves. Scales quite smooth.
Form. Log. Senonian : Sussex and Surrey.
4304. Type specimen, which has lost the extremity of the tail
since it was described and figured by Agassiz ; Chalk,
Lewes. The remarkable stoutness of the pelvic fins;
compared with the pectorals is well shown.
Mantell CoV.
49775. Portion of mandible and anterior vertebrse; Upper Chalk,
Shalford, near Guildford. Capron Coll.
r2
244
ACTIXOPTERTGII.
Acrognathus libanicus, sp. nov.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known species about as large as the type,
apparently of similar proportions, but with the mandible perfectly
smooth and the scales marked with very delicate concentric lines
following some of those of growth. Pelvic fins arising opposite the
origin of the dorsal fin, which comprises 10 or 11 rays, the 2 or S
foremost not divided distally ; anal fin much smaller than the
dorsal, with about 8 ravs.
Form. Log. Tipper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 9404. Type specimen, a small fish somewhat distorted at each
extremity. The head is too imperfect for description.
About 30 vertebrae are distinguishable. Bemains of all
the fins are preserved, but the dorsal is very imperfect.
The characteristic squamation is partly removed, exposing
an impression of the prominent ridge of the lateral line.
Leivis Coll.
P. 9405. Pragmentary large specimen displaying dorsal fin, cha¬
racteristic upper jaw, and smooth mandible. Levns Coll.
P. 9406. Another fragmentary specimen, showing the vertically-
crushed head from above. Lewis Coll.
49596-97, -99, 49601-02, P. 9407. Ten imperfect specimens dis¬
playing the various characters of the genus and species.
Lewis Coll.
P. 9408. Small specimen displaying fins, associated with Acrogaster
liecJceli. Egerton Coll.
The following specimens have a relatively deeper trunk and
shorter head than those referred to A. libanicus, but it is uncertain
whether the differences are due to accidental distortion : —
47395, 48110-11, 48124, 48145. Live specimens showing the
characteristic fins and scales : Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
'' '
Genus LUPTOSOMUS^ W. von der Marck.
[Palaeontogr. vol. xi. 1863, j). 49.]
As &arclinioides, but paired fins apparently nearly equal in size,
and scales not serrated.
All the known species are comparatively small, and the typical
forms are slender.
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SCOPELID^.
245
Leptosomus guestphalicus, W. von der Marck.
1863. LejJtosomus guestphalicus, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xi. p. 50; pi. viii. figs. 4, 5.
Tyjpe. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Minister, Westphalia.
The type species, attaining a length of about O’l. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained twice, and maximum depth
of trunk between three and four times in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae approximate]}’'
33 in total number, the centra slightly longer than deep. Pelvic
fins with 8 rays, arising opposite or immediately in front of the
origin of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin with 2 undivided and 9 divided
rays, nearly as deep as the trunk at its origin, arising at the middle
point between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin ;
anal fin scarcely less elevated, with two undivided, and 9 or 10
divided rays, arising well behind the dorsal, but somewhat nearer
to the pelvic pair than to the caudal fin.
Form. Loo. Upper Cretaceous: Westphalia, j
P. 3828 a, P. 3841. Two typical specimens ; Sendenhorst.
Ennishillen OoU.
35036. Imperfect distorted specimen ; Sendenhorst.
Purchased, 1860.
P. 2110. Small distorted fish on slab with other remains ; Senden¬
horst. Egerton Ooll,
Leptosomus elongatus^ W. von der Marck.
1868. Leptosomus elongatus^ W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xv.
p. 286, pi, xliii. fig. 3.
1885. Leptosomus elongatus, W. von der Marck, ibid. vol. xxxi. p. 256.
Tg^e. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.
A slender species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about three times, maxi¬
mum depth of trunk about six times in the length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin. Pins almost as in the type
species, but anal relatively larger and more remote.
Form. Loo. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
^^ot represented in the Collection.
Leptosomus macrourus, Pictet & Humbert.
1850. Clupea minima, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 41,
pi. vii. fig. 4 {errore').
246
ACTINOPTERTGII.
1866. Leptosomus macrourus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Recb, Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 75, pi. x. figs. 1-4.
1866. Leptosomus o'assicostatus, Pictet & Humbert, ibid. p. 76, pi. x.
figs. 5-7. [Distorted fisli ; Geneva Museum.]
1887. Leptosomus macrourus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 584, pi. xxxiv. fig. 5.
1887. Leptosomus crassicostatus, J. W. Davis, ibid, p. 584.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
A diminutive species, attaining a length of about 0*06. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained two and a half times,
and maximum depth of trunk four times in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae and fins as
in the type species.
Form. Log. Dpper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
Among numerous specimens the following may be noted : —
P. 3842. Well preserved specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. The
skull is very imperfect, and the ceratohyal with its
branchiostegal rays is crushed downwards beneath it.
Enniskillen Coll.
46454, 46546, 47388, 48141-43. Eight specimens, variously im¬
perfect and more or less distorted, no. 48142 displaying
the scales. Lewis Coll.
P. 1884-5. Four similar specimens. Egerton Coll.
46549, 47390, 48146-48, P. 9172. Eight specimens shortened and
deepened by distortion, the first in counterpart.
Lewis Coll.
Leptosomus minimus (Agassiz).
1839 44. Clupea minima, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 120,
pi. Ixi. fig. 1.
1866. Clupea minima, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mt,
Liban, p. 65.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Amic Collection, Paris.
A diminutive species, attaining a length of about 0*04. Length
of head with opercular apparatus equalling nearly one half, maximum
depth of trunk scarcely more than one third the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrse about 30 in
total number. Fins apparently as in the type species.
Form. (^' Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
49477, P. 80, P. 4783. Three slabs exhibiting a shoal of this
species. Ijewis Coll.
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SCOPELIDiE.
247
P. 4975. Similar small specimen.
Presented hy J. E. Lee^ Esq., 1885.
48161, 49492, 49608, P. 113. Four well-preserved fishes.
Lewis Coll.
P. 1863. Three small specimens. Egerton Coll.
Genus SARDINIUS, W. von der March.
[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 245.]
Head small and trunk moderately elongated, the maximum depth
at the insertion of the dorsal fin. Mandibular suspensorium much
inclined backwards, and cleft of mouth large ; jaws slender, and
maxilla not expanded behind ; teeth minute, numerous and sharply
pointed. Gill-rakers large and slender. Vertebrae about 45 in
number, half caudal and half abdominal ; the centra at least as
long as deep, longitudinally striated ; ribs delicate. No fin-rays
elongated, but two or three in front of the median fins undivided
and spinous. Pectoral fins with about 18 rays, relatively large and
inserted just above the ventral border ; pelvic fins smaller, with
about 10 rays, opposed to the dorsal fin, which is nearly median
and comprises about 18 rays ; anal fin behind the dorsal, longer than
deep, with 20 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales large and
uniform, pectinated and serrated, not deepened or thickened along
the course of the lateral line.
Sardinius cordieri (Agassiz).
1839-44. Osmerus cordieri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 101,
pi. lx d, figs. 1, 2.
1858. Sardmius cordieri^ W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. X. p. 245.
1863. Sardinius cordieri, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 43, pi. vii. figs. 6, 7.
Type. Nearly complete fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*13. Length of
head with opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and a little more than one quarter the total
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Pays of pectoral
fin, when adpressed, nearly reaching the base of the pelvic fins,
which are opposed to the origin of the dorsal and slightly nearer to
the anal than to the pectorals ; dorsal fin deeper than long, the
length of its longest ray equalling the depth of the trunk at its
248
ACTIi^OPTERYGII.
insertion. Scales marked with radiating grooves on the hinder
part of their inner face.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
P. 1855. Pine specimen displaying all the fins ; Baumherg.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1855 a. More imperfect specimen deepened by distortion ;
Baumherg. Egerton Coll.
P. 3817. Two distorted specimens ; Baumherg. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 9058. Three specimens, two being small ; Baumherg.
Purchased^ 1899.
P. 1856. Slightly distorted fish with dorsal fin displaced forwards,
and a larger imperfect specimen ; Sendenhorst.
Egerton Coll.
33058. Large trunk ; Sendenhorst. Purchased.^ 1858.
%%
The following species in the Cope Collection, from the Upper
Cretaceous (Niobrara Group) of Dakota, U.S.A., have also been
described, but are not represented in the Collection ; —
Sardinius lineatus, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. iv. J
p78),p. 71. ^ !^ ^
Sardinius nasutulus.^ E. D. Cope, ihid. p. 70. | (^ ^
Sardinius percrassus, E. D. Cope, ihid. p. 72. ; f
1
The systematic position of the fish described as follows is quite
uncertain ; — .
\,
(V) Sardinius hlackhurnii, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxv. (1891), *
p. 654. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; Lee Hills, South Dakota,
U.S.A. [Imperfect trunk.] /
Genus DACTYLOPOGON, W. von der March.
[Palseontogr. vol. xv. 1868, p. 278.]
7'
Head small, trunk elongated and much laterally compressed.
Cranial roof and posterior cheek-plates ornamented with radiating
rugae. Branchiostegal rays about 12 in number. Yertebrae ap¬
proximately 70 in number, about half being caudal ; the centra
not longer than deep. Pectoral fins inserted close to the ventral
border, the foremost ray much elongated and closely articulated
but simple ; pelvic fins smaller than the pectorals ; dorsal and anal
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I
SCOPELID.i:.
249
fins about as deep as long, nearly equal in size, the former opposed
to the space between the pelvic fins aud the latter ; caudal fin
considerably forked. Scales delicate, longer than deep, none en¬
larged or thickened except a single ridge-scale at the base of the
caudal fin above and below.
Dactylopogon grandis^ W. von der March.
1868. Dactylopogon grandis, AV. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xv.
p. 279, pi. xli. fig. 1.
Tyjpe. I*7early complete fish ; Academy of Miinster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*4. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk and contained nearly three and a half times in the
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Pectoral fin-rays about 15 in number, the length of the foremost at
least twice that of the cranium ; pelvic fins with 1 undivided and
6 divided rays, inserted nearer to the anal than to the pectorals ;
dorsal with 6 gradually lengthening undivided rays followed by
18 divided rays, arising slightly in advance of the middle point
between the occiput and the caudal fin ; anal arising o^^posite the
termination of the dorsal, with 5 gradually lengthening undivided
rays followed b}’ 19 divided rays. Some scales faintly crimped
towards the hinder border.
Form. <^' Log. Upper Cretaceous: Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
Xot represented in the Collection.
An indeterminable fragment, probably not of this genus, has
been described as follows : —
Dactylo]yogon imrvulus., D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav, Akad.
vol. xvi (1895), p. 41, pi. vii. fig. 3. — Upper Cretaceous;
Mt. Lebanon. [Middle portion of small trunk ; Trieste
Museum.] - .
Genus BJBMATOK’OTUS, A. S. Woodward,
[Ann. Mag. Xat, Hist. (7) vol. iv. 1899, p. 318.]
Head large, trunk short and robust. Mandibular suspensorium
nearly vertical ; jaws delicate and maxilla apparehtly not expanded
behind ; teeth minute. A'ertebree about 30 in number, half being
caudal ; the centra at least as long as deep, with a few prominent
longitudinal ridges ; ribs moderately robust. Pectoral fins small,
250
ACTINOPTERTGII.
close to the ventral border ; pelvic fins smaller, opposed to the
dorsal fin, which is situated within the anterior half of the back
aud exhibits one anterior ray excessively elongated and closely
articulated ; anal fin very small and remote ; caudal fin stout but
deeply forked. Scales large, smooth, and uniform, moderately thick,
not serrated at the hinder border ; lateral line conspicuous.
Nematonotus bottae (Pictet & Humbert).
[Plate XVI. fig. 1.]
1866. Clupea hottce, Pictet & Humbert, Xouv. Hech. Poiss. Foss. Mt.
Liban, p. 64, pi. vii. figs. 1-5.
1887. Clupea bott(B, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
p. 575.
1887. Pseudoheryx longispina, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 511, pi. xxv. fig. 2.
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
1899. Nematonotus bottce, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, [7]
vol. iv. p. 317.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’12. Length of
head with opercular apparatus apparently about equalling the
maximum depth of the trunk, and half its length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin [but all known specimens con¬
siderably distorted]. Pectoral fins with about 10 rays, of which
one or more of the foremost are very stout and closely articulated
and not divided distally ; pelvic fins with 7 or 8 stout divided rays,
arising opposite the anterior half of the dorsal fin, much nearer to
the pectoral pair than to the anal ; dorsal fin comprising one short
spinous ray in front, next a longer ray, closely articulated though
not divided distally, next a simple, articulated ray excessively
elongated to an extent equalling about two thirds the length of the
back behind its insertion, finally 9 rays of moderate length,
shortening backwards, all both articulated and divided distally ; the
space between the dorsal fin and the occiput slightly exceeding
the length of its base-line, the space between the dorsal and caudal
fins equalling from two to three times the same measurement ; anal
fin with about 8 rays, separated from the caudal by a space approx¬
imately equal to the length of its base-line.
Form. Sf Log. Dpner Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, Syria.
P. 9409. Large specimen considerably fractured. The anterior
ends of the slender premaxilla and maxilla are seen, one
behind the other ; and the number of vertebrae is proved
to be approximately 30. Hemains of the stout pectoral
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A
SCOPELID^.
251
fin-rays exhibit excessively fine articulations in the
distal portion ; thn numerous articulations of the elongated
dorsal fin-ray are also partly shown.
Presented hy the Earl of Aylesford., 1845.
49564. Another large specimen with imperfect head and fins.
Lewis Coll.
P. 8690. Large imperfect and distorted specimen, with character¬
istic toothed premaxilla displaced and well exhibited.
Purchased^., 1897.
P.*4028. Large, much distorted specimen, partly showing the upper
border of the mouth and the characteristic dorsal fin.
Lewis Coll.
49565. Imperfect fish about 0*09 in length, deepened by distortion.
The dorsal fin is very clearly shown, as described in the
generic diagnosis ; and in front of this fin there are
evidently free neural spines, somewhat thickened, ex¬
panded and truncated distally. The course of the lateral
line is marked upon the scales just above the vertebral
column. Lewis Coll.
49562. Equally small fish, somewhat imperfect and deepened by
distortion, but displaying most of the generic and specific
characters, shown of the natural size in PI. XVI. fig. I.
The head is clearly short and deep, the opercular apparatus
also short and deep, and the clavicle rather stout. Some
of the ribs are seen beneath the scales; and there are
similarly indications of three separated neural spines,
thickened, expanded, and truncated distally, in front of
the dorsal fin. The neural and haemal spines of the
caudal region are observed to be very stout. The cha¬
racteristic dorsal fin, with its elongated ray, is almost
completely shown ; and there are fragmentary remains of
all the other fins. The course of the lateral line is partly
marked upon the scales immediately above the vertebrae.
Lewis Coll.
48159, 49491. Two small specimens, the first displaying the ribs
and the elongated dorsal fin-ray. Lewis Coll.
48160, P. Ill, P. 112. Three very small specimens, probably young
of this species. Lewis Coll.
252 / . AOTIXOrTEEl>«*^
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Genus MICROtiOELIA, W. von der Marck.
[Palaeontogr. vol. xi. 1863, p. 48.]
Head large, trunk short and robust. Mandibular suspensorium
nearly vertical ; jaws delicate, and maxilla not expanded behind ;
teeth verv minute. Yertebrae from 40 to 45 in number, about
half being caudal; the centra longitudinally striated and not
longer than deep ; ribs delicate. Xo fin-rays elongated, but from
two to five in front of the median fins undivided and spinous.
Paired fins delicate and small, the pectorals inserted close to the
ventral border ; dorsal and anal fins much extended, acuminate in
front, low and fringe-like behind, partly or completely opposed ;
caudal fin forked. Scales large and uniform, smooth and not
serrated.
Microcoelia granulata, AV. von der Marck.
1863. Microcoelia ijranulata. AV. voii der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xi.
p. 49, pi. V. fig. 4.
1868. Microcoelia granulata, AY. von der Alarck, loc. cit. vol. xv. p. 287,
pi. xliii. lig. 9.
Type. Yearly complete fish ; Academy of Miinster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*08. Length of
head with opercular apparatus scarcely equalling the maximum
dejjth of the trunk, and contained two and a half times in the
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Paired
fins nearly equal in size, the distance between them less than that
between the pelvic pair and the anal; dorsal fin occupying about
half the back, arising somewhat in front of its middle point, and
comprising three shore and two long undivided rays, followed by
24 divided rays ; anal fin nearly similar to the dorsal, arising
slightly behind the latter, and comprising two short and one long
undivided rays, followed by about 24 divided rays ; these median
fins extending close to the caudal.
As already remarked by von der Alarck (loc. cit. 1868), the
granulations on the scales mentioned in the original diagnosis are
due to accident in fossilisation.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
Xot represented in the Collection.
Microcoelia libanica, sp. nov.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Eritish Museum.
A species nearly twice as large as the type, but of similar pro-
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SCOPELIDJS.
253-
portions. Paired fins nearly equal in size, the pelvic pair inserted
midway between the pectorals and the anal ; dorsal fin occupying
about one third of the back, arising opposite the pelvic pair, and
comprising 17 or 18 divided rays in addition to the anterior
undivided rays ; anal fin less extended than the dorsal, but with
17 divided rays, and arising opposite the hinder half of the
dorsal ; caudal fin apparently more deeply forked than in the type
species.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4865. The t3*pe specimen, wanting the anterior half of the head,.
and measuring about 0T05 in length from the pectoral
arch to the extremity of the caudal fin. The opercular
apparatus is short and deep, and there are 7 or 8
branchiostegal rays in advance of the few stout rays
noted by W. vonderMarck in the Westphalian specimens.-
The axial skeleton and fins are well preserved, except
the anterior rays of the dorsal and anal. The trunk is
slightly deepened by crushing, and the dorsal margin in
front of the fin is marked by curious crimpings, which
are suggestive of hard, possibly serrated ridge-scales.
The large smooth scales of the flank displa.y a few
radiating grooves on their covered portion. Lewis Coll.
Genus OPISTHOPTERYX, Pictet & Humbert.
[Houv. Eech. Poiss. Loss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 78 (O2nsto2otery.v).^
Head relatively large and trunk elongated, its maximum depth
at the opercular apparatus. Mandibular suspensorium much
inclined backwards, and cleft of mouth wide, extending below the
orbit, which is very large and forwardly placed ; teeth minute ;
gill-rakers large and robust. Vertebral centra not longer than
deep, longitudinally striated, between 50 and 60 in total number,
about half caudal and half abdominal ; ribs very slender ; separate
and relatively stout sigmoidally bent neural spines in the abdominal
region. Pectoral fins elongated, but not extending beyond the
pelvic pair, inserted close to the ventral border ; pelvic fins some¬
what smaller ; dorsal and anal fins short-based, very deep and
acuminate, the former placed in the middle of the back, the latter
arising opposite its hindermost rays ; caudal fin large, deeply
forked, with slender acuminate lobes. Scales thin, but apparently
uniform and covering the whole trunk.
254
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
Opisthopteryx gracilis^ Pictet & Humbert.
1850. Mesogaster gracilis, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 24,
pL iii. fig. 2.
1866. Opistopteryx gracilis, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Recb. Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 80, pi. xi. figs. 1-4.
1887. Opistopteryx gracilis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 569.
1887. Opistopteryx curtiis, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 569, pi. xxxii. fig. 3.
[Fish distorted by criisbing ; Edinburgli Museum.]
Type. Distorted fish, wanting caudal fin ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about twice the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained approximately four times in the
total length of the fish. Longest ray of pectoral fins extending to
the origin of the pelvic fins, which are about two thirds as large
as the pectorals and arise midway between the latter and the anal;
dorsal fin deeper than long, with about 11 rays, its origin as far
from the occiput as is its termination from the base of the caudal
fin ; anal fin nearly as deep as the dorsal but less extended, with
only about 8 rays, arising midway between the pectorals and the
caudal.
The fossilised examples of this fish are usually much distorted,
but its general characters and proportions seem to be correctly
stated in the above diagnosis. One specimen, evidently shortened
by crushing, is described by Davis under a distinct specific name,
O. curtus.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Mt. Lebanon, Syria.
P. 1886. Fine specimen slightly elongated by crushing, displaying
the separate neural spines in the abdominal region ;
Sahel Alma. Egerton Coll.
49604. Another fine specimen with head and anterior abdominal
region distorted ; Sahel Alma. Traces of the relatively
large, pointed gill-rakers are seen. Lewis Coll,
47357-58, 47816, 49594. Four more imperfect distorted specimens,
with traces of the minute teeth and well -developed gill-
rakers ; Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
Genus SCOPGLOIDBS, Wettstein.
[Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarnerschief. 1886, p. 55.]
Head large and trunk elongate-fusiform. Mandibular suspen-
sorium much inclined backwards ; jaws slender ; teeth moderately
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SCOPELIDiE.
255
large, slender and pointed, widely spaced and irregular in size.
Vertebrae about 40 in number, half being caudal ; the centra rather
longer than deep, and the arches in the caudal region comparatively
short. J^o fin-rays excessively elongated, but the dorsal and anal
fins much elevated in front and low behind. Pectoral fins com¬
paratively large, close to the ventral border, the rays not quite
reaching the pelvic fins, which are small ; dorsal fin with about
10 rays, arising at or near the middle point between the occiput
and the caudal fin ; anal fin relatively large, arising opposite the
hinder end of the dorsal and extending nearly to the caudal fin,
with at least 20 rays ; caudal fin considerably forked.
Scopeloides glarisianus (Agassiz).
1839-44. Osmerus glarisianus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 102, pi. Ixii. figs. 3, 4 {Osmeroides glarisiamis on plate).
1886. Scopeloides glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfaima Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 56,
pi ii. figs. 7-13.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*18. Form and
proportions uncertain owing to distortion of specimens, but the
length of the head with opercular apparatus apparently nearly
twice as great as the maximum depth of the trunk and about one
third the length of the vertebral column. Teeth very slender, some
recurved. Pelvic fins arising nearer to the anal than to the pectoral
pair ; dorsal fin arising at the middle point between the occiput
and the caudal fin, the length of its base-line about half that of
its longest ray which approximately equals the depth of the
trunk at its insertion ; anal fin arising nearly midway between
the pectorals and the caudal, its front portion symmetrical with the
dorsal, its hinder portion very low and fringe-like.
Form. ^ Loc. Oligocene : Canton G;larus, Switzerland.
P. 3815-16. Type specimen and another described and figured by
Agassiz, loc. cit. p. 102, pi. Ixii. figs. 3, 4 ; Engi. Both
are labelled Osmeroides glarisianus.^ Ag.” by Agassiz,
but they also bear a second label in his handwriting,
Nov. gen. voisin des Scopelus.” EnnishiUen Coll.
P. 1857, P. 3814. More imperfect specimen elongated by distortion,
in counterpart, similarly labelled by Agassiz ; Engi.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls,
256
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
P. 5142. Pish shortened by distortion, in counterpart, and displaying
the fins ; Engi. Labelled “ 1778. Ex Museo Gronoviano,
jS^o. 2494.” Purchased^ 1886.
P. 1857 a. Imperfect fish, elongated by distortion ; Engi.
Egerton Coll,
The generic position of the imperfect fish described as follows,
is not satisfactorily determined, and the species is not represented
in the Collection ; —
Scopeloides nicolisi, P. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2]
vol. hi. no. 6 (1889), p. 32, pi. i. fig. 5. — Lower Miocene;
Chiavon, N. Italy. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene Coll.,
Lonedo.]
Genus PARASCOPELUS, Sauvage.
[Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. art. no. 1, 1873, p. 196.]
An imperfectly known genus, with much-elongated head and
trunk. Cleft of mouth very large, with minute teeth. Pectoral
fins very large ; pelvic fins small and far forwards ; dorsal fin
short-based and median ; anal fin remote, more extended than the
dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Scales large and uniform, not serrated
at the hinder border.
Parascopelus lacertosus^ Sauvage.
1870. Scopelus lacertosus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
art. no. 7, p. 22.
1873. Parascopelus lacertosus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
art. no. 1, p, 196, figs. 50, 51 .
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about five times, maximum
depth of trunk about seven times in the total length of the fish.
Vertebrae about 54 in number, 30 being caudal. Pectoral fins as
long as the head, with 14 rays ; dorsal fin with more than 15, anal
with about 20 rays.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Miocene : Licata, Sicily.
P. 1161-62. Two imperfect specimens.
Egerton Coll.
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SCOPELIDJE.
257
Genus ANAPTERUS, Sauvage.
[Aun. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. art. no. 1, 1873, p. 199.]
Syn. Tydeus, H. E. Sauvage {non Koch, 1842), Ann. Sci. Nat. [5]
vol. xiv. art. no. 7, 1870, p. 23.
An imperfectly known genus, with much-elongated head and
trunk. Cleft of mouth very large, with a few large spaced teeth
and small unciform teeth between. Pectoral fins not much
enlarged ; pelvic fins small and remote ; dorsal fin short-based, in
hinder half of back but completely in advance of the extended anal
fin ; caudal fin forked. Scales of moderate size, uniform, and not
serrated at the hinder border ; lateral line conspicuous.
This genus is not yet clearly distinguished from the existing
pelagic genera, Paralepis and Sudis.
Anapterus megistosoma, Sauvage.
1870. Tydeus megistosoma, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [o] vol. xiv
art. no. 7, p. 25.
1873. Anapterus megistosoma, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
art. no. 1, p. 200, figs. 95, 96.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’5. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about five times, maxi¬
mum depth of trunk about ten times in the total length of the fish.
Vertebrae nearly 100 in number. Pectoral fins with 20 rays;
pelvic fins with 14 rays, opposite the origin of the dorsal, which
comprises about 12 rays and is completely within the hinder third
of the back ; anal fin with at least 30 rays, extending close to the
caudal. Scales of lateral line not enlarged.
Form. Log. Epper Miocene : Licata, Sicily. i •
P. 1163. Imperfect small distorted specimen labelled (apparently
by Sauvage) as young of this species. Egerton Coll.
The following species from the Upper Miocene of Licata have
also been recognised on the evidence of imperfect fishes, but are not
represented in the Collection : —
Anapterus alhyi^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 203, figs. 93, 94.
Tydeus albyi, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 24.
Anapterus elongatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 206, fig. 92.
Tydeus elongatus., H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 25.
Anapterus siculus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 205, fig. 47,
and ibid. vol. xi. art. no. 6 (1880), p. 39, fig. 4.
PXKT IV.
3
258
ACTINOPTERY&II.
Anajpterus spJieTcodes^'K. E. Sauvase, loc. cit. 1873, p. 208, fig. 91.
Tydeus spTiehodes^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 23.
The last species is recorded from the Upper^Mioeene of Mondaino,
Province of Forli, Italy, by I. Bonomi (Bivista Ital. Paleont.
vol. ii. 1896, p. 221), who has founded a new species Anapterus
macrocephalus (loc. cit. p. 222, pi. v. fig. 7) on another in¬
determinable fish. Anapterus toenia is an undefined name given by
Bosniaski (Proc. Verb. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. i. 1878, p. xix) to a
fish from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany.
The following remains of Scopelidae with slender premaxilla are
not generically or specifically determined: —
P. 4031, P. 4766. Small elongated fish, in counterpart ; Upper
Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. The jaws are
slender and the mandible bears spaced conical teeth. The
paired fins are rather large. The dorsal fin is median,
deep, and short-based. Lewis Coll.
P. 3844. More slender and elongated fish associated with Spaniodon ;
Sahel Alma. Leiuis Coll.
P. 9410. Head 0’085 in length ; London Clay, Sheppey. The
cranium resembles that of Aulopus., but the mandible
bears large spaced conical teeth in addition to minute
teeth. History unhnown.
Genus APATEODUS, novum.
A genus known only by parts of the head, which is elongated and
with pointed snout. Parietal bones separated by the supraoceipital,
which appears in the middle of the cranial roof. Premaxillee very
stout, pointed in front but not produced forwards in advance of the
ethmoidal region ; teeth large in the middle of each jaw, laterally
compressed, and fused with the supporting bone at their tumid base.
Apateodus glyphodus (C. C. Blake).
[Plate XIII. figs. 3-5.]
1863. Pachyrhizodus glyphodus, C. C. Blake, Geologist, vol. vi. p. 134,
pi. xxi. figs, xii, xiii.
Type. Fragment of jaw ; British Museum.
The type species, known only by portions of jaws, the mandible
probably attaining a length of about 0'2, Two teeth on the
anterior half of the premaxilla much enlarged ; the anterior about
i * ’
^e crd. ^m^^ct>^. -^cr^. VfV. ^ y^' ^ ^ /V!
f' V
y/\y ^ ^ /t^y^, t^, ^•Ar ^,/-^ S*^<^ '^d^'-a^ J
Oj^ ^ ^ ^^4 '’’j ^"te.
/1 7 > V f-L'.
— » -z-^^
f3l
SCOPELID^.
'2iyj
two thirds as long as the posterior tooth, and the length of the
latter less than the interspace between the two teeth, also less than
half the length of the part of the premaxilla in front of its insertion .
Mandible mueh attenuated in front, with two relatively large teeth
in the middle of the dental series ; the small recurved teeth in
advance of these gradually increasing in size backwards.
Form. Log. Albian (Gault) : Folkestone, Kent.
37930. Type specimen, being a fragment apparently of the hinder
part of the premaxilla. Purchased, 1863.
47204. Imperfect left premaxilla associated with the greater part
of the mandible and remains of three vertebrm, shown of
the natural size in PL XIII. fig. 3. The premaxilla
{'pmoc.') is imperfect at each end, and fractured near its
middle where it seems to be accidentally bent. Immedi¬
ately in front of this fracture, the largest tooth is shown,
with its distal portion obscured by the remains of the
mandible, A slightly smaller tooth is imperfectly pre¬
served a little further back ; and then follow three or four
still smaller spaced teeth, which are much laterally- com¬
pressed and vertically striated at the base. The dentary
(cL) is considerably fractured and broken away behind,
but its outer face is shown to have been smooth and rather
tumid, impressed only by a deep longitudinal groove just
below its upper border. Its anterior recurved teeth are
preserved on both sides of the jaw, gradually increasing
in size and becoming more widely spaced backwards ; the
very large middle teeth are wanting in the fossil ; the
hinder teeth are proved to have been very small.
Gardner Coll,
47204 a. Eight and left premaxillae probably of one and the same
individual, that of the right side shown of the natural size
from the inner aspect in PI. XIII, fig. 4. Only the
anterior half of the bone is preserved, and it seems to
represent a larger fish than the last specimen. It tapers
to a point in front, while its inner face is smooth and
flattened for articulation with the elongated ethmoidal
region. Its oral face gradually widens backwards and
forms a gently hollowed trough, which is filled at two
points by the tumid bases of the large teeth. Eoth these
teeth are well-preserved, exhibiting a laterally compressed,
straight, lanceolate crown, finely striated at its base. The
s2
ACTINOPTERYGII.
i>60
posterior is the larger tooth, inclined forwards, with a
sharp edge in front and behind ; while the anterior tooth
is rounded behind, with a sharp edge only in front.
Between the large teeth there are also traces of small ones
of similar form, arranged in single series on the sharp
outer margin of the hone. One of these small teeth,
preserved on the left premaxilla, is slightly curved in¬
wards in its apical portion. Bemains apparently of the
attenuated rostral region occur above the right premaxilla.
Gardner Coll.
47204 h. Imperfect anterior half of a smaller left premaxilla,
showing the base of the anterior enlarged tooth, and the
whole of the posterior enlarged tooth, which is distinctly
inclined forwards. Gardner Coll.
47204 c. The greater portion of the left dentary, much crushed, and
imperfect both behind and below, shown from the outer
aspect of the natural size in PI. XIII. fig. 5. Pive of the
anterior recurved teeth are indicated, gradually increasing
in size backwards. Then follow remains of two very
large teeth with tumid, finely striated bases, the second
much larger than the first. The outer face of the bone,
so far as preserved, is smooth. Gardner Coll.
33311. Fragment of left premaxilla, with base of posterior enlarged
tooth. Purchased.^ 1858.
?. 9020. Anterior portion of small right premaxilla.
Presented hy F, G. Hilton Price, Esq., 1899.
P. 5528. Bemains of anterior half of mandible. Purchased, 1888.
47204 e-i. Small fragments of mandible. Gardner Coll.
P. 35. Anterior end of small left dentarv. Gardner Coll.
Apateodus striatus, sp. nov.
[Plate XIII. fig. 6, Plate XIY.]
(?) 1837-44. Saurocephalus striatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. i. p. 102, pi. XXV c. figs. 17-20.
Type. Small head ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known species, the mandible probably attaining a
length of about 0*15. Two teeth on the anterior half of the pre¬
maxilla much enlarged ; the anterior about two thirds as long as
^jiy '^y, y/\A 4^ C^
SCOPELID^.
2(51
the posterior tooth, and the length of the latter equalling the inter¬
space between the two teeth, also about half the length of the part
of the premaxilla in front of its insertion. Maximum depth of
mandible equalling about one fifth of its length ; dentition occupy¬
ing half its length, with two relatively large teeth of about equEil
size in the middle of the series, with small broad teeth behind, and
still smaller recurved teeth in front. Large teeth much laterally
compressed, and marked with very fine vertical striations in the
basal portion.
The name striatus is given to this species, because it seems
probable that the indeterminable fragment of jaw described by
Agassiz as Saurocephalus striatus is the hinder part of a large pre¬
maxilla of the same form.
Form. Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
49821. The type specimen, a small skull and mandible, partly
broken and distorted, shown from both sides and from
above in PI. XIV. figs. 1, In, 16; Lower Chalk,
Southeram Pit, Lewes. The head is shown to have been
long and laterally compressed, with a very acute snout ;
but the cranium is crushed downwards in the fossil and
broken in a sharp transverse fracture at about its middle.
The frontal bones (/r.) are very extensive, almost reaching
the occipital border; and their inner half is remarkably
smooth, marked only by radiating lines of growth. Im¬
mediately behind them the stout supraoccipital bone
(s.occ.) is seen, distinctly separating the parietals, but
not exhibiting any median crest or keel. The bones of
the cheek are almost completely destroyed, but the cha¬
racteristic anterior portion of the premaxilla (pmx.) is
indicated by fragments on both sides. On the right
(fig. 1) the remains of this bone exhibit traces of the two
enlarged teeth (i, ii), and on both sides it is partly
broken away to expose the middle enlarged teeth of the
lower jaw. On the left (fig. 1 a) an undetermined
fragment of bone (a?.) overlaps the anterior end of the
premaxilla, but this probably has no connection wdth the
jaws. The mandibular ramus is best displayed on the
right, but its anterior pointed end is much broken here
and the dentition is more completely displayed on the
left. The ramus is deepest at the hinder end, where the
dentary (cZ.) is seen to extend in a narrow band above
the comparatively small articulo-angular bone (ar/.) ; it
262
ACTINOPTERYGII.
exhibits a characteristic gentle curvature, with the con¬
cavity upwards ; and its outer face is remarkably convex
and smooth, with an incurved lower border. Of the two
enlarged mandibular teeth, one occurs on the right, but
both are preserved on the left ; they are slightly recurved,
apparently compressed to a sharper edge in front than
behind, and the basal part of the outer face is marked by
very delicate vertical striations. Six similar, but relatively
small and short teeth, are preserved posteriorly on the
right, while four remain on the left ; of those on the
right, the hindermost is the largest. Another similar
though small tooth is seen just in front of the enlarged
teeth on the left, and between this and the anterior end
of the jaw there is a diminishing series of recurved
denticles. At the hinder end of the right cheek part
of the quadrate bone {qu.) is exposed ; and immediately
behind this there is the much-thickened anterior border
of the preoperculum Q:>.op.). Caqqron Coll,
P. 4512. A still smaller skull broken across the middle and in some
respects more imperfect than the type specimen, shown of
the natural size from both sides and above in PI. XIY.
figs, 2, 2a, 2 6; English Chalk. The very narrow
cranium, sharply compressed above the otic region, is
indicated as before ; and the remarkably acute snout is
especially well shown. On both sides there are remains
of extensive though delicate postorbital cheek-plates (5.0.);
and the anterior attenuated ends of the characteristic
premaxillae {pinx.) are displayed apposed to the slender
ethmoidal region and apparently just meeting in front.
The two enlarged premaxillary teeth are partly shown on
both sides (i, ii), but the second on the left seems to be
a little displaced through fracture. The smooth, delicate
mandible is much broken ; but the extent of the small
articulo-angular element {ag.') is seen especially on the
right, and there are remains of the characteristic small
teeth on both sides. Enniskillen Coll,
49067. Group of remains of a small fish, comprising the anterior
end of the right premaxilla, a quadrate, two vertebral
centra, and other bones; Chalk, Kent. The anterior
portion of the premaxilla is shown from the outer aspect
(PI. XIII. fig. 6) and bears the two enlarged teeth, which
seem to display their normal proportions and mode of
<>y^y^'cy^ ,y^. 4^/.
P^^0/<6*. 3y^ //. X( . ^}, 2,
SCOPELID^.
263
insertion. The vertebral centra are strengthened by a few
longitudinal ridges. Mrs. Smith’s CoV.
P. 5666. Imperfect rostrum, split longitudinally, showing the
anterior portions of the premaxillac apposed to the slender
ethmoidal region ; probably from Lower Chalk, Cuxton,
Kent. On the left side the anterior part of the pre¬
maxilla is proved to be solid, while its flattened oral
border, to which the bases of the two enlarged teeth still
remain fixed, is flanked by a slight rim or outer wall.
The hinder part of the bone, which is somewhat bent
dowmwards upon the anterior part immediately behind the
second enlarged tooth, consists only of the thin, deepened
outer wall with the tooth-bearing border fixed on its inner
face like a shelf ; the fragment preserved bears two teeth
of considerable size. The two enlarged teeth of the right
premaxilla are entirely broken away, but immediately in
front of the attachment of the second there are remains of
two very small teeth on the outer margin. There are also
indications of the two posterior teeth already mentioned
on the left. Harford Coll.
P. 5673. Hinder end of jaws of left side ; probably from Low^er
Chalk, Cuxton. The quadrate is shown, meeting the
hyomandibular at its postero-superior angle hut in
contact with the almost reniform metapterygoid along its
upper border. The hinder end of the premaxilla is im¬
perfect, but still retains two typical teeth and the base of
a third. The shape of the hinder end of the mandible
resembles that on the right side of the type specimen ; but
the articulo-angular element is less exposed on the outer
face than in the latter, where the dentary seems to have
been partly flaked away. Harford Coll.
P. 9015. Imperfect jaws and ossified sclerotic, rather large; Lower
Chalk, Merstham, Surrey. Purchased, 1899.
49070. Eight dentary broken across the middle and imperfect
behind ; Chalk, Kent. One of the enlarged teeth is
preserved, and there are remains of the small teeth both
behind and in front. As on the right side of the type
specimen, the hindermost tooth of the posterior series is
slightly the largest. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 1804. Pragmentar}’ mandible ; Chalk, Kent. Egerton Coll.
264
ACTINOrTERTGII.
P. 3953. Fragmentary mandible ; Chalk, Sussex. EnnislciUen Coll.
49799. Fragmentary mandible about 0*12 in length ; Lower Chalk,
Southeram, Sussex. Capron Coll.
P. 9042. Fragment apparently of pterygoid arcade of this species,
bearing characteristic teeth; Lower Chalk, Burham.
Presented hy S. J. Hawhins, Esq., 1891.
The following specimens seem to be fragments of the hinder end
of the premaxilla of large individuals of this species, but they can
only be provisionally determined : —
4090. Five teeth and the base of a sixth fixed upon bone, described
and figured by Agassiz loe. cit. as the type specimen of
Saurocephalus striatus ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4091. Three more slender teeth in close series; Chalk, Lewes.
Mantell Coll.
P. 5647. Group of fragments including hinder end of very large
premaxilla, with remains of characteristic teeth in slightly
spaced series ; probably from Lower Chalk, Cuxton.
Harford Coll.
33309. Smaller fragment with well-preserved teeth ; Lower Chalk,
Burham, Kent. Purchased, 1858.
47924. Fragment with teeth of unequal size; Lower Chalk, near
Maidstone. Presented hy the Hon. Pobert Mar sham, 1877.
Apateodus lanceolatus, sp. nov.
[Plate XIII. fig. 7.]
Type. Anterior portion of premaxilla; British Museum.
A species smaller than the type form. Anterior part of pre¬
maxilla comparatively short, with two much enlarged, long and
slender, lanceolate teeth, which are inclined slightly forwards ;
these teeth about equal in size, or the anterior slightly the larger,
and the interspace between them much less than their height.
Form. ^ Log. Turonian : Kent.
39080. The type specimen, being the anterior portion of a right
premaxilla, exposed from the outer aspect and shown of
the natural size in PI. XIII. fig. 7 ; Grey Chalk, Dover.
The anterior extremity of the bone is broken away, but
the two characteristic enlarged teeth are well preserved.
I
I
]
i
1
^ \ /^o^j /L 4^/ M‘
C^y . w^''^w/^/*^>w. c-*-^ y^ J? ^ /^OO,^ 4^/.
^^;2.
■^7 Z^
SC0PELIDJ3.
265
i
r .
i
and a fragment of the more delicate posterior part of the
element also remains. The latter hears another large
tooth, which is comparatively short and broad, and this
is immediately followed behind by a very small tooth of
the same shape. The base of all the teeth is feebly
marked with striations. BowerhanTc Coll,
P. 1798. Hinder extremity of left premaxilla, apparently of this
species, with a well-spaced series of small teeth regularly
diminishing in size backwards, and resembling in shape
the hinder tooth of the last specimen ; probably from
Grey Chalk, Dover. Egerton Coll,
49088. Hinder end of left dentary, apparently of this species ; Grey
Chalk, Dover. The hinder of the two enlarged teeth
is preserved ; behind this are three irregularly spaced
teeth not quite half so much elevated ; and after another
short space there follows a gradually diminishing series of
five teeth. Mrs. Smith's Coll.
The following specimens and many other fragments seem to
represent undetermined species of Apateodus : —
28390. Dentary bones of mandible, with widely-spaced, slender,
lanceolate teeth ; Chalk, Lewes. Mantell Coll.
49823. The toothed border of a large deutary, with the two
enlarged teeth and a diminishing series of nine broad
- . . teeth behind ; Grey Chalk, Brighton. Capron Coll.
A.'
A
Syn.
Genus RHUMELLUS^ Agassiz.
^ _ [Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 260.]
Ichthyotringa, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol, iv
/Y
■ a
1878, p. 69. ^ ^
Head excessively elongated by the production of the stout pre- '
maxillae and the mandible into a long, slender rostrum ; teeth large
in the middle of each jaw. Branch iostegal rays about 9 in number.
Vertebrae about 45 in number, not less than 25 being abdominal ;
the centra slender, much constricted and strengthened by delicate
longitudinal ridges of bone. Pelvic fins arising almost or exactly
opposite the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin with 12, and anal fin with about
14 rays. Trunk eompletelj^ covered with a regular squamation, the
scales not serrated at the hinder border, and only slightly thickened
or enlarged in the course of the lateral line.
26G
ACTINOPTEErGII.
Rhinellus furcatus, Agassiz.
[Plate XIII. figs. I, 2.]
1844. Rhinellus f urcatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 2C0,
pi. Iviii h. fig. 5 [non fig. 6).
1849. Rhinellus furcatus, Z. in Russegger’s Reisen, vol. ii.
pt. iii. p. 340, pi. xxiii. fig. 1 h.
1850. Rhinellus furcatus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 44,
pi. viii. figs. 3-4.
1866. Rhinellus f urcatus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Recb. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 82, pi. xi. figs. 5-8.
1873. Rhinellus furcatus, W. von der Marck, Palfeontogr. vol. xxii.
p. 60, pi. ii. fig. 4.
1887. Rhinellus fu7'catus, ^ . Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 608.
Type. Head and abdominal region ; olini Amic Collection, Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'2. Length of the
head with opercular apparatus equalling or slightly exceeding the
length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained from four to five times in
the same measurement. Dorsal fin arising at the middle point
between the occiput and the base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins about
half as large as the pectorals and arising just in advance of the
origin of the dorsal ; anal fin completely behind the dorsal, arising
behind the middle point between the pelvic pair and the caudal fin.
Scales of the lateral line conspicuously thicker than the others.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon :
Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
48096-97. Two imperfect large specimens, with the trunk shortened
by distortion. The second displays the small recurved
teeth apparently in the mandible. Lewis Coll.
49525. A nearly complete fish slightly distorted, shown of the
natural size in PI. XIII. fig. 2. The parts of the head
and opercular apparatus are obscure ; but there are traces
of the close series of minute recurved teeth near the front
of the jaws. Lewis Coll.
P. 4762. Another nearly complete fish, with depressed fins, shown
of the natural size in PI. XIII. fig. 1. The thickened
scales of the lateral line are displayed above the vertebral
column in part of the abdominal region. Lewis Coll.
48090-91, 48092, 49544. Four imperfect specimens, the second
and third displaying the thickened scales of the lateral
line. Lewis Coll.
/ffOP ^ ey\yi^_ Ui^
7 L: - t- ^ -
7^^^, ^<r^, A /^. ^ A 7^'
y ^ S/^^U.A^ /^CkJoji9y*^f'^C’ /( t& ^ "Z.
4
#
SCOPELIDJE.
2<)7
49523, 49591. Small slab with remains of three individuals, and
another exhibiting one fish in association with an im¬
perfect Tlirissopteroides. In the first specimen may bo
noted the expanded laminar form of the anterior neural
spines, and the thickening of the scales of the lateral line.
Lewis Coll.
46527. Imperfect fish elongated by crushing. Lewis Coll.
P. 1882 a. Imperfect distorted fish. ' Egerton Coll.
15600. Imperfect fish. Purchased.
48089, 48144. Three very small imperfect specimens, two being
distorted and deepened by crushing. Lewis Coll.
P. 1882. Imperfect very small specimen, apparently an immature
individual of this species with the vertebral centra in the
form of hollow cylinders. Egerton Coll.
Rhinellus ferox, Davis.
1887. Phinellus ferox, J. W. Davis, Trans. lioy. Dabliu Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 614, pi. xxxvii. fig. 6.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A large form apparently closely resembling the type species, but
the trunk perhaps more slender and the hinder teeth of the pre¬
maxilla relatively larger.
Form. Log. Upper Cretacnous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4851. The type specimen about 0*4 in length, described and
figured loc. cit. The skull is crushed so that the right
and left sides of the jaws are separated. The produced
upper jaw is thus proved to consist only of the elongated
premaxillae, while the mandible is shown to be destitute
of a presymphysial bone. The premaxilla bears a spaced
series of large, slender, conical teeth, which are erect,
gradually increase in size backwards, and are shown by
fragments to have been very large on that part of the
bone which is in contact with the cranial rostrum.
Between the large teeth there are smaller denticles. The
spaced teeth of the dentary are much smaller than those
of the premaxilla, and seem to attain their greatest size in
the middle of the bone, diminishing both backwards and
forwards. The structure of the hinder part of the jaws is
not clear, but the mandible does not seem to have been
268
ACTI^OPTERyGII.
elevated in the coronoid region, and its articulation is
almost as far back as the occiput. There seem to be
remains of cheek-plates. The vertebral column of a
swalloTved fish can be distinguished in the abdominal
region. The fins are too imperfect to admit of counting
their ravs. Leivis Coll.
P. 4737. Another fine specimen wanting end of snout, but displaying
paired fins. Lewis Coll.
49526. Imperfect specimen exhibiting the head and the greater
part of the trunk, noticed by Davis, loc.cit. p. 615. Some
of the anterior neural spines are laminar expansions,
obliquely truncated above, tapering to a point below.
The imperfect dorsal fin has 12 supports. The course of
the lateral line is indicated by a thickening of the scales.
Lewis Coll.
49519. A much crushed and distorted imperfect specimen.
Lewis Coll.
48151. Imperfect head and distorted abdominal region, with
remains of the very large teeth at the base of the pre-
maxilla. Lewis Coll.
Rhinellus damoni, Davis.
1887. Rhinellus damoni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 617, pi. xxxvii. fig. 4.
1887. Rhinellus robustus, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 608, pi. xxxyii. fig. 5.
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
Type. Xearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A species as large as the type, but with shorter vertebrae and
comparatively stout trunk. Length of head with opercular
apparatus considerably exceeding the length of the trunk from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin ; maximum depth of
trunk contained about three times in the same measurement. Eins
as in the type species ; scales apparently thicker than in the latter,
and those of the lateral line not conspicuous.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4850. Type specimen described and figured loc. cit. Only 12
supports can be distinctly counted in the dorsal fin, 14 in
the anal fin. The tail is deepened by crushing.
Lewis Coll.
49524. Slab exhibiting large specimen in association with an
^ y' . ■ .
i*:- -i ,
V ' ''^ : " ' < ; ■■V'-a'S^IS'
'■ *'■' • ■ •■ ■...>'•■ ■ ■■■' 'y'" •'?,,;/ •
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X/k / /, ^ 3a. — OuA^^^^ytje^inA^
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Zf
a^ey^>
'(pyiXl<V^%»<'''\x^
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-j^t^xv/VV. /i. ^yC^,/}/. yC"
SCOPELID^.
269
equally large but imperfect individual of R. fiircatus.
Five or six of the upper lath-shaped branchiostegal rays
are shown. Leiuis Coll.
P. 4849. Slab exhibiting a much-distorted specimen in association
with two small examples of R. furcatus. Lewis Coll,
47367, 48093-95. Four imperfect smaller specimens. The first
exhibits a series of at least nine branchiostegal ravs, the
upper four or five lath-shaped, the others more slender.
The second specimen shows one of the large slender teeth
towards the base of the premaxilla. The third specimen
bears traces of the characteristically-expanded anterior
neural spines. Lewis Coll.
47365-66, 47383, 47815, 49545. Five still smaller specimens,
variously imperfect. Lewis Coll.
The following species has also been described, but is not repre¬
sented in the Collection ; —
1
Rliinellus tenuirostris : LcJitJiyotringa tenuirostris, E, D. Cope,
Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iv. (1878), p. 69. — Upper
^ Cretaceous; Dakota. [Type species of Lchtlujotringa.
-1^0. Fragmentary fish ; Cope Collection.]
: The so-called Rliinellus curtirostris (J. AY. Davis, Trans. Eoy.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. 1887, p. 610, pi. xxxvii. fig. 2), from the
Upper Cretaceous of Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, is founded on a frag¬
mentary specimen of Scombroclupea macrophtlialma, now in the
Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
The name Rliinellus nasalls was given by Agassiz (lYeues Jahrb.
1835, p. 291) to an indeterminable fish from the Upper Eocene of
Monte Bolca, described and figured as Pegasus lesiniformis by G. S.
Yolta, Ittiolit. Y^eronese (1796), p. clix, pi. xxxix. fig. 1.
The name Rliinellus schilli was given by H. von Meyer (iYeues
Jahrb. 1863, p. 450) to some undetermined fragments, not of this
genus, from the Lower Tertiary of Hammerstein, Baden.
Indeterminable fragments, of no scientific value, were described
as follows and placed near Rliinellus : —
Rhamphornimia rhinelloides, 0. G. Costa, Mem. E. Accad. Sci.
Napoli, vol. ii. (1857), p. 108, pi. ii. fig. 2.— Upper
Cretaceous ; Mt. Lebanon. [Fragments, partly Crus¬
tacean ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.]
270
ACTINOPTERYGII.
The following specimens seem to belong to a genus of Scopeloids,
but are not satisfactorily determinable : —
P. 447-8, P. 3833. The two type specimens (one in counterpart) of
the so-called Clu^ea hrevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v.
pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 119, pi. Ixii. figs. 1, 2 ; Oligocene,
Engi, Canton Glarus, Switzerland. An apparently similar
fish, elongated by distortion, is described under the name
of Olupea clubia by A. Wettstein, Eischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.
1886), p. 54, pi. hi. fig. 5. Egerton ^ Ennukillen Colls.
P. 5148. Similar specimen ; Engi. Egerton Coll.
The following imperfectly defined genera and species, not repre¬
sented in the Collection, may also perhaps belong to the
Scopelidae : —
/¥. A-
5^
-n J.**
Bracliyspondylus cretaceus, W. von der March, Palaeontogr. vol. xv.
(1868), p. 283, pi. xliii. fig. 2. — Upper Cretaceous;
Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Imperfect trunk ; Academy
of Miinster.]
Jfemisaurida neoc07mensis, P. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. Ivi. (1867), pt. i. p. 172, pi. i.
fig. 1. — Cretaceous ; Comen, Istria. [Imperfect head.]
Jlolosteus esociniis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1839-
.XS'i. p. 85, pl. xliii. fig. 5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca,
I near Verona. [Imperfectly restored fish.]
Omiodon cahassii, E. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. 17apoli [2]
vol. hi. no. 4 (1888), p. 2, pl. i. — Middle Eocene ; Eriuli,
Province ^o^ Udine, Italy. [Imperfect fish; Cabassi
Collection.]
Palirnphemus anceps, 11. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1862), pt. i. p. 490, pl. i. fig. 2, and
ihid. vol. xlviii. (1863), pt. i. p. 148. — Middle Miocene
(Leithakalk) ; Margarethen, Vienna. [Imperfect fish.]
Tachynectes hracliypterygius, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xi. (1863), p. 54, pl. ix. fig. 4. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Sendenhorst, Westphalia. [Imperfect fish; Academy of
Miinster.]
Tachynectes longipes, W. von der Marck, Joe. cit. 1863, p. 52,
pl. ix. fig. 3, pl. X. figs. 1, 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Tachyiiectes macrodactylus, W. von der Marck, loc. dt. 1863,
p. 51, pl. ix. figs. 1, 2. Tacliyneetes, W. von der Marck,
loc. cit. vol. xxxi. (1885), p. 260. — Ibid. [The type species.
Ditto.]
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GONOEHYNCHIDJE,
271
Family GONORHYNCHID^.
Trunk fusiform or elongated, and caudal region relatively short.
Supraoccipital bone not prominent, but extending forwards to the
frontals and separating the parietals in the median line ; squamosal
suturally united with parietals and completely covering the otic
bones except behind; snout not produced; cueek-plates rudimentary.
Mandibular suspensorium much inclined forwards, and gape of
mouth small ; premaxilla smaller than maxilla, but excluding
latter from the oral margin ; teeth, if present, chiefly or exclusively
on some inner bones of mouth. Opercular apparatus complete,
with few bran chiostegal rays and no gular plate. Vertebral centra
well ossified, but usually pierced by notochord ; abdominal vertebras
with robust transverse processes bearing delicate ribs, which do
not completely encircle the abdominal cavity ; a compound hypural
bone at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-
fulcra absent; pectoral arch without precoracoid process; dorsal and
anal fins small ; no adipose dorsal fin. Scales narrow and elongated,
very deeply imbricated, and often extending over the cheeks and
opercular apparatus.
The only known existing species of this family is Gonorhynchus
gt'eyi^ which inhabits the seas off Japan, South Africa, Australia,
and Yew Zealand. Its gill-cleft is narrow, and pseudobranchiae are
present ; there is no air-bladder ; the stomach is simple, without
blind sac, while the pyloric appendages occur in small number.
Synojjsis of Genera.
I. Teeth on pterygoid and hyoid bones.
Dorsal fin scarcely if at all behind middle
of back, and pelvic fins opposed to
it; scales not covering head . Charitosomus {^.27\).
Dorsal fin far behind middle of back, and
pelvic fins opposed to it ; scales
covering head . Gonorhynchus (Recent).
II. Teeth absent.
Dorsal fin nearly in middle of back,
4/ 7
more or less directly opposite pelvic
pair ; scales covering head . Notogoneus (p. 275).
Genus CHARITOSOIMUS^ W. von der Marck.
[Palgeontogr. vol. xxxi. 1885, p. 257.1
Syu. Solenognathus, Pictet & Humbert {non Swainson, 1839), Nouv.
Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 54.
Head small and trunk much elongated, laterally compressed.
272
ACTINOPTEEYGIl,
Teeth apparently wanting on the margin of the jaws; but stout
and blunt conical teeth present on some of the inner bones of the
mouth, probably on the pterygoids and hyoid apparatus; upper
branchiostegai rays comparatively broad. Vertebrae approximately
50 in number, 35 being abdominal and the remainder caudal ; ribs
short and delicate. Paired fins relatively large, the pectorals not
much exceeding the pelvic pair in size, the latter remote and
opposed to the origin or anterior part of the dorsal, which is scarcely
if at all behind the middle of the back ; dorsal and anal fins each
with from 7 to 12 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales distinctly
elongated [but their hinder margin not yet observed] ; no scales
extending over the head ; strong fulcral scales on the borders of the
caudal pedicle at the base of the caudal fin.
Charitosomus formosus, W. von der Marck.
1885. Charitosomus for mosus, W. von der Marck, Palaeoutogr. vol. xxxi.
p. 257, pi. xxiv. fig. 1.
Type. Pish with imperfect head ; Geological Museum, Academy
of Munster.
The type species, known only by one imperfect specimen about
0T5 in length. Pins arranged as in the next species, and the
trunk nearly similar in proportions to that of the latter, but the
caudal pedicle apparently more robust.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg, Westphalia.
Vot represented in the Collection.
Charitosomus major^ sp. nov.
[Plate XY. fig. 3.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0’2. Length of head with
opercular apparatus contained four and a half times, and maximum
depth of trunk nearly nine times in the total length of the fish to
the base of the caudal fin ; depth of caudal pedicle about half that
of the abdominal region. Dorsal fin almost median, arising just in
advance of the middle point between the occiput and the base of
the caudal fin ; pectoral fin-rays when adpressed extending nearly
half way to the pelvic fins, which arise opposite the anterior half
of the dorsal ; distance between the pectoral and pelvic fins about
one and a half times as great as the length of the head with
opercular apparatus ; anal fin arising slightly nearer to the caudal
than to the pelvic fins.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
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G0N0EHYXCHID2E.
273
P. 9173. Type specimen, shown of the natural size iu PI. XV. fig. 3.
The crushed remains of the head are exposed partly from
the right side, partly from below. The cranium seems to
he exposed from beneath, and displays the attenuated
form of the elongated rostrum. Beneath its anterior
extremity there lies a stout cuxwed bone {mx.) shaped
much like the maxilla of Gonorhynclius ; while just behind
this there appears to be the anterior pointed end of the
toothless dentary (cZ.). Still further back there are
remains of large bluntly-conical teeth, some apparently
belonging to the upper jaw, but the largest (Z.) occurring
just above the ceratohyal as if they had been fixed upon
the hyoid arch. All the vertebral centra are longer than
deep and much constricted ; while fractured examples,
both in the abdominal and caudal regions, seem to indicate
that a delicate strand of the notochord penetrated each of
them. The ribs are shown to be short and slender, not
reaching the ventral border of the fish ; the neural and
haemal spines in the caudal region are straight, much
inclined backwards, and comparatively stout, while there
seems to have been scarcely any fusion or expansion of
the haemals supporting the caudal fin. The fins are
closely adpressed to the trunk, so that at first sight they
are not conspicuous. The remarkably elongated rays of
the paired fins, however, are well preserved ; and the
arrangement of the fins is clearly as stated in the specific
diagnosis. The caudal fin is shown to be cleft. The
scales are antero-posteriorly elongated and striated, but
their crushed remains are too much confused to permit
the determination of their precise shape and characters.
Stout styliform fulcral ridge-scales occur on each border
of the caudal pedicle at the origin of the caudal fin.
Lewis Coll.
49543. More distorted specimen showing small mouth and
characteristic dentition. Lewis Coll.
46517. More imperfect specimen, wanting the anterior half of the
head. Traces of the stout bluntly-conical teeth are
preserved above and below. Some of the anterior neural
spines of the abdominal region bear a laminar expansion,
A few of the' caudal vertebral centra are sufficiently well
preserved to exhibit their lateral lougitudinal ridge. The
PAET IV.
T
274 ACTINOPTEEYGII.
supports of the dorsal fin are dagger-shaped, having a
aminar wing both in front and behind. Lewis Coll.
46518. Another more imperfect elongated specimen displaying part
of the operculum of both sides, apparently with a small
acumination on its hinder border. Lewis Coll.
Charitosomus lineolatus (Pictet & Humbert).
[Plate XY. fig. 4.]
1866. Solenognathus lineolatus, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. o6, pi. iv. figs. 4-7.
1887. Solenognathus lineolatus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 531, pi. xxvi. fig. 6.
Type. Imperfect fishes ; Geneva Museum.
The type species of the so-called Solenognathus (Pictet &
Humbert, non Swainson), attaining a length of about 0’07. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained five times, and maximum
depth of trunk about thirteen times in the total length of the fish
to the base of the caudal fin. Operculum bearing a small broad
spine on its hinder border. Dorsal fin situated just within the
hinder half of the trunk ; pelvic fins arising opposite the origin of
the dorsal, the distance between these and the pectorals equalling
about twice the length of the head with opercular apparatus ; anal
fin arising just behind the middle point between the pelvic and
oaudal fins.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4752. Fine specimen 0*073 in length, displaying the form and
proportions of the mandible and the greater part of the
fins, imperfectly figured by Davis, loc. cit., re-figured in
PL XV. fig. 4. Lewis Coll.
46523, 48135-40, 47389. Eight specimens in various states of
preservation. Xo. 48137 exhibits traces of the stout
teeth at the back of the mouth. Lewis Coll.
P. 9174. Five more fragmentary specimens, two showing the
acumination on the hinder margin of the operculum.
Lewis Coll.
Charitosomus hakelensis (Davis).
1887. Spaniodon hakelensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 591, pi. xxxiv. fig. 4.
1898. Charitosomus hakelensis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 412.
-
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7^'-^^ nrg-^. XX V/. ^ ^
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c5tU fr-V^CA^ 9^. •?. “i/Tr^ '^^77 t ! f f ^.^Cj Cj
/iP/^. O-^-CAA.'^tA.^^ (P. p^, *z^>t--^^''^v-v iTC.S] 7? .
TyiMAf, ^tff. /i/\ ^ XV. fty. o.
GOXOEHYXCHID^.
275
Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh ^Museum of Science and Art.
A species attaining a length of about O'lo. Length of head with
opercular apparatus equalling about twice maximum depth of trunk,
and contained four times in total length of fish to base of caudal fin.
Pelvic fins arising behind origin of dorsal, which is in middle of
back and comprises 12 raj^s ; anal fin comparativelj^ small, with
7 rays, slightly nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic fins.
Fo> 'm. Log, Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Alt. Lebanon.
jSTot represented in the Collection.
Genus NOTOGONEUS, Cope.
[Amer. iSTaturalist, vol. xix. 1885, p. 1091.]
Syu. (?) Anormurus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Xat.
vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 374.
Sphenolepis, L. Agassiz {non Nees, 1834), Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
1844, p. 87.
Protocatostoimis, 11. P. Whitfield, Bull. Amer. AIus. Nat. Hist,
vol. iii. 1890, p. 120.
Trunk fusiform and somewhat laterally compressed. Head
pointed and mouth inferior ; no teeth ; suboperculum exhibiting
a few deep clefts in its hinder border. Vertebrae approximately
50 in number, about 35 being abdominal and 15 caudal. Dorsal
fin arising at about the middle point of the back, opposite or
immediately behind the pelvic fins ; caudal fin with slightly
excavated posterior margin. The thickened hinder border of the
scales fringed with slender denticles ; small scales extending over
the whole of the head and parts of the fins.
Notogoneus osculus. Cope.
1885-86. Fotogoneus osculus, E. D. Cope, Amer. Natmalist, vol. xix.
p. 1091, and Alem. Nat. Acad. Sci. vol. iii. p. 163, pi. with
figs. 4, 5.
1890. Protocatostomus constahlei {? =Notogoneus osculus, Go'^e),'R. P.
Whitfield, Bull. Amer. AIus. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 117, pi. iv.
pPish ; American Aluseum of Natural History.]
1896. Notogoneus osculus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 501,
pi. xviii. figs. 1, 2.
Type, Nearly complete fish ; Cope Collection.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*6. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk, and contained slightly more than five times in the
T 2
276
ACTIKOPTEEYGHI.
total length of the fish. Pour clefts in suboperculum, extending
somewhat less than half its width. Dorsal fin slightly deeper than
long, with twelve rays preceded by at least one short spine, arising
immediately in advance of the middle point between the occiput
and the caudal fin ; pelvic fins arising opposite the origin of the
dorsal, each with about six rays ; anal fin arising much nearer to
the caudal than to the pelvic pair, short-based, with eight rays
preceded by two small spines ; caudal fin with nineteen rays and
basal spines or fulcra. Denticles on hinder border of scales long
and closely arranged.
Form, Log. Eocene (Green Eiver Shales) : Wyoming, U.S.A
P. 7491. Eine specimen 0*54 in length, described (with figure of
head and terminal vertebrse) by the present writer, loc. cit.
Purchased,, 1895.
Notogoneus squamosseus (Blainville).
1818. Cyprinus squamosseus,TL.'D. de Blainville, Non v. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 371.
1823. Esox sp., C. de Villeneuve, Statist. Dept. Boiiches du Ehone,-
p. 8, pi. iv. fig. 4.
1843-44. Splienolepis squamosseus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 13, pt. ii. p. 87, pi. xlv.
1896. Notogoneus squamosseus^ A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc.
p. 502, pi. xviii. figs. 3, 4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Dree Collection.
The type species of Splienolepis, Agassiz (non Nees, 1834),
attaining a length of about 0*6. Length of head with opercular
apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained
about four times in the total length of the fish. Four clefts in
subot)erculum, extending less than half its width. Fins and scales
as in the type species of Notogoneus.
Form. ^ Loc. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.
8052. A fine large specimen wanting part of the abdominal region
in front of the pelvic fins, also part of the dorsal, and the
whole of the caudal fin. The characteristic suboperculum
is displayed above the head, which is described and figured
in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 502, pi. xviii. fig. 3. The
expanded nenrals in the anterior abdominal region and
the vertebral centra in the caudal region are also well
shown. A well-preserved scale is figured loc. cit. pi. xviii.
fig. 4. ManteJl Coll.
5^^ <ac^cL dL y
'*. r-/^. ^ i,'J /. /^L
xw.^, 3 •
^^'/’. ^c^6 . AXy/. /, *^{5/$.
■6yv%o^^
/^//, gyvv. .
/vr;7<^. // k- ;?>,/.
GONOEHYXCHID^.
277
32476. Imperfect remains of a miich smaller fish, from which the
proportions of the head and the situation of the dorsal fin
may be estimated. Tesson Coll.
43436. Crushed remains of head and abdominal region of another
large fish, partly in counterpart. Eleven supports are
seen in the dorsal fin, the foremost expanded, as noted in
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 503.
Presented by Kenneth Murchison^ Esq., 1872.
8053. Portion of contorted smaller specimen, chiefly tail.
Mantell Coll.
P. 1850. Similarly contorted small specimen, chiefly tail.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1850 a. Middle portion of trunk with remains of pelvic and
dorsal fins. Egerton Coll.
P. 3884. Two imperfect specimens of the hinder part of the trunk,
one noticed in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 503.
EnnisTeillen Coll.
P. 3884 a. Caudal region of large fish displaying the anal and
caudal fins. EnnisTcillen Coll.
Notogoneus cuvieri (Agassiz).
(?) 1818. Anormurus macroleqnclotus, H. D. de Blainville, Xouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 374. [Fragmentary fish: olim Dree
Collection.]
1822. Cyprin,” G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 346, pi. Ixxvii.
fig. 15.
1843-44. Sphenolepis cuvieri, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 1.3,
pt. ii. p. 89, pi. xliv. figs. 1, 2 (? figs. 4-12, non fig. 3).
1896. Xotogoneus cuvieri, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 503.
Ty])e. Imperfect fish ; olim Dree Collection.
A smaU slender species, attaining a length of about 0-3. Length
of head with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and contained about five times in the total
length of the fish. Fins and scales as in the type species.
Form. Log. Fpper Eocene (Gypsum of Montmartre): Paris.
P. 9154. Imperfect trunk displaying parts of the axial skeleton,
the position of the dorsal and anal fins, and the base of
the caudal fin. Eleven fin-supports are preserved at the
base of the dorsal fin, and the characteristic fringe of
278
ACIINOPTERYGIl.
denticles on the scales is seen immediately behind the
anal fin. Noticed in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 504.
History unknoiun.
Notogoneus longiceps (Meyer).
[Plate XV. fig. 5.]
1844. Cobitis longiceps, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 10
(name only).
1848. Cobitis longiceps, H. von Meyer, Palaeoutogr. vol. i. p, 151, pi. xx,
fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A small slender species, attaining a length of about 0‘12. Length
of head with opercular apparatus about twice as great as the
maximum depth of the trunk and occupying slightly less than one
third of the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Five clefts
in snboperculum. Dorsal fin arising immediately behind the pelvic
pair ; anal fin comparatively small, arising nearly midway between
the pelvic pair and the caudal fin.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Oligocene : Mayence Basin.
P. 7667. Imperfect distorted large specimen ; Mombach, near
Mayence. There are indications of the scales extending
over the cranium ; and the characteristic clefts are
observable in the hinder border of the snboperculum.
Purchased, 1895.
15674. Imperfect smaller specimen ; Mombach. The vertebral
centra are shown to be slender constricted cylinders,
which must have been pierced by a rather stout remnant
of the notochord. About 12 rays can be counted in the
dorsal, 9 in the anal fin. Purchased.
P. 1820. Partly distorted fish, shown of the natural size in PI. XV.
fig. 5 ; Mombach. The long and narrow cranium is
exposed from above ; while the smallness of the mouth is
indicated by the position of the quadrate and articular
end of the mandible preserved beneath. The greater part
of the characteristic maxilla is shown in impression.
The opercular apparatus is much crushed and displaced,
but the fissures in the suboperculum are distinguishable.
The delicate vertebral axis is well shown, though variously
fractured ; and the extent to which the notochord
persisted is indicated by the calcareous matrix filling the
constricted vertebral cylinders. The very delicate ribs
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CHIEOTHRICID^.
279
are distinctly supported by broad transverse processes.
Some of the characteristic long and slender intermuscular
bones are seen beneath the dorsal fin. All the fins are
imperfectly preserved. The squamation is shown to
extend over the cranium. Egerton Coll.
P. 4322. Imperfect vertically crushed fish, showing the ribs
supported by transverse processes and the squamation
extending over the head ; Mombach. Enniskillen Coll.
48041 X. Fragmentary distorted specimen ; Mombach.
John Broivn Coll.
Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1860.
P. 1820 a. Crushed remains of head and anterior vertebrae, labelled
Cohitis longiceps by Agassiz ; Mombach. The com¬
paratively short mandible is shown articulating with the
quadrate, and the dentary displays the usual great
ascending process. Some of the upper branchiostegal
rays are preserved, and the suboperculum exhibits five
clefts. The anterior vertebrae are provided with transverse
processes. Egerton Coll.
P. 1820 h. Another fragmentary specimen ; Mombach.
Egerton Coll.
P. 3858, P. 3869. Four fragmentary specimens, displaying several
characteristic features in the osteology of the fish ;
ATombach. Enniskillen Coll.
Family CHIROTHHICID^.
Trunk fusiform or elongated. Mandibular suspensorium inclined
forwards, and gape of mouth small ; premaxilla delicate and styli-
form, completely excluding the maxilla from the upper border of
the mouth ; jaws with feeble dentition or toothless. Opercular
apparatus complete, with a few large branchiostegal rays. Ver¬
tebral centra with robust transverse processes in the abdominal
region ; ribs short and slender ; expanded haemal arches scarcely
fused at the base of the tail. Intermuscular bones present. Paired
fins much enlarged, and the pelvic pair far forwards ; a single large
dorsal fin in the anterior half of the trunk, with stont triangular
supports ; anal fin small and remote ; caudal fin separate.
An extinct family of pelagic fishes.
280
ACTINOPXEEYGII.
Synopsis of Genera.
Pelvic fins excessively enlarged : caudal forked ;
no dermal scutes . Chirothrix (p. 280).
Pectoral fins larger than pelvic pair ; caudal
forked; dorsal dermal scutes . Telepholis 28^).
Pectoral fins larger than pelvic pair ; caudal
rounded ; ? no dermal scutes . Exocoetoides (p. 286).
Genus CHIROTHRIX, Pictet & Humbert. ^ ^
[Nouv. Eechf^Poiss. Poss. Mt. Liban, 1866, p. 51.]
Syn. Megapus, C. Schliiter, Palaeontogr. vol. xv. 1868, p. 276.
Megistopus, H. Landois, Neues Jahrb. 1894, vol. ii. p. 234.
Head relatively large and jaws apparently toothless ; the large
branchiostegal rays 8 or 9 in number. Vertebrae between 50 and
60 in number, about 25 being caudal. Pin-rays mostly divided as
well as articulated distally. Pectoral fins arising near the ventral
border, delicate and much smaller than the pelvic pair, with only
one ray considerably elongated ; pelvic fins very large, with much
expanded pelvic bones, close to the pectoral pair ; dorsal fin arising
immediately behind the head, and occupying less than half of the
back; caudal fin forked. No dermal scutes.
Chirothrix libanicus, Pictet & Humbert.
[Text-figure 10.]
1866. Cheirothrix lihanicus, Pictet & Humbert, Noiiv. Rech. Poiss.
Poss. Mt. Liban, p. 52, pi. v. fig. 1.
1868. Megapus, C. Schliiter, Palaeontogr. vol. xv. p. 275.
1882. Cheirothrix lihanicus, P. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad.Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 273.
1887. Cheirothrix lihanicus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. hi. p. 527, pi. xxvi. figs. 3, 4.
1888. Cheirothrix lihanicus, K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vol. hi.
p. 311, fig. 319.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*11. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling twice the maximum depth
of the trunk, and half its length from the pectoral arch to the base
of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins with about 13 delicate bifurcating
rays, decreasing in length both forwards and backwards, the fifth
being excessively elongated ; pelvic fins comprising about 17 rays,
the longest reaching the caudal fin wLen adpressed to the trunk ;
dorsal fin, with 16 rays, much elevated, the length of the longest
CHIEOTHEICIDiE.
281
Chirothrix libanicus ; restoration, about nat. size.
282
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
ray at least equalling half the length of the back from the occiput
to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin, with 13 rays, arising some¬
what in advance of the middle point between the dorsal and the
caudal, and distant from the latter a space equal in length to its
own base-line ; the maximum elevation of the anal half that of the
dorsal fin.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
49528. Specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxvi. fig. 3. The
cranium is shown to be long and narrow, and the quad¬
rate can be distinguished beneath it, the articulation for
the mandible probably being below the anterior margin
of the orbit. The mouth is opened, and a long and slender,
gently arched bone in front may be the premaxilla. Both
rami of the mandible are imperfectly preserved ; but there
are no traces of teeth. The branchiostegal rays are
relatively large and scattered, but 12 can be counted,
proving that there must have been at least 6 pairs. The
clavicle is relatively small, though in the published figure
detached bones below it are made to appear continuous
with it. One of the pectoral fins is seen on the flank, and
its single elongated ray is distinctly observable curving
downwards, bifurcating at the distal end. Both pelvic
fins are well preserved, but not spreading ; and the
characteristic dorsal and anal fins are depressed.
Lewis Coll.
49530. Specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxvi. fig. 4. The
mandible is sufiiciently well preserved to indicate the
relatively small size of the terminal mouth : and below
the head there are remains of the large branchiostegal
rays. The number of vertebrse is shown to be about 50,
and the short ribs are covered by one of the pelvic fins.
One of the small pectoral fins is seen at the lower border
of the trunk immediately behind the branchiostegal rays.
It is imperfect distally, but clearly exhibits 12 delicate
rays. The pelvic fins are crushed as usual, so that one is
above the other, the lowermost spreading and displaying
17 rays, the uppermost closed. The dorsal fin seems to
comprise about 16 rays, and some of its expanded trian¬
gular supports are well shown. It is difficult to determine
whether or not delicate scales were present. Certain
brownish markings, especially in the abdominal region.
CHIKOTHEICID^^:.
283
may be interpreted either as small, antero-posteriorly
elongated scales, or merely as remains of the muscle-
plates. Lewis Coll.
49529. Small trunk, displaying the tins. The relatively small
pectoral exhibits its single, much elongated ray. The
longest rays of the dorsal are considerably more than half
as long as the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of
the caudal tin. Lewis Coll.
49527. More imperfect distorted specimen, either of this or the next
species. Leiuis Coll.
Chirothrix lewisi, Davis.
1887. Cheirothrix lewisii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 528, pi. xxvi. tig. 2.
Tyjpe. Nearly complete tish ; British Museum.
A robust species, attaining a length of about 0T5. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about twice the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained one and a half times in its length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal tin. Fins as in the
type species.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
48079, P. 4740. Type specimen, with incomplete counterpart,
described and tigured by Davis, loc. cit. One of the
pectoral tins (“ short subsidiary tins of Davis) is imper¬
fectly preserved, showing the elongation of one of its
middle rays. The very stout pelvic arch (“pectoral arch'^
of Davis) is crushed upwards and exposed either from
above or below, the pelvic tin thus raised upon the tiank
(“pectoral tin” of Davis) being closed, while the other
pelvic tin is widely expanded below. The two foremost
rays of the pelvic tin are closely articulated but not divided
distall3g while all the others are tinely divided. Most
of the rays of the median tins are shown to be divider
distally, Lewis Coll.
48080. Fragmentary specimen.
Lewis Colh
Chirothrix guestfalicus (Schliiter).
1868. Meyapus guestf aliens, C. Schliiter, Palseoutogr. vol. xv. p. 274,
pi. xliii. tig. 5.
1894. Meyistopus guestfalicus, H. Landois, Neiies Jahrb. vol. ii. p. 234,
pi. V.
284
ACXINOPTEEYGII.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species of Megistopus, attaining a length of about 0*12,
and of slender proportions. Length of head with opercular
apparatus equalling twice the maximum depth of the trunk, and
slightly exceeding one third of its length from the pectoral arch to
the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins apparently as in the type
species ; but the pelvic fins more remote, with about 13 rays, of
which the longest scarcely reaches beyond the origin of the anal fin
when adpressed to the trunk.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Baumberg, 'Westphalia.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus TEILEPHOLIS, W. von der Marck.
[Palseontogr. vol. xv. 1868, p. 276.]
Head relatively large and jaws apparently toothless. Yertebr£e
between 40 and 50 in number, about half being caudal. Fin-rays
mostly divided as well as articulated distally. Pectoral fins arising
near the ventral border, delicate but larger than the pelvic pair,
which comprise about 8 rays and are supported by much expanded
pelvic bones ; dorsal fin arising opposite or somewhat in advance of
the pelvic pair, and occupying less than half the back ; caudal fin
slightly forked. The dorsal region protected with a covering of
small, thin, rounded or polygonal dermal scutes, each bearing a
median tubercle.
One of the original specimens of the type species in the Academy
of Miinster (noticed by W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xxxi.
p. 248) clearly exhibits the ujpper jaw. The slender toothless
premaxilla is shown to form the upper border of the mouth,
excluding the maxilla, which has a triangular expansion behind.
Telepholis acrocephalus, W. von der Marck.
1868. Telepholis acrocephalus, W. von der Marck, Palseontogr. vol. xv.
p. 277, pi. xliii. figs. 6, 7.
1873. Telepholis acrocephalus^ W. von der Marck, ihid. vol. xxii. p. 57,
pi. ii. fig. 2 a.
1885. Telepholis acrocephalus^ W. von der Marck, ihid. vol. xxxi. p. 248.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Academy of Munster.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-18. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than twice as great as
the maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained between four
and five times in its length from the pectoral arch to the base of
CHIEOTHPvICID^.
285
the caudal fin. Pelvic fins arising within the anterior third of the
space between the pectoral and anal fins, and when adpressed not
reaching the latter ; each pelvic fin comprising 8 rays of which all
are divided and articulated except the anterior two, which are the
longest and closely articulated without branching distally. Dorsal
fin with 12 rays, the foremost shortest and apparently undivided,
the others both divided and articulated distally. Anal fin with 2
comparatively short undivided rays in front, followed by 7 divided
rays, separated from the caudal fin by a space equal in length to its
own base-line. Tubercles on the scutes of the dorsal ridge between
the fin and the occiput produced into small acute points.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous: Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
Not represented in the Collection.
Telepholis (?) tenuis (Davis).
1887. Engraiilis (?) tenuis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 583, pi. xxx. fig. 4 (non fig. 5).
1895. Exocoetoides tenuis, D. G. Kramberger, Djeia Jugoslav. AAad.
vol. xvi. p. 39.
1898. Telepholis (?) tenuis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7J
vol. ii. p. 410.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum.
Somewhat smaller than the type species. Length of head with
opercular apparatus contained about three and a half times in the
length of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fin Yertebrse about 26 in number in the abdominal, 21 in the
caudal region. Pectoral fins when adpressed to the trunk extending
beyond the insertion of the pelvic pair, and comprising about 16
delicate divided rays ; pelvic fins situated probably as in the type
species and resembling the latter except in having only 7 rays ;
dorsal fin also apparently as in the type species.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon, Sp’ia.
Not represented in the Collection.
An imperfect specimen has also been ascribed to this genus, as
follows : —
Telepholis biantennatus, W. von der ^larck, Palseontogr. vol. xxii.
(1873), p. 56, pi. i. fig. 3. — Upper Cretaceous ; S.endeu-
horst, W^estphalia. [Head w
region ; Academy of Miinster.]
286
ACTIXOPTERyGII.
Genus BXOCCCTOIDES, Davis.
[Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. 1887, p. 550.]
Head relatively large and jaws apparently toothless. Vertebras
about 35 in number, 15 being caudal ; the transverse processes in
the abdominal region very stout. Rays of paired fins mostly both
articulated and divided distally, those of median fins articulated
but not divided. Pectoral fins delicate but very large ; pelvic fins
smaller, with about 7 stout rays, mostly divided distally ; dorsal fin
opposite or somewhat in advance of the pelvic pair, with only about
7 undivided rays ; caudal fin rounded, not forked. [Squamation
unknown.]
Exocoetoides minor, Davis.
1887. JExocoetoides minor, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. p. 551, pi. xxvi.
figs. 1, 5.
1895. Exocoetoides minor, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. p. 39, pi. viii. fig. 2.
1899. Exocoetoides minor, A.. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. iv. p. 319.
Type. Imperfect fish : British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’06. Length of
head with opercular apparatus nearly half as great as the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins
with about 15 rays, the longest when adpressed to the trunk
reaching the anal fin ; pelvic fins inserted within the anterior
quarter of the trunk and their longest rays less than half as long
as the pectorals ; dorsal fin entirely in advance of the pelvic pair
and its longest rays much shorter than the pectorals ; anal fin very
small, with 7 rays, separated from the caudal fin by a space about
equal to the length of its hase-line.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4756. Type specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. fig. 1, displaying
all the characters mentioned in the generic and specific
diagnoses. The anal fin is termed dorsal ” by Davis.
Lewis Coll.
P. 8685. Another fine specimen, dorsal aspect. Purchased, 1897.
P. 6003. Imperfect small specimen. Lewis Coll.
The two following specimens may perhaps be immature examples
of this species, but the length of the head with opercular apparatus
is contained three times in the length from the pectoral arch to the
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ESOCIDJE.
base of the caudal fin, while the characteristic great development of
the pectoral fins is not shown : — •
P. 6002. Fish 0'03o in length, showing dorsal aspect. Leiuis Coll.
P. 9411. More imperfect specimen, dorsal aspect, of same size.
Egerton Coll.
The so-called Engraulis evolans., Ag. {sujiva., p. 133), with a
forked tail, is also referred to Eooocoetoides by Kramberger, Djela
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. (1895), p. 39.
Family ESOCID^.
Supraoccipital bone extending forwards to the frontals and
separating the parietals in the median line ; otic region prominent
and squamosal reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined forwards,
but gape large and dentition powerful ; symplectic bone present ;
premaxiUge relatively small and separated by the ethmoidal
rostrum ; maxiUa forming the greater part of the upper-^ border
of the mouth. Opercular apparatus complete, with 12, to 20
branchiostegal rays and no gular plate ; gill- opening very wide.
Abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes ; ribs not com¬
pletely encircling abdominal cavity. Intermuscular bones present.
Pectoral arch without precoracoid process. A single dorsal fin,
more or less remote, without adipose dorsal. Trunk covered with
cycloid scales, which frequently extend over the opercular apparatus
and cheeks.
Esocc is the only known genus of this family, existing in the
freshwaters of the northern temperate regions. The common pike
{E. Indus, Linn.) occurs in Europe, Asia, and North America.
Genus ESOX (Artedi), Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 183.]
Head depressed, but trunk elongate and more or less laterally
compressed. Premaxilla with minute teeth ; maxilla toothless,
with one supram axillary bone ; the extended vomer and pterygo¬
palatine arcade with clustered, recurved, pointed teeth ; mandible
with a single series of recurved, pointed teeth, small in front,
very large in the middle of each side, large behind. Vertebrae
approximately 60 in number, one third being caudal. Dorsal and
anal fins about as deep as long, directly opposed ; caudal fin forked,
scales small or of moderate size ; lateral line conspicuous.
2S8
ACII>'OPIEETGII.
Esox lepidotus, Agassiz.
1708. Zucius (intediluvianuSj J. J. Scheiiclizer, Pisciiim Querelae et
Yindicise, pi. i.
1755. Figiu'e by G. W. Knorr, Samml. !Merlrsvitrdigk. Xatiir. pt. i.
pi. XXTi.
1818. Esox luciKs, H. 1). de Blainville, Xout. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
Yol. xxvii. p. 377 (errore).
1832. Esox lepidotus, L. Agassiz. Neues Jabrb. p. 136.
1839-43. Esox lepidotus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yoI. t. pt. ii. p. 74,
pi. xlii.
1861. Esox rohustus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d'Oeningen
(Natuiirk. Yerkandl. Holland. Haatsek. [2] toI. xiv.), p. 53, pi. r.
figs. 17, 18, pi. ri. figs. 19. 20. Hniperfect distorted fish : British
Museum.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Zurich Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0’7. Head -with opercular
apparatus occupying nearly one third of the total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and anal fins each comprising about
15 divided and articulated rays preceded by 3 or 4 short undivided
rays. Pelvic fins nearer to the anal than in E. Jucius, and scales
considerably larger than in the latter species.
It is difiicult to count the fin-rays owing to imperfections and
displacement of their right and left halves during fossilisation, but
the formula given for the dorsal and anal is approximately correct.
Form. Toe. Fpper Miocene: Oeningen, Baden.
42776. Large fish about 0‘7 in length, in counterpart, the jaws
figured by Winkler, op. cit. pi. vi. fig, 19.
Fan Breda Coll.
P. 9412. Equally large specimen. History unTcnoiun.
42775. Imperfect distorted fish with displaced skull, in counterpart.
described and figured by Winkler op. cit. as the type
specimen of Esox rohustus. Van Breda Coll.
42771-74, 42777. Eight specimens. Tan Breda Coll.
P. 2084. Imperfect fish about 0’48 in length, labelled by Agassiz.
Egerton Coll.
P. 9413. Fine specimen 0-42 in length, in counterpart.
History unknown.
28501. Fragmentary specimen labelled by Agassiz. Dixon Coll.
P. 9414. Two immature specimens. History unknown.
8044. Frasmentarv remains of head. Mantell Coll.
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ESOCIDJ]:. — CYPEINODONTID^.
289
The following specimens seem to belong to the existing Esox
Indus, Linn. (Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. 1766, p. 516), which has
already been recorded from the Norfolk Porest Bed Series (E. T.
Newton, Yert. Eorest Bed, 1882, p. 123, pi. xviii. figs. 11-14) ; —
P. 4925. Portion of left dentary, teeth, and caudal vertebra; Eorest
Bed Series, West Eunton, Cromer.
Presented hy William BarTcer, Escj[., 1885.
P. 8703, P. 8708-11. Various fragments ; Eorest Bed Series, near
Cromer. Savin Coll.
36858-60, P. 4848. Portions of dentaries, teeth, and vertebrae ;
Pleistocene, Copford, Essex. John Brown Coll.
Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1860.
45810. Teeth and fragments ; Pleistocene, Ilford, Essex.
Brady Coll.
36746. Numerous bones ; Southerey Een, Norfolk.
Presented hy Prof. Alfred Newton, 1862.
The following extinct species have also been described, but are
not represented in the Collection : —
Esox otto, L. Agassiz, Arbeiten schles. Ges. 1837 (1838), p. 87
{E. ottonis, name only), and Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. ii.
(1843), p. 68, pi. xlvii. — Pleistocene ; near Breslau,
Silesia. [Detached bones.]
Esox papyraceus, E. G. Troschel, Yerhandl. naturw. Yer. preuss.
Eheinl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 2, pi. i. fig. 1. — Upper
Oligocene (Lignite) ; Bott, near Bonn. [Imperfect fish ;
Geological Wuseum, University of Bonn.]
Esox waltschanus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 426,
and Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 49, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2,
pi. vii. fig. 1. — Lower Miocene ; Waltsch, Bohemia.
[Imperfect fish.]
Family CYPMNODONTID^.
Supraoccipital bone extending forwards to the frontals and
separating the parietals in the median line ; otic region prominent
and squamosal reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined
forwards and gape small ; symplectic bone present ; premaxilla
extended, excluding the maxilla from the upper border of the
PAST IV. 17
ACTTNOPIERYGII.
290
raoiitli ; teeth on premaxilla and dentary, none on palate, except
very rarely on vomer. Opercular apparatus complete, with few
(4 to 6) . branchiostegal raj-s and no gular plate. Abdominal
vertebrae. with transverse processes ; ribs stout and long. Pectoral
arch without precoracoid process. A single dorsal fin, more or
less remote, without adipose dorsal. Trunk covered with scales,
which extend more or less over the head.
The existing Cyprinodonts are small fishes ranging throughout
the temperate and tropical regions, except Australasia, the majority
confined to freshwaters, but a few found in brackish water and on
the sea-coast.^ Only one extinct genus is known with certainty,
while a second is recognised provisionally.
Genus PROLBBIAS^ Sauvage.
[Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, vol. viii. 1874, p. 187.]
Trunk regularly fusiform, laterally compressed ; caudal pedicle
deep. Head very small, with obtuse snout ; cleft of mouth
relatively small ; premaxillse not produced forwards, and probably
not protractile ; teeth simply conical, apparently arranged in a
single series. Transverse processes of abdominal vertebrae very
short. Pelvic fins present but relatively small ; dorsal and anal
fins small, not much extended, directly opposed in the hinder half
of the fish ; anal fin never modified ; caudal fin truncated or some¬
what forked. Scales large, ornamented with fine parallel striations
and pectinations. The two sexes apparentl}" similar.
This genus seems to be most closely related to the existing
Liicania, Girard, of North America, and Fiindulus^ Lacepede, which
has a still more extensive range in North America besides being
abundant in tropical Africa and southern*’ Europe. *' - *•
Prolebias cephalotes (Agassiz).
1839. Lehias cephalotes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol, v. pt. ii. p. 48,
pi. xli. figs. 1, 2, 9, 10.
1874. Prolehias cephalotes, H. E. Saiivage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 192.
1891. Lehias cephalotes, C. Pollini, Sciame Pesci foss. ricopr. Lastra
Calc, marnoso, with photo.
Type. Slab with numerous fishes ; olim Murchison Coll.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*035. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
^ S. Garman, “ The Cyprinodonts,” Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll,
vol. xix. no. 1 (1895).
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291
of tlie trunk, which is contained about three and, a half times in
the length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae about 12
in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region. Dorsal fin with 9
or 10 rays, arising immediately behind the origin of the anal fin,
which comprises from 12 to 14- rays ; caudal fin truncated or
very slightly forked.
Form. Log. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.
P. 4286. Large slab of freshwater marl with shoal of fishes.
Enniskillen Coll.
20071. Small slab with similar shoal.
Presented, hy S. P. Pratt, Esy., 1846.
36131. Two similar small slabs.
Presented hy Sir Podeinck I. Murchison, K.C.B., 1860.
P. 1831. Two smaller slabs and one detached specimen.
Egerton Coll.
21396. Two small slabs. Purchased, 1847.
43438. Small distorted fish.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.
21397. Two small distorted specimens. Purchased, 1847.
Prolebias furcatus (Winkler).
(?) 1832. Lehias perpusillus, L. Agassiz, Iseues Jahib. p. 135 (name
only).
(?) 1839. Lehias pei'pusillus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 49,
pi. xli.'figs. 3-5. [Imperfect distorted fish ; olim Lavater CoU.j
1861. Lehias furcatus, T. C. WTnkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d'Oeningen
(Xatuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 44, pi. iv.
fig. 15.
(?)1874. Prolebias perpusillus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist, Xat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 194.
1874. Prolebias furcatus, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 190.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A very small species with distinctly forked caudal fin. Slightly
more slender than the type species, but vertebral column and all
fins except the caudal similar.
Form. <^' Log. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.
43784. Type specimen described and figured by Winkler, loc. cit.
The stain on the matrix causes the pedicle of the tail to
appear more slender than in realit5\ Van Breda Coll.
r 2
292
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
42800. Two minute specimens on one slab. Yan Breda Coll,
42801. Distorted fish, the anterior portion vertically crushed.
Van Breda Coll,
Prolebias gregatus, Sauvage.
1869. Lebias aymardi, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. Prance, [2]
vol. xxvi. p. 1070, fig. no. 3.
1874. Prolebias gregatus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. p. 190 (said to be Pachystetus gregatus, Aymard MS.).
Type. Imperfect fish.
A very small species. Length of head with opercular apparatus
exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and contained about
three and a half times in the length to the base of the caudal fin.
Vertebrae 14 in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region. Dorsal
fin with 10 rays, arising behind the origin of the anal, which
comprises 12 rays ; caudal fin truncated.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Oligocene : Puy-en-Yelay, Prance.
**
P. 9218. Typical specimen 0-026 in length ; Bonzon.
Presented by the Bev. F. St. John ThacTceray , 1900.
P. 8984. Smaller specimens, more imperfect, on similar slab of
marl ; Bonzon. Presented by Lady Prestwich, 1896.
Prolebias stenoura, Sauvage.
1874. Prolebias stenoura, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. p. 191, pi. i. figs. 4, 5.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A robust species attaining a length of about 0*06. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk and occupying about one third of the length to
the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae 12 to 14 in the abdominal,
20 in the caudal region. Dorsal and anal fins exactly opposed,
each with 15 rays ; caudal fin truncated.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Oligocene : Puy-de-D6me, Prance.
28491. Several typical specimens ; Le Puy-de-Corent. Croizet Coll.
P. 1832. Pive similar specimens ; labelled “ Clermont.’^
Egerton Coll.
28426. Seven imperfect small specimens.
Bravard Coll.
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CTPRINODOXTID^.
293
P. 3851. Two small specimens. EnnisJcillen ColL
1908. Small distorted specimen, probably of this species.
Purchased.
Prolebias goreti, Sauvage.
1880. Prolebias goreti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
Tol. viii. p. 445, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A species with moderately robust skeleton about 0'04.5 in length.
Length of head with opercular apparatus about equal to the
maximum depth of the trunk, and contained nearly four times in
the total length to the base of the caudal fin, Yertebrse 12 in the
abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Dorsal fin with 10 rays,
arising immediately in front of the anal, which comprises 14 rays.
Form. <^' Log. Lower Miocene : Cereste, Basses Alpes.
P. 378. Imperfect fish, in counterpart ; Cereste. Gardner CoU.
Prolebias brongniarti (Agassiz).
1834. Aspius brongniarti, 1j. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 383.
1835-39. Aspius brongniarti, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 38, pi. Iv. fig. 4.
1874. Prolebias oustaleti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 193, pi. i. figs. 6, 7. [Imperfect fish.]
1874. Aspius brongniarti, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 195.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim A. Brongniart Collection.
A large species, attaining a length of about 0'13. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk, which is contained four times in the length to the base of
the caudal fin. Yertebrm about 20 in the abdominal, 20 in the
caudal region ; 17 pairs of ribs. Dorsal fin with about 12 rays,
arising immediately in advance of the origin of the anal, which is
more extended with 14 or 15 rays ; caudal fin slightly forked.
The synonymy here given assumes that the discrepancies between
the two original definitions are due to imperfections in the speci¬
mens studied. The amended definition now proposed is based on
the specimens enumerated below.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Miocene (Lignite): Puy-de-D6me, France.
P. 3863. Impression of large fish about 0’13 in length, with traces
of the dentition ; Menat. Emniskillen Coll.
294
ACIIXOPTERYGII.
27736. Pine specimen about 0-095 in length, with imperfect caudal
fin ; Men at. Indications of teeth in the premaxilla are
\ . distinct. Croizet Coll.
li «
28492. Two fine small specimens showing the vertebral column ;
Menat. Croizet Coll.
28492 a. Caudal fragment of large fish ; Menat. Croizet Coll.
The following species have also been referred to this genus, but
are not represented in the Collection : —
Prolehias gaudryi, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Hat. Toulouse,
viii. (1874), p. 190 (name only). Lehias gaudryi,
^ p. H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1,
eo'b. . p. 261. — Upper Miocene ; Bacalmuto, Sicily. [Imperfect
fish ; Paris Museum of Hatural History.]
Prolehias gohio, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Hat. Toulouse,
' (1374), p. 190. Lehias gohio, L. Agassiz {ex
<7- -Munster MS.), Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1839), p. 49,
P^* %• — Eignite; Senssen, Eichtelgebirge. [Inde-
terminable distorted fish.]
Prolehias meyeri, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Hat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Lehias meyeri^ L. Agassiz, tom.
cit. (1839), p. 50, pi. xli. figs. 7, 8. — Upper Ohgocene ;
Mayence Basin. [Imperfect fish.]
Prolehias minimus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Hat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Lehias minimus, T. C. Winkler,
Descript. Poiss. Eoss. d’Oeningen (Hatuurk. Yerhandl.
Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv. 1861), p. 42, pi. iv.
fig. 14. — Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden. [Imperfect
small fish ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]
A supposed Cyprinodont from the Middle Oligocene of Sieblos
and Eisgraben, Bavaria, is also named Lehias eisgrahensis by T. C.
Mhnkler, Archiv Mus. Teyler, vol. v. (1880), p. 98. [Imperfect
fish; Geological Museum, Univ. Wiirzburg.]
Hothing is known of the so-called Lehias tenuis and Lehias zignoi
(Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Hat. — Proc.-Yerb. vol. i. 1878-79,
pp. xix, Iv), from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany.
Genus PACHYLEBIAS, novum.
A genus provisionally recognised on account of the remarkable
hyperostosis of the vertebral axis. General proportions as in
Prolehias ; teeth apparently bifid or trifid ; dorsal fin almost or
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CTPKIXODOXTID^.
295
completely in advance of the anal fin, which is not modified ; caudal
fii\ truncated.
Pachylebias crassicaudus (Agassiz).
1832. Lehias crassicaudns, L. Agassiz, Xeiies Jahrh. p. 136 (name
only).
1839. Lebias crassicaudus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 56,
pi. xli. figs. 11, 12.
1849. Lebias crassicaudus, E. Sismonda, 3Iem. P. Accad. Sci. Torino,
[2] vol. X. p. 13, pi. ii. fig. 59.
1874. Lehias crassicaudus, G. Capellini, 51em. Accad. Sci. Istit.
Bologna, [3] vol. iv. p. 556.
1874. Prolebias crassicaudus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Xat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. p. 190.
1891. Lebias crassicaudus, C. Pollini, Atti Soc. Ligust. Sci. Xat. vol. ii.
p. 122.
T'ype, Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*08, but usually
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly ex¬
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunk and contained about three
and a half times in the length to the base of the caudal fin.
Yertebrm about 30 in number, half being caudal. Dorsal and anal
fins with about 9 or 10 rays ; the dorsal arising midway between
the occiput and the caudal fin ; the anal arising opposite the hinder
end of the dorsal.
Form. Loc. Fpper Miocene: Italy, Sicily, and Crete.
32491-92, 38147. Three imperfect distorted specimens : Sinigaglia,
Ancona, Italy. Purchased, 1857, 1864.
P. 1833, P- 3850. Four similar specimens ; Sinigaglia.
Egertoii 4' EnnisJcillen Colls.
P. 4. Seven specimens, one showing some teeth ; Eacalmuto, Sicily.
Purchased, 1879.
P. 1833 a. Slab with fragmentary remains ; Racalmuto (?).
Egerton Coll.
P 1834. Fine specimen and three others ; Crete. Egerton Coll.
P. 4505. Imperfect fish displaying caudal vertebrae : Crete.
EnnisJcillen Coll.
24555-56. Xine specimens, several exhibiting immature fishes with
skeleton not yet much thickened ; Crete.
Purchased 1849, 1858.
296
ACTINOPTERTGII.
P. 287. Slab, with numerous specimens, mostly immature ; Eetimo,
Crete. ‘ Transferred from Mus. Tract. Geology., 1880.
The following specimen may be a Cyprinodont, but is not
generically determinable : —
42783. Type specimen of Lehias crassus, described and figured by
T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Poss. d’Oeningen (Natnurk.
Yerhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv. 1861), p. 40,
pi. iv. fig. 13 ; Upper Miocene, Oeningen, Baden. De¬
ferred to Prolehias by H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Hat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. (1874), p. 190. Van Breda Coll.
The following imperfectly defined genus and species, which is not
represented in the Collection, is also referred to the Cyprinodontidae
by Sauvage: —
Pcecilops hreviceps, A. Pomel, Catal. Method. Yert. Boss. Loire
(1853), p. 135 ; H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Hat.
Toulouse, vol. viii. (1874), p. 195 {Poecilops). — Lower
Miocene (Lignite) : Menat, Puy-de-D6me.
A comparatively large skull from the Lower Pliocene, Siwalik
Hills, India, now in the Dublin Museum, is provisionally referred
to a Cyprinodont by B. Lydekker, Palseont. Indica, ser. x. vol. iii.
(1886), p. 256, woodc.
The following genera and species, regarded by Cope as possibly
Cyprinodont, are too imperfectly known for systematic deter¬
mination : —
Gepliyrura concentrica, E. D. Cope, Amer. Hat. vol. xxv. (1891),
p. 654. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; Bee Hills, South Dakota,
U. S.A. [Imperfect fish.]
Prohallostomus Jongulus, E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 655. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
{/
Suborder V. OSTARIOPHYSL
" Yertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders ; a few
anterior vertebrae usually coalesced and fused with the occiput ; a
chain of small bones (weberian ossicles) connecting the air-bladder
with the auditory organs. Mandible simple, each ramus consisting
only of two elements (dentary and articulo-angular). Pectoral arch
suspended from the cranium ; precoracoid arch present ; pectoral
fin with not more than four or five basals. Pelvic fins abdominal.
In the living forms — air-bladder, if well developed, connected with
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CHAEACINID^.
297
the oesophagus by a duct in the adult (physostomous) ; optic nerves
decussating ; intestine without spiral valve ; reproductive organs
with efferent ducts.
Synopsis of Families.
Preinaxilla and maxilla usually entering the
upper border of the mouth ; teeth usually
on margin of jaws, and lower pharyngeals
not falciform ; symplectic bone present ; no
barbels ; adipose dorsal fin usually present ;
scales, but no bony scutes . Chaeacinid^ (p. 297).
Premaxilla excluding maxilla from upper border
of mouth ; jaws toothless, but lower phar¬
yngeals falciform and strongly toothed ;
symplectic bone present ; barbels frequent ;
no adipose dorsal fin ; scales, but no bony
scutes . Cyprixid^ (p. 299).
Preraaxilla almost alwavs excluding: maxilla
from upper border of mouth ; den^lition
very variable, but lower pharyngeals rarely
falciform : no symplectic bone ; barbels
present; adipose dorsal fin usually pre¬
sent ; no scales, but often bony scutes .... Silueid.® (p. 324).
Family CHARACINID^.
Supraoccipital bone prominent, but not completely separating the
well-developed parietals in the median line ; squamosal suturally
united with parietals and completely covering the otic bones except
behind ; cheek-plates usually well developed. Symplectic bone
present ; premaxilla small and maxilla relatively large, both entering
the upper border of the mouth ; teeth variable, more or less acu¬
minate, chiefly on the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary bones; lower
pharyngeals not falciform. No barbels. Opercular apparatus com¬
plete, but few branchiostegal rays. Pectoral arch with separate
supraclavicle ; a single dorsal fin usually followed by a small
adipose dorsal on the tail. Trunk covered with scales, but no bony
scutes.
No extinct genera of this family are known with certainty. Th e
existing forms are distributed in the freshwaters of tropical
America and Africa, attaining their maximum development in
South America, where there are no C5"prinoids.
The structure of the Characinoid skull is described by M. Sage-
mehl, Morphol. Jahrb. vol. x. (1885), pp. 1-119, pis. i., ii.
298
ACTINOPTERYGII.
GeBus TETRAGONOPTERUS, Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 166.]
Trunk laterally compressed, but with rounded ventral border.
Anterior teeth stout and incisor-like, lateral teeth smaller ; those
of dentary and premaxilla laterally compressed and notched, the
former in single and the latter in double series. Dorsal fin median
and short-based ; anal fin more or less extended ; caudal fin forked.
Scales of moderate size, not serrated ; lateral line conspicuous.
Existing species in the freshwaters of tropical America.
Tetragonopterus avus, A. S. Woodward.
[Plate XVir. fig. 1.]
1898. Tetragonopterus avus, A. S. Woodward, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. hi.
p. 66, fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish j Bri4ish Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*2. Length of head with.,
opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth of trank, which
is contained slightly more than four times in the total length of the
fish. Vertebrae about 20 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal region.
Dorsal fin with 9, anal fin with about 22 rays, the former com¬
pletely in advance of the latter.
Form. ^ Log. Tertiary Lignite : Taubate, Province of San Paulo,
Brazil. ’
P. 9222. Type specimen, shown ofnat. size in PI. XVII. fig. 1.
Presented hy John Gordon., Esq.., 1900.
P. 9223-25. Twenty-five imperfect specimens, mostly larger than
the type. Presented hy John Gordon, Esq., 1900.
P. 9013. Imperfect fish. By exchange, 1898.
Tetragonopterus ligniticus, A. S. Woodward.
[Plate XVII. figs. 2, 3.]
1898. Tetragonopterus ligniticus, E. S. Woodward, /oc. eit.p. 67, figs. 4, 5.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A smaller fish than the preceding, of comparatively slender pro¬
portions. Vertebrae about 38 in total number, 20 being caudal.
Pectoral fins relatively large, when adpressed reaching beyond the
origin of the small pelvic fins. Dorsal fin with 8 or 9 rays, directly
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CYPEINID^.
299
opposite the anterior part of the much-extended anal fin, which
comprises 30 rays.
Form. Log. Tertiary Lignite : Tauhate, Province of San Paulo,
• •
Brazil.
P. 9012. Type specimen, shown of nat. size in PI. XVII. fig. 2.
By exchange, 1898.
?. 9226. Specimen figured in PI. XVII. fig. 3.
Presented hy John Gordon, Esq., 1900.
?. 9227. Eleven specimens.
Presented hy John Gordon, Esq., 1900.
Family CYPRINID^. '
Supraoccipital bone prominent, but not separating the well-
developed parietals in the median line ; squamosal suturally united
with parietals and completely covering the otic bones except behind ;
cheek-plates much reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined
forwards and gape small ; symplectic bone present ; premaxilla
extended, excluding the maxilla from the upper border of the
mouth, which is toothless ; lower pharyngeals well developed, falci¬
form, provided with teeth which are arranged in one, two, or
three series. Barbels often present. Opercular apparatus complete,
but not more than three branchiostegal rays„ Abdominal vertebra
without transverse processes ; ribs very stout and long, almost
completely encircling the abdominal cavity. Pectoral arch with
supraclavicle ; a single dorsal fin, without adipose dorsal. Trunk
usually covered with scales, but no bony scutes.
The existing carps and their allies are abundant in the fresh-
waters of the Old World and Xorth America. Their extinct
representatives are known only from Tertiary freshwater formations
in the same regions. There are no extinct genera of importance.
Genus CATOSTOMUS, Lesueur.
[Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad. vol. i. 1817, p. 89.]
Skeleton more or less imperfectly ossified, and cranium with a
fronto-parietal fontanelle. Mouth small and inferior, with thickened
lips ; ventral border of abdomen not compressed to a sharp edge.
Pharyugeal teeth very small and numerous, closely set in a single
series. Dorsal fin in middle of back, more or less extended, with
not more than about 17 rays and without anterior -bony spine ;
anal fin short-based. Scales varying considerably in size in different
species ; lateral line distinct.
300
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
Specially characteristic of the freshwaters of North America, but
also living in Eastern Siberia.
The following extinct species have been described on imperfect
evidence, but are not represented in the Collection ; —
Catostomus cristatus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1883, p. 160. — Lower Tertiary ; S.W. Idaho. [Hinder
part of Tl.
Catostomus shoshonensis, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. p. 159. — Ibid.
[Skull.]
Genus AMYZON, Cope.
[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 480.]
An extinct genus related to Catostomus^ but with more extended
dorsal fin. Scarcely distinguishable from Sderognathus, but with
pharyngeal bones expanded behind.
The following species are recognised, but are not represented in
the Collection : —
Amyzon hrevipinne, E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1893, p. 402.j^Lower Tertiary ; Smilkameen Eiver,
British Columbia.
Amyzon commune, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. i. no. 2 (1874), p. 50, and Yert. Tert. Eorm. West,
Book I. (Bep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884),
p. 749, pi. V. fig. 2l/ — Lower Tertiary; South Park,
Colorado. [Nearly complete fish ; National Museum,
Washington.]
Amyzon fusiforme, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
[2] no. 1 (1875), p. 5, and op. cit. 1884, p. 751. — Ibid.
[Ditto.]
Amyzon mentale, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 481, and op. cit. 1884, p. 749, pi. lix. fig. 2,
pi. lx. fig. 2. — Lower Tertiary ; Osino, Nevada. [Imperfect
fish; National Museum, Washington.]
Amyzon pandatum., E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
[2] no. 1 (1875), p. 4, and op. cit. 1884, p. 750. — Lower
Tertiary ; South Park, Colorado. [Ditto.]
Genus CYPRINUS (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 320.]
Snout rounded and obtuse ; ventral border of abdomen not com¬
pressed to a sharp edge. Pharyngeal teeth molariform, in three
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CYPEiyiD^.
301
series. Dorsal fin in middle of back, much extended, its foremost
ray being a robust spine with posterior serrations ; anal fin very
short, with a similar spine and usually 5 or 6 divided rays. Scales
large ; lateral line extending along the middle of the side of the tail.
In the existing fauna indigenous in the temperate regions
of Asia.
Figures of the skeleton of Cyprinus carjpio are given by C. B.
Brilhl, Zootomie aller Thierclassen (1877), pis. i.-iii., xix., xx.
Cyprinus priscus, lleyer. ^
1848. Cyprinus priscus, H. von3Ieyer, Xeiies Jahrb. p. 782.
1851. Cyprinus priscus, H. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. ii. p. 95,
pi. XV. figs. 1-5.
1856. Cyprinus priscus, H. von Meyer, ibid. vol. vi. p. 22, pi. i. fig. 1.
Type. Fragment of trunk.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0'2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus much less than the maximum depth
of trunk, which is contained about twice in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin supposed to
be less extended than in the existing species ; pelvic fins inserted
opposite its origin.
Form. Loc. Lower Miocene : Wiirtemberg.
35509, 36902. Imperfect fish, the middle portion being in counter¬
part : Unterkirchberg, near Ulm. Some of the vertebras
are displaced, and the fins are imperfect. The character¬
istic serrated spine of the dorsal fin is shown.
Purchased, 1860-62.
P. 4980. More imperfect specimen ; Unterkirchberg.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
Supposed fragments of the existing Cyprinus carpio from the
Quaternary of Pianico, Lombardy (F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci.
Xat. vol. xxix. 1886, p. 348, pi. ix. figs. 2-4), are not sufficiently
complete for exact determination.
Genus BARBUS, Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 192.]
Pharvngeal teeth in three series. Barbels variable. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Dorsal fin in middle of back, rarely with more
than 9 rays, the third being longest, usually ossified and frequently
serrated; anal fin very short and relatively deep, without spine.
302
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Scales variable in size; lateral line extending along the middle of
the side of the tail.
Very numerous species existing in the freshwaters of the tempe¬
rate and tropical regions of the Old World.
Barbus megacephalus, Giinther.
1876. Barhus megacephalus, A. Giinther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. hi. p. 437,
pi. xviii.
Type. Imperfect fish; British Museum.
An imperfectly definable species, referred to this genus chiefly on
account of the aspect of the head and the general resemblance of
the fish to living Sumatran species. Length of head with opercular
apparatus about two thirds that of the vertebral column. Total
number of vertebrae about 41, 18 being caudal. Dorsal fin com¬
prising 3 simple and 9 divided rays, the third not thickened and
not quite half as long as the head ; anal fin with 3 simple and
5 divided rays, very short, about two thirds as deep as the dorsal
fin ; caudal fin deeply forked, its lower lobe about two thirds as long
as the head.
Form. Log. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.
P. 9431. Type specimen 0-6 in length, described and figured by
Gunther, loe. cit.
Fresented hy Herr B. D. M. Yerheelc, 1876.
The following specimens are provisionally referred to the existing
Barhus vulgaris (Fleming, Brit. Animals, 1828, p. 185) of Northern
and Central Europe : —
P. 8740. Portions of two lower pharyngeal bones, described and
figured as probably referable to Barhus vulgaris by
E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882),
p. 124, pi. xviii. figs. 15, 16; Forest Bed Series (Upper
Freshwater Bed), West Bunton, Norfolk. Bavin Coll.
P. 8719. Imperfect similar pharyngeal and six teeth ; WestEunton.
Bavin Coll.
The following supposed extinct species are not represented in the
Collection : —
Barhus fossilis, K. Martin, Samml. Geol. Eeichsmus. Leiden,
[1] vol. hi. (1883), p. 20, pi. i. fig. 7. — Tertiary ; Nang-
gung, Java. [Imperfect fish ; State Museum, Leyden.]
Barhus steinheimensis, F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt. (1852),
5^. f fauc4^ /f iS^ fo. S<, /J?'. -
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CTPRINID^.
303
p. 236, pi. xix. figs. 1, 2. — Middle Miocene; Steinheim,
Wiirtemberg. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Tiibingen.]
Genus THYNNICHTHYS, Bleeker.
[Natiiurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. xx. 1860, p. 433.]
Head relatively large, and eye in the middle of the depth of the
head; mouth anterior and lateral. Pharyngeal teeth lamelliform,
with flat oblong crown, in three series which are wedged into each
other. Barbels and pseudobranchiae absent. Dorsal fin in middle
of back, with not more than 9 divided rays and no bony spine ; anal
fin short. Scales small ; lateral line extending along the middle of
the side of the tail.
Existing in the freshwaters of the East Indian Archipelago
and Pegu.
Thynnichthys amblyostoma (W. von der Marck).
1876. Sardinioides amblyostoma, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr.
vol. xxii. p. 409, pi. xxiv. fig. 1.
1876. Thynnichthys amblyostoma, A. Giinther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii.
p. 436, pi. xvii.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Boyal Geological Museum, Dresden.
A species attaining a length of about 0’3. Length of head with
opercular apparatus considerably exceeding half that of the vertebral
column, which comprises about 36 vertebrae, 15 or 16 of these
being caudal. Dorsal fin comprising 3 simple and 9 divided rays,
the third and fourth being longest, about two thirds as long as the
head ; anal fin very short, with 3 simple and 5 divided rays, about
two thirds as deep as the dorsal fin ; caudal fin deeply forked, the
length of the upper lobe not much less than that of the head.
Form. ^ Log. Freshwater Tertiary Eormation : Padang, Sumatra.
^ .
47515-17. Three specimens described by Giinther, loc. cit., and
used in the composite figure, pi. xvii.
Presented by Herr R. D. M, Ferbeek, 1876.
47518-25. Eight specimens, some rather small.
Presented by Herr R. D. M. Yerbeek, 1876.
Genus GOBIO, Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 193.]
Mouth inferior, with a pair of barbels at the angle. Pharyngeal
teeth uncinate, in single or double series. Pseudobranchiae present.
304
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Dorsal fin in middle of back, without spine, comprising not more than
9 divided rays ; anal fin short. Scales of moderate size ; lateral line
extending along the middle of the side of the tail.
Existing in freshwaters of Europe.
Gobio analis, Agassiz,
1832. Gohio analis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).
1835-39. Gohio analis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 15,
pi. liv. figs. 1-3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.
A species attaining a length of about 0*1, apparently less robust
than the existing G. fluviatills, with the pelvic fins closer to the
anal than in the latter species, and the scales probably smaller.
Yertebrse about 21 in number in the abdominal, 17 in the caudal
region. Dorsal fin with 2 simple and 9 divided rays ; anal fin with
1 simple and 8 divided rays. Each pelvic fin with 9 rays.
Form. Log. Dpper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.
36123. Imperfect distorted specimen.
Purchased, 1859.
The following small specimens from Oeningen seem to represent
a stiJl more slender species : —
42790. Well preserved fish 0*067 in length. Van Breda Coll.
P. 1788, P. 3866. Two imperfect specimens of the same form.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
Genus AMBLYPHARYNGODON, Bleeker.
[Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. xx. 1860, p. 433.]
Lower jaw prominent and mouth very small. Pharyngeal teeth
in three series, some being molariform. Barbels absent. Pseudo¬
branchiae present. Dorsal fin in middle of back, without bony
spine, comprising not more than 9 divided rays ; anal fin short.
Scales small ; lateral line incomplete.
This existing East Indian genus seems to be represented by the
following specimen : —
47532. Pair of pharyngeal bones with dentition, referred to Amhly-
pharyngodon sp. by Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii.
(1876), p. 438, pi. XV. fig. 4 ; Freshwater Tertiary Lignite,
Padang, Sumatra.
Presented hy Herr B. D. M. Verheek, 1876.
rir>'c, l/'LA C C2-^C*,-4- ^ • L- ^
/V- — f70 P" ^ - t .
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305
Genus LSUCISCUS (Klein), Cuvier.
[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 194.]
Premaxillae protractile. Pharyngeal teeth smooth, conical or
compressed, in a single or double series. Ko barbels. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Dorsal fin short, in middle of back, without
bony spine ; anal fin short, behind the dorsal ; caudal fin forked.
Scales large or of moderate size ; lateral line low on the fiank,
extending along the middle of the side of the tail.
Leuciscus oeningensis, Agassiz.
1708. Capito, J. J. Scheuchzer, Piscium Querelas et Vindiciae, pi. iii.
1755. Figure by d’Argenville, Hist. Kat. eclaircie . . . Oryctologie,
pi. xviii. fig. 2.
1818. Cgprinm jeses, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Kat.
vol. xxvii. p. 377 {errore).
1832. Leuciscus oenmejensis, L. Agassiz, Keues Jahrb. p. 132.
1835-39. Leuciscus oeningensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 24, pi. Ivii. figs. 4, 5, pi. Iviii.
1839-44. Leuciscus latiusculus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 26, pi. lia. figs. 4, 5.
[Distorted fish ; British Museum.]
1861. Leuciscus lielveticus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss.
d'Oeningen (Natuiirk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.),
p. 19, pi. iii. figs. 7, 9 (?fig. 6). [Imperfect fish ; Tevler Museum,
Haarlem.]
1861. Leuciscus oeningensis, T. C. Winkler, ibid. p. 20, pi. iii. fig. 8.
Type. Imperfect fish ; oliin Lavater Coll., Zurich.
A species attaining a length of about 0*18. Length of head with
opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum depth of the
trunk, which is contained three times or slightly more in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrse 18 or 19 in the
abdominal, 16 in the caudal region ; 13 pairs of ribs, the hinder-
most comparatively small. Pelvic fins, with about 9 rays, arising
slightly in advance of the dorsal, which also comprises 9 rays, the
foremost being a short spine, the second articulated, the others
both articulated and divided distally ; anal fin with 12 rays, like
those of dorsal ; caudal fin moderately forked.
The differences in proportions noted by xlgassiz between L. oenin¬
gensis and the so-called L. latiuscidus seem to be due to accidental
distortion ; while the absence of the small hindermost pair of ribs
in the former probably results from defective preservation.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden.
P. 9415. Yery large distorted specimen. Purchased.
PART IV.
X
306
ACTIXOPTERTGir.
P. 9416. Pine specimen 0‘15 in length, parti}’ in counterpart.
P. 3855. Type specimen of so-called L. Jatiusculus, figured by
Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. li a. fig. 4. Ennislcillen Coll.
P. 445. More imperfeet specimen, in counterpart, figured by
Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. li«. fig. 5, as L. latiusculus.
Egerton Coll.
P. 9417. Seven imperfect specimens, mostly smaller. Purchcised.
42834-41. Seven good specimens of moderate size, three being in
counterpart. Van Breda Coll.
P. 9418.
P. 4318.
Imperfect specimen 0*115 in length. Purchased., 1859.
Two imperfect specimens labelled L. oeningensis by
Agassiz, but one clearly exhibiting 13 pairs of ribs.
Ennishlllen Coll.
P. 4317. Imperfect trunk, labelled L. latiusculus by Agassiz.
EyinisJcillen Coll.
P. 1830. Distorted trunk, similarly labelled. Egerton Coll.
P. 1828. Two specimens 0*09 in length, one being in counterpart.
Egerton Coll.
P. 9419. Equally small specimen, showing only 12 pairs of ribs.
Purchased., 1859.
43442. Small head and abdominal region.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.
1046 (Sloane Cat.). Imperfect smaller specimen, wanting end of
tail. Sloane Coll.
P. 1828 a. Fragment of very small fish, labelled L. oeningensis by
Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
The following specimens from Oeningen are also probably
immature examples of this species, but bear the name of Leuciscus
imsillus (Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1832, p. 132, and Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. ii. 1835-39, p. 27, pi. Ivii. figs. 2, 3), the type being originally
in the Lavater Collection, Zurich : —
P, 3857-58. Two fragments labelled L. pusillus by Agassiz, also a
fine small fish in counterpart. Ennishillen Coll.
P. 1829. Two fragmentary specimens labelled L. imsillus by
Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
^evcct\scz<,s
— 1
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V
CYPRIXID^.
307
P. 9420. Small distorted fish. Purchased..
35525-26. Two fragmentary specimens. Parcliased, 1859.
42798. Distorted specimen. Van Breda Coll.
Leuciscus papyraceus (Bronn).
1828. Cuprinus papyraceus, H. G. Bronn, Zeitschr. f. Mineral, vol. i.
p. 380, pi. iii. fig. 9.
1832. Beuciscus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 132.
1833. Leuciscus cephalon, Zenker, iSTeues Jahrb. p. 395, pi. v. figs. 3-5.
1835-39. Leuciscus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 31, pi. Ivi. figs. 1-4 (?5).
1839. Leuciscus cephalon, L. Agassiz, ihid. p. 32.
1848. Leuciscus papyraceus, C. G. Giebel, Fauna der Vorwelt, Fische,
p. 110.
1854. Leuciscus papyraceus, F. G. Troschel, Yerhandl. naturw. Ver.
preuss. Bheinl. vol. xi. p. 19, pi. ii. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Bronn Collection, Heidelberg.
A very small species with comparatively delicate skeleton.
Length of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained between four and five times
in the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. About
36 vertebrae, half being caudal ; 14 pairs of ribs. Pelvic fins, with
about 9 rays, arising opposite the origin of the dorsal, which also
comprises 9 or occasionally 10 rays, the foremost being a short
spine, the second articulated, the others both articulated and
divided distally ; anal fin similar to dorsal, arising much nearer to
pelvic pair than to caudal fin.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Oligocene : Germany ; (?) also Bilin,
Bohemia.
P. 7666. Fine specimen 0*1 in length, associated with fragment;
Lignite, Rott, near Bonn. Purchased, 1895.
33297 a, 33499. Seven specimens ; Rott. Purchased, 1858.
P. 1826. Three small specimens ; Rott. Egerton Coll.
869. Imperfect small specimen ; Rott. Purchased.
P. 1825. Three diminutive specimens, labelled ’‘^Leuciscus cephalon,
Zenk.” by Agassiz ; Lignite, Linz on Rhine.
Egerton Coll.
X 2
308
ACTIIvOPIEETGTI.
Leuciscus colei. Meyer.
1848. Leuciscus colei, H. yon Meyer, Neues Jahrb. pp. 425, 426.
1851. Leuciscus colei, H. yon Meyer, Palseontogr. yol. ii. pp. 49, 53,
pi. xii. figs. 2, 3.
Type. Imperfect small fish.
A yery small species, essentially identical with L. papyraceus,
but with slightly smaller head and more slender vertebral centra.
Form. Loc. Lower Miocene : Bohemia.
P. 9421. Two specimens, one being imperfect trunk ; Semi-opal,
Luschitz. Purchased.
37236-37. Two imperfect specimens, the first deepened by dis¬
tortion ; Semi-opal, Bilin. Purchased, 1863.
P. 1827, P. 3860. Three fragments; Bilin.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
Leuciscus macrurus^ Agassiz.
1839-44. Leuciscus maa'urus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yol. v. pt. ii.
p. 30, pi. li b.
1854. Leuciscus macrurus, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl. naturw. Yer.
preuss. Eheinl. yol. xi. p. 18.
Type. Imperfect fish : Bheinland Museum, Bonn.
A species attaining a length of about 0’25. Length of head with
opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding the maximum depth of the
trunk, which is contained between three and four times in the
total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. About
36 vertebrae, half being caudal. Fins as in L papyraceus, except
that the dorsal is relatively large, being about as deep as the
trunk at its insertion.
Form. Loc. Lpper Oligocene : Germany.
P. 651, P. 3856. Imperfect large trunk, in counterpart, figured by
Agassiz, loc. cit. pi. Ii6. fig. 3, considered by Troschel
(loc.cit.) not to belong to this species; Lignite, Stosschen,
near Bonn. The specimen is also mentioned by Horner,
Trans. Geol. Soc. [2] yol. iv. p. 453, footnote.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
35545, P. 7665. Large fish with imperfect fins, in counterpart;
Lignite, Pott, near Bonn,
Presented hy W. J. Neville, Esq., 1 859, Purchased, 1895.
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CYPRIXIDJE.
309
35709. Two large specimens, one wanting end of tail ; Rott.
Purchased, 1860.
33491. Large tail ; Rott. Purchased, 1858,
33297-98, 33488, 33495. Rive small specimens ; Rott.
Purchased, 1858.
35547. Small specimen, slightly elongated by distortion; Rott.
Presented hy W. J. Neville, Psq., 1859.
42730 a. Imperfect small trunk ; Rott. Pan Breda Coll.
P. 1824, P. 3861, P. 4319. Rour small specimens ; near Bonn.
Egerton Ennishillen Colls.
28278. Portion of very large trunk, doubtfully of this species ;
Rott. Purchased, 1853.
Leuciscus leptus, Agassiz.
1832. Leuciscus leptus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 131 (name only).
1835-39. Leuciscus leptus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Ross. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 28,
pi. lix.
Type. Imperfect head and abdominal region.
A very small, imperfectly definable species, known only by
fragments. Yertebree 19 in abdominal, 17 in caudal region;
15 pairs of ribs. Rins and general proportions apparently as in
L. papyraceus.
Form. Log. Lower Miocene : Germany.
28405-06. Two fragments ; Polirschiefer, Habicbtswald, near
Cassel. Mantell Coll.
43441. Two fragments ; Habicbtswald.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.
P.1823. Two fragments ; Habicbtswald. Egerton Coll.
The three existing species Leuciscus rutilus (Linn.), L. erythroph-
ihalmus (Linn.), and L. cephalus (Linn.), seem to be represented by
pharyngeal teeth in the RorescBed Series of Horfolk (E. T. Hewton,
Vert. Rorest Bed [Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882], pp. 124-126, pi. xviii.
figs. 17, 18). The first of these species is represented in the
Collection by the following specimens : —
P. 8742. Right pharyngeal, figured by Hewton, loc. cit. pi. xviii.
fig. 17 ; Rorest Bed Series, West Runton. Bavin Coll.
310
ACTIXOPTEPvTGII.
P. 8731-33. Detached phar3’ngeal teeth; Forest Bed Series, West
and East Bunton and Sidestrand. Savin Coll.
1 ^
j
28079. Detached pharyngeal teeth ; Pleistocene, Graj's, Essex.
John Brown Coll.
The following extinct species are either based on specimens too
imperfect for recognition or are not represented in the Collection : —
Leuciscus acrogaster^ A. E. Beuss, Geogn. Skizzen aus Bohmen,
vol. ii. (1844), p. 263; H. von Meyer, IN’eues Jahrb. 1848,
p. 427, and Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 55, pi. xii.
fig. 4. — Lower Miocene (Semi-opal) ; Luschitz, Bohemia.
[Distorted fish.]
Leuciscus hosniasJcii, E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci.
Yat. vol. vii. (1880), p. 83, pi. viii. — Lower Miocene ;
Eibiswald, Styria. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]
JLeuciscus hrevicauda^ F. G. Troschel, Yerhandl. naturw. Yer.
preiiss. Bheinl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 20, pi. ii. fig. 3 — Dpper
Oligocene (Lignite) ; near Bonn. [Imperfect small fish ;
Bheinland Museum, Bonn.]
Leuciscus brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1839-44),
p. 35, pi. lie. fig. 4. — Loc. ? [Imperfect fish; Boyal
Bohemian Museum, Prague.]
Leuciscus {Ghondrostoma ?) hubedus, F. G. Troschel, loc. cit. (1854),
p. 26, pi. ii. fig. 5. (?) Chondrostoma bubalus, D. G.
Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885),
p. 38, and Soc. Hist. Hat. Croatica, vol. i. (1886),
p. 133. — Dpper Oligocene ; near Bonn (in lignite) ;
(?) Warnsdorf, Bohemia. [Distorted fish; Bheinland
Museum, Bonn.]
I.euciscus eibiswaldensis, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 93, pi. vii. fig. 2. — Lower Miocene;
Eibiswald, Styria. [Imperfect fish.]
Leuciscus gibbus, H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 98,
pi. XV. fig. 6, and ibid. vol. vi. (1856), p. 24, pi. i. fig. 2. —
Lower Miocene ; Lnterkirchberg, near Ulm, Wurtemberg.
[Imperfect fish.]
Leuciscus heterurus, L. Agassiz, Heues Jahrb. 1832, p. 132, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. ii. (1835-39), p. 27, pi. Ivii. fig. I. —
Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden. [Imperfect fish ;
olim Lavater Coll., Zurich. ]
Leuciscus medius, A. E. Beuss, ojp. cit. vol. ii. (1844), p. 262
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p.6
H. yon :\reyer, Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 427, and Palaeontogr.
* vol.'ii. (1851 )‘ p. 54, pi. xi. figs.'^, 5.— Lower Mioceue
(Semi-opal) ; Liischitz, Bohemia. [Imperfect fish.]
Lemlscus polysarcus, D. G. Kramberger, Palaeontogr. vol. xxvi.
(1879), p. 66, pi. xvi. lig. 6.— Lower Oligocene ; Baschka,
Carpathians. [Imperfect fish; Palaeontological i^seu^ xA’eAH-
iiuLh.] - ■
Leuciscus puellaris, P. G. Troschel, loc. cit. (1854), p. 21, pi. ii.
4. — Gpper Oligocene (Lignite) ; near Bonn, [In¬
determinable fish ; llheinland Museum, Bonn.]
Leuciscus rcicalmutl, C. Pollini, Atti Soc. Ligust. Sci. Jvat. vol. ii.
(1891), p. 118.— Upper Miocene; Bacalmuto, Sicily. ^
[Imperfect fish.j
Leuciscus stephani, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 4l5,-' ^ ^ ^
and Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 46, pi. v. Lower
Miocene ; AValtsch, Bohemia. [Nearly complete fish.]
Leuciscus turneri, P. A. Lucas, Proc. Li. S. Nat. Miis. vol. xxiii.
(1900), p. 333, pi. viii. — Tertiary ; Esmeralda Co., Nevada^
[Nearly complete fish ; U. S. National Museum.]
Leuciscus veMillifer, G. C. Laiibe, Abhandl. L er. Lotos, vol. ii.
(1900), p. 54, pi. iv. fig. 3.— Miocene; Bohemia. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Menzel Collection.] {r
The undefined names Leuciscus castellinensis and L. gahhrensis
are given to fishes from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany, by
Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-Verb. vol. i. 1879, p. Iv.
An imperfect fish from the Quaternary of Pianico, Lombardy, is
referred to the existing Leuciscus ciul/Ct by P. Bassani, Atti Soc. Ital.
Sci. Nat. vol. xxix. (1886), p. 349, pi. ix. fig. 5.
Supposed species, not defined, from the Upper Oligocene Lignites
near Bonn, have been named Leuciscus eurystomus, L. hrantzi,
L. plesiopterus, and L. remotus (P. H. Troschel, Sitzungsb. nieder-
rhein. Ges. Bonn, vol. xviii. 1861, p. 56).
Several imperfect fishes, apparently not Cyprinoids, from a marine
LTpper Miocene formation at Licata, Sicily, have been described
under the names of Leuciscus clocscilis^ L. (^Scci)'clinius^ dumevili,
L. larteti, L. {Squcdius) licake, and L. {Scardinius) sican^s by H. E.
Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7, pp. 12-14,
and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (18/3), art. no. 1, pp. 1/5—18/, figs. 82,
97-102, and ihid. vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, pp. 33-37, figs. 3, 10.
Specimens in the Eyectou Coll. (nos. P. 1844—48) are thus labelled,
but do not exhibit characters sufficiently definite to admit of their
determination. They are rather suggestive of Clupeoids.
V 'I
312
ACTIXOPTEETGII.
The so-called Leucisciis dorsalis, L. dumerili, and L. sicamis, with
two supposed new species, L. cecconii and L. saiivagei, are also
described from an Upper Miocene Tripoli at Mondaino, Province of
Forli, Italy; but the original specimens appear to be as unsatis¬
factory as those from Licata (I. Bonomi, Bivista Ital. Paleont.
vol. ii. 1896, pp. 227-232, pi. v. figs. 1, 8). Two specimens of this
nature in the Collection are numbered P. 5548-49.
By exchange^ 1888.
The fish described as follows is of equally doubtful affinities and
is not represented in the Collection : —
Paraleuciscus ecnoml, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. 8ci. Geol. vol. xi.
(1880), art. no. 3, p. 38, fig. 2. — Upper Miocene ; Licata.
Genus TING A, Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 193.]
Syn. TarsicJdhys, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl. naturw. Yer. preuss.
Bheinl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 11 (as sub-genus of Leucisciis).
Skeleton very robust and mouth anterior. Pharyngeal teeth
cuneiform, slightly hooked at one end, in a single series. A pair of
barbels at the angle of the mouth. Pseudobranchiae rudimentary.
Pelvic fins with foremost ray much thickened and expanded, closely
articulated but not subdivided; dorsal fin short, in middle of back,
without bony spine ; anal fin short, behind the dorsal ; caudal fin
sub truncated or moderately forked ; all fins enveloped in rather
thick skin. Scales small, elongated and imbricating, imbedded in
thick, mucus-secreting skin ; lateral line complete, low on the flank,
extending along the middle of the side of the tail.
An exclusively European genus, the existing species found princi¬
pally among the weeds and mud of still freshwaters.
Tinea fnreata, Agassiz.
1832. Tinea f areata, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 133 (name only,
misprinted fuscata).
1835-39. Tinea fureata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 18,
pi. lii.
1861. Tinea magna, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oeningen
(Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 16, pi. ii.
fig. 5. [Imperfect fish ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.
A large species, attaining a length of about 0’35. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum
7
>0. ^ €r/t^^
^fS^- cA. j^u^co-^^ ^ ^ ^ , l^/ff .
^ /, /y: /■ /r, /^/. / y' /- j y// .^\y!o7.
/‘^33. 'r-'i^<r^ /?ii±^, 2f^-,
i
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A
CrPKIXIDJE.
313
depth of the trank, which is contained three times or slightly more
in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae 18 in
the abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins, with at least
11 rays, arising opposite the origin of the dorsal, which comprises
10 rays, the foremost being a short spine, the second articulated,
the others both articulated and divided distally ; anal fin with
9 rays, like the dorsal but much smaller ; caudal fin distinctly
forked. Exposed portion of scales marked with fine radiating
lines.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene : Oen ingen, Baden.
P. 9422. Fine large specimen, in counterpart, distorted anteriorly,
noticed by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 19. The squamation
is well preserved. Old Collection.
P. 1815. Fragmentary large specimen. Egerion Coll.
P. 4228, P. 4316. Two imperfect specimens about 0*25 in length,
labelled by Agassiz. Enniskillen Coll.
42762-66. Five imperfect small specimens, two being in counter¬
part. Van Breda Coll.
36124-25. Two fragmentary small specimens, probably young of
this species, one showing pharyngeal teeth.
Purchased, 1859.
P. 1815 a. Fragmentary specimen, probably young of this species.
Egerton Coll.
Tinea leptosoma, Agassiz.
1832. Tinea leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 133 (name only).
1835-39. Tinea leptosoma, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 19,
pL li.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Carlsruhe Museum.
Closely resembling T. furcata, but smaller and more slender.
Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the
maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained about four times
in the total length to the base of the caudal fin.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.
42767-68. Two specimens, the second much distorted.
Van Breda Coll.
P. 1816. Very small fragmentary specimen, labelled by Egerton as
belonging to this species. Egerton Coll.
314
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
Tinea micropygoptera, Agassiz.
1832. Tinea micropyyoptera, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 133 (name
only).
1832. Leuciscus hnrtnianni, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 132 (name only).
1832. Leuciscus gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 132 (name only).
1839-44. Tinea micropyqoptera, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. toI. v. pt. ii.
p. 20, pi. li a. figs. 1-3.
1839-44. Leuciscus hartmanni, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 33, pi. lie. fig. 1.
(Imperfect tail ; olim Hartmann Coll.]
1839-44. Leuciscus gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 34, pi. lie. figs. 2, 3.
[Imperfect small fish ; olim Hartmann Coll.]
1852. Tinea micropygoptera, F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefakt. p.237,
pi. xix. fig. 6.
1852. Leuciscus hartmanni, F. A. Quenstedt, ibid. p. 236.
1852. Leuciscus gracilis, F. A. Quenstedt, ibid. p. 236, pi. xix. fig. 3.
1880. Leuciscus gracilis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. vii. p. 84.
1880. Tinea micropygoptera, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 86.
Type. Imperfect small fish ; olim Hartmann Coll., Goppingen.
A large species, attaining a length of about 0*45. Length of head
with opercular apparatus contained slightly more than three times,
and maximum depth of trunk slightly more than four times in the
total length to the base of the caudal fin. About 36 vertebrse, half
being caudal. Pelvic fins arising opposite the origin of the dorsal,
which is nearly as deep as the trunk at its insertion and comprises
10 rays, the foremost being a short spine, the second articulated,
the others both articulated and divided distally ; anal fin with 9 or
10 rays, like the dorsal but much smaller ; caudal fin distinctly
forked.
Form. Log. Middle Miocene: Steinheim, Wiirtemberg.
36130. Very large specimen with imperfect head, displaying right
lower pharyngeal from outside. Purchased, 1860.
P. 3853. Fine specimen about 0*4 in length, showing two of the
characteristic pharyngeal teeth. EnnisTcillen Coll.
36443. Fine specimen 0*37 in length. Purchased, 1862.
35754-59, 38181. Seven small specimens, the largest 0*2 in length.
Some exhibit the much-expanded anterior ray of the
pelvic fins. Purchased, 1860-61.
P. 1821-22. Four very small imperfect specimens, two showing
the thickened pelvic fin-ray. Egerton Coll.
ri\
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it • . V •
«
CYPEINID^.
315
P. 3854. Two very small imperfect specimens. Enniskillen Coll.
20581. Two very small imperfect specimens. Parchased, 1846.
Tinea tarsiger (Troschel).
1854. Leuciscus (Tarsichthys) tarsiger, F. G. Troschel, Verhandl.
natiirw. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. vol. xi. p. 10, pi. i. figs. 2, 3 (wrongly
named Leuciscus {Tarsichthys) elegans on p. 11).
Type. Imperfect fish; Geological Museum, University of Bonn.
A species known only by small specimens not more than 0’15 in
length. Length of head with opercular apparatus contained three
times, and maximum depth of trunk nearly four times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins unusually large
aud stout, the expanded rays when adpressed reaching beyond the
origin of the anal. Median fins as in preceding species.
Form, Log. Upper Oligocene : Germany.
33496-98. Two imperfect small fishes, and portion of head and
abdominal region of larger specimen ; Lignite, Pott, near
Bonn. Purchased, 1858.
35547 a. Imperfect fish, partly distorted ; Eott.
Presented hy W. J. Neville, Esq., 1859.
38146. Vertically crushed specimen ; Eott. Purchased,
The following detached pharyngeal bones of Tinea are also com¬
prised in the Collection : —
P. 8973-74. Three imperfect basioccipital processes and five im¬
perfect pharyngeal bones, of the form provisionally named
Tinea valdarnensis by E. Lawley, Nuovi Studi sopra ai
Pesci, etc., delle Colline Toscane (1876), p. 84 ; Lacus¬
trine Pliocene, Monte Carlo, Lpper Val d’Arno, Italy.
Castelli Coll.
P. 9229. Similar specimens ; Monte Carlo.
Presented hy Dr. C. I, Forsyth Major, 1900.
P. 8741. Two portions of pharyngeals, referred to the existing
Tinea vidgaris, Cuvier, by E. T. Fewton, Vert. Forest
Bed Series (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882), p. 127, pi. xviii. figs.
21, 22; Forest Bed Series (Upper Freshwater Bed), West
Eunton, Norfolk. Savin Coll.
P. 8727-28. Pharyng eal bone and pharyngeal teeth of Tinea vul¬
garis-, Upper Freshwater Bed, West Eunton. Savin Coll.
316
ACTIXOPTEKYGTI.
The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
have also been described : —
Tinea francofurtana, F. Kinkelin, Ber. Senckenb. naturf. Ges.
[2] Yol. xvi. (1884), p. 255, pi. iii. fig. 13. — Lower Mio¬
cene ; iS’iederrad, near Frankfurt. [Pharyngeal teeth ;
Senckenberg Museum.]
Tinea ohtrnneata^ G. C. Laube, Abhandl. Yer. Lotos, vol, ii. (1900),
p. 49, pi. iv. fig. 1. — Miocene ; Bohemia. [Imperfect
fish ; Teplitz Museum.] •
The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
is supposed to belong to the existing genus Cliondrostoma : —
Chondrostoma elongata, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
’ '^ol- Ixxii. (1885), p. 39, pi. ii. figs. 2, 3, and Soc. Hist.
^ ISTat. Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 133. — Upper Oligocene ;
Y'arnsdorf, Bohemia. [Imperfect fish.]
Genus RHODSUS, Agassiz.
[Mem. Soc. Sci. Yat. Xeuchatel, vol. i. 1835, p. 37.]
Mouth subinferior. Pharyngeal teeth in single series, compressed,
not denticulated, the bevelled surface with a simple groove. Xo
barbels. Pseudobranchiae present. Dorsal fin short and deep,
without bony spine, opposed to space between pelvic fins and anal
fin, or partly opposite latter ; anal fin longer than deep, with 12 or
more rays ; caudal fin forked. Scales large or of moderate size ;
lateral line incomplete, only on anterior part of trunk.
Rhodeus elongatus, Agassiz. ^ (
1832. jRhodeus eloi^gatus, L. Agassiz, Neiies Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).
1835-39. Rhodens ehngatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 40, pi. liv. figs. 4-6.
1861. Rhodens oligactinms, T. C. YTnkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss.
d’Oeningen (Xatimrk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.),
p. 25, pi. iv. fig. 10. [Imperfect distorted fish ; Teyler Museum,
Haarlem.]
1861. Rhodens ehngatus, T. C. Winkler, ibid. p. 29.
Tgpe. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0’05. Length
of head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum
depth of the trunk and slightly less than one third of the length
to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrae 18 in the abdominal, 17
in the caudal region ; 13 pairs of ribs. Dorsal fin completely in
advance of anal, with 10 rays, of which the foremost is a short spine,
, /< ^ cj^^^yKrt" ^.g£
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I
A
CYPRINID^.
317
the second articulated, the others both articulated and divided
distally ; anal fin with about 14 rays.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden,
35524. Fine well-preserved specimen. Furcliased, 1859.
42786-87, 42796. Two good specimens, and one more distorted.
Van Breda Coll.
P. 8423. Imperfect fish. History unknown.
P. 1837. Two very small fishes and a tail, labelled by Agassiz.
Egerton Coll.
P. 3885. Another very small specimen. Enniskillen Coll.
42788, 42793-94. Three very small imperfect specimens.
Van Breda Coll.
Rhodeus latior, Agassiz. ^
1832. Rhodeus latior, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).
1835-39. Rhodeus latior^ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 41,
pi. liv. fig 7.
1861. Rhodeus magnus, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oenin-
gen (xSatiiurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 28,
pi. iv. fig. 11. [Imperfect fish ] British Museum.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.
Closely similar to preceding species but stouter and somewhat
larger. Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly less than
maximum depth of trunk.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden.
42785. Type specimen of so-called i2. described and figured
by Winkler, loc. cit. Van Breda Coll.
P. 1838. Distorted specimen, labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
42797. Imperfect fish, probably of this species. Van Breda Coll.
A doubtfully-determined distorted fish from the Oligocene Lignite
near Bonn is named Rhodeus exopiatus by F. G. Troschel, Yerhandl.
naturw. Yer. preuss. Eheinl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 22, pi. ii. fig. 1.
Another imperfect fish of quite uncertain affinities, from the
Upper Miocene of Licata, Sicily, is named Rhodeus edioardsi by
H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Hat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7, p. 16,
and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873), art. no. 1, p. 192, figs. 73, 87.
The same species is recorded from Mondaino, Province of Forli, Italy,
by I. Bonomi, Bivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896), p. 223.
318
ACTINOPTERYGII.
i
Genus ASPIUS, Agassiz.
[Mem. See. Sci. Nat, Neuchatel, vol. i. 1835, p. 38.]
As Rhocleus, but pharyngeal teeth hooked and in two series ;
lateral line complete, extending along the middle of the side of the
tail.
The extinct species mentioned below are merely referred to Aspius
rather than to Rhodeus on account of their slender proportions.
Aspius gracilis, Agassiz. - P
1818. Cpprinus bipunctatus ?, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 377.
1832.' Aspius gracilis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only),
1835-39. Aspius gracilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 37,
pi. Iv. figs. 1-3.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk and contained four times in the length to the base of
the caudal fin. Vertebrae 18 in the abdominal, 16 in the caudal
region ; 13 pairs of ribs. Pelvic fins with 9 rays ; dorsal fin com¬
pletely in advance of anal, with 10 rays, the foremost being a short
spine, the second articulated, the others both articulated and
divided distally ; anal fin with 15 rays, the two foremost like those
of the dorsal.
Form. Log. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden. a.
36121-22. Fine specimen 0*1 in length, in counterpart.
Purchased, 1859.
P. 3864. Smaller specimen, labelled by Agassiz. EnnisMllen Coll.
Aspius minutus (Winkler). - /■ / A-
1861. Cliondrostoma minutum, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss.
d’Oeningen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv,),
p. 37, pi. iv. fig. 12.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A smaller and more slender species than A. gracilis, with larger
head, only 9 rays in dorsal fin, and apparently 13 rays in anal fin ;
otherwise similar.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.
42789. Type specimen, in counterpart. Van Breda Coll.
rru:> f /V. 2^ .
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CTPRINID.^:.
319
42791-92. Two smaller specimens. Van Breda Coll.
43443. Fragmentary larger specimen.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison., Esq., 1872.
Pharyngeal teeth of a species of Aspius are recorded from the-
Miocene of Bohemia by G. C. Laube, Abhandl. Yer. Lotos, vol. ii.
(1900), p. 53, with fig.
I The so-called Aspius veccUlifer, Sauvage (Ann. Sci. Nat. [5]
vol. xiv. 1870, art. no. 7, p. 15, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. 1873,
art. no. 1, p. 188, fig. 103), from a marine Tipper Miocene
formation at Licata, Sicily, does not appear to be a Cyprinoid. A
specimen from Licata thus labelled in the Egerton Coll. (P. 1842),
has the aspect of a Scopeloid but does not admit of precise deter¬
mination.
The so-called Aspius ecnomi and A. columnce (Sauvage, loc. cif.
1870, p. 16, and loc. cit. 1873, p. 189, fig. 86), from Licata, are
equally doubtful and not represented in the Collection. The
latter is recorded from Eacalmuto, Sicily, by C. Pollini, Atti
Soc. LigusGASci. Nat. vol. ii. (1891), p. 121, and from Mondaino,
Province of Forli, Italy, by I. Bonomi, Bivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii.
(1896), p. 224. .
The existing genus Ahramis, Cuvier, seems to be represented by
the following fossil : —
P. 8721. Pharyngeal tooth, similar to those in the Museum of
Practical Geology referred to Ahramis hrama (Linn.) by
E. T. Newton, Yert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882),
p. 126, pi. xviii. figs. 19, 20 ; Upper Freshwater Bed,
West Bunton, Norfolk. Savin Coll.
The existing genus Alburnus, Heckel, is supposed to be repre¬
sented by two extinct species, not in the Collection, described as
follows : —
Alburnus miocaenicus, F. Kinkelin, Ber. Senckenberg. naturf. Ges.
[2] vol. xvi. (1884), p. 252, pi. iii. figs. 3-12. — Lower
Miocene; Niederrad, near Frankfurt. [Pharyngeal teeth;
Senckenberg Museum.] CLc ’ ' -
Alburnus steinclachneri, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. Yer. Lotos, vol. ii. , ,
(1900),p.51, pl.iv.fig.2. — Miocene; Bohemia. [Imperfect
fish; Teplitz Museum.]
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320
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
Genus COBITIS (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 303.]
Syn. Acanthopsisj L. Agassiz {non \an Hasselt, 1823), Neues Jahrb.
1832, p. 134.
Trunk elongate and laterally compressed. A small erectile sub-
orbital spine on the cheek. Pharyngeal teeth in single series.
Barbels on upper jaw. No pseudobran chiae. Air-bladder enclosed
in bony covering. Dorsal fin short, opposed to or immediately
behind the pelvic pair : anal fin short ; caudal fin rounded, truncate,
or slightly forked. Scales minute.
Existing species occur only in the freshwaters of Europe and Asia.
It is impossible with certainty to separate the extinct species here
recorded from the genus Kemachilus, Cuvier (which has no erectile
suborbital spine).
Cobitis centrochir, Agassiz.
1832. Cobitis centrochir, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).
1835-39. Cobitis centrochir, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 11,
pi. 1. figs. 1, 4.
1861. Cobitis bredai, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d'Oeningen
(Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 9, pi. i,
figs. 1-3. [Imperfect fish; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]
1880. Nemachilus centrochir, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France,
[3] vol. viii. p. 448.
1880. Nemachilus bredai, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 449.
T upe. Imperfect fish ; olim Lavater Coll., Zurich.
A small species not exceeding 0*1 in length. Length of head
with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk and contained about five times in the length to the base
of the caudal fin. Yertebrae 26 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal
region. Pelvic fins with 7, dorsal and anal fins with 9 or 10 rays ;
dorsal fin arising midway between the extremity of the snout and
the base of the caudal fin, directly opposed to the pelvic pair ; anal
fin arising midway between the pelvic pair and the caudal, which
is rounded or truncated.
Form. 4' Log. Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden.
P. 1786, P. 3867. Two very small specimens, labelled by Agassiz.
Eger ton Enniskillen Colls.
42795. Similar specimen. Van Breda Coll.
42T82. Imperfect large specimen, partly in counterpart.
Van Breda Coll.
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321
Cobitis angustus (Agassiz).
1832. Acanthopsis angustus, L. Agassiz, Neiies Jahrb. p. 134 (name
only).
1835-39. Acantliopsis angustus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 8, pi. 1. figs. 2, 3.
1880. Cohitis angustus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
Yol. Yiii. p. 449.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A very small species, distinguished from the preceding by its
more elongated form and slightly more remote position of the
dorsal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden.
36121 a. Fish 0*038 in length. Purchased, 1859.
P. 1785. Smaller specimen, labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
P. 9424. Two imperfect specimens. Purchased.
Cobitis cephalotes, Agassiz.
1832. Cohitis cephalotes, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 134 (name only).
1835-39. Cohitis cephalotes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. p. 13,
pi. 1. figs. 5-7.
1861. Cohitis teyleri, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d'Oeningen
(Natuiu’k. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 13, pi. i.
fig. 4. [Nearly complete fish ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]
1880. ^Nemachilus cephalotes, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France,
[3] vol. viii. p. 449.
1 880. Nemachilus teyleri, H. E. Sauvage, ibid. p. 449.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Carlsriihe Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*1 5. Length of head with
opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained about three and a half times in the length to
the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae 24 in the abdominal, 15 in
the caudal region. Fins as in C. centrochir, except that the caudal
is forked.
Form. Log. Upper Miocene: Oeningen, Baden.
P. 3868. Distorted hinder half of fish, labelled by Agassiz.
EnnisTcillen Coll.
43444. Distorted fragment, probably of this species, in counterpart.
Presented hy Kenneth Hurchison, Esq., 1872.
Fragmentary remains apparently of a species of Cohitis are also
recorded from a freshwater Upper Tertiary formation in Idaho,
U.S.A. (E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1883, p. 161).
PART IV. ^
322
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Genus HEXAPSEPHUS, Gunther.
[Geol. Mag. (2) vol. hi. 1876, p. 439.]
An extinct genus known only by the pharyngeals and dentition.
Pharyngeal bone falciform, bearing a single series of large, stout,
conical or mammilliform teeth, few in number.
/ Hexapsephus guentheri, sp. nov.
1876. Hexapsephus sp., A. Giinther, loc. cit. p. 439, pi. xvi. figs. 2, 3.
Type. Pharyngeal ; British Museum.
The type species, with pharyngeal attaining a length of 0*026.
Only three large pharyngeal teeth in close series ; foremost tooth
smallest, much laterally compressed ; middle tooth having crown
surmounted with two small longitudinal ridges, of which the outer
is divided by a notch into two tubercles ; hindermost tooth conical,
with apex excentric.
Forwt. Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.
47534. Pharyngeal with dentition, the type specimen described
and figured loc. cit. p. 439, pi. xvi. figQ; in carbonaceous
shale. Presented hy Herr^^^yV. M. Verheek.^ 1876.
47533,-35. Two sets of pharyngeal teeth, one figured loc. cit.
pi. xvi. fig. (3-, also four detached pharyngeal teeth, and
two small slabs of carbonaceous shale with other teeth.
Presented hy Herr B. D. M. Verheek.^ 1876.
Several detached pharyngeal bones and teeth of Cyprinid® from
a freshwater Upper Tertiary formation in Idaho have been described
as follows : —
Diastichus macrodon, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
(1870), p. 539, and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1883,
p. 158. [Type species.]
pcirvidens.^ E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 540.
C P ‘ ^ Diastichus strangulatus^ E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 158. . / a
, — Leucus condoniayius, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 156.',
Leucus latus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 156. Anchyhopsis
latus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 543. [Type species
of so-called Anchyhopsis.^
Mylocyprinus injlexus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 154.
Mylocyprinus rohustus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1870, p. 70, and Contrib. Extinct Yert. Fauna W. Territ.
(Eep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. 1873), p. 262,
pi. xvii. figs. 11-17; E. D. Cope, Zoc. 1883, -p. 155.
Includes M. kingi and M. longidens, E. D. Cope, loc. cit.
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A
CrPPvIXIDiE.
323
Seraotilus
Oligohelus
Semotilv^s
1870, pp. 544, 545. [Type species. Genus apparently
identical with existing Chinese Mylopharyngodon.yQte-^^^ t^o
ilonatsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1880, p. 925.]
Squcilius arciferus^ E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 158. OligobelvM
arciferus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 18/0, p. 541. [Type
species of so-called Oligohelus.~\
Squalius haircU^ E. E. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 158.
hairdi^ E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 18/0, p. 542.
Squcdius laminatus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 157.
laminatus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 541. :
Squcilius posticus.^ E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 157.
p)Osticus^ E. E. Cope, loc. cit. 18/0, p. 541.
Squalius reddingi, E. E. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 15/. . . ^
^^Jc^7c ^
The foEbwing imperfectly known fossils also seem to be referable
to members of the family Cyprinidse : —
Brachyspondplus saropterix, lA. von der Marck, Palaeontogi.
vol. xxii. (1876), p. 411, pi. xxiii. fig. 2.— Freshwater
Tertiary Formation; Padang, Sumatra. [Caudal region
Eoyal Geological :M;useum, Eresden.] ^ ' ^
Capitodus suhtruncatus, G. von Xiinster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. y
(1842), p. 68, pi. vi. fig. 17 {non ibid. pt. vii. (1846),
p. 13, pi. i. fig. 2, pi. ii. figs. 1, 8, which represent teeth
of Sparid^e) ; K. A. von Zittel, Handb. Pal^ont. vol. iii.
(1888), p. 282, fig. 292.— :54iocene ; Xeudorfl-an-der-
March, Vienna. [Pharyngeal teeth; Palaeontological
M^useum, Munich. The type species of Capitodus. ~\
Hemitriclias scMsticola, W. Peters, Monatsb. k. preuss. Akad.
Wiss. 1877, p. 682, fig. 2.— Lower Oligocene (Lignite) ;
Ponte, near Laverda, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish.]
Sonddens liaueri. G. von Munster, op), cit. pt. v. p. 68, pi. vi.
figs. 5-11.— Miocene : Aeudorfl. [Pharyngeal teeth;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich. The type species of ^
Soricidens.'] ^ f//erA tWW
The following imperfectly known hsh, not represented in the
Collection, is commonly referred to the Cyprinidae but does not seem
to belong to this family : —
Enoploplithahnus sclilunibergeri, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol.
France, [3] vol. viii. (1880), p. 449, pi. xii. fig. 3.— Lower
Miocene; Cereste, Basses Alpes. [Type species of
Enoplopliilicdmus. Imperfect fish.]
Y 2
324
cfl^^
ACTiyOPTERTGII,
0^..s^ , / £• / ' -• '^
Family SILURID.^.
^''‘^2c.4y^
'<;/^^ CaU^ <3* .gy^-
SupraocciiDital bone prominent ; otic region com2)letely roofed by
membrane-bones ; brain-case produced forwards between the orbits :
cheek-plates much reduced. Symplectic bone absent ; prem axilla
extended, almost always excluding the maxilla from the upper border
of the mouth ; teeth very variable ; lower pharyngeals rarely falci¬
form and conspicuously toothed. Barbels present. Suboperculum
usually absent, and branchiostegal rays few or wanting. Pectoral
arch without distinct supraclavicle : a single dorsal fin often followed
by an adipose dorsal on the tail. Trunk without scales, but often
more or less armoured with bonv scutes.
The existing members of this family are distributed in the fresh-
waters of all temperate and tropical regions, and a few are littoral
marine species. Xo extinct genera of importance are known.
Figures of the skeleton of Synodontis are given by C. B. Briihl,
Zootomie aller Thierclassen (1884), pis. cxxxi., cxxxii. The
weberian ossicles are described by Haddon and Bridge, Phil. Trans,
1893 B, pp. 65-333, pis. xi.-xix.
Genus CLARIAS^ Gronow.
[Zoophyl. Gronov. 1781, p. 100.]
Head depressed and bones of cranial roof ornamented and exposed,
or covered only with very thin skin ; a small vacuity in the supra -
occipital and frontal bones. Eyes small ; cleft of mouth transverse,
terminal, of moderate width; teeth on dentary, premaxilla, and
vomer. Pectoral fins with robust spine, often serrated on the
anterior border ; pelvic fins with six rays ; dorsal fin without spine,
much extended and occupying nearly the whole of the back ; no
adipose dorsal: anal fin much extended; caudal fin rounded. Skin
naked.
This genus survives in the freshwaters of x\frica, the East Indies,
and the intermediate portion of Asia.
Clarias falconeri, Lydekker.
1886. Clarias falconeri, E. Lydekker, Pa^£eont. Iiidica, ser. x, vol. iii,
p. 247. pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.
Type. Middle portion of skull : British Museum.
A species probably about 0*45 in length, known only by the middle
portion of the skull. Eugose ornament of cranial roof rather fine,
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SILUEID^.
325
and the ridges rounded ; supraoccipital slightly raised into a median
prominence in its hinder half ; frontal vacuity not much elongated.
Form. 4' Log. Lower Pliocene : Siwalik Hills, India.
16402 h. Type specimen.
Presented hy Col. Sir Prohy T. Cautley.^ K.G.B., 1842.
Genus HETEROBRANCHUS, Geoffroy St. Hilaire.
[Savigny, Descript. Egypte, vol. i. 1827, p. 305.]
As Clarias^ hut hinder portion of dorsal fin adipose.
Surviving in the freshwaters of Africa and the East Indian
Archipelago.
Heterobranchus palseindicus^ Lydekker.
1886. Heterobranchus palceindicus, R. Lydekker, Palffiont. Indica,
ser. X. vol. iii. p. 248, pi. xxxvi. fig. 4.
Type. Nearly complete skull ; British Museum.
A species probably about 0'4 in length, known only by the skull,
which is provisionally ascribed to Heterobranchus on account of
its close resemblance to the skull of H. interynedius^ and also on
account of the long backward extension of its supraoccipital bone.
Not yet precisely definable, but differing from H. intermedins in its
relatively shorter and wider frontal vacuity and its ethmoid much
narrowed in front.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Pliocene : Siwalik Hills, India.
16402 c. Type specimen.
Presented hy Col. Sir Prohy T. Cautley, K.C.B.^ 1842.
Genus SILURUS^ Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 304.]
Head not much depressed, the lateral muscles extending some¬
what forwards over the cranial roof, and the whole covered ^vith
the soft skin. Gape of mouth extending to beneath the orbit ;
teeth very minute, villiform, present on the premaxillae and dentaries,
also on the vomer but not on the palatines. Pectoral fin with
robust spine, serrated on the posterior or both borders ; pelvic fins
with more than eight rays, arising behind the dorsal fin, which is
short-based and without anterior spine ; no adipose dorsal ; anal fin
much extended, almost or completely united with the caudal, which
is rounded. Skin naked.
The surviving species of this genus inhabit the freshwaters of
the temperate parts of the Palsearctic Region, some extending even
to the north of India. Eragmentary remains of a supposed extinct
326
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
species from an Upper Tertiary deposit near Sofia, Bulgaria, are
named Silurus serdicensis by F. Tonla, Denkscbr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. Iv. (1889), pt. ii. p. 108, pk ix.
The following specifically undetermined specimens probably belong
to this genus
16402 e, 16403 a. Anterior end of snout and an abraded smaller
skull, erroneously referred by Lydekker to young indi¬
viduals of Bagarius yarrelU in Palseont. Indica, ser. x.
vol. iii. (1886), p. 255 ; Lower Pliocene, Siwalik Hills,
India.
Presented hy Col. Sir Proby T. Caxdley^ K.C.B.., 1842.
Genus PSEUDEUTROPIUS, Sleeker.
[Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. vol. i, 1863, p. 106.]
Head almost or completely covered with soft skin; gape of mouth
not extending backwards to the orbit, which is large ; teeth minute
and villiform, some on the vomer and palatines. Pectoral fin with
robust spine, serrated on the posterior or both borders : pelvic fin
with six rays ; dorsal fin short-based, with a robust spine, more or
less directly opposed to the pelvic pair ; a very small adipose dorsal
fifi ; anal fin much extended, terminating at some distance from the
caudal, which is forked. Skin naked.
Surviving species in the East Indies.
Pseudeutropius verbeeki, Giinther.
1876. Bi'achyspondylus indicns, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr,
vol. xxiii. p. 412, pi. xxiv. fig. 2. [Imperfect fish ; Royal Geo¬
logical Museum, Dresden.]
1876. Pseudeutropius verheehii, A. Gunther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii,
p. 435, pi. XV. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0‘6. Length of head with
opercular apparatus slightly less than half that of the trunk from
the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Cranium rather
elongate, and upper surface of snout granular. Pectoral fin-spines
about as long and strong as the dorsal fin-spine, similarly marked
with fine longitudinal striations and strongly serrated on the hinder
border ; pelvic fins with seven rays, inserted immediately behind
the dorsal, which exhibits seven rays behind the spine ; anal fin low,
with twenty-eight rays; caudal fin very deeply forked, length of
each lobe about equal to that of the terminal nineteen vertebrae.
Form 4' Loc. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra,
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SILTJKID^.
327
47527. Type specimen figured by Giintber, loc. cit.
Presented hy Herr R. D. M. VerheeJc, 1876.
47531. Second specimen noticed by Giintber, loc. cit. p. 4-35.
Presented hy Herr R. D. M. Verheeh, 1876.
47528-30, 47537. Four specimens, tbe second being a very large
tail. Presented hy Herr R. D. M. Verheeh^ 1876.
An indeterminable fragment has been referred to the existing
African genus Clirysiclitliys^ Bleeker, as follows : —
Chrysiclithys (?) theohaldi^ E,. Lydekker, Palseont. Indica, ser. x.
vol. iii. (1886), p. 249, pi. xxxvii. fig. 4. — SiwaUk
Formation; Punjab. [Hinder portion of cranium; Indian
Museum, Calcutta.]
Genus IVIAQKdNES, Dumeril. <?• /Tf. /7. C i-')
[Ichthyol. Anal. 1856, p. 484.] .
Head depressed, the cranial bones solid, more or less orna¬
mented and covered with thin skin ; an antero-posteriorly elongated
frontal vacuity. Gape of mouth moderately wide ; teeth minute
and villiform, some on the vomer and palatines. Pectoral fin
with robust spine ; pelvic fin with six rays ; dorsal fin short-
based, with a robust spine and seven rays, in advance of the pelvic
fins ; an adipose dorsal fin of moderate length ; anal fin short-basedy
with less than twenty rays ; caudal fin forked. Skin naked.
An existing Asiatic genus.
Macrones aor (Buchanan).
1822. Pimelodus aor, F. H. Buchanan, Fishes found in Hiver Ganges,
pp. 205, 379, pi. XX. fig. 68.
1839. Ray r us aor, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. xiv.
p. 405.
1864. Macrones aor, A. Giintber, Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. v. p. 78.
1886. Macrones aor, E. Lydekker, Palaeont. lodica, ser. x. vol. iii.
p. 250, pi. xxxvi. fig. 5.
Type. Eecent fish.
Defined by Gunther, loc. cit.
Form. 4' Loc. Lower Pliocene : Siwalik Hills, India. Eecent in
freshwaters of India.
40822. Imperfect skull and mandible, described and figured by
Lydekker, loc. cit.
Presented hy Charles Falconer, Esq., 1867.
328
ACTIKOPTEEY&II.
Genus RITA, Sleeker.
[Verhand. JN^atuurk. Ver. Nederl. Ind. vol. iv. 1858, p. 60.]
Closely resembling Chrysichthys and Macrones, but teeth on
palate granular or molariform. Posterior border of supraoccipital
plate notched to receive the basal bone of the dorsal spine.
Existing in the freshwaters of the East Indies, and probably
represented in the Pliocene of India by the following species, of
which there are no remains in the Collection : — ■
Rita grandiscutata^ R. Lydekker, Palaeont. Indica, ser. x. vol. iii.
(1886), p. 251, pi. xxxvii. fig. 3. — Siwalik Eormation ;
Punjab. [Very large basal bone of dorsal spine ; Indian
Museum, Calcutta.]
Genus AMIURUS, Pafinesque.
[Ichthyol. Ohioensis, 1820, p. 65 {Ameiurus).']
Head depressed and covered with soft skin ; teeth minute, con¬
fined to the premaxilla and dentary. Pectoral fins with robust
spine, serrated on the posterior border ; pelvic fins with eight rays,
behind the dorsal fin, which is far forwards and comprises one robust
spine and six divided rays ; adipose dorsal short or of moderate
length ; anal fin of variable extent ; caudal fin forked or truncated.
Skin naked.
A North- American and Chinese genus.
Detached vertebrae have been provisionally assigned to this genus
under the following names : —
Amiurus cancellatus, E. D. Cope, Contrib. Canadian Palaeont.
(Geol. Surv. Canada), vol. iii. (1891), p. 3, pi. i. figs. 4, 5. —
Lower Miocene ; Cypress Hills, N.W. Territory, Canada.
[Canadian Geol. Surv. Museum, Ottawa.]
Amiurus maconneUi^ E. D. Cope, ibid. p. 4, pi. i. figs. 6, 7. —
Ibid. [Ibid.]
A genus closely related to the existing Pimelodus is represented
by the following specimen : —
P. 9010. Imperfect fish in Tertiary lignite; Taubate, Province of
San Paulo, Brazil.
Presented by John N. Tervet.^ Esq.., 1899.
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329
Genus RHINEASTES, Cope.
[Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii. 1872, p. 486.]
An imperfectly known genus related either to Pimelodus or ^ to
Arius. Head depressed and bones of cranial roof marked with
conspicuous rugosity ; frontal fontanelle closed, hut marked by a
smooth deep groove. Teeth minute and villiform, extending over
vomer. Pectoral fin with robust spine, serrated on one or both
borders ; a nuchal shield between the supraoccipital and the spine
of the dorsal fin.
In the typical species, R. peltatus, the nuchal shield is large and
massive ; in the other Eocene species (forming sub-genus Astephus,
Cope) it is narrow and short.
The genus is known only by fragments from the Lower Tertiary
of North America, and is not represented in the Collection. The
following species have been named : —
RJiineastes arcuatus, E. H. Cope, Ann. Pep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. 1872 (1873), p. 641, and Yert. Tert. Form. Y^est,
Book I. (Pep. E.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884), p. 66,
pi. V. fig. 12. Pimelodus antiquus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873, p. 99 (name only), and Contrib.
Extinct Yert. Eauna W. Territ. (Pep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. i. 1873), p. 193, pi. xxxii. figs. 44, 45.— Bridger
Eocene ; Upper Green Piver, Wyoming. [Pectoral fin-
spine ; National Museum, Washington.]
RJiineastes calviis, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 18/2 (1873), p. 640, and
op. cit. 1884, p. 65, pi. V. figs. 3-4.— Bridger Eocene;
Upper Green Piver. [Portion of cranium; National
Museum, lYashington.]
RJiineastes pectinatus, E. I). Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. i. no. 2 (1874), p. 49, and op. cit. 1884, p. /47,
pi. V. fig. 13. — Lower Tertiary ; South Park, Colorado.
[Fragment of head and anterior abdominal region ; National
Museum, Washington.]
RJiineastes peltatus., E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 486, and op. cit. 1884, p. 63, pi. v. figs. 1, 2.-
Bridger Eocene ; South Bitter Creek, Washakie Basin,
Yyoming. [Associated head -bones, &c. : National
Museum, lYashington. The type species.]
RJiineastes (?) rJiceas., E. H. Cope, Contrib. Canadian Palseont.
(Geol. Surv. Canada), vol. iii. (1891), p. 3, pi. i. fig* 3*
Lower Miocene; Cypress Hills, N.W. Territory, Canada.
[Vertebrse; Canadian Geol. Surv. Museum, Ottawa.]
330
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
RJlineastes smithi, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 486, and Ann. Eep. IJ.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
1872 (1873), p. 639, and Yert. Tert. Form. West, Book I.
(1884), p. 64, pi. V. figs. 5-11. — Bridger Eocene ; South
Bitter Creek. [Associated head-bones, &c. ; National
Museum, Washington.]
Some indeterminable fragments of ornamented bone, probably
not of this genus, from the Bridger Eocene of Cottonwood Creek,
Wyoming, are named Rhineastes radulm by E. D. Cope, Ann. Eep.
E.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. 1872 (1873), p. 639, and Yert. Tert. Form.
West, Book I. (1884), p. 67, pi. v. figs. 14-17.
Genus BUCKLANDIUM, Kdnig.
[leones Foss. Sect. 1825, p. 4.]
A genus known only by the imperfect skull and pectoral arch,
which closely resemble the corresponding parts of the existing
Auchenoglanis ^ of the Nile and West African rivers. Distinguished
from the latter by the complete fusion of the cranial roof-bones,
the larger orbit and frontal fontanelle, and the relatively larger
pectoral arch, which does not taper below. Head laterally com¬
pressed, with rounded tuberculated roof, evidently not covered with
skin.
Boicklandium diluvii^ Xonig.
1825. Buddandiwn diluvii, C. Konig, leones Foss. Sect. p. 4, pi. viii.
no. 91.
1889. Bucklandium diluvii^ A. S. Woodward, Eep. Brit. Assoc. 1888,
p. 679, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 208, pi. xxii.
Type. Cranium, &c. ; British Museum.
The type species, with cranium about O’ 12 in length. Cranial
roof strongly arched, ornamented with large, well-separated tuber-
culations, and the supraoecipital with a median longitudinal keel.
Head probably about as deep as long.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) ; Isle of Sheppey.
P. 9230. Imperfect type specimen, described and figured loc. cit.
1889. History unknown.
les. ^
Genus ARIUS, Cuvier & Yalenciennes.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. xv. 1840, p. 53. j
Head depressed and bones of cranial roof ornamented and ex-'^^
posed ; an antero-posteriorly elongated frontal fontaneUe ; supra-
^ Auchenaspis, Bleeker {non Egerton) : Gunther, Catal. Fishes Brit. Mus.
vol. V. (1864), p. 137.
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STLTJRID^.
331
occipital, extending backwards to meet a nuchal plate. Cleft of
mouth small, not extending beneath the orbit ; teeth minute,
villiform or granular, extending over the vomer and palatines.
Pectoral fins with a robust spine, serrated on one or both borders ;
pelvic fins with six rays ; dorsal fin far forwards, in advance of the
pelvic pair, with one robust spine and six or seven divided rays ;
adipose fin short-based or of moderate extent ; anal fin short-based ;
caudal fin forked. Skin naked.
The exjisting species of this genus are both marine and fresh¬
water, and range throughout the tropics of both hemispheres.
Arms egertoni (Dixon).
[Text-figure 11.]
1850. Silurus egertoni, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, pp. 112, 204, pi. xi.
figs. 11-13.
1887. Arius egertoni, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv. p. 304,
figs. 1, 2.
1889. Arius egertoni, E. T. Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 206.
1889. Arius egertoni, L. Dollo, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. hi. Proc.-
Verb. p. 218.
Type. Pectoral arch and spine ; British Museum.
A small species known only by fragments. External ornamen¬
tation of bony plates consisting of sharp conical tubercles, frequently
united at the base by low and rounded reticulating ridges. Poste¬
rior extension of supraoccipital bone slightly broader than long,
with nearly parallel sides, truncated hinder border, and a longitudinal
keel ; the anterior half of this bone marked with a pair of con¬
spicuous grooves for the slime-canals diverging forwards from the
median keel. Pectoral fin-spine compressed, with irregular longi¬
tudinal ridges, partly tuberculated, and with both borders serrated ;
post-clavicular plate triangular, as deep as long.
Form. Log. Middle Eocene : Sussex; Belgium.
25612. Type specimen, the clavicle and pectoral spine, figured by
Dixon and described by the present writer, loc. cit. ;
Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham Bay. The spine measures
about 0’09 in length. Diocon Coll.
25735*, 25736. Imperfect dorsal and pectoral spines, figured by
Dixon, op. cit. p\. xi. figs. 12, 13 ; Bracklesham.
Bixon Coll.
25735, 25737, 25741. Portions of pectoral and dorsal fin-spines,
and two ornamented head-bones ; Bracklesham.
Bixon Coll.
332
ACTI2fOPTEEXGII.
28086. Small pectoral spine ; Bracklesham.
Presented hy F. E. Ediuards^ Esq., 1852,
38891-93, 39000. Head-bone, imperfect pectoral and dorsal spines,
and fulcral spine of dorsal fin, the latter shown of the
natural size in the accompanying fig. 11 A ; Bracklesham.
Boiverhank Coll.
P. 4306. One imperfect dorsal, and two imperfect pectoral spines ;
Bracklesham. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1894-5. Two small pectoral spines, one being incomplete distally.
a nearly complete supraoccipital and other head-plates ;
Bracklesham. Egerton Coll.
P. 9425. Supraoccipital, shown of the natural size in the accom¬
panying fig. 11 B ; Bracklesham. Egerton Coll.
Pig. 11.
^ B
Arms egertoni ; dorsal fulcral spine (A) and supraoccipital bone (B), nat. size.
38894-95. Two imperfect supraoccipitals, one being small ; Brack¬
lesham. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 1894. One imperfect pectoral, and four imperfect dorsal spines,
either of this or the next species, noticed by Woodward
and Xewton, loc. cit. ; Barton Clay, Barton Cliff, Hamp-
Egerton Coll.
Arius crassus (Koken).
1884. Otolitlius (incertce sedis) crassus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol xxxvi. p. 559, pi. xii. fig. 1-3.
1889. Ajius crassus, E. T. Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 206, pi. xxi.
figs. 1-3.
1891. Otolithus {Arius) crassus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. p. 80.
Type. Otolith ; Eoyal Huseum of Natural History, Berlin.
/ ! /^'S'-Xnnrf unXf'-^^ C'ck/* M> ^/''yS-/ /v
C^oL.-^'^:---*^^^^, "T^.
7^^. /, ^ .
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/s
SILURID^.
335
A small species, known only by the imperfect head. External
ornamentation of bony plates much like that of A. egertoni^ but
the tubercles more numerous, more rounded, less united by reticular
ridges, and more definitely arranged in radiating lines. Supra-
occipital bone rather broad, not impressed by the slime-canals.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Barton Cliff, Hampshire ; Headon
Hill, Isle of Wight. Oligocene : Germany.
A fine portion of cranium of this species, in the Museum of Practical
Geology, is described by Hewton, loc. cit.
28094. Eleven otoliths, including two figured in Part I. PI. IV,
figs. 4, 5, one of these and two others also figured by
Newton, loc. cit. figs. 4-6, as of doubtful species ; Barton
Clay, High Cliff*, Hampshire.
Presented^ hy F. E. Edwards, Esq., 1852.
29023. Pour otoliths ; Chutan, Hampshire. Cowderoy Bequest.
40283, P. 376. Otoliths, probably either of this or the next
species; High Cliff. Ediuards Coll.
Arius (?) bartonensis, A. S. Woodward.
1887. Arius (?) bartonensis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv.
p. 306, fig. 3.
Ty'pe. Dorsal fin-spine ; British Museum.
A very small species, of uncertain genus, known only by fin-
spines. Dorsal fin-spine slender, much laterally compressed, finely
striated on the sides, with recurved denticles on the anterior and
posterior margins towards the apex, which curves a little forwards.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : Barton, Hampshire.
40280. Type specimen described and figured loc. cit., and five other
imperfect fin-spines of which two are pectoral ; High Cliff',
Barton. Ediuards Coll.
P. 1894 a. Larger dorsal fin-spine, imperfect at the apex, noticed
loc. cit. Egerton Coll.
P. 6500. Dorsal fin-spine ; Barton. Purchased, 1891.
Arius iheringi, A. S. Woodward.
[Plate XVII. fig. 4.]
1898. Arius iheringi, A. S. Woodward, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. iii.
p. 64, figs. 1, 2.
Ty'pe. Impression of skull ; British Museum.
6 5?^ ^ ]:yc^e-/r\ ^ a^. /au. (%y^
/r^.i?.^^. '^^/<?-z^ ./3^^-^^, S'e
334 ACTINOPTERYGII.
A large species, the head measuring about 0’2 in length. External '
bones ornamented with a coarse rugosity, no distinct tubercles.
Maximum width of cranium slightly exceeding half its length from
the occipital border to the end of the snout ; orbits situated exactly
in the middle ; posterior extension of supraoccipital bone narrow,
not keeled, about twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel sides,
and its hinder border slightly notched by an acute re-entering
angle.
Form. Log. Tertiary Lignite : Taubate, Province of San Paulo,
Brazil.
P. 9220. Type specimen, the skull chiefly in impression of dorsal
aspect, shown of nat. size in PI. XYII. flg. 4.
Presented hy John Gordon^ Esq., 1900.
P. 9221. Larger, more imperfect specimen, very friable, noticed
loc. cit. p. 64. Presented hy John Gordon, Esq., 1900.
The following specimens also appear to be referable to Arms : —
P. 6331. Eight otoliths, described and one figured by E. T. Xewton,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 205, pi. xxi. fig. 7 (drawing not
reversed), under the name of Arms haroni, sp. nov. ;
Eecent(?), Ankoala, Madagascar.
Presented hy Rev. R. Baron, 1889.
1 6402 d. Hinder part of large cranium, described and figured as
Arius sp. a by E. Lydekker, Palaeont. Indica, ser. x.
vol. hi. (1886), p. 252, pi. xxxvi. fig. 2 ; Pliocene, Siwalik
Hills, India.
Presented hy Col. Sir Prohy T. Cautley, K.C.B., 1842.
P. 4923. Large, externally ornamented bone ; Pliocene, Siwalik
Hills. Transferred from India House Museum, 1880.
The following otoliths have also been ascribed to this genus : —
Otolithus (Arius) germanicus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 81, pi. i. fig. 3, pi. vi. fig. 8. —
Lower Oligocene ; Lattorf, Westeregeln, and Osterwed-
dingen. Middle Oligocene ; Sollingen, Weinheim, Wald-
bockelheim.
Otolithus (Arius) vangionis, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 81,
pi. vi. fig. 4. — Middle Oligocene ; Waldbockelheim.
Otolithus danicus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 81. Otolithus cf.
(incertce sedis) crassus, E. Koken, Abb. phys. Cl. k. Ges.
Wiss. Gottingen, vol. xxxii. (1885), p. 116, pi. v. fig. 29. —
Lower Eocene ; Copenhagen.
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SILUROIDEA.
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, , Eorschunpreisen Prof. E. Stomers in
,.;0\ Agyptens. V. Tertiare
' Au?- •^- Welse des agypt-
ischen Alttprtiars nebst einsr kritischen
Ubersicfit fiber alle fossilen Welse.
Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Mfinchen 32 3 1928
^2_PP-_5 Pls^ 16 figs.
/ \
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SILIJKIDJE.
335
Geuus BAGARIUS^ Bleeker.
[Nalez. Ichthyol. Faun. Bengal en Hindostan (Verhand. Batav.
Genootsch. Wetensch. vol. xxv.), 1853, p. 121.]
Head depressed and bones of cranial roof expos'ed, those of the
middle conspicuously ornamented ; an an tero -posteriorly elongated
frontal fontanelle ; cleft of mouth of moderate size ; teeth clustered
and unequal in size, some rather large, but none on the palate.
Trunk and fins as in Arms.
Bagarius gigas^ Giinther,
1876. Bagarius gigas, A. Giinther, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii. p. 436,
pi. xTi. fig. 1. c
Type. Imperfect pectoral arch, &c. ; British Museum.
A provisional name for a fragment apparently of Bagarius.
Form. Sf Log. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.
47513. Type specimen described and figured by GUnther, loc. cit.
Presented hy Herr B. D. M. Verheeh., 1876.
The anterior portion of a large cranium from the Siwalik
Formation of Nahan, India, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
seems to belong to Bagarius yarrdli, which still exists in the larger
rivers of India and Java (E. Lydekker, Eec. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. xv.
1882, p. 105, and Palaeont. Indica, ser. x. vol. iii. 1886, p. 254,
pi. xxxvi. fig. 1). This specimen was originally assigned to a gigantic
batrachian by T. Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi. (1837),
p. 538, pi. xxxi., and first determined to belong to a Siluroid fish
by J. McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Hat. Hist. vol. iv. (1844), p. 83,
pi. ix.
An indeterminable pectoral fin-spine of a Siluroid from the Middle
Pliocene of Perpignan, Eousillon, France, is described and figured
by H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xvii. (1885), p. 223, pi. iv.
%• 7.
Two indeterminable fragments of fin-rays, doubtfully of this
family, from a Tertiary sand (Miocene) in the Bihar Comitat,
Hungary, are named Pimelodus sadleri, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss. 1850, pt. i. p. 19, and Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1849), p. 213, pi. xiv. fig. 3.
An undetermined Siluroid from the Lower Miocene Brown-coal
of Preschen, near Biliu, Bohemia, in the Geological Museum of the
German University, Prague, is described by G. C. Laube, Yerhandl.
k.-k. geol. Eeichsanst. 1897, p. 337.
336
ACTINOPTERYGIT.
Suborder YI. APODES.
Notochord more or less persistent, but the vertebral centra
always complete constricted cylinders, none coalesced ; tail tapering,
usually without expanded or fused neural or haemal supports at the
extremity. Symplectic bone absent ; mandible simple, each ramus
consisting only of two elements (dentary and articulo-angular).
Pectoral arch not suspended from cranium ; precoracoid arch
absent ; infraclavicular plates absent ; pectoral fin with more than
five basals. Pelvic fins absent. Scales rudimentary or absent.
In the living forms — air-bladder, when present, connected with the
oesophagus by a duct in the adult (physostomous), optic nerves
decussating, intestine without spiral valve, and reproductive organs
without efierent ducts.
Family MUR.^NID^E.
Trunk much elongated, the caudal region being relatively very
long. Parietal bones large and meeting in a median suture ;
squamosal suturally united with parietals and covering the greater
part of the otic region. Premaxillse small and fused with the
ethmoidal rostrum ; maxilla well-developed, forming most of the
upper border of the mouth ; pterygo-palatine arcade much reduced
or rudimentary. Branchial and opercular apparatus usually more
or less reduced; generally a few delicate branchiostegal rays.
Vertebrae very numerous, those of the abdominal region with short
and broad transverse processes, small and delicate ribs, and very
short neural spines. Intermuscular bones present. Fin-fulcra
absent ; fin-rays articulated and divided distally ; dorsal and anal
fins excessively extended, and a separate caudal fin almost always
absent.
The extinct species of this family are too imperfectly known to
be generically determined with certainty. It is evident, however,
that they represent some of the more generalised types ; and the
Cretaceous genus mentioned below is unique in retaining a normal
caudal fin.
A figure of the skeleton of Anguilla is published by Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pi. D. Some illustrations of cranial osteologj*
are given by Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x. (1898), pi. vi.
/iJ>Lc A. /y2(n-A^ J
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MTJEiCINIDJi:. 387
Genus URENCHELYS, A. S. Woodward.
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. v. 1900, p. 322.]
Teeth small, bluntly conical, and arranged in numerous series.
Slender branchiostegal rays not curving round the opercular
apparatus. Yertebrae somewhat exceeding 100 in number, the
hindermost bearing a pair of expanded hypural bones. Pectoral
fins present; dorsal fin arising immediately behind the occiput and
extending to the caudal fin, which has stouter rays and is very
small but separate. Scales rudimentary.
Urenchelys avus, sp. nov.
[Plate XYIII. figs. 1, 2.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*3. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about six times in the
total length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin considerably
more than twice as long as the portion of trunk in front of it.
Anterior neural arches much expanded, their appended spines
apparently small and low.
Form. ^* Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mount Lebanon.
P. 4860. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XYIII.
fig. I. A few of the blunt teeth are seen among the
fractured remains of the cranium ; while below it the
extent of the mandible can be distinguished. The
branchial region is probably shortened by crushing, and
remains of the very slender branchiostegal rays lie across
fragments of the branchial arches and the rather stout
clavicle. The vertebrae cannot be readily counted, but
there seem to be about 35 in front of the origin of the
anal fin, and not less than 73 beyond. The neural
arches in the abdominal region are very stout laminae,
but their spines are not seen. The transverse processes
and very short slender ribs are distinct. The long
slender neural and haemal spines in the caudal region are
also conspicuous. The pectoral fins are not preserved.
The dorsal fin clearly arises directly above the pectoral
arch, extending continuously along the back to the caudal
extremity, while the remarkably extended anal fin is
continued equally far backwards. There are distinct
indications of two expanded hypural bones at the tip of
z
^ “7Y
PART IV.
33S
ACTIXOPTERYGIl.
the tail, saggestive of a separate caudal fin, of which a
few rays remain. The characteristic intermuscular bones
are exhibited dorsally throughout the trunk, and below
the vertebral axis in the caudal region. The limestone
is stained by the fossil, but there are no traces of
scales. Lewis Coll.
P. 4751. Larger but more imperfect and distorted specimen, dis¬
playing parts of the head, pectoral arch, pectoral fin, and
scales (PI. XYIII. fig. 2). The stout supraoccipital bone
of the skull (s.occ.) projects considerably backwards, and
the rostrum is slender. The length of the cranium,
indeed, appears to be more than three times as great as
its width at the occiput. The right mandibular ramus is
shown {md.), rising to a low coronoid process immediately
behind its toothed portion. The clustered teeth are very
stout and blunt. The vertebrae behind the head are
exposed from above, but the neural spines are broken
away from the much expanded arches. There are im¬
pressions of some of the short ribs ; while a few of the
pointed transverse processes are preserved in the hinder
part of the abdominal region. The tail is much distorted
and too imperfect for description. The clavicles (cl.) are
seen immediately behind the head, one of them displaying
its slender, arched form, with tapering upper end. One
of the pectoral fins {pet.) is also preserved, though a little
distorted and imperfect distally. Behind this, the brownish
impression of the soft parts of the fish is curiously
mottled, as if there were indications of small, rudimentary
quadrangular scales. Further back, the course of part
of the intestine is marked by its phosphatic contents.
Lewis Coll.
P. 4030. More imperfect small specimen, much distorted, showing
the obtuse teeth. Lewis Coll.
48150. Portion of very small eel, probably young of this species.
Lewis Coll.
Urenchelys hakelensis (Davis).
[Plate XYIII. fig. 3.]
1887. Anguilla hakelensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 626, pi. xx. fig. 3.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
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339
An imperfectly known species, represented only by small speci¬
mens not exceeding 0-1 in length. Length of head with opercular
apparatus contained about seven times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin ; anal fin less than twice as long as the portion
of trunk in front of it.
A specimen of this fish in the Museum of the Syrian Protestant
College, Beyrout, displays the caudal fin very clearly.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mount Lebanon.
P. 4372. Type specimen, shown of the natural size in PI. XYIII.
fig. 3. The remains of the head are very imperfect, but
present no features at variance with the interpretation of
the afiinities of the fish here suggested. The opercular
apparatus is wide in proportion to its depth, and there
seems to be a suboperculum between the operculum and
the very slender branchiostegal rays. The latter are long,
but not curved upwards behind. The two sigmoidally
bent clavicles, with pointed ends, are partly shown ; and
there are traces of the scapular arch supporting a delicate
pectoral fin. The vertebral column is imperfectly pre¬
served, but throughout its length the expanded neural
arches are shown to be relatively large. There are
impressions of short, slender ribs in the abdominal region,
while the neural and haemal spines are stouter, though
still slender in the caudal region. The rays of the dorsal
and anal fins are very fine and difficult to observe. The
former seems to extend along the whole length of the
back, but in the abdominal region it is- imperfectly pre¬
served and crushed downwards upon the vertebral
column. So far as preserved, the anal does not attain
much more than half the extent of the dorsal fin. The
imperfectly preserved caudal fin is clearly separate, and
is formed of somewhat stouter rays supported by ex¬
panded hmmal spines. Lewis Coll.
P. 4872 a. Pragmenfc. Lewis Coll.
P. 9423. Very small specimen, apparently showing caudal fin.
Egerton Coll.
Urenchelys anglicus^ A. S. Woodward.
1900. Urenchelys anglicus, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [7]
vol. V. p. 321, pi ix. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect head ; Brighton Museum.
A comparatively large species, the skull attainiug a length of
z 2
340
ACIINOPTBRYGII.
about O'OT. Head much deeper in proportion to its length than
ill the type species.
Form. ^ Log. Turonian : S.E. England.
38333. Fragmentary remains of small skull and mandible, showing
delicate pterj’^goid arch and blunt mandibular teeth ;
Lower Chalk, Dover. Daniels Coll.
?. 4510 a. Fragment of somewhat larger skull and mandible ;
English Chalk. FnnisJcillen Coll.
^
^ ‘ Genus EOMYRUS, Storms.
[Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x. 1898, Mem. p. 239.]
A genus founded on an imperfect cranium, which most closely^
resembles that of the existing Myrus, but differs from the latter in
exhibiting a relatively larger basisphenoid and a larger anterior
extension of the squamosal. Teeth on vomer and premaxillary
region relatively large.
If the second and third extinct species mentioned below are
correctly referred to this genus, its diagnosis may be extended
thus: — Teeth bluntly conical. Yertebrse somewhat exceeding 100
in number. Pectoral fins small; dorsal fin arising above the
pectoral arch and continuous with the anal round the pointed
extremity of the tail. Scales absent.
Eomyrus dolloi, Storms.
1898. Eomyrus dolloi, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x. Mem.
p. 225, pi. V. figs. 8, 9, pi. vi. figs. 6-8.
Type. Imperfect cranium ; Brussels Museum.
The type species, known only by the cranium and detached
vertebrae. Length of cranium 0’03, and maximum width at
occiput 0-007.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene (Wemmelian) : lYemmel, Brussels.
Yot represented in the Collection.
Eomyr-us latispinus (Agassiz).
1835. Anguilla latispina, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 307 (name
only).
1839-44. Anguilla latispina, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 15.
pt. ii. p. 133, pi. xliii. fig. 4.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling about twice
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341
the rnaxiniuni depth of the trunk and contained six times in the
total length to the base of the caudal fin. Caudal region twice as
long as the abdominal region. Anterior neural spines in form of
Tery broad laminae.
This species is described by Agassiz as most closely related to the
existing Myrus vulgaris, Kaup {Murmna myrus, Linn.), of the
Mediterranean.
Form. 4* Loc. Upper Eocene: X. Italy.
P.9427. Imperfect specimen wanting extremity of tail; Monte
Bolca, near Yerona. The maximum width of the cranium
is shown to equal one third of its length, and the slightly
expanded end of the slender rostrum is less elongated
than in E. dolloi. The teeth, so far as preserved, are
very stout and bluntly conical. The maxillae are robust.
The branchiostegal rays are not less than 15 in number,
and do not curve upwards at their hinder end. The
neural canal of the vertebral axis is seen to be very
laj.g0^ History unJcnoum.
P. 8655. Fine specimen 0*3 in length ; Monte Bolca. The head is
more imperfect than in the previous specimen, but similar
branchiostegal rays are preserved. Bemains of one of the
small pectoral fins occur ; and the dorsal fin is observed
to arise directly above this fin. The hinder halt of the
caudal region is disturbed bj' an oblique fracture.
Purchased, 1897.
P. 1889, P. 3875. Small specimen in counterpart, bent and broken
at the hinder end of the abdominal region ; Monte Bolca.
Egerton 4’ Ennishillen Colls.
^ ^ Eq^iI^us ventralis (Agassiz).
1835. Anguilla^ntralis, L. Agassiz, iSeues Jahrb. p. 307 (name
only).
1839-44. Anguilla ventralis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 15,
pt. ii. p. 134, pi. xliii. figs. 2, 3.
1898. Anguilla ventralis (? =Eomyrus), K. Storms, Bull. See. Beige
Geol. vol. x. Mem. p. 240.
Type. Nearly complete fish : olim Hartmann Collection.
A comparatively small and slender species, the length of the head
with opercular apparatus contained eight times in the total length
to the base of the caudal fin.
Form. 4' Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.
Not represented in the Collection.
342
ACTINOPIEPvTGII,
The small fish named Anguilla hrevicula by Agassiz (IS^eues
Jahrb. 1835, -p. 307, and ojo. cit. vol. v. pt. i. p. 15, pt. ii. p. 134,
pi. xliii. fig. 1), from Monte Bolca, may also belong to Eomyrus. It
is not represented in the Collection.
Genus RHYNCHORHINUS, novum.
\_ex. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 139 (name only).]
An imperfectly definable genus, known only by the head, which
closely resembles that of Eomyrus but appears to have a stouter
rostrum.
Rhynchorhinus branchialis, sp. nov.
[Plate XVIII. fig. 4.]
1844-45. Ehynchorhinus branchialis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. ii. p. 139, and Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308 (name only).
Type. Abraded hinder portion of skull and mandible ; British
Museum.
The type species, with skull about 0’05 in length. Vidth of
occiput equalling about one third the total length of the cranium ;
length of coronoid region of mandible exceeding half that of the
dentary border.
Form. Log. Lower Eocene : London Basin.
P. 633. Type specimen, very imperfect and much abraded, com¬
prising the hinder half of the cranium and mandible, both
hyomandibulars, and part of the left preoperculum ;
London Clay, Sheppe}’. Egerton Coll.
P. 163. Slightly smaller abraded skull and mandible of the same
type, shown in right side-view and from above of the
natural size in PI. XVIII. figs. 4, 4 ct ; Sheppey. The
• occipital region is shortened by abrasion ; but the limits
of the parietals (pa.)^ extending as far forwards as the
postorbital prominence, are shown. The squamosals {sq.)
are extremely attenuated and produced in front. The
anterior ends of the frontals (/r.) are excavated in a
sharp re-entering angle where they articulate with the
relatively large mesethmoidal rostrum {eth.). The much
expanded hyomandibular (Jim.) is well preserved ; and
the mandibular articulation is directly beneath the post¬
orbital prominence. The coronoid region of the man¬
dible is relatively large ; and the only well-preserved
ofp- e
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o
tooth, near the symphysial end of the dentary, is rather
large and sharply conical. An undetermined fragment
of the upper jaw (x.) is preserved. Purchased,
28859, 36118, 38132, 38897-98, 40521. Imperfect pyritised skulls,
partly of this, partly probably of the larger species ;
Sheppey.
R'hynchorhifms major, sp. nov.
Purchased. 1854-6“
Tijpe. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
About twice as large as the type species. Coronoid region of
mandible about one third as long as the dentary border ; teeth
very stout and bluntly conical.
Foi'm. 4' Loc. Lower Eocene : London Basin.
P. 1746 a. Type specimen, in nodule with pyrites; London Clay,
Sheppey. The supraoccipital forms a conspicuous crest.
The squamosals are remarkably attenuated and produced
forwards. The pterygoid arcade is shown to be moder¬
ately robust, with a cluster of bluntly conical teeth.
Similar teeth are seen in the mandible, which, on the
right side, exhibits the relatively short coronoid region
noted in the specific diagnosis. Egerton CoU.
P. 1746 h. More imperfect larger head ; Sheppey. The very small
triangular operculum is shown, with remains of about
12 pairs of branchiostegal rays. Egerton CoU.
P. 1745-46. More imperfect specimens, one exhibiting associated
vertebrae; Sheppey. Egerton CoV,
Genus PARANGUILLA, Bleeker.
[Atlas Ichthyol. vol. iv. 1864, pp. 5, 8.]
Syn. Enchetgopus, L. Agassiz (gion Bloch & Schneider, 1801), Poiss.
Foss. vol. V. 1844, pt. i. p. 16, pt. ii. p. 137.
An eel generally resembling the species from Monte Bolca above
provisionally referred to Eomyrus, but distinguished by its more
delicate skeleton and smaller head.
ParangTiilla ti^Hna (Agassiz).
1796. Ophidium barbatum, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. clvii,
pi. xxxviii. fig. (ejTore). ^9^
1835. EnchelyopAis ti^rinus, L. Agassiz, Neiies Jahib. p. (naire
only). (' /w-Kw )
344
ACTIXOPTEEYGII.
1839-44. Enchelyopus tigj'inus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 16, pt. ii. p. 137, pi. xlix. / n 1 1 ^ 3»S )
1864. Paranguilla, P. Bleeker, Atlas Iclitlijol. vol. iv. p. 8.
1876. Enchelyopus tigrinus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Treiit. Sci.
^ ' Nat. Yol. iii. p. 189.
Type. Nearly complete fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attainiog a leugth of about 0*35. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained between nine and ten
times in the total length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin
two thirds as long as the dorsal. Skin both of trunk and median
fins mottled with large pigment spots.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus ANGUILLA, Shaw.
[General Zoology, vol. iv. 1803, p. 15.]
Extremity of rostrum slightly expanded laterally for articulation
with maxillse ; teeth small and arranged in longitudinal 'bands or
series. Opercular apparatus well-developed, and the long, slender
branchiostegal rays curving round it. Pectoral fins present; dorsal
fin arising far behind the occiput, extending round the tail and
continuous with the anal fin. Eudimentary scales embedded in
skin.
Existing species both in the freshwaters and on the coasts of
temperate and tropical regions.
Anguilla leptoptera, Agassiz MS.
1796. Murcena conger^ G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cvi. pi. xxhi.
fig. 3 [errore).
1835. Anguilla leptoptera, L. x4gassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292 (name
only).
Tygoe. Nearly complete fish ; Paris iMuseum of Natural History.
A slender species attaining a length of about OB. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained between nine and ten
times in the total length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin
somewhat more than one and a half times as long as the portion
of trunk in front of it ; dorsal fin arising about midway between
the pectorals and the anal fin. About 130 vertebrae.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : N. Italy. ,
P. 1890, P. 3876. Well-preserved specimen, in counterpart, bent
and broken at the middle of the abdominal region ; Moifte
A
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MUR^XID^E.
345
Bolca. The head is shown to be rather short, with stout
jaws; and the very slender branchiostegal rays curve
round the remains of the opercular apparatus. The
robust clavicles are exhibited, but the pectoral hns are
destroyed. The median fins have the extent noted in
the specific diagnosis. ISTo traces of scales can be distin¬
guished. Egerton EnnishiUen Colls.
P. 1891, P. 3877. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart, 0*16
in length, probably young of this species ; Monte Bolca.
Egerton EnnislcilJen Colls.
P. 3878. Fragmentary anterior half of fish labelled by Agassiz ;
Monte Bolca. Enniskillen Coll.
Anguilla elegans, M inkier.
1861. Anguilla elegans, T. 0. AVinkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss. d’Oer in¬
gen (Natuiirk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.), p. 57,
pi. vii. fig. 21.
T'ype. Xearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A robust species, attaining a length of about O’o. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained nine times in the total length
to the base of the caudal fin ; median fins as in A. legAojgtera ,
About 100 vertebrae. Teeth slender, conical.
Form. Loc. Upper !^[iocene: Oeningen, Baden.
42769. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and figured by
Winkler, loc. cit. Van Breda Coll.
42770. Broken and imperfect specimen, in counterpart, noticed by
Winkler, loc. cit. p. 57. Van Breda Coll.
The following specific names have also been given to indetermin¬
able specimens : —
Anguilla hrancliiostegalis., L. Agassiz, Heues Tahrb. 1835, p. 307
(name only). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
Anguilla inter sginalis, L. Agassiz, ihid. p. 307 (name onh*). —
Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
uViguilla midtiradiata, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. (1843-44),
pt. i.p. 15, pt. ii. p. 135, pi. xxix. fig. 1. — Lower Oligoceue ;
Aix-en-Provence. [Portion of tail ; olim John Murray
Coll.]
uinguilla pachgura, L. Agassiz, ihid. (1843-44), pt. i. p. 15,
pt. ii. p. 135, pi. xxix. fig. 2. — Upper Miocene; Oeningen,
Baden. [Portion of tail ;, Geological Museum, Zurich.
346
ACTIXOPTERTGII.
A portion of trunk, apparently of the existing Anguilla vulgaris,
from the Quaternary of Pianico, Lombardy, is described by F. Bassani,
Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Js^at. vol. xxix. (1886), p. 347, pi. ix. fig. 1.
Genus NETTASTOMA, Rafinesque.
[Caratt. Alcuni j^uov. Gen., 1810, p. 66.]
Snout much produced, slender and depressed ; teeth small and
conical but of unequal size, in clustered bands. Pectoral fins
absent ; median fins much extended, passing continuously round
the tail. No scales.
Existing species in the deep sea off Japan and in the Mediter¬
ranean.
Nettastoma bolcense, Bassani.
1898. Nettastoma holeense, F. Bassani, Palaeontogr. Italica, toI. iii.
p. 84, pi. ix. fig. 6.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geological Museum, ITniversity of
Padua.
A species attaining a length of about O’l, with approximately
100 vertebrae. Head with opercular apparatus occupying about
one fifth of the whole length of the fish.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.
Not represented in the Collection.
The following specimens are not generieally and specifically
determinable : — *
P. 1887, P. 3880-81. Three very slender imperfect fishes, the
longest O’ 17 in length ; Upper Eocene, Monte Bolca.
The first two are labelled Leptocephalus taenia byEgerton
and Agassiz respectively, this name having been proposed,
^ without definition, by Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 307.
Egerton Emiiskillen Colls.
P. 1888, P. 3879. Four very small, immature fishes, one being in
counterpart and labelled LeptocepJialus gracilis by Egerton
and Agassiz ; Monte Bolca. The name mentioned was
proposed, without definition, by Agassiz (Neues Jahrb.
1835, p. 307) for a specimen figured by G. 8. Yolta, Itti-
olit. Veronese (1796), pi. xxiii. fig. 2. The species is
also referred to by F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent.
Sci. Nat. vol. iii. (1876), p. 189.
Egerton Ennishillen Colls.
2340c. Similar specimen, in counterpart; Monte Bolca.
Purchased, 1849.
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MUR^ENID^.
347
P. 8952-53. Two portions of similar immature fishes ; Monte
Eolca. Castdli CoJL
P. 8951. Immature fish with very small head, apparently of the
form named Leptocephalus medius by Agassiz, without
definition (Neues Jahrb. 1833, p. 307); Monte Eolca.
A similar fish seems to be figured under the name of
Murcena cceca by Volta, op. ciL pi. liii. fig. 2.
Castelli Coll.
The following species have not been defined and are not repre¬
sented in the Collection : —
Opliisiirus amticaudus., L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 307
(name only). Murcena opliis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1796), p. cliv. pi. xxiii. fig. 1 (errore). — Upper Eocene ;
Monte Eolca.
Spliagehranchus formosissimus., L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 307
(name only). Ophidium barbatum, G. S. Volta, op. cif.
(1796), p. clvii. pi. xxxviii. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Eolca.
The otolith described as follows seems to belong to this family: —
Otolithus {Congeris) brevior, E. Koken, Zeitsehr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 293, pi. xviii. fig. 7. — Lower Ter¬
tiary ; Jackson Eiver, Mississippi.
Suborder VII. PERCE&OCES.
Vertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, none
coalesced. Siipraoccipital extending forwards between the reduced
parietals ; squamosal rudimentary and fused with the large pterotic ;
mandible simple, each ramus consisting only of two elements (dentary
and articulo-angular), rarely with a supplementary bone in the
position of the coronoid. Pectoral arch suspended from the
cranium ; precoracoid arch absent ; infraclavicular plates absent ;
pectoral fin with not more than four or five basals. Pelvic fins
abdominal, their supports never in contact with the clavicle.
Eorsal fin with or without an anterior spinous portion. In the
living forms — air-bladder closed, without pneumatic duct, in the
adult (physoclystous) ; optic nerves decussating; intestine without
spiral valve.
Eor notes on the osteology of existing members of this suborder,
see E. C. Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxii. (1899), pp. 1-10,
pis. i.-iii.
348
ACTI^^OPTERYGIT.
Synopsis of Families.
I. Pelvic fins without anterior spine.
Vertebrae numerous (above 40), none
with transverse processes; spinous
portion of dorsal fin imperfectly
clitferentiated .
Vertebrae numerous (above 40), none
with transverse processes ; dorsal
fin extended, without spinous
portion .
Vertebrae numerous (above 40), the ab¬
dominal centra with transverse
processes; dorsal fin remote, with¬
out spinous portion .
II. Pelvic fins with anterior spine.
Vertebrae numerous (above 30) ; denti¬
tion usually feeble ; pelvic fins far
bach .
Vertebrae few (about 24) ; dentition
feeble or absent ; pelvic fin-supports
in contact with postclavicle .
Vertebrae few (about 24) ; dentition
powerful ; pelvic fins far back ....
Crossognathid^
[(p. 348).
AMMODYTIDiE (p. 354).
SCOMBRESOCID.E
[(p. 356).
Atherinid^ (p. 358).
Mugilid^ (p. 363).
SPHYR^NIDiE (p. 365).
Family CROSSOGNATHID^.
Trunk more or less elongate and laterally compressed. Pre¬
maxilla excluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; cleft of mouth,
small, with feeble dentition ; opercular apparatus complete, with
few branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae numerous, probably between
40 and 50 in total length. Pelvic fins more or less remote, wdthout
spine, but with only 6 to 8 divided rays ; an extended dorsal fin,
apparently with anterior spinous portion incompletely differen¬
tiated ; anal fin small and remote or absent. Scales in regular
series ; lateral line distinct.
An imperfectly known extinct family represented only by
Crossog7iatlius, Syllcemus, and probably allied genera of the Cretaceous
period.
Genus CROSSOGNATHUS, Pictet.
[Foss. Terrain Neocom. Voirons (Paleont. Suisse), 1858,
pt. iii. p. 27.]
Head and trunk laterally compressed, and snout acutely pointed
though not produced. Orbit very large and sclerotic capsule
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SCOMBRIBiE.
Genus SCOMBER (Artedi), Linnaeus.
_45
a h-y I
^ *✓<?
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 297.]
Trunk elongate-fusiform; the slender caudal pedicle without
median lateral keel. Teeth small and conical, on margin of jaws,
vomer, and palatines ; gill-rakers long, slender, and numerous.
Vertebrae about 14 in the abdominal, 16 or 17 in the caudal region ;
the centra much constricted, but without lateral pits ; all haemal
arches simple. Pectoral and pelvic fins small ; dorsal fins widely
separated, the anterior consisting of 9 to 12 spines simply articulated
with their supports; posterior dorsal and anal fins small, similar,
and opposite, followed by 5 to 9 detached finlets ; caudal fin deeply
forked. Scales very small, uniformly covering the trunk, scarcely
if at all enlarged in the pectoral region.
Recent species are very widely distributed in temperate and
tropical seas.
The following extinct species have also been referred to this
genus, but there are no examples in the Collection : —
Scomher antiquus, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. pt. i. (1861), p. 74, pi. viii. fig. 11.
(?) Scomber cfr. antiquus, P. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci.
Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 76, pi. xi. fig. 2, and
Atti R. Istit. Yeneto [7] vol. iii. (1892j, pp. 1034, 1038. —
Middle Miocene ; Margarethen, near Vienna. (?) Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Novale, & Salcedo, Vicentin, N. Italy.
[Imperfect fish ; Lyceum, Oedenburg.]
Scomber planovatus : Thynnus planovatus, D. G. Kramberger,
Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. (1895), p. 63, pi. xi.
fig. 2. — Upper Oligocene ; Trifail, Steiermark. [Imperfect
fish ; Zilli Museum.]
Scomber qoriscus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 119, pi. xxiv. fig. 3. — Upper
Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish : University
Geological Museum, Agram.]
Scomber (^Auxis) sarmaticus^ D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 112, pi. viii. fig. 1. — Upper
Miocene ; Podsused and Uolje, Croatia. [Opercular bones,
&c. ; Univei’sity Geological- Museum, Agrain j *
Scomber steinclaclineri, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 119. Scomber sujedanm^
K. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad; Wiss., math.-naturw.
460
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Cl. vol. xxxviii. (1860), p. 776, pi. ii. — Upper Miocene ;
Uadoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]
Genus PALIMPHYES^ Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 46.]
As Scomber, but caudal pedicle stouter, pectoral fins relatively
large, and vertebrae slightly more numerous.
Palimphyes elongatus (Blainville).
1765. Figure by G. W. Knorr, Samml. Merckwiirdigk. Natur, pt. i.
pi. xxi. fig. 1.
1818. Clupea elongata, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 315.
1835-44. Palimphyes longus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 46,
pi. xix.
1835-44. Palimphyes brevis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 47, pi. xx., pi. xxi.
figs. 1, 2. [Distorted fish ; British Museum.]
1843-44. Palimphyes latus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 48, pi. xxviii. fig. 1.
[Distorted fish ; Geological Museum, Ziirich.]
1847-48. Palimphyes gracilis, C. G. Giebel, Neues Jahrb. 1847, p. 667,
and Fauna d. Vorw., Fische, p. 70. [Distorted fish; Geological
Museum, University of Halle.]
1847-48. Palimphyes crassus, C. G. Giebel, ibid. p. 666, and ibid.
p. 71. [Ditto.]
1886. Palimphyes glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 88,
pi. ii. figs. 1-6. [Distorted fish; Geological Museum, Ziirich.]
Type. Distorted fish ; Geological Museum, Zurich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*4. Proportions
uncertain, but length of head with opercular apparatus equalling
about half that of the vertebral column. Vertebrae 16 in the
abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins, when adpressed,
reaching the beginning of the caudal region ; anterior dorsal fin
consisting of 10 spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins with about
20 articulated rays, of which an uncertain number are detached
finlets.
Nearly all the known specimens of this species are much distorted,
and it seems probable that Wettstein is correct in proposing the
synonymy given above.
Form. Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 1994, P. 4128-29. Three imperfect specimens apparently elon-
^ .u - (i> ^
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SC0MBRIDJ5.
461
gated by distortion ; Engi. Two are labelled “ Palim-
phyes lo7igus, Ag.,” by Agassiz.
Egei'ton EnnisMUen Colls.
P. 1993 a, P. 4127. Type specimen of so-called Palimphyes h''evis,
in counterpart, figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. pi. xxi.
figs. 1, 2; Engi. The fish is evidently shortened by
crushing. Egerton EnnisTcillen Colls.
36090. Specimen about 0*15 in length, apparently shortened and
deepened by crushing ; Plattenberg, near Matt.
Purchased^ 1861.
33947. Imperfect specimen shortened by distortion.
Presented hy Miss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.
P. 4952. Trunk of fish shortened by distortion ; Plattenberg.
Presented hy John Edward Lee^ Esq., 1885.
P. 1993. Scattered remains ; Engi. Egerton Coll,
P. 5945. Scattered remains, labelled “ Palimphyes glaronensis,
Wettst.” by Wettstein. Purchased, 1889.
Genus SCOMBRINUS, novum.
[ex Agassiz MS., Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308.]
An imperfectly known genus founded on the skull, which is-
essentially identical with that of Scomber, but with larger teeth.
Erontal bones flattened and rugose, the flattened area tapering
backwards mesially to a point meeting the crest of the supraoccipital ;
fossae for lateral muscles of trunk not extending forwards much
beyond the hinder margin of the frontals. Teeth on margin of
jaws rather large, stout, conical, and well-spaced, not much laterally
compressed. Scales small and smooth, not much enlarged in the
pectoral region.
Scombrinus nuchalis, sp. nov.
1845. Scombrinus nuchalis, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308
(name only).
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
The type species, with head and opercular apparatus attaining a
length of about 0*12, but usually smaller. Length of cranium
equalling somewhat less than twice its maximum width ; fossae on
cranial roof for lateral muscles extending forwards to the middle of
the cranium above the middle of the orbit ; maximum depth of
462
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
mandible at least one third its length ; superficial rugosity on
cranial roof and dentary fine and delicate. Teeth moderately stout,
quite smooth, with apices slightly incurved.
Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 4148. Very fragmentary small head with opercular apparatus,
labelled as intended to be the type specimen ; Sheppey.
Thej aws with teeth are not shown. Enniskillen Coll.
38919. Fragmentary head and abdominal region, showing scales
with parts of the anterior dorsal and pelvic fins ; Sheppey.
Bowerhank Coll.
P. 356 a. Two more imperfect specimens displaying anterior squam-
ation, some of the scales extending over the operculum ;
Sheppey. Purchased, 1881.
P. 9455. Fine comparatively large head with opercular apparatus,
displaying teeth ; Sheppey. Purchased.
P. 9456. Two smaller imperfect heads, showing teeth ; Sheppey.
Purchased.
P. 7524. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus ; Sheppey.
Caleb Evans Coll.
40204. Fragmentary head ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1 867.
P. 9457. Smaller fragmentary head ; Sheppey. Purchased.
43117. Imperfect small head, displaying opercular bones ; Primrose
Hill, London. Wether ell Coll.
P. 1742. Five fragmentary specimens ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 4147. Three fragmentary specimens ; Sheppey.
EnniskitXlen Coll.
24614. Hinder half of cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1850.
Scombrinus macropomus (Agassiz).
1835. Cyhium macropomum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 42
(name only).
1839-44. Cyhium macropomum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 62, pi. xxvi. figs. 1-3.
1854. Cyhium macropomum, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Kept. & Pisces
Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 161.
Type. Imperfect head ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
A species known only by the head with opercular apparatus.
SCOMBEID^.
463
which attains a length of about 0*2. Length of cranium equalling
twice its maximum width ; fossae on cranial roof for lateral muscles
not extending forwards beyond hinder border of orbit ; maximum
depth of mandible less than one third its length ; superficial rugosity
on cranial roof and dentary comparatively coarse. Teeth well
spaced, not very variable in size.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 4145. Fine head, considerably larger than the type specimen ;
Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 4144. Abraded large head, labelled by Agassiz ; Sheppey.
Enniskillen Coll.
28758. Head, wanting occipital region ; Sheppey.
Purchased^ 1853.
P. 1756. Imperfect rostrum of smaller skull ; Sheppey.
Egerton Coll.
37759. Cranium; Sheppey. Saull Coll.
38920, 38943. Two imperfect crania ; Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 166. Cranium, broken across middle ; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1880.
28713, 28759. Three imperfect occipital halves of cranium ;
Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.
43107. Similar specimen ; Sheppey. Wether ell Coll.
P. 9480. Similar specimen ; Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1757. Two more imperfect crania ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 7382. Fragmentary hinder portion of cranium, derived from
London Clay ; Bed Crag, Waldringfield, Sufiblk.
Prestwich Coll.
P. 8985. Similar specimen ; Coralline Crag, Sutton, Suffolk.
Presented by Lady Prestwich, 1896.
Genus AUXIS, Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 199.1
Trunk elongate-fusiform ; the slender caudal pedicle with strong
median lateral keel. Teeth minute and conical on margin of jaws,
none on palatines, rare on vomer ; gill-rakers long, slender, and
numerous. Vertebrae 30 to 40 in total number ; the centra much
464
ACTIN-OPTERTGII.
constricted, with one lateral pit ; base of haemal arches in hinder
abdominal region a small trellis-work. Pectoral and pelvic fins
small ; dorsal fins widely separated, the anterior consisting of 10 to
16 spines, most of which are clasped by the enlarged U-shaped upper
end of a shortened support ^ ; posterior dorsal and anal fins small,
similar, and opposite, followed by 5 to 8 detached finlets ; caudal fin
deeply forked. Small scales only on anterior part of trunk, those of
pectoral region somewhat enlarged and compacted.
One existing species in Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Indian
Oceans.
Auxis (?) propterygius (Agassiz).
1796. Sco7nher pelamis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixvi. pi. xiv«
fig. 2 [err ore).
1796. Scomber trachurus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxxv. pi. xxix. fig. 2
[eii'ore).
1796. Opliicephalus striatus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxciii. pi. xlviii. fig. 1
{err ore).
1796. Labrus bifasciatus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cciv. pi. 1. fig. 1 {errore).
1818. Scomber pelamis (?), H. D. de Blainville, Noiiv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat,
vol. xxvii. p. 345.
1818. Scomber trachurus, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 345.
1818. Labrus bifasciatus (“ ? une des especes de scombres ”), H. D. de
Blainville, ibid. p. 351.
1835. Tliynnus propterygius, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292 (name
only).
1835-44. Tliynnus propterygius, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 55, pi. xxvii.
1876. Tliynnus propterygius, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. hi. p. 183.
1882. Thynnus propterygius (? = Auxis), D. G. Kramberger, Beitr.
Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarus, vol. ii. p. 118.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
An imperfectly known species attaining a length of about 0*25.
Length of head with opercular apparatus contained about three and
a third times, maximum depth of trunk approximately five times
in the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Vertebrae
30 in total number. Posterior dorsal and anal fins with about 12
articulated rays, followed by 7 finlets.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 4137. Small specimen 0*1 in length, probably young of this
species. The enlarged scales in the pectoral region are
^ See Kramberger, Beitr, Palaont. Oesterr.-TJngarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 117,
fig. 1. ^ ,, V
h
w
^ f
ALPHABETICAL lADEX.
— The numbers of on '.vnich mere ineitieniai references occur
are primed in italics. 1
Abramis. 510.
Acanus. 5CH).
Aipicnthys (coiiz.\
-• , orama. 519.
;eauispina. 501.
;!UcUaii.<. -t20.
-i.canniias marainatus.
areuarus, 501.
preriosp.s. 427.
226.
croaticus. .765.
vedfer. -27.
Acanthederma. 568.
■yraciiis. 502.
Alau.sa iaii.ssima. 156.
or.oa_-uiarnm, 568.
lomrispina. 500.
Albuia, tiO.
ovaie. .518.
minor. 500.
brevis. 6.5.
spinosnni. 5' >8.
ooionsus. 50 L.
de zpjnii. *>5.
AcantAcmuilus. 616.
•ivaiis. 5CHJ.
lata. 6.3.
saoeihe. 616.
reirieysianus. 501.
oweni. off
Acanthcnemo-csis.
^uinosus. 5)00.
A.L3Ui,id.e. 59.
450.
sruri. 565.
Albiirnus. 510.
raueilinii. 450.
Acara. 555.
in!Oc;ienicns. -5 10.
Acantiicnemus, 440.
Acarina. 522.
vuiuans. oil. _ y._
eindac t me ri . 5 19.
ber’:rariai. 440.
Alepisa'iims. A9. ,
hiamentosus. 440.
Ac0strus. 404.
Ai-nri)CEiniALiD.s. l.y.
subaurens. 440.
-icantiicnctcs. 481.
maca.s. 4?i.
■irniatus. -iCi.
licatic. -iS-.
.icanth.or;h.cna. SSr.
391.
libauica. COO.
Acantiiopieuiuis.oUH.
brevis. -TiiT.
serratus. '■67.
-icanihopsis, C'20.
acucus, 35.').
angustus. -321.
At A>'TH<<prERYC:il. 564.
Acantiiurus, 565.
canossie. ..65.
iluvaii. 564.
-'aiiurvi. 564.
razone. .3i)4.
haueri. 564.
■■jvaiii. .3ri4.
o.niius. o64.
'i’io=Lez'-i5. .-'65.
oniacus. 494.
Acioenser eretaceus. 254.
Acrcdcntcsaurus.
■j I .
gardiieri, 4C>.
Acrcaaster. 586.
brevicoscacus. 569.
daviesi. 590.
hecLeii. 500.
minutus. 560.
\irvns. 560.
Acrcanatnus. 245.
cooos. '-’i.C. '
ibanic'is. 244.
Acrcgrammatoiepis,
ireiniai.
5lt ROXURID.-Z. 562.
Acropema, ^61.
lira. ^6i.
Agenus.
orpTias. .'"T.
Aipicntiiys. -'27.
minor. r2f.
,oa.Tv
Alcsa. 146.
oohemic.i, .555.
enis.-?a. i.aiA
eionaata. 151.
numicuea. 152.
renoui. 152, _
Alosina. 150. -
^aimonea. 150.
AmbK'ph.ar3cngo-
don. 504.
Amblvncerus oilers: .
» « -
Anua p.iuiea. 5' '4.
Anna lewesiensi.s. 217.
Amiuriis. CAS.
eanoeliarus. 52'^.
maconnelli. 52y -. >-(5
Ainmcd v'tes. .CTT. ,
rooianns. 361.
'• .'.'uonyTiD.z. 554.
-a.mph.9risT;Tis. '77.
■ oiia : )icns. i i .
7implupia,ga,
Orach vorera. ilo.
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•on!Ziro?rr;s, ..j70.
TL-.'i^pristi'jjn. 'o4.
bo^zifiTium. VA>,.
dubiiim, 435.
longipenne, 435.
paradoxum. 434.
Amphodon, 474.
beoedeni, 474.
eurvidens, 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 3CK4
commune, 300.
fusiforme. 300.
mentale, 300.
pandatum, 300.
Axacantiiixi, 507.
Anapterus, 257.
aibyi, 2.37.
elongatus. 257.
macrocephalu.s. 258.
megistosoma, 257.
si cuius, 257.
sphekode.s, 258.
ttenia. 258.
Anarrhichas, 590.
lupus, 590.
Anchybopsis, 322.
latus. 322.
■^AncxS^rodon, ..ut).
armatus. 570.
Ossuratus. 570.
Tieeutinus. 570.
Ancylostylos, OtO
gib bus. 00.
Andreiopieura. ilO.
esimia. 110.
rerusrissima. IKi.
Anasdopogon, 1U7.
tenuidens, 108.
Anencheium. 477.
brevicauda, 480.
bi’eviceps,
doi'sale. 478.
^larisianum. -177.
heteropleurum. 47S.
isopieurum. 478.
latum, 478.
longipenne, 478.
marwinatum, 228.
An^Tiilla. 344.
branchiostegaiis. 345.
brevicula. 342.
elegan.s, 345.
hakeiensis. 210. .338.
interspinaiis. 345.
la.tispina. 340.
leptoptera. 344.
uinitiradiata. 345.
aachvnra. .'lio
.In.imiila
VO
478.
-v'luei-.uui.e. i09.
■venrraiis. 541.
~u;:iarTv. 340.
aratus. 72.
conti’actus. 71.
evolutus, 72, 386.
favirostris. 73. ^
po/vmicrodus. 72.
Anormums, 275.
macroiepidotus, 277.
Anthias, 520. !
bassanii, ,520. • i
stiriacus, 520,
Apatecdus. 2-58.
glyphodus. 258."^ •
lanceolatus. 204.
striatus. 200.
iipateo-Dhciis, 229
233'
laniatiis, 232.
AraRj-moDF.RiD.n. 410.
Apodes. 336.
Apogon. .521.
krambei’fieri, .521,
macroiepis, 521.
snmosus. 521.^,^^...
Apostasis. 503."
croatica. 503.
sturi, 503. '
-sinaoris. 417.
' a uei r a f J a r us . 417,
nua:;!.'rrons. -117.
''U’lU-vr.SiS . r! >
-y-.i f-i.
steinlai. .59.
As-Didonieurus, 229,
230.'
cataphi’actus, 230.
Aspiiis. 318.
bronofniarti. 293.
coiumum. 319.
ecnomi, .319.
elongatus. 160, 614.
furcatus. 160.
gracdis. 318.
tninulus. ,318.
vexillifer. -319.
Astephus, 329. _ . -
Atherina. 3.59. .^c
macrnceohala. 359. ’
I
Apnopelix, 35,31''
saurifocmis. .'lOg.
.Arapaima, 74.
Arciiasogadus. 21:
220.
guestiOialicus. 220.
AArchssoides. 442,
longicostatus. 442.
longus. 443.
macrurus. 442.
Archasoteuthis.
524.
glaronensis. 524.
Archaeus. 442.
-brevis, 443.
'j^iarisianus, 442.
AArgyreiosus, 45o.
mmutus. 450.
ilrius, 530.
baron i. ,334.
bartonensis, 333.
crassus, ,3,32.
dutemplei, OlO,
egertoni, .331.
gerroanicus. 33 k .'7
ilieriuGfi. .333.
vansionis. 334,
Asima. 530.
uicneri. 5.j0i
AslXEOriD.E. ilO
minurissima. 361.
sarmatica. 300. i
vardinis. 360.
Atherinichthys, 301.
ATUERixin.E, 358.
Athennoides. .301.
Atherinops, .361.
Atherinopsis. 301,
AAuchenasTDis, Bleeker,
3;i0.
.1. ^
"..v C-
Auchenilabrus, 552.
I'ronraiis, 552.
Auchenoglanis. 330.
Auliscops. 372.
sumatrnnus. 373.
Aulolepis. 126.
reus.-ii, 59.
typus, 13. 16. 127.
Auiorhamphus, 502.
boicensi,^:. 502.
canossax 503.
eapeilimi. 50.3.
Al'Lorhy.vcuid.i;. ;;71.
Auiorhynchus. 372.
-umatrensis. 37."..
Aulcsioma, ,375.
boicense. -37.5.
licatm, ,j<6^
Auxis. 257. 403.,
LToaticus. 405.
minor. -105.
proprerygius. 404.
sarinaticus. 459,
srinacus. 40.5.
fhynnoide.s, 40.5
rabceensis. 405.
‘76.
, 5
^'a.garius. 335.
vrmas. 335.
vvrreiii. 320. 3
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rXDEX.
) 1
E;i"ru.s :ior. ->-7.
3aiistes. oHS.
oaiiasii. 'B*.), ,
dubius.
-jzBalI'Tid.e. Bii5.
dOl .
^ fossiiis. 302.
ineaareDbaius. 302.
{J'^ '7 steinheimensis. .''’.02.
vuisai’is. 302.
Basilichtiiys, 3rtl.
Batliyscma. d40.
iutkeni. 440.
3ath.ytiinssa. B7.
Belone, 350.
S j^7 acutirostris. 3-)(.3od.
dava. 357.
cenuis. 35i.
•^’'^^^^Belohostouius laniatus.
232.
Behycii>-E. 3d4.
Berycifok.me.s. 3S4.
3eryccpsis. 423.
t'leiraris. 423.
lindscromi. 425.
Beryx. 385.
a ter, 302.
daiiiKiticus. 38B.
dinoiepidotus. Om'^O.
lermauus. 421.
-• inscuiptus. 380.
; i lesineiisis, 380.
raicrocepiialus. 124.
muicidematus. 380.
nijirer, 302.
ornatus. ■'07. -j-OO.
ovaii'. 121.
poiTinicTodus. 72.
^ radtaus. 122 222. t££
-^cnei. 400.
suoovarus, 380.
.i * V ' superbus, 4(13.
svriacus. 405.
yaiencienuesi, 380.
yexillifer. i20.
zippei. 307.
3lexniid.£. 505.
BLEX^^tl I FORMES. 501.
Biennius. 506.
cuneiibrmis. 5O0.
fossili'. V)0.
oceilaris. 560
Blociiiid-e. 501.
Blcchins. 503.
ioiiii'iro.srns. 503.
uiacropteras. ->03.
3cop?. 537.
iigas. .3.3 1 .
Bcthrosteus. 013.
orevifroris'. 01.3.
iatus. 013.
3oth.rosteus iroiu.).
minor. Oil.
3rach.ygnathus, 510.
■eniuceps. 510.
BraciivsTDondvlus,
270'
cretaceus. 270.
indicus. 326.
saropterix. 323.
3rachvrh.ynchus.
solidus. 407.
tereriro.stri.s. 407.
T-uibenedensis. 407.- •
Brosmius, 002...
eionsatus, 002.
fuchsianus, 0'i2.
strossmayeri. 602.
su-sedanus. 002.
Brctuia. O05.
lon;itpinnata. 005.
Bryciisstns. 70.
nuieiieri. 70.
Caraneopsis >
brevis. 440.
uursaiis. 44 1 .
lanceoiatus, 448.
laiior. 440.
maximus, 448.
Caranx, 441.,^
carau^opsis, 441.
^racdiis, 441
I tA ^ ol .4 -T ' OTA. ; —
3 uc klandium ,
diluvii. 330. 57i>.
Buxyrinus, 60.
O
30.
Caeus. .)! .
leopoidi. 57.
Caiamopleurtis. .351.
angiicus. 351. ^
Calamcstcma."
383.
brevicuium. 3S3.
CaiamosLcma. stcin-
'Ui.hucr. 383. 5H2.
bolcensis. 5ii2.
ctmossie. 503.
Callionymus. 58.^.
macroceDhaius. 588.
haueri, 441.
longipinnacus, 442. -
ovaiis, 442. -
risidicaudus. 442. d*'
Cariniceps, 458.
comuressiis. 458. ^
Catcstcmus. 209. ^ -
cnstatus. 30(.).
sUo^uouensis. 300.
__ • • •
Cextkiscid.e, 3< 7.
Centriscus. .377.
acuieatus. .378. ^ -8. ■ , .. .
lonsirosrri.s, 370.
tom, 377.
veiirarib. 370.
Chastodon. .'iio.
arcuatus. 561.
artrus. 501.
asper. 560.
aureus. 449.
canescens, 45i).
oanu.s. 558.
chirurgus. 559.
iioereri. 500.
iineatus. 504.
niesoleucus, 559.
uigidcans. 505.
pauiiio. 4.33.
oinnadformis. 433.
i.
pinnatus. 433.
pseudorbombus. 500.
vestenre. 448. rhomboides, 4.50,
Callipteryx, 589.
recticaudus. 589.
speciosus, .589.
Caiopomus. 530.
porosus. 536.
CanidiarTis. 537.
uri'ianeiisis. .53
Capito, 305.
Capuodus, 323.
ansuscus. 530.
dubius. 537.
indicus. 532.
interruprus. 537.
sLibrruncarus. .">23.
ti’uncatus, 536.
O.vkangid.e. 425.
Caran^odes, 450.
cennaius, 45(1.
Carangopsis. 446.
'iivili.'. 44.'>.
559.
rhombus. 559. 500.
sasatili.s, 412.
siriatus. 415.
subarcuaCus. 501.
SLibaureus, 449.
substriatus, 415. 500.
sun vesper tilio. 433.
triosteiTus. 504.
Teiicaiis, 4.j1.
veiif’er, 430.
vesoertiiio. 4.33.
Ch.etouontid.e. 530.
Ca.ETO DOXTIFOR'.! ES. 550.
Chanoides. 63. „e,o<.c-sir.
iiacroooma 63. _ .
Claancs, 64.
brevis. 6.5.
‘orciDatus, 05.
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INDEX.
rr22
. r 3/4.£ri A.2-^
:jfc.
ClIARACINID.E. ’il:)?.
Charitoscmus, 271.
formosus. 272.
hakelensis, 274.
lineolatus. 274.
major. 272.
Chaitcessus, lo8.
brevis. lo8.
humilis, 158.
tenuis, 158.
Cheionia radiata. 491.
Chimaera furcata, 34.
Chirocentrites, 9U.
cavoiini, 92.
coroninii, 91.
gracilis, 91.
libanicu.s, 105.
vexilliter. 92.
Chirocentrid-e. 86.
Chirocentms, 88.
polyodon. 88.
Chircmystus, 89. ^
mawsoni, 90. ■*
Chircstoma. 3(‘>1.
Chirotiiud fD.E. 279.
Chirothrix, 280.
guestt'aiious, 28o.
lewisi. 283.
libamcus. 280.
Cbondrosteus. 115.
Chondrostoma. old.
bubalus, 310.
elongata. 316.
laticauda, 615.
miuutuin. 318.
stepbani, (il5.
Cfiromid.e. 554.
Chrysich.th.ys, 327.
tbeobaidi. 327.
Chrysophrys, 534.
agassizi, 537.
ry'iy y.\/;5J4,arsenaritana. o-Jt.
. brusiuai. 534.-f'A32^
, , ^^‘incta, 535.
’ r s- t'o nii, 537.
U i .
bertlei, 534.
lawieyi. 534.
miocenica.
scacchii. 534.
zignoi. .534.
Cim oiichthy s ,
227.
aneeps, 203.
contractus, 228.
* 22^ , gladiolus. 204.
jlewesiensis, 221.
lisbonensis, 228.
merrilii. 228.
nepteoiica. 1:25.
semiauceps. 22'^.
sulcatus. 225.
221.
Cladocyclus, 107.
gardueri, 108.
lewesiensis, 109.
occiden tails. 110.
streblensis, 110.
6^'
sweeti, 11 1,^5^^*^
Clarias, 324.
falconeri, 324.'"^ ..
Clinus, 597.
gracilis, 597.
Clupea, 146.
alta, Leidy, 145.
aita, Steindachner, 157.
antiqua. 138.
arcuata. 154.
attenuata. 19. /
uCUViircll,
bosniaskii. 154.
bottte, 250.
breviceps. 154.
brevis, 270.
brevissima, 140. ,
caudata. 154. ■■ '^ \
catopvgopiera. 148.
eepbaius, 158.
cbrysosoina. 158.
crenata. 151.
curta. 22.
cyprinoides. 63. 456.
(ieutex. 154.
denticit'ormis. 154.
doljeana. 159.
d tibia, 270
ecnoini, 155.
elongata, Uavis. 55.
AoriS.i\.VA, Steindachner.
155, 460.
eugraulitormis, 155.
evoians, 133.
fontannesi. 155.
gaudryi, 138.
gervaisi, 155.
I
^1
o c
gantea.
goidfussi, 158.
gracilis, 150.
gracillima. 155.
grandisquama. 155.
grandonii. 155.
gregana. 155.
guestpbalica. 237.
baidingeri, 155.
beterocerca. 156.
bumilis. Leidv, 144.
bumilis. Meyer. 150.
iniiata, 15(i.
intermedia. 156.
lanceolata. 150.
laneti. 141.
lata, i5, 53.
laticauda. 158.
latissima, 156.
1^7*
Clupea (conf.).
lawieyi, 158. ^
leptostea, 153.
lesinensis, 138.
lewisii, 17.
lorcae, 156.
lundgreni, 156.
maceki. 156.
macrocerca. 156.
macropbtbalma. 135.
macropoma, 63.
megaptera, 147.
luegapteryx, 15(5.
ineiettmformis, 156.
menegbinii. 158.
microcephaia, 158.
microsnma. 157.
minima. 246.
minuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis. 157.
•* mucronata. 157.
murtenoides, 63.
nunddica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbtbaimica. 158.
opistbopterys, 157.
polyacbantbma. 155.
prtesardinites. 157.
pulcbra. 56.
pusilla, 144. y-gqa'''*
sagoiensis, 154. 157. ..
sardinites, 152.,^^,^<,
sardinoides, 19.'
saulos. 157.
sauvagei. 1.58.
scbeuclizeri. 147., , w
C'f
sinensis, b3. ■
spbaerocepbala, 154.
sprattus, l-aS.
stynaca,
tenuissiina. 154.
tbeta. 140.
tbrissa, 63.
tbrissoides, 63. „ .. '
triuacridis, 157.
vectensis, 146.
ventricosa, 150.
villosa. 161.
voirouensis, 138.
vukotinovici, 157.
xenopbani.s. 158. .
zanciea. 158. rc^mcetJrz'^.
Cll'peid.e, 128.
Clupeops, 159.
insignis. 159.
Cobitis, 320.
angustus. 321. ^
bredai, 320.
cenrrocbir, 320.
cephalntes, 321 .
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Cobitis <'onr.).
lonixiceos. 1*7 '
tevien.
:1.
Cobitopsis. 07)4.
aciuus. 7-.').3.
exiiis. 37).').
Ccsiocephaius, 4.37
salmoneus. 4-37.
Cceiogaster. lli).
anaiis. Illj.
Cceloperca, .319.
laciri’on^. .310.
Ccslopcma, 470.
coiei. a70.
Cybium i com.').
V bottii. 470. ^ '2JL-
/duinoaci. 470.
excoisum. 407.
linsuiamiu. 400.
luaiTopouumi. 402.
raacuiatuin.
parcschi. 170.
Deniex {cout.). — ^
fauiasi. .322. __
laekeuiensis. .3227
leptacantliu^. -322.
microdon. .32.4.
y-CTc^/,
4!h).
niuensten. .32.3.
nobiiis. .323. -i
,o// o-CS/7 ,
sardiniensis. .32.3.
proosci, 470. ventraiis. .j2.3.
curvatunj .
la?.ve. 472.
t72
' 7 •
Cc8iorh.viich.U3, 7y03.
CDnifer brevior. .347.
Gonosaurops. Oil*.
bowniaiiiu. 012.
Ccno3aurus, 012.
bowmanui. 0)12.
( 'orax il^siiracus. ."wO.
Coregonus, OU.
lavaretus. 101.
Corvina gibberulus, .339.
CoTTID.E. .'SO.
Gottus, 5.S.3.
;iries. .382.
.^revis. .382, SSJ.
'cryptocremus. 7>S.3.
divaricarus. 585.
boi’ridus. 585.
hvnoceras. 54.3.
» 1.
TUULriDinnarus, .384.
paDvraceu.'. .3!;3.
i. .1. *
pontifex. .387).
quaaricornis. .385.
imcinatus. .3.'?.3.
speeiosum. 400
tenue. 470.
Gyclcid.es. 59.
lacisus. .39.
Cycloiepis. 59.
aa:a=.sizi. ,39.jT^'^‘^'
CxT’clopoma, 504.
! s. .j'.04
inicTaeantbuin, 504.
spinosuin. .3i)4.
CvCLOl’TKIUD.E, 587.
Cyciopierus. 587.
laniDus. J.9d. .3p7.
Gyciotocnodcn, 45.
yagraas. 45.
Cyciurus ci'assu.s, 598.
Cyclarus iniuor, 583.
Cvclarus nemoptervx.
‘.398.
Cypuixid.e. 299.
Cvpnnudon ievatus, 41t).
CvPRIXODUXTID.E. 289.
Cyprinus, 300.
bipunctatus, .318.
carpio. .301.
minucas' olO.
papyraceus. 307
))riSL‘us. 301.
5uuainosseu.s. 270.
DERCEXrD.E. 17
Dercetis. 172.
elonsatus. 184.
limhamnensi.s. 173.
linsfiiiiei’. 174.
reus.'i. 173.
scuratus. 172.
temiis, l8l.
iriauerer. 174.
D er matoDtvchus .
.v.j.
iuaci-ophciialmus. 24.‘1
Desmichthys, 4.30.
dauorei. 450.
Diaphyodus. .341,
■5 So.
ovaiis. ,340.
rrieoneila. 540.
Diastichus, 322.
inacrodon, 322.
parvideus. 3l'2.
'tran^aiatus. 322
Dictycdus. 473.
crassTdeus, 47.3.
destracror. 474.
pnscu.s. 473.
rapeiieasis. ST3^jSj>z^-
Dincpteryx. 400
spinosus. 407. .
Diodon. 571.
Creniiabrus, 54(1.
CvTTID.E. 417.
acantliodes. 574.
rzajnoca;)?. 541.
Cyttcides. 417.
annquus. 573.
woodwardi. ,341.
Grommx’cdus. .353.
giarunensis, 417.
corsicauus, .>74,
ermaceus. o tS.
irresfuians. 55.3.
Dactyloposon. 248,
toleyi. 5(4. ■-r'3
eristic er 3. .39,3.
irranois. 24V(. -
-'4')5 gisfanrodus. 574.
oaradoKiis. .39.3.
parvuius. 249.
' dieptadiodon. .374.
C itO.'.sOG.V VTH 1 D-E. 348.
Dactxricpterus. .380.
beterodon. .>7.3.
Gressegnathus. -348.
piioeenicus. .3<80.
bilcrendorri. .uo.
sabauuiaiuis. ,340.
Toiitans, .5>6.
iiicercus. 57.3.
Ctenedentex. .'•’’2.
Dapedogicssus. 74.
itancus. 575.
laekenieus’.s. 522.
acunis. 7.3.
meristodas. 57,3.
Gtenoroma. 579.
JBquioinnis. 75.
monsesurensis. 57.).
iemeika. 570.
eneau.'tus. 70.
piatyodus. 57.'.
Gtencthnssa. 120.
i.0^tl5. i f K
rovasenda}. 57.7k
i!’.i'.a'0('-euuai.;i. 124.
Daptinus. 111. 272.
seiiliE, 572.
radians. ll'2.
broaaiieadi. 1 13
.>i<pua. 573.
ve.xiilu’er. 120.
inreraiedias, i 12.
sreaouus. 575.
CTEXOTaP.I.'S[D.E. 119.
phleb'jtoiaas. 112.
teauisninus. .j7.3.
Gycium. rbO, pOO, 409.
Dente.x. 522.
vetus. 573.
Parronense. 4* '7.
breviceps. 527.
Dipiemystus. 139,
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INDKX.
I
lil.
/; (,-y CM''’
Diplcmystus (cont.). I
anaiis, V6\h
birdi, 142.
brevissimui, 140. j
’^^-^■^dentaius,
humilis, !
" lougicostatus, 143. |
/-^^^s-pecjtorosus, 140. f
■»»«*■» tbfc“tH, 140.
vectensis, 146.
Diplotomodon, 612
borrificus, 612.
Dipnolepis, 234.
jahni, 234.
Ductor, 448.
leptosomus, 448.
Dules, 521.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521.
Echeneis, 451.
glaronensis, 451.
Echenus, 61
politus, 613.
Ecliidnocephalu.s,
163.
tenuicaudus, 163.
troiHcheli. 163.
Egertcnia, 550.
gaultina, 73.
gosseleti. 551.?'i2_^
isodonta, 551.>-^l2r’
Electrolepis, 415.
horrida. 415.
Elopid.e, 7.
Elopides, 23.
eouloni. 23.
Elcpcpsis. 8.
crassus, 10.
d “Tit ex. 205.
feuzli, 9.
baueri, 210.
beckeli, 10.
inicrodon, 9.
ziesleri, 10.
Elops, 22.
Embalorhynchus,
497.
kinnei, 497.
Empo, 221.
COB tract a, 22S.
lisbonensis. 2l8.
merrilli. 228.
nepabolica, 225.
seimanceps, 22S.
sulcata. 225.
Encheizipbius tereti-
rostri.=5. 497.
Enchelurus, 164.
ansrlicus. 167.
Enchelurus {cont.).
syriaous, 165.
viilosu3, 164.
Encheiyopus, 343.
tigrinus, 343.
Encuodontid^. 189.
Enchodus, 190.*^
amicrodus, 203.
anceps, 203.
annectens, 195.
bleekeri, 466.
calliodon, 203.
carinatus, 204.
corneti, 204.
dirus, 204.
dolicbus, 204.
faujasi, 196.
i'erox, 204.
"gladiolus. 204.
gracilis, 201.
, - balocvon, 191.
'^euioimiei'i, 198.
“ lewesiensis, 191, 103.
'longidens, 199.
Ivcodou, 204.
luacropterus, 202.
major, 200.
marcbesei rii, 200.
oxytonuis, 204."'^
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulcbellus. 193.
recurvus. 201.
semistriatus. 205.
serratus. 203.
sbumardi. 205.
suboequilateralis, 205
tetrtecus. 205.
valdensis, 205. ^ -4
Engraulis, 133.
brevipinnis, 133.
evolans. 133, 287.
iongipinnis. 133.
tenuis, 230, 285.
Enneodon, 571, 575.
ecbinus. 574.
Enonlophthalmus,
323.
scblumbergeri, 323,
Enoplosus, 521.
pygopterus, 521.
Eoccelopoma, 470.
colei. 470.
curvatum, 472.
Eoccttus, 580.
Tcrcnensis, 581.'
Eomyrus, 340. ... ^
doUoi. 340.
latispirms, 340.
ventraiis. 341.
I
y-
Eothynnus, 457.
.salmoueus. 457.
Ephippites, 617.
peissenbergensis, 617.
Ephippus, 559. £hO-
lougipennis, 559.
nicolisi. 560.
oblongu.s, 560.
oweni, 570.
rbombus, 559.
Equula, 450.
scillte, 450.
Eiismatopterus, 416
endlichi, 416.
M levatus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.
Esocelops, 46.
cavifrous, 46.
E.SOCID.E. 287.
Esox, 287.
belone. 375.
clestructus, 615.
faicatus, 482.
lepidotus, 288.
lewesiensis. 191.
longirostris, 375.
lucius. JS8, 289, 333.
macropterus, 89.
mouasteriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus. 288.
saurus, 361.
spliyrtena, 361,
62,
366.
spret. 362. 366.
vulpes, 153.
waltscbanus. 289.
Eucy nodus, 481.
bunteri, 481.
Eurygnathus,
Agassiz. 46.
eavifrons. 46.
Eurygnathus, Baris.
190.
ferox, 200.
marcbesettii, 200.
Eurypholis. 207.
bc-issien, 2t)7.
freyeri. 210.
lousidens. 199.
major, 201.
suicidens, 207.
Exocetus evolans. 1,33.
Exocetus exiliens. 133.
Exocoetoides. 286.
minor. 286.
tenuis. 285.
Fierasfer, 605.
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INDEX
i- lerasier [cunj .
nuiuius. tiu').
poscerus. (lO.").
Fisiuiana, .X74.
boiceusis,
“'/'c
u-obiiis (coiu. \
bassanii. .366.
cuibia. .j(D.
koeiiiiri, •374.'^
brevi?. .382.
couicu.s. -334.
elacu.-i.
, ■ ■ francofurcauus. .333.
-^3'»''<^/''^‘^leDto.somu3. .386.- •./ -
■)
loasiirostris, .37.3.
Labtioaria. oib.
tenuirostris. 37.3.
FrsTui.AuiiD.E. 373.
Fundulus. 22n.
(4 AD ID. K, .307.
Gadopsis, (313.
brevieei).s. (31.3.
Gadus,
.esieliuus. cO/ .
eie^ans. bOiJ. 3 . '
lobini, .j88.
KiacroacCDS. 538.
uiaerurus. 531.
luaximus, 588.
lajicrocephaius. 533.
mukipiiiiiatus. 564.
ublon^u^. .564.
;'--...:ieiriirh.vncnusi cnt.).
' (iesuavesi. -1:^6.
487.
Hemisaurida. 27(1
>
neocoLuieiisii. 27().
- Hemithyrsitao, ^61.
arniacus. 461*.
elacus. 461.
licaiie, 462.
Hemitrich.as. 32-3.
seiiiscicoin, 3x3.
, Hepiadiodcn,
■' -573.
echinus, 574.
’ < 1.
peruzzii. u86. . ,^^^33.i*.oa.-aeteroDranciiiis.
DUiluS, P84y ^ N ‘ '
snivrnensis. 443.
veronensis, 5Si.
vicinalis. 5.33.
vienuensis. 5.34.
naueindicLis. 325.
Heterciepis. 312.
Heterctis. 74.
Hexa'DserDhus. 322.
■1
I’aba. 604.
cC/
Goniognathus, 577.
'zueneben. 1
-latior, po] . -*<4
Oi
curypiuenoides. 577.
Histiaiesa.
Inscus. 6(X>. ,
maxiilans. 577.
rhiuiiieri. 5'
merian^us. oOo.
Go.xoriivxciiid.p. 271.
Histiocepm
ineriucciiis. 589.
Gcncrhvnchus, 271.
bassauii. 57
minurus. 601.
■jpeyi. 271.
Histiephon
niorrnua. 61.1I.
Gvmxodontid.p. 570.
anriquLis. 4‘.
poilacuiiis. 601.
Gymnedus. 572. 171.
desbayes. 4'
poiyneiuus. 601.
cliodon. 575.
eocienicus. 1
p s e lid U'c i. hi n us . t ) 0( ) .
heterodon. 575.
lioinaiurnaii
simplex. 604.
monseirarensis. 575.
497.
speeiabilLs, 604.
* * -
pai-vulus. 4'.
scoupauii. 601; '
Hacquetia. 612.
pnscus. 491
temus. 604.
boiceusis. 612.
robuscus. 41
tuberciiiosLis. 604.
rialec, (. z~'y.
rotundus. 4!
venuscus. 604.
eupterv'^ius, 213.
Histiothriss
Tirens. 601.
xuescpliaiicais. 220.
orassapuina.
-ry oKya
r >.4
-uv
Gasteronemiis, 437.
obionsfus. 441.).
rl’.onibeus. 4:30.
Gephy r lira. 206.
concentncn. 206.
GeiTSS, 523.
uia=saioneoi. 523.
Gigantich.th.37s, 612.
Diiarao, 612.
Giiiicns. 09. 101.
arcuarus, l(.)l.
poiymicrodus. 101.
Glossodus, 'Invier. 60.
iiecKeii. 73. .-j v .
Glvptccephalus. 570.
caciiaai?. 570.
GuBiiD-t. 537.
Gobih'Ormes, 567.
Gcbic, 303.
anal is. 304.
inaior. 6)1.3.
Ticmus. 615,
Gcbins. .'66.
harnarin. 5^1.
01 .■)
: o o
X 0>).
haueri. xlO.
laiibei. 220.
microiepis. 21S.
^ternbercii.
Halecopsis.
insiizni.'. 134.
h'CVlS, ioi.
Kai.osal'rid.e, 162.
Haicsanrtis, I()2.
HaRLO-MI. 1.
Hemibranciiii. 360.
Hemicycius. 50.
sCrehiensis. 59.
Hemieicpcpsis. 56.
gibbus. 58.
gracilis. 56.
siiessi. 53.
Hemiiam'Drcnites.
59.
steinlai. 59.
Hemiram-chus. 3,33.
132.
macrociactvia. 131.
Histiurns. j.39.
eiarus, 146.
serioiuides. 146.
ventricosn.s. 146.
Hciacanthus. 561 .
iiiierocemialus. 5iU.
piovenorum. 561.
Hoicodon. loo. '-01.
lesinaensis. 219.
Ivcodon. 204.
Holccie-cis. 11,
54. A
creraceus. 20.
Hole centrum. 412
ealeanier. 502.
^-trsu-A-
lanceoiatum. 521.
eciwaras!. 3.>8.
Hemimvnc
otj]i-i. 466.
LUS.
'.nacrocepuauun,
’uacuiatum, 5()4.
nieiitense. 413.
pvo-ieuiii. -t13,
pvD-inacum. 414.
'Otfo. —12.
Hoicsteus. -70.
''iocimis. 1' , U.
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IXDEX.
&2G
Homonotus, 407.
clorsaiis, 408.
Q ■ ^<,''.-1 1 1 6 r, o93.
',.--^^omcrhynchus, 488.
bruxeiliensis. 400.
Hoplopteryx, o96.
^ antiquus, 396.
j'T'p v T5, i^wesiensis, 397.
lewisi, 404.
^^undensis, 404.
, minor. 406.
soblonsus. 406.
1^0^ ^pinoms, 407.
.stachei, 406.
.. superbus, 403.
syriacus. 405.
zippei. 397.
Hopicstethus. 414.
ingens, 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawieyi. 414.
netteibladti. 414. '
o=tioiatus. 414.
pisanus. 414.
Hyperlophus, 139.
Hypscdon, 37. 02.
lewesiensis. 33. 40. 45.
94, 95. 98, 109.
minor. 102.
oblongus, 26.
toliapicus, 24.
Hypscspondylus, 58.
bassanii. 58.
Hyptius, 58.
sebastiani. 58.
Ichthycdectes. 99.
acanthicus. 107.
anaides. 100.
arcuaius, 101. 110.
cruentus. 107.
ctenodon, 100.
elesans. 103.
goodeanus. 107.
hamatus. 107.
^banicus. 105.
/<J7, .minor. 102.
'' multidentatus. 107.
, occidentalis. liJl.
perniciosus. 107.
poiymicrodus. iOl.
proijnachus, 107.
serndens. 101.
..-i.-', .. • teniudens. 104.
Iclitiiyotrin^a, 265,
lolj.
tenuirostris. 239.
Iguana ( iO liaueri. .564.
Imogaster. 39 i .
auraius. 304. -.30.
Isch3rrh.i2a, 40./,.^,
i antiqua. 45.^^
mira, 46.
radiata, 46, 614.
Ischyrocephaius,
190.
cataphractus, 202.
gracilis. 201.
intermedins, 202.
macropterus, 202.
Isodus, 190.
sulcatus, 199.
Istieus, 66.
^ gracilis. 70.
grandis, 67.
lebanonensis. 71.
raacrocephalus, 07, 70.
macrocoeiius. 67.
mesOspondylus. 67.
microcephalus, 67.
spottii. 71.
Istiophorus, 495.
Isurichthys. 453.
* raacrurus, 453.
orientalis. 453.
Isurus, Agassic, 453.
macrurus, 453.
Jalis. 541.
agassizii. 540.
muensteri, 54(J.
sigismundi, 541.
Ivurtus Telifer, 430, 431.
Labeo cuvieri. 616.
Labidesth.es, 361.
Labrax, .509.
bosniensis. 512.
deiheidi, 512.
elonsatus, 512.
beckelii. 510.
intermedins, 512.
latus, 512.
lepidotus. 512.
longiceps, 513.
major, 513.
mojsisovicsi, 513.
multipinnatus 513.
neumayri. 513.
oeninsensis. 511.
sagorensis. 513.
schizurus, 510.
steindaclmeri, 513.
stiriacus, 513.
ubinoi, 510.
L-V.BRID.E, 5-39.
Labrodon. 541.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis, 545.
bazini. 543.
I
I
i
i
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i
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i
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Labrodon {cont.).
beigicus. 543.
bourcreoisi. 543.
britannus, 543.
canariensis. 542,
carolinensis. 543.
chantrei, 543.
coccbii, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus. 544.
edwardsi, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
baueri. 544.
beterodon, 54-1.
multidens, 544.
pavimentatum, 544.
paijodoa. 545.
quenste(kt3.545.
rhedonum, 545.
sacberi. 545.
sauva2:ei, 545.
sellse, 545. _ _ --
■soldanii, 545,
super bus, 542: -r
trapezoidalis. 545.
trigonella. 516.-
Labrophagus, 611.
esocinus. 611. ^
Labrus, 539.
agassizi, 540. ^ ^
bifasciatus. 464.
ibbetsoni. 540.
im, o-t.). ^ ^ _
•'V
maiapterus. 595.
meruia. 540.
microdon. 540.
parvuius. 540.
priscus. 540.
punctatus, 558.
rectifrons. 558.
turdus, .504.
vaienciennesi, 540.
woodwardi. 541.
Laparus, 596.
alticens. 596. / ^y//nu5 . fiS
Lates, 502. ^
gibbus. 502.
gracilis, 502.
beberti. 499.
macropterus, 503.
macrurus. 50.3.
notmus, 502.
partscni, 503.
sa^orensi', 513.
Lebias.
aymardi, 292.
cepbalotes, 290.
crassicaudu.s, 295.
crassus, 296.
eissrabensi-s. 294.
furcaius, 291 .
■::audryi. 294,
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IXDKX
s') —
Lebias [ronr. .
j,()bio. 1.94. _ - •“
111 eye ri, 1.'94.
miniums. 294.
])erpu3iilu5. 291.
lenuis. 294.
zisiuoi. 294.
Lepidenteron. 1(?3.
lonijissimum. 1>.3.
Lepidocottus, 3c 1.
lines, 5S2.
brevis, 382.
elongatus. 384.
ixraeiiis, '>17.
rauidpinnatas. 384.
papyraceus. tjCo.
Lepidopides. 477.
brevisnondvius. ^Si.
ilubius. 481.
lenrosnoufiyias. rtSl.
Lepidopiis. -t77.
aibyi. 480.
ansuis. 4c0.
brevicauaa. 480.
. carDaliiieus. 4cU.
>
" dubius. 481.
duxn.sianus.
lenrosnonavius. 481.
meueizninii. 4cl.
Lepteccdon. 'loo.
^ .xoo
recrus. loo.
Leptich.th.y3, blG.
ajiuis. ()1G.
Leptccephaius, d4<).
zraciiis. 340.
’.lied ins. 34/ .
'lenia. 34ii.
LeI'TOLEPID-E. 1.
Leptcsomus, 244.
'crassicoscarus. 240.
eiomraLus. 243.
2uestndaiieiis. 243,
inacrourus. 243.
minimus. 240’.
jeptotracneius, 170.
arraarus. i74.
eionsams. 184.
iiraciiis. icO.
y/ * nakeie’esis. 184.
loncipinriis. 1'7.
sinzitracus. 187.
-rinueter. _74. lOd.
"inziuatus. i87.
Leucisctis. 303.
acrosasrer. 3lU.
jeuciscus (co)it.).
eecconii. 312.
eepliaion. 3i)7.
cepiiaius. 309.
colei. 3U8.
dorsalis, oil. 312.
duuierdi. 311, 312.
eibiswaiciensia. 310.
elesans. 315.
ervcbroDutiiaimus.
1;09. ‘
eurystoinus. 311.
irit'Ciii. 013.
aabbiensis. 311.
udbbus. 310. ,
gracilis. 314.
harrmauni. 314.
lieivedcus. 303.
lieteruriis. 310. ; ,
kranrzi. 311.
larteti. 311.
lariuscuius. 303.
leptus. .300.
iicatie. 311.
macrurus. 308.
meciius, .310.
’T..oeningeasis. 305.
' oaovraceus. 307.
i. -
oiesioocerus. 311.
i ^
polysarcus. .311.
iiueilaris. 311.
pusilliis. .300.
racaimud. 311.
reraocus. .311.
r'aciius. 309
sauvaiiei. 312.
sicanus, 311. .312.
stenaani. 311. 013.
rarsiser. 313.
turneri. 311.
vexiiliier. 3ll.^,^c
Leucus. 322.
conctonianus. 322.
jatus. 322.
Letiresthes. 301.
Lewisia, -8.
ovaiis. 33.
...iicjCiia, a4.3.
ana. 440.
aiiaiis. ^45.
lata. 443.
prisca. 444.
.'eeunda. 440,
scooranii. -r-iO.
Lob edits. .337.
xjcphius (
paragon leiis. 591.
piscarorius. 391.
Loricaria, 591.
pleeostonius, 391.
Loxestomns. Oil.
mancus. Oil.
Lucania, 290.
Lucicperca. 321.
skorpiii. 321.
Lucius antedilin ianus.
288. ^ ,
Luiianus epbippiuci, ,
TioL 301.
Lutodeira, 04.
Lyzeeptera, 1.
macrorliyninui. 2.
middendiorm, 2.
=- sinensis. 3. _
Lyriolepisd
ciucaaicus, 59.
Macroiepis, 413.
eloinzarus. -i-1.3.
Macrenes, 327.
01,
nacrcstcma.
aituni. .'01.
r.lACUURlD.E. 003.
Llacrurns, 0o5.
nnecursor. 0<,>3.
I’lailotus, 100.
Vlliosus. Oil.
rdegaiedon. 3<7,
mwesiensis. 9.3.
^auroides. 93
Llegaioiepis, 482, fT?-
■ oascncaensis, -x82.
latus. 482.
Tilegaiops, 24.
rorcipaius. 05.
obioncfus. 20.
pnscus. 24.
Zrlesainrites. 371.
nidduin, 372.
Z'lesapus, 280.
j’aestt'aiieus. 2Si'>.
rde gist opus, 280. 23 1.
zuestiaiieus. 283.
-rleietta, 1.46.
irenaia. 131.
doiieana. 139.
gracillima. i33.
,randisauama, 135.
deckeii. 131.
/T7<ir;y^
;iUia. 311.
n eci e u K )n : an 'us. 33 7 .
iieterostoina. 152.
bnsniaskii. 310.
Lobepterus. -ri3.
intermedia. i30.
’ reTicanaa. 310.
pecrinarn.s. ~:i3.
loneimana. 131.
u'evis. ‘.
r.opnnr>.r. .'iil.
nan son. 131.
b^inaius, iO.
Lophitts. ■'9I.
"I’msarcdrites, 137
mil*
’mac:: v<nmur-, •39i_
.anier;. 131.
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sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzeri, 147.
stvriaca, 157. ^
Meiettina, 151.
Mene, 4o7.
oblongus, 440.
pusiila, 441.
rhombeus. 439.
Menidia,- 361.
Merlangus, 600.
cognatus, 604.
spatuiaius. 604.
suifolkensis. 600.
vulgaris, 600.
Merlinus, 603.
criscatus. t)03.
,Meriuccius, 601.7^
attenuatus, 604.
baiticus
INDEX.
Mugil, 363.
brevis, 446.
cepbalus.
7 ^ 2>d> '
debiiis, 365.''
'3.
6)04.
bosniaskii. 601.
prmceps, ob4.c7r^
I’adobojanus, 365.
Mugilid.e. 363.
Murnena creca, 347.
51urffina conger, 344.
Murj-eua lewesiensis. 185.
5Iuiaena niyrus. 341.
Miirtena ophis, 347.
5Il'r.exid.e. 336.
Mylccyprinus, 322.
indexus, 322.
kingi, 323.
longidens, 323.
robust us. 322.
Mylcpharyngodon,
323.
emarsinatus,
■sir’
07
miocenicus. i)U4.^'^
obtusus, 604.
Mesogaster, 361.
cretaeeus, 3ii2.
gracilis. 254.
sphyiaeiioides. 362.
Metope nich.th.ys,
558.
longirostris, .o59.
(ictacanthn.-, 559.
Micrcccelia, 252.
grauuiata, 252.
libanica. 252.
51icrodou nuchalis, 429.
5Iicrod()n pulcbellus.
421.
Mioplcsus, 517.
abbreviatus. 518.
beam, 518.
labracoides. 517.
lonfrus. 518.
3'-?
Myripristis, 410.
homopterygiu.s, 411.
leiuacanthus. 410. , ;
toliapicus. 4]2.-"l':;‘'*’^ '
Myrus, 340.
vulgaris, 341.
Nummcpalattis,
<7 S' -7.
abbas, 543.
africanus. .542.
baziui, 543.
belgicus, 543.
bourgeoisi, 543.
britannus. 543.
chantrei. 543.
cocchii, 543.
edwardsius, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
baueri. ,544.
heterodon, 544.
multideus, 544.
pavitnentatus, 544.
poiyodon. 545.
quenstedti, .545.
rhedonuin. 54,5.
sacheYi, 545.
sauvagei, ,545.
trapezoidaiis, 545.
o41 ,
V c C-****’*'"* 1
Naseus, 564.
brevirostris, 564.
nuchalis. 565.
I'ecti Irons, 564.
Naupygus, 611.
bnckJandi. 611.
Nemachilus, 320.
bi’edai. 320.
centrochir, 320.
cephalotes, 321. -
tener. 615. ^ ^''5 -
teylerl, ’
Nematenotus, 249.
bottiB. 250.
Nemepteryx, .798.
w»'^rassus. ,598.
-Ty-q v/3 -
mukulentatus. 518.
sauvageanus. 518. elongatus, 59S.^u\;&f3
'=>! troscheli. ,598.
Nettastoma, 346.
c *
Monccentris, 414
hosnes. 414.
integfer. 414.
6ubrotundu3. 415.
Mononteros gigas, 89.
Morrhiia, 599.
a'giennoides. 601.
excensa. tiOl.
laba. 604.
lanceclata. 601.
lata. 6<’5.
uiaeromeryiria. 601
immma. 601.
soeilir.Lrensis. 605,
'/.;ig:;darpnsi>, 601.
5L','H^auru.s Lr'-aciii.s. i
f-j
bolcense, 346.
>5.)T.VC.\NTIIIU.E, 168.
Notacanthus, 169.
ISottcus agatsizii, 540.
Notelops, 27.
bi’aina. 27.
Nctogoneus, 275.
cuvieri, 277. 615.
longicet)s. 278,
oscuius. 275.
sqiuuno.'seus, 276.
yDTOPTr.Rinj;, ^-5.
Notopterns, >6).
])ri!ua‘vu.s. >'>,
Odnx carolinensis. 543.
Odonteus, 556.
depressus, ,5.56.
pygmiBus. 5,56.
sparoides, 556.
Odontostomus, 189.
Oligobelus, 323.
archer us, 323.
lauiinatus. 323.
OligopJarchus, 519.
squaiuipinms. 519.
Omiodon, 270.
cabassii, 270.
Ommatolampes,
490.
eichwiddi. -191 .
Omosoma, 419.
intermedium. 420.
uionasteri, 421.
pulchellum. 421.
sahel-almm. 419.
Omosudis, 189,
Oncolepis, 595.
isseii, .597.
OpiiimiD.E. 605. i‘
Ophidium, 605
JO'
barbatum. 343. 347./“''^ *
voiriauum. 6)05.
Opiiiocepiialid-e. 3th’
Ophiocephalus, 369.
jtriatus, 464.
Ophisurus acuticaudm
• 4 / .
Opisthomyzon, 151.
Opisthopteryx, 255
i-iiiT.us. 2.:4.
.,'raciii.'. 254.
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Orcynus.
-vuLuuo^cn
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lanceuuitus. -nao.
latior. 4.7)0.
iiirdius. 47>t).
scald i.sii. 4.3.d.
Oncardinus, 4ti.
■oi’UiS, 4d.
Ortiiagcriscus. -370.
■•nciononsis. 7)71).
Osmeroides. 11.
iiireniiaras. i'.J.
beisiicus. 1^2.
brevis. 113.
I rassLis. 10.
creraceus. 2U.
civaricatiis. 22.
dubius. 16.
evoiutus. 72.
:iiarisianus. 257).
gracilis. 16.
grauubitus. 21.3.
insiiTiiis. 164.
1
atui. JO.
levis. io.
11.
lewesiensi;
Icwisi. 17.
iiuinieilii. 12.
aiaxiruus. i^.
iue<rai)Leriis. l-j ?. ::6'1.
— 1.
microcenuaius. 26 1 .
liiiiiur. 162.
inunascerii. 267. 26S.
peetiiiOLepis. l'2.
poivniicrucius. 72.
sarciinioides, I'd.
vinare. SIS. 21.
Osmercie'cis. .30.
Osteosicssum. 74.
cucauitian. 7''.
iiuDeriaiis. .ax).
aiicrurus. .-60. '
ubiclia'a-''. > ' '0.
pirritus. .>67),
O t olixliTis. _ :
aciuninaui>. 6] [.
acuian'jMiu.a. 61 >6.
Otoiithus K'-ou'.'.
aiquaiis. ,322,
aiuericaiius. 431.
auiplus. 360.
appruxiinatus. 610.
atteniiaius. 604.
baiticus. 604.
ba various. 60().
blSCisSLlS. . ,'JO.
xboertgeri. 60.3.
^breAdur. 647.
ciaybornensis. 7^66
coonatas. t)04.''"
cor. 5c7. .
ctanicii^. o ^
i Eervcidaruiu ■ debiiis.
413.
(Olugilidaruni) debiiis,
667).
decipiens, 338.
dinoruiis. liOo.
clispar. 3ci6.
disrincLus, 322. 9 /v. v-
eieiraiis. '>00. 'ii'S."
eienantuius. 362. "
eievacus. 606.
ellipricus. 387.
..oli /'f r>S'
luioceniciis. i)04. ^
mosruntiuus. 722,6^8^
uiucronatus. 6)04.
inutabilis, 300.
nejjfiectus. 41-3.
uetteibladti, 414.
nobilis. 326.
' noetlingi. 322.
uunrius. nil3.
obotretus, 663.
' aleriuccius i . btusus.
i^ffS 604.
( Sciipna) obtusu:
uccuitus, 603.
osrioiatus. 414.
ovatus. 360
parvulus. 413.
oo
60.
r~^ ■
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■ ^
eiur.!i-aius. .360. %•
emargiuaius. 604.
eporrecnis, 368.
laba. 604.
trauco turtnui; 5. 3c^c' .
r'req uens. 322. " ■' '
iceiiiina. .368.
geriiuuiicus. 664.
geron. 413.
iioberuius. 7-60.
_ V> -TO - ,
persouatus. ..c r . '
pisauus. 414.
pianus. 604.—
plebeius. 322. d-'dlOO'
Dunderosus. 604.
j.
poscerus. 603.
praicursor, 603.
iprimas, 3o7.
radians. 3.6.^. ^
Berycidarum ) rue-
nan us. 413.
t : Rlioiiibus ) riieuanu.-^.
6)0^.
saxouicus
sector. 6o0,
-'epiandicu.s, 30li.
Murriiua) .-^jeiiin-
aensis. 6<J5.
(•tiparidaruiu') soeilin-
■aeiisis. 36''.
■.’eticiuata. 70.
Osmerxis, ..62.
aiaber. 610. .
- f ^ -i-rSC/Z/i
areaanus. .j.ao. -
simiiis. 36b.
simplex. 604. ' "
aibyi. 162.
.... auestiaaous. pH.
sinauiaiiA. 606.
CO ruler I. 1'47.
liiiaendorii. 603.
spatuiatus. 604.
d'aeiiiarui. 162.
hoisanicus. 360.
jpeciosus, 7,6‘d.
giarisianus. 233.
iiospes. 4i4.
spectabiiis. 604,^
iarieti. Il)2.
hybrid us. 603,
suioatus. 333.
propterygiu;. 162.
in sens. 414.
jubrulunduc. 41.3i
scarabciiii. i62.
insia'uis. 360.
=uiioikensis. PbO.
■'tiipuos. li')2.
insuecus. 76>.
supracretaceia. -i.
0>rAiiioFHY.^i. aOd.
integer. 414.
tenuis. !')<j4.
( )STKOGLO.?SID-E. 76.
iiiterniedius. 363.
testis. 13>.
/“
'etruiari
.36'. I .
JifA '
..^xu'cnpertrensis. .lui
y laciuiatus
cvptatu:
-tl4.
300.
a ■
latisuicatus. 606.
Lit us. 603.
iawievi. -14.
ioncicuiari:-. 611.
)iiHrciiicn>. - a i3.
nieridionaiis. 360.
;nc\ ci‘i. Id.Jl'i,
’■hynnoides. 4n2.
"uoercuiusus. 60-
vangionis. 664. ~
varians. 322.
venustLis. i)04.
verus. 300.
viciiiaiis. dd".
vuiaaris. 60<,'.
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INDEX.
t
Pach-T^l^ter,
polysii^clylus,
goiurif-^ • • spinosus, 520.
<\ 0 U5 0 . Pachyiebias, 294.
crassicaudus. 295.
^v*^^-<j*** Pachyrhizodus, 37.
basaiis, oT.
eaninus. 44.
curvatus, 44.
dibleyi, 38.
gardneri, 40.
glyphodus, 258.
gracilis. 45.
kingii, 42.
latiaientum, 42.
leptognatbiis, 45.
leptopsis. 45.
f'^'^iiinimus. 45.
sheareri. 45.
subulidens, 43.
velox. 45.
Pachv.stetus gregatus.
292.
Pagellus, 532.
aquicanicus, 533.
: stetanii. 533.
elegantuius. 532.
leptosteus. 533.
libanicus, .390.
microdon. 533.
peruzzii. 53.3. ,
stenoura. 5.3.3.
Pagr-QS, .533.
, , nieneghinii. 5.33.
— u. oudrianus. 533.
■' ^ pileatus. 53.3.
priscus. 533.
torus. 534.
Palaecbrcsmius, 598.
elongarus, 598.
•4^y?.fr^^2.^.Palaeogadus, 598.
■^='. tu**. troscueiii, 598.
Palaeolycus, 211.
dresinensis, 211.
PAL.EoraiYxciHD.E, 482.
Palaecrhynclius, 4S3.
bruxediensis, 490.
colei. 488.
descbraanni. 487.
egertoni, 488.
giganteus, 487.
giarisianus. 483, J/.S7.
gracilis. 480.
latus. 485.
lonsfirosiris, 480.
inedius. 485.
raicrospondyliis, 489.
riedli. 487.
zitteii. 487.
Paianarrhichas, 597.
crassus. 597.
Palimphemus, 270.
anceps. 370.
Palimphyes, 460.
Percichthys, 514.
antiquus. 514. 3'-^
beaumouri. 515.
brevis, 400. cAa^u »>.n P^l^CID.E, 49'^. ^
A* 6/ 1,
crassus, 400.
eloiigatus. 400.
glaronensis, 4(30.
grai-ilis, 400.
latus. 460.
longiis. 400.
Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.
Paralates, 520.
bleichen, 520. /^«^^^-^<:^Jialacrtis, 4.58.
Paralepis. 257. cybioides. 458.
Paraleuciscus, 312. / 'Phareodus. 74, 76“.
Percifor.mes, 497.
Percostoma, 519.
augustum, 519.
Peristedion, 5^6.
personatus, 587.
urcianensis. 580.
Phacodus. Cope. 553. 'p
irregularis, 5.53.
Phacolepis= Rbacolepis.
_T_ _ _ 4 —
5't‘^
,^■0 <
}J
Pegasus
ecnoini, 312.
Parangtiilla, 343.
tigriiia. 343.
Paraperca. 520.
provinciaiis. 520.
Paraphyllodus,
540.
Parascopeltis, 256.
lacertosus, 250.
Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.
lesiniforrnis.
269.
Pegasus natans. 383.
Pelamys, 482.
adunca. 482.
robusta, 482.
Pelargorhyrnchus,
blocbiiformis. 188.
dercetitdrmis, 188.
Pelates, 523.
quindecimalis. 523.
Pelycorapis, 354.
berycinus. 354.
varius, 354.
Perea, 518.
alsbeimensis. 513.
beauraoiiti. 515.’
acutus, 76. -•
sericeus, 76..
Pharyngodopilus,
.541, oJ^.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis. 544.
bourgeois!, 543.
canarieasis, 542.
carolinensis, 543.
crassus. 544.
dilaratus. 544.
baueri, ,545.
multidens, 544.
polyodon, 54.5.
quenstedti, 545.
seilie, 545.
soidanii. ,545.
superbus, 542.
Phasganodus. 190.
anceps, 203,
australis. 615.
ctrrinatus, 204.
dirus, 204.
gentry!, 015.
gladiolus, 204.
semistriatus, 205.
Phasganus, 013.
declivis. 613.
cyprinodon. Pbolidopborus inacro-
elongata, 510.' : rhynebus. 2.
duviatilis. 518. "" ^liycis, 002.
forbesi. 510. . *■ ^’^essi. 002.
formosa, 410. /
lepidota. 511./^ .7^
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantha. 518.
minuta. 500.
raosfuntina. 512.
punctata. 300.
radula, 526.
reboulii. 520.
urasebista. 510.
Pekcesoces. 347.
Phylactocephalus,
212. ?1S.
microiepis, 218.
Phyilodiis. 540.
bower bank!, 549.
colei. 549.
corsicanus, 574.
cretaceus. 550.
curvidens. 550.
deborrei. ,5.50.
depressus. 550.
duvaii. 550.
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Phyilcdus
eiescar.s. -j'x).
gerv.nsi. 550.
havieri. 544.
hesagonaus. 54'J.
liipparioavx. I>i7.
incertus. 575.
inconscans. 550.
irreGfiuaris. 54S.
latidens, 550.
leyesquei. 550.
raar!i\naiis, 54''!j.
mediu?, 548.
muitideas. 544.
.petioiatus. .548.
plaaus. -547.
polyodus. 547.
secuudarius. .549.
Pla,tyccrmus {'-unr.).
■iibbo^iis. 4i.'5.
ubioiiaus. VI
Platygenys. 010.
rugojus. Ol.j.
Platyiasmus, 551.
colei. 551.
Piaiylates, 520.
nipei'.eusis, 520.
P’ectroDoma uraschista.
510, 010.
Pleionemus, 442.
! aac rosDuud y i us, 44-2,
Pieihodus <::0.
crxaaaisus. 81.
lui'car.us. 84.
obioagus. 80.
aenraifoa. S3.
Pcrcneus
iesrrio. 07.
lowi. 07.
aiautelli, 05.
aiolussus. 02.
auidizei. 07.
thaiinias. 0( ..
Prionoiepis. 229.
angusrus. 2.00.
cataphracnis. 2-00.
laniatus. 202.
Priscacara. 554.
ciivosa. 554.
eypha. .5.55^
liups. a55.
oxyprioa. 555.
peaiei. 555.
serrata. 554.
' cc e.
•speciosus. 549.
Pleuracaarhus serratus.
resruuiaaria. 55,5.
-^ubdearessus. .544.
507.
Prisngen37s. 415.
submedius, 540.
Pieuronectes. 008.
inaeropariialmus. 415.
toiiaaicus. 54* >.
piatessa. ^.02, 0(10.
Prisripoma. 523.
umbonatus. 550.
cuadr;! cuius. O'P.
rurcarum, .523.
Pimeiodus, 32-^.
PLt;URONECTID.E. OU'i.
Prcaniigonia, 558."
aariQuus. .029.
Plinthophorns, 221.
Ion giros t ra. 55 93 '
aor. 327.
roDustus, L'29.
ocracanfcha. 550.
sadleri. 335.
Plioplarchus, 520.
radobojaaa. 559. _ —'i ^
Pisodus. 00. di.
seatemspiaosus. 520.
steiadachneri. 559.
r'oueardi, 73.
sexspiuosus, 520 .
Proballostomus, 290.
oweai. i)0.
wiiit?]. 520.
lonsuiLis. 200.
Plagycdus. 189.
Pcdccephalus. 519.
Prccnanos, u5.
Planesox. 510.
’arid us. 519.
reetu'rons. i)5.
eorax. .519.
Podccys, 520.
Prosy mnc den, 572,
Platacantilus, 509.
aaiaurus. 520.
D t O ,
ubiaoi. 5i(J.
Pcdcptervx. 587.
hiiseudoi-n. 575.
Platax. -±32.
aibvi, 587.
Prelates, 409.
aidssiaias. 43-3.
bosuiasEi. 587.
ueberti. 409. ^
brevis. 429.
Pceciiia laineLberd. 015.
Preiebias. 290. - .
'■olebicus. 4-04.
Pceeiiia oeainseasis. 5p2.
broasaiarci. 29.0.
eoscaius. 433.
Pcacilops. i;0(i.
cepaaiotes, 290.
cuaeus. e33.
breviceas. 200.
crassieaudus, 2*0.5.
laaeropterygius. 433.
Posoaias -auitidencatus.
dayidi, 4.
miaor. ^27. 428.
538.
eseranus. 015.
uaebaiis. 429.
Poiynemus. 445.
lurcaius. 291.
papiiio. 433.
quiaquarias. 411.446.
saudryi. 294.
aiivseteroide. 433.
1. »
Pcmacanrlius. 501.
so bio, 294.
aiieuai. 4.03.
subarcuacus. 5(i!.
sored. 293.
ainaatiforaais. 433.
PoMa.cExrraD-£. 555.
gresauis, 292.
piiaiaaus. 43.0.
PcmapdractTis. 70.
ujeyeri. 294.
suorespertilio. 433.
esercoai. 70, p(J.
aainimas, 294,
-voodwardi. 432.
Pcmcgnatnus. 212,
oustaieti. 293.
Platessa. OiO.^.
21u.
aernusilius. 291. T-
sector, '..'9.
eaarei’vsius. 213.
puicbeilus. 015.
Plaiinzi. pO.
Pcrtheus, 02.
jtenoura. 292.
cacudii. c9.
aaeuiarus. 08.
Pronctacanth.-QS. 169.
eloasfacas. 89.
ai'cuacus. 101.
-aaei-'daacs. 1(50.
lisas. aO.
auscraiis. 07.
Preperca, 514.
Platcps. . o.
bracavgaaihus. 97.’
ansusra. 515.
-uDuiideas, 70.
laviesi. 05.
beaumonti. 515.
Platg/ccrmus. 421.
rauicinus. 05.
IcDidota. 511.
tA— 1—
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aiasca. .,Uo.
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yr.j qt( y v-ftyc ■
• .4, .
:ys
. V.
.'■ . 'M
'V-. ’v.; , '}y:v. ’ki'y/yyi*><\'y %'. -.
•’ fe. v
^ 6'^r2
, , — '^p’rotaulopsis, 371.
boicensis, .371.
Protautoga, 5.53.
conideiis. 5-53.
longiclens, 553.
Protelops, 55.
ariijiicus. 57. •
geinitzi, 57.
Prothymallus, 614.
lasatus, 514.
prmceps. 514.
-^./^/Protobalistum, 566.
p r ^ ^ t iuiperiale. 555.
ornboni, 567.
^<?.2^Prctocatostomus,
i?, ,-.i f^*v9 4 < o.
■ ^ . consuiblei. 275.
Protosphvnena aibensis,
115.
ProrosphvriBiia indesa.
11.5.'
Protos37Tigiiath.Tis,
372.
suniatrensis. 373.
Prymnetes, 115.
loniiiventer. 115.
Pseudeutropius, 325.
verbeeki, 325.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottos. i2.9. 130.
tirandis, 1.30.
ioneispina. 250.
svriacus, 120.
Pseudoeleginus, 591.-^
a.byi. 5i91. ~ ^
intermedins, .501.
jor.as, 591.
majori. 591.
Pseudolates, 490. ^
lieoerti. 400.
Pseudosphaercdon,
552.
hiiseiidorfi, 552.
Pseudosyngnathus,
•381.
opisthopterus, 331.
Pseudothxyptodus,
85.
intermedins. 85.
Pseudovomer, 450.
minutus. 450.
Ptenceplialina, 146,
153.‘
eloDgaia. 153.
raaoros:rascnna. 153.
Pterotlirissus, 67.
Ptervgoceplialus,
505.
paradoxus. 595.
Ptychocephaius, 437.
radiatus. -i'l'T.
TNLEX. ,
lA-?, ZQif,.
Pycnosterinx, 391. ■,
daviesi, 30lP I
discoides, 393. '
dorsalis, 302, odS.
dubius, 395.
elonsatus, 395.
gracilis, 394.
Oeckeli. 390.
latus, 395.
lewisi, 404. ^
niger, 392. ;
russeggeri, 392. '
Pygacanthus, 513.
aitus. 613. I
Pygaeus, 5.57. '
colean us, 557.
dorsalis. 55,8.
egertoni. 557.
gibbus. -557.
gigas, 558. ,
jemelka. .579. j
nobilis. 5.58. :
nuchalis, 558.
oblonsus. 5,58.
I
zignoi,
.)06.
OT /
K>i , 40.
March,
Radamas, 536. 1
jugleri, 536. '
Raniceps, 603. 1
latisuicatus,
tuberculosLis, 504.'^ ■
Raphicsaurus,
lucius. 4-3.
subulidens, 4-3.
Rhabdofario, 160
lacustns. 150.
*Rhabdolepis
cretaceus. 20. ^
Rhacolepis, 29.
brama. 28. |
buccalis, ;
latus, 32. ■" '\n.
olfersii. 23.
Rhamphognatlius.
35 L
paralepoides. 361.
pompiiius, 351. i
sphyrmnoides, 352.
Terneulii. 362.
Rhamphornimia, i
269'. I
rhiueiloides, 259.
Rhamphosus
aculeaius. 377.
biserratus. 378.
Rhineastes. 329
oil
arcuatus. 329.
calviis. 320.
pectinacus, 329.
peltatus, 329.
Rhineastes icont.).
radulus, 330.
rhteas. 329.
sraithi, 330.
Rhinellus, 265, 25^ .
curtirostris. 259. • d-
daiuoni, 258.
ferox, 267,
furcatus, 236.
laniatus, 232.
longirostris, 232.
nasaiis, 259.
robustus, 258.
schilli, 259.
tenuirostris, 269.
Rhinocephalus, 603.
planiceps. 503.
Rhipidolepis, 613.
elei^ans, 613.
Rhodens, 315.
edwardsi, 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus, 317.
latior, 317-
inagnus. 317.
oligactinius. 316.
Rhombus, 505.
abroptervx, 508.
bassanianu.s. 503.
caudatus. 508.
cutrensis, 608.
dtzir geri, 608.
gentiluomoi, 507.
heckeli. 508.
kirchberganus. 609.
ligusticms. 508.
minimus. 607.
minutus 508.
nardii, 608.
parvulus, 508.
rbenanus, 608.
richiardii, 508.
sauvagei, 508.
Rhonchns, 453.
carangoides. 458.
Rhynchorhinus, 342.
brancbiaiis. 342.
majoi', 343.
Rita, 328.
grandiscutata. 328.
Salmo, 159.
cyprinoides. 456.
iinmigratus. 150.
lewesiensis, 11.
mara^na. 53.
tepiitiensis, 614.
S.ILMOXID.E, 159.
Saudroserrus reboulii,
.'>20.
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Sardinicides.
amDiyo=toma. G03.
^.^^^^itcenuaiiis. ’Jil.
:rassicaudu3. lloS.
macropcerygius. l.'-r2.
mesjapcerus. uGD.
microceDuaiiis, 237.
'} I O
minutus, -
aionasceri. 11. 237.
^Dusiiius. 210.
renuicaucius. 242.
Sardinius. 217.
blackburnii. 24S.
orassapinna. 132.
oordieri. i:i7.
lir.eaCLis. 218.
aiacrodactvius. 1-31.
nasutuius. 218.
percrassus. 2l8.
roDuscus. 131.
3 argils. 720.
anturopodon. .joO.
auuitauicus. .)30.
armarus. .330, 570.
baraidii. 330.
eavannai. 330.
t-uvieri. .330, 617.
aeberci. 3.30.
incisivus, 330.
bjiimitanus. c-ZO.
j __
lineonus. 320.
oranensis. 3i;0.
.iweni. 331.
resLiccuriranu;
serratus. 331.
^ioni. 531.
siiu’ensis. 3.30.
SaurcceiDhaius,
130.
113.
:
11.
aioensis. i
arapaiioviu
auciax. 02.
broadheadi. 113.
dentatus. ill.
di?par. 113.
lajumensis. 113.
inaeauaiis. 113.
iaiie.xus. llo.
inrermedius. 112.
lanciibrmis. 113.
■eanu3. ill.
lycodon. 201.
:nar£:inaiu5. 228.
piouascerii. 115.
^phiebocoraus. 112.
picceti. 115.
^rriacus. 1:60. 1:61.
;iibstriacu3. 113.
ihaumas. OS.
TToodwardi. 111.
PARTIT.
Saurodon. 111.
aidn.15. 113.
broadheadi. 113.
■jouoideus. 113.
lerox. 113.
iarermeaiu;. 112.
lanciforiais. 113.
lean us. ill. -22.
niar^inacus. 220.
pbiebocomus. il2.
pvsmipus, 113.
— '-xipuiroscris. iLo.
Saurcrnamphiis. i:07,
If)
freveri. 210.
Sauropsidium. 38.
■jracilicauda. pp.
•revissunurn. 38.
Seardinius dumeriii. 311.
Scardmius sicanus. 311.
Scams. C-jS.
balci'insensi'. 330. p31.
naiocenicas, 333.
oweni. 3.31.
iuevicus. 333.
terrodon. 353.
Scatcpiiagus. 361.
ainnis. 361.
capeliinu. 361.
rroncads. .:-6i.
Scicena. 330.
ampins. 330.
iiOiSaticus. 0-30.
irregularis, .)30.
bicuiaLrix. 361.
xireuoergrensis, o-oO.
meriaionaiis. .j.30.
OOlUSUS. .l.jO.
piumierii. .521'. “
speciOsus, PoO.
unuecimaiis. -s-ll.
8ci-SxrD.£. 3.38.
Scissimms. 524. 337,
bo'pveroanxi. p24.
breTior, 327.
orassior. 3-:7.
ionsior. 319.
Scisrcsnaxiins. 3u0.
Sccmoer. -30.
laiLunira, 456.
aniiomiis. -50.'
2'cordyla, Tr43. ;;
uiaucus. -±40.
" O I ~ ^
:gnooui=,
orcvnus. a:36.
"eiasiciis. —44.
■ceaimis. -64.
planoracus, ^30.
p -'ISO us. p.J'J.
iioinceus. —30.
.. r^-kn-
Sccmcer ■■■ont.).
speciosus. -66.
.^teinciac-uneri, -30.
sineiianus. 450.
•hvnnii.s. -33. -.57.
tracaurus. e:64. v o 1 --
Scombercaon. -=65. 3**^
aamouci. -70.
Sccmcrampnodon.
^ f
Ti -t.
benedeni. -±74.
erassidens. 473.
eiirvi'lens. 474.
8combresocid.e. 336. ,
Sccmoresox, 3.57. ic — "'
licacre, 3258.
obtusiroscris. 357.
ScOMBRID.E, 451. 3 -’ 2'
SCOJIBRIFORMES. plS.
Sccmomiiis. -it)!,
macropomus. 462.
nLicuaiis. 461.
SccmcrcciTipea. 133.
gauciry;. 138.
luacroDUoaaima.
pinuaiaca. 133.
SCOI’F.LID.E. 1'35.
Sccpaicides. 2.54.
giarisiauus. 25.5.
uicoiisi. 236.
Scopeius lacercosns. 256._
i.00*
•'w wX
minima. 370
na. ■) ( < .
37
~o
piiari _
prior, 370.
soroi'a. ,504.
lessien. 370.
ScoRi’.EXiDE;. 377.
i CO R i\E X I r-:. R :.i E s . 3 7 = *> .
Sccrpsncides. .58i
popovieii. 380.
Sccrpcencpiems.
.5pU.
siiundens, 380.
SCYPIIOPIIORI. 1.
Sebasiodes. 370.
rosre. 'pO. -c
Semio'cncrns. -30.
" g-gas.'-30.
r massaiono'ianns. ■•■‘ll
pg3t>arvulus. e;3l.
scnaeroeexi. -ol.
Teiicans, -:3l.
miller. -3u.
Semotilus. 323.
lairdi. 223.
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634
INDEX.
Seriola {com.'',
lata, 445. ,,-j"
prisca. 444.^*' " ’
Serranus, 521.
aitu3, 521.
522. 9 a/. v
'^'^^dubius. 521.
gracilispinis. 521.
mici’ostomus. 527.
noetlingi, 522.
occipitalis. 527.
pentacanthas, 521.
rudis, 521.
1 Solenodon (cont.').
I lobopterygius, 210.
neocomiensis, 204.
Solenognathus, Pic-
I tet 4 Humbert, 271,
I -HS.
lineolatus, 274.
Solenorhynchus, 380.
I elegans, 380.
I S0LENOSTO-M.A.TID.P. 370.
Scricidens, 333.
! haueri. 323.
Spaniodon, 48.
— rugo.sus. o22.
— o-'- stiriacus, 513, 522.
Talidus, 522.
. C- ven trails, 522. 520.
wemmeiiensis, 522.
SiLURID.E, 324.
^ / Silurus, 325.
asciia, 359.
bagres, 362.
cataphractus. 359.
catus, 133-
egertoni, 331.
O-j.^Saudrvi, 016.
^^^-■'•^erdicensis. 32G.
Siphonostoma, 382.
albyi, 382.
castellii. 382.
5’^erdis. 506.
aduncLis. 508.
analis. 508.
budensis, 508.
eloniratus. 508.
formosus. 507.
lieersensis. 509.
isabeibc, 616.
latior. 508.
lorenti, .518.
raacrurus. 507.
micracanthus, 504.
minutus, .506.
blondeli. 48.
I brevis, 53. '
I electus, 48. i
‘ elongatus. 51. !
hakelensis, 274. '
latiis, 53.
lepturus. 54.
siiDus, 53. !
I Sparip.e. 524.
Sparisoma, 523.
Sparnodus, 524.
aitiveiis, 525.
bowerbanki, 527. -
elongatus, o26. ^ h"
inriatus, 528.
intermedius. 528.
lethriniformis, 525.
macrophthalmus, 525.
micracanthus. 525.
microstomas. 527-
moloui. 528. ^
ovalis, 525.
Sparoides, .537.
molassicus. 536.
robust us, 537.
spbmricus. 537-
tenuis, 537.
umbonatus. 537.
Sparcsoma, 523. '
ovalis. 523.
Sphaerodus {com.\
conicu3, 537.
depressus, .536.
discus. 536.
insignis, .5.37.
intermedius, .537.
kergomardius, *535.
iejeanianus, 530.
lens, 536.
oculus-serpeutis, 537.
parvus. 538.
polyodon, .54.5.
pygmceus. 535.
subtrun catus, 536.
truncatus, 538.
wiechmanni, 538.
Sphagebranciius,
347.
formosissimus, 347.
Sphenocephalus,
•3 0 —
'->5 I .
cataphractus, 388.
fissicaudus. 387.
Sphenolepis, Agassi-,
cuvieri. 277.
squamosseus. 276.
Sph37Taena. 366.
amici 369.
bolcensis, .366. /
carinata, 204. ^
croatica, 368.
gracilis. 366.
intermedia, 367. ,
3b “i
major. -jiiib.
maxima. 366.
speciosa, 368. 616. ^
sternbersensis, 369.
suessi. 368. , 5^5-
tvroiensis, 616.
viennensis, ob8.' ^
winkieri. 369.
Sphyr-exidx, 36)5.
3
i--"'
c
pygmasus. .''•5.
rhoen.sis. 509.
sandber^eri. 500.
sauvagei, 509.
sieblosensis, 509.
taramellii. 509.
■ ventraiis, 509, 616.
Soiea. 609.
antiqua. 610.
approximata. 610.
^giaber. 610.
guestt'alica, 611.
kirchbersrana. 609.
lenticuiaris. Oil.
provmciaiis. 611.
sauva£rei. 611.
Solencdcn. 190. 305.
lesiuaensis. 2 19.
Spams brama, 527.
Sparus buicanii3. 558.^^
Spams chromis, 526.
Sparus dentex, 525.
Spams erythrinus. 525.
Sparus macrophthalmus.
525.
Sparus salua, 526.
Sparus sargus. 525.
Sparus vulgaris, 525,
527.
Spathcdactylus, 98.
neocomiensis. 98.
Sphaerodus, 537.
minuiaris. 535.
aradasii, 545.
cinctus. 535. 535.
Sphyraenodus, 473.
^,,£s«<»«'bottii, 4)0. ,
conoideus, 476.
crassidens. 475.
gracilis, 469. ^
lingulatus. 467.
priscus. 473.
silovianus. 616.
speciosus. 616.
tenuis, 469.
Spinacanthus, 566.
blennioides. 560.
Spinacites. 415.
radiatus, 415.
Spinax maririnatiis, 228.
Squalius, 323.
arcirerus. 323.
cinguiatus. 535.
bairdi. 323.
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■7>2^S S Z-^^5, 27/7.
i
Saiiaiiiis icoDr '
lie
arfo. ;J11.
nosticut;, ■ >-o.
i-eactinai. J’J'.'.
otencstema, t:-0.
■.jiiicaeila. 4-.';).
S tepnanc dus,
;nLenaoi':S. i)o'2. '■ ■
Stareccius, -r76.
'neiicensis. “i4.
Stratedns.
ausiicus. ->7.
aiDicaiis. lS9.
'r.Avpoofon. l'^9.
3tnnsia,
a lata. O'-'L'.
i:-:Drx.
T9traacr-cpi 31113.
. .1
avvis. 206.
liainticus. 306.
Tstraprariis, -OjO.
miu'ji’, li9.
priscus. -iOl.
Tetrcdcn. .371.
hispidus. -JiO.
hoiiL-iieini. .jiO.
liuvievi. -Ji 1 .
ava’mieui. 571.
TErrniDiD.:
Teuthis, .'do-
-r.o
• -O'.
Tinea ico'nt.).
uaacroprewrria, ’15.
uiattna. 512.
inici’oay'iopTcra. 51-±.
ootruucata. Old.
tarsiser. 51.3.
vaiclarnensis, 51 o-
vnia'aris. 515.
Tiianiciitiivs , Damci>\
t)12.
’^barao. 512.
Temoaon, i>i2.
kurniica:. oi2.
Temegnatnns, 116.
mortia.x. 1 i i .
Ir-iodus. 117.
>TnOMATEIE-E. -t
10.
Styiodiis, .'d.'b
lebe=coritei.
Eudis. 3’7.
Eyilssmiis. 55t!.
■.D<jiic!i'?. 5.tL
aitn’roES. 551. *>14
''V:- GNATIIID-E. 5a<'.
EAmanatnus. 543. p
deiL-iuuueiiei'i. >>14.
Texopoma, >61
cioi’ i':itns. ‘)14.
noiitum. *'il-5.
riircacus. lot,'. j14.
Texotes, -.ol.
linacas. 160, ’)L4.„'~
----- antiuinn. ..nil.
'nrisscnaier. -j-.
L ;;A(.!i;rtD-E. ..3O
:ae3'.uui35. 5.>.
i;', laiOlloUS.
in
S;Oi)= 'iraf Ol .
vpvi;.i;er.
i )•>
••.iiinis, ..i-j-
_ ,;ibyi. ."'32.
4' 4 'b.oicensLs. 54.5.
'■'la'Vicuius. 5c5.
jiecieii. -I'.l.
;;edn^i. 5 '.5.
' -)-tii..^thopcenii. 531.
‘Ti.'iile, 5,>i.
S vne dcntis. 434.
Evncpnrys. '>15.
Evnieamcdiis. '4.
il.
’acnyr.ectes,
.racavEterTguts,
371'. ‘
'. vnarpes. 270-
".laoroiiaC' viu5. -
larsicniiiys. 5l
'^ie'jaiis. -jl.).
viviigen 'lid.
Ti unnicht lays .
moceiuci’is. .j55.
-u-nen. 755.
5;U.03a cC'itidei:;.
rai3'olioii3. 3A4.
.■jV-'CirEUaiU.'. 2''
. iauteiiiia tm. 33.
--iiuis. 335.
*. wii’w
.atioim'' LIS. --rO
r^tneedns. loo.
' L'lirecio. 3'.'4.
70.
).
40.
Tnnsscpierciaes.
'iU. OI'l'lIS, . -r.
iiuenueiiius. uO.
OLiiiff. 54.
"S . -
■'ineuer.
’criMicens. ■ • •
Tlixisscpxerns. 3O.
..■atuiiii. "O.
Tlirypicdus. aJ,
•.'.^L’ariaas. cJ.
"a.
Tlaynnichilivs. Gi *5.
. .1; L'lVOitOil'.a.
Tli'V^-niis. -54.
.^ar.^ustatas. -0 t .
' ’^oioeusis. E:57.
_i.r;ceuiatuS. -■>>').
■ '.ar.'jvatus. -50.
’ ' r I -> 0 1 e L"' ■ 31 Us • -64.
■'.roxi'inus. -..'I.
tcaiuisi.
:P3'nnm. -..>4,
'OiUlUlCUS. -..•3.
Tliyrsiies. ^3!.
L-vi-aiw!. —'1.
Tliy T sii c c 8p3iaiu3 .
-; u.
alEiau:. .177.
Tinea. 512.
; I’ancoiurrnna. 516.
lurcara. ..5 3.
leiKOSonni. -..15.
diuti:. a. '4, .
j.
Traenincpiis, 5.31.
iberiea. .3jl.
Tracrxiniis, 5i'6.
< [ rac a n c n ui . • )oO.
davi'taais. .>0* K
nuuaoilis. 5‘.>0.
seeiaiidicas. .3O0.
Tenis. -.lO'P
Traenynciiis. 45U.
euu'ceus.
Triaeanihns. 5*)<b
'Triisnaspis, .u75. id 7.
T'.rauiariis. '7-
Trieninrienihi/s. sf32.
■■.icerciis. -t'2.
Trieniurides. 3200_.,s - l
'.aatauiatus. 220. -i/tv
•.niucisuus. -aI.
Trieiiopiianes. -16.
-xi6.
rlnumun. 416.
’lians. -irl'b
Triala, 5o6.
auiuiicta. ..ri .
Cor. 7.37.
.-diucica. . 37.
uilausca. 736.
licata. 53').
Ivra. -leO.
aaruii. 7^6. ^
dinoneiiii. 736,
Tiuglid.e. 735.
Triaicides. 536.
:..ata. 7.>o,
dciarcdui. 736. -.'J'--.
.nirui;. 736
“an ..enectfUsis. -j's’j
22::i%oT^ociCzi. 751.
.Ai-ili. .-.-i.
-•rrraiUs. 7-.il.
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636
INDEX.
Tydeus, 257.
aibyi, 257.
elongatus, 257.
megistosoma, 257.
sphekodes, 258.
Umbrina, 538.
pecchioiii. 538.
Uranoscspus, 590.
peruzzii, 590.
rastrum, 377.
Urenchelys, 337.
angiicus, 339.
N avus, 337.
. ( ^yv».i^^-,--»4Nc.v<-^^-v/k^akeleDsis, o38.
/ys. Uropterina, 146.
platyrachis. 158.
Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistularis, 376.
Vomer longispinus, 436.
Vomer parvuius, 451.
Vomer priscus, 442.
Vomeropsis, 435.
elongatus, 437.
longispinus. 436.
y^ienciennesi, 437.
Xiphactinus, 92.
audas, 92, 98.
bracbygnathus, 97.
lestrio, 97.
Xiphias, 490.
acutirostris. 357.
antiquus, ^ ^
delfortriei, 497.
robustus, 49/.
XlPHIID^E, 490.
Xiphopteriis, 482.
t'alcatus. 482.
Xiphiorhynchus,
490.
elegans, 491.
Xiphiorhynchus
{cont.).
prisons, 491.
Zancius, 450.
brevirostris, 450.
eocoenus, 450.
Zeus, 417.
benoisti. 417.
gallus, 449. ,
hoernesi, 417.^
lewesiensis, 397.
licatie, 418.
platessa, .301.
piiocenicus, 418. _ 1
' - • - -I .2 'XJ
prisons, olb.
regleysianus, 501.
rboiubeus, 439.
robustus, 418.
spinosus, 500.
triurus, 436.
vomer, 436.
u i
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED LION COUllT, FLEET STREET.
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«ll' '' .ft'-' a
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
OF
GENERA AND SPECIES
DESCRIBED IN PART IT.
Page
Order ACTIN OPTEE,YGII {continued) .... i
Suborder lY. ISOSPONDYLI {continued) .... 1
Family LEPTOLEPIDjE {continued) . 1
Ly copter a . 1
- middendorffi . 2
- sinensis . 3
Family ELOPFD^E . 7
Elopopsis . 8
- fenzli . 9
- - microdon . 9
- - heckeli . 9
- crassus . 10
Osmeroides . 11
- lewesiensis . 11
- levis . 15
- gracilis . . 10
- lewisi . 17
- attenuatus . X9
PART IT.
h
xviii SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family ELOPID^E (continued).
Osmeroides sardinioides
- cretaceus .
Flops .
Megalops ....
- priscus .
- oblongus .
Notelops ....
- brama .
Ebacolepis . . .
- buccalis
- latus
Tbrissopater .
- salmoneus .
- magnus
- (?) megalops .
Pacbyrbizodus .
- basalis .
- dibleyi . . .
• - gardneri . •.
- latimentum , .
- subulidens
Esocelops . . . .
- cavifrons . .
Spaniodon . .
- blondeli
- - elongatus . . '
- latus ' . . .
Thrissopteroides . .
- elongatus . .
- latus . .
- intermedins .
- tenuiceps . .
- pulcber . .
Protelops . .
- geinitzi . .
- anglicus '.
Page
19
20
22
24
24
26
27
27
29
30
32
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
43
46
46
48
48
51
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xix
I
Family ALB DLID,^: .
Albula . 00
- oweni . 00
Chanoides . 03
- macropoma . 03
Chanos . . 64
Prochanos . 05
- rectifrons . 05
Anc}dostylos . 00
- gibbus . . .• . 00
Istieus . 00
- grandis . . 07
- macrocephalus . 70 '
- lebanonensis . 71
Anogmius . 71
- polymicrodus . 72
Pamily OSTEOGLOSSID^ . 73
Dapedoglossus 74
- testis . . . 75
- aequipinnis ......... 75
Brychaetus . . 70
- maelleri . . . ' . 70
Incertae sedis . . gO
Pletbodus . go
— ^ expansus . . gl
- pentagon . g3
- oblongus . 83
Tbryptodus . g5
Family I^OTOPTEEIDAE . g5
Notopterus ........... 86
- primaevus ......... 86
XX
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX
Family CHIFOCEISTTRIDiE
Chirocentrus .
- (?) polyodon
Platinx
Chiromystus .
- mawsoni . ;
Chirocentrites
- coroninii
Portheus .
- molossus .
- mantelli
- daviesi . .
- gaultinus .
Spathodactylus .
- neocomiensis
Ichthyodectes
- ctenodon .
- anaides .
- arciiatus
- serridens .
- minor .
- elegans
- tenuidens
- lib aniens .
Cladocyclus .
- gardneri
- lewesiensis
Saurodon . .
- leanus .
- pblebotomns
- intermedins
Sanrocephalns .
- lanciformis
- woodwardi
Incertae sedis . .
Tompgnathns
- mordax .
Page
86
88
' 88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
95
95
95
98
98
99
100
100
101
101
102
103
104
105
107
108
109
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
116.
116
117
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX,
xxi
Pamily CTEJS^OTHHISSII)^ . ifg
Ctenothrissa . 120
- vexillifer . 120
- radians . 122
- microcephala . 124
Aulolepis . 126
- typus . 127
Family CLFPEIDAE . 128
Pseudoberyx . 129
- syriacus . . _ . 129
- bottae . 130
- grandis . 130
Histiothrissa . . ^ 131
- macrodactyla . . . 131
- crassapinna ........ 132
Engraalis . ^133
Halecopsis . . ^ ^ I33
- insignis. . . I34
Scombroclupea . ; 135
- macrophtbalma . I35
- gaudryi . . 138
Diplomystus . . . . . * . 139
- dentatus . . . I39
- brevissimus . 140
- birdi . 142
^ - longicostatus . I43
- humilis . I44
- altms . . 145
- vectensis . 246
Clupea . 146
- scheuchzeri . I47
— — catopygoptera . 148
- humilis . 150
- crenata . . 151
- numidica . 151
' - sardinites . 152
- spratfcus . 153
XXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Eamily SALMOIsID^ .
Salmo . • • •
Mallotus . . .
- villosus .
Family HALOSAURIDAE
Echidnocephalus
- troscheli
Enchelurus . .
- villosus .
- syriacus
- anglicus
V
Family IN'OTACANTHID.E
Pronotacanthus .
- sahel-almae
Family DEECETIDAE .
Dercetis .
- scutatus
Leptotrachelus .
- armatus
- triqueter . .
- gracilis .
- hakelensis .
- elongatus .
Pelargorhynchus
- - dercetiformis
Family EIs'CHODOA'TIDAE
Enchodiis . . .
- lewesiensis
- pulchellus .
- annectens .
- faujasi .
- lemounieri
- longidens .
Page
. 159
. 159
. 160
. 161
. 162
. 163
. 163
. 164
. 164
. 165
. 167
168
. 169
. 169
. 171
' 172
. 172
. 173
. 174
. 174
. 180
. 184
. 184
. 188
. 188
. 189
. 190
. 191
. 193
. 195
. 196
. 198
. 199
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xxiii
Family ENCHODONTID^ {continued).
Page
Enohodus major . 200
- gracilis . 201
- macropterus . . 202
Eiirypholis . . 207
- boissieri . 207
- freyeri . 210
Palseolycus .......... 211
- dreginensis . 211
Halec . . 212
- stornbergi . 212
- eupter}'gius . 213
- microlepis . 218
- haueri . 219
Cimolichthys . 221
- lewesiensis . . . 221
- nepmolica . 225
Prionolepis . 229
- - angustus . . . . " . 230
- catapbractus . . 230
- laniatus . . 232
Leptecodon . 233
- rectus . . 233
Pantopbolis . . ' . . . - . 234
Family SCOPELIDEE . 235
Sardinioides . 236
- monasteri . 237
crassicaudus . 238
megapterus . 239
- pusillus . 240
- attenuatus . 241
Acrognatbus . 243
- boops . . . . 243
- libanicus . 244
Leptosomus . 244
— -- guestpbalicus . 245
XXIV
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX
Family SCOPELID-^ {continued).
Leptosomus elongatus .
- macrourus .
- minimus
Sardinius .
- cordieri . .
Dactylopogon . .
- grandis ....
Nematonotus ....
- bottae ....
Hicrocoelia ....
- granulata .
- libanica
Opisthopteryx
- gracilis ....
Scopeloides ....
- glarisianus
Parascopelus ....
- lacertosns . ...
Anapterus . . . .
- megistosoma .
Apateodus ....
- glyphodus . . .
- striatus . . . .
- lanceolatus
. -r Fhinellus . . . ' .
- furcatus
- ferox . . .
- damoni ....
Family GOIs'OEHYjS'CHID^ .
, Charitosomus
- formosus .
- major . . . .
- lineolatus . . .
- hakelensis . . .
Xotogoneus . . . .
Page
. 245
. 245
. 246
. 247
. 247
. 248
. 249
. 249
. 250
. 252
• . 252
. . 252
. 253
. 254
. 254
. 255
. 256
. 256
. 257
•j .^257
. 258
'. 258
. 260
; 264
. 265
. 266
. 267
. 268
271
271
272
272
274
274
275
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX. XXV
Family GONORHYNCHID^^l {continued).
Page
yotogoneus osciilus . 275
- squamosseiis . 276
- cuvien . . Z I I
- longiceps . 278
>
Family CHIKOTHEICID^ 279
Chirotlirix . . 280
- libanicus . 280
- lewisi . 283
- guestfalicus . 283
Telepholis . 284
- acrocephalus . 284
- (?) tenuis . 285
Exoccetoides . 286
- minor . 286
Family ESOCID.E . .287
V
Esox . 287
— — lepidotus . . 288
Family CYPEINODOI^TIDEE . 289
Prolebias . 290
- cephalotes . . 290
— — furcatus ... ..... 291
- gregatus . 292
- stenoura . 292
- goreti . 293
- brongniarti . 293
Pachylebias . 294
- crassicaudus . 295
Suborder y. OSTARIOPHYSI ....... 296
Family CHAEACiyiD^ . 207
Tetragonopterus . 298
- avus . 298
- ligniticus . 298
XXVI
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family CYPUIis'ID^ . .
Catostomus . .
Amyzon
Cyprinus .
- priscus .
Barbus . . .
- megacepbalus
Th}Tinichtbys
- amblyostoma
Gobio ....
- Analis .
Ambl}^haryngodon
Leiiciscus . . .
- oeningensis
- papyraceus
- colei . .
- macrurus .
- leptus . .
Tinea . . .
- furcata . '
- leptosoma
- micropygoptera
^ tarsiger ;
Rhodeus . .
- elongatus
- latior .
Aspius .
- gracilis .
- minutus
Cobitis • .
- centrochir
- angustus
- cephalotes
Hexapsephus .
- guentheri
Page
299
299
300
300
301
301
302
303
303
303
304
304
305
305
307
308
308
309
312
312
313
314
^315
316
316
317
318
318
318
320
320
321
321
322
322
STSTEiTATIC INDEX.
Family SILUEIDFE . 394
Clarias . 324
- falconer! . 324
Heterobran clius . 325
- palaeindicns . 325
Silurus . 325
Pseudentropius . 326
- verbeeki . 326
Macrones . 327
- aor . • . 327
I^ita . 328
A mi urns . 328
Ebineastes . 329
Bucklandium . 33O
- diluvii . 330
^rius . 330
- egertoni . 33I
- crassns . 332
- (?) bartonensis . . 333
- iheringi . • . . 333
Bagarius . 335
- gigas . 335
j. t
Suborder Yl, APODES . 336
Family MUEHiNIHTE . 336
IJrenchelys . . 337
- avus . 337
- hakelensis . 333
- anglicus . . 339
Eomyrus . 34O
- doUoi . 340
- latispinus . 340
- ventralis . 341
Ehynchorhinus . 342
- brancbialis . 342
- major . 343
XXViii SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.
Eamily {continued),
Paranguilla ....
- tigrina ....
Anguilla .
- leptoptera . . .
- elegans ....
Xettastoma ....
- bolcense
Page
343
343
344
344
345
346
346
Suborder YII. PERCESOCES .
Pamilv CROSSOGIS'ATHID.P:
Crossognathus
- sabaudianus .
Syllaemus ....
- latifrons
anglicus
Eamily A:^AI0DYTID^ . .
Cobitopsis . .
- acutus' . . .
Pamilv SCOMBEESOCIPAE .
Belone'
tenuis. .
Scombresox
obtiisirostris
Hemiramphus
• t
347
348
348
349
350
351
351
354
354
355
356
356
'357
357
357
358
Eamily ATKEEmP^ . 358
Atherina . . . 359
— — macrocepbala . 359
- sarmatica . 360
- vardinis . 360
Ehamphognathus . 361
- paralepoides . 361
- - sphyraenoides . - 362
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family MUGILID^ . . . .
Mngil .
- priiiceps . . .
- radobojaniis ,
Family SPHYK^^s'ID^ . . ,
Sphyrscna . . . ..
- bolcensis .
- intermedia
- suessi . . . .
Suborder YIII. HEMIBRANCHII .
Family AULORHYXCHIF^ .
Protaulopsis . . . .
- bolcensis
Aulorhynchus
- sumatrensis
Family FISTULARIID^ . .
Fistularia . . ' . . .
- koenigi . . . .
- longirostris
. Aulostoma . . .
; : V . A / j; - bolcense .
Urosphen . . . . .
- dubia . . . .
Family CEOTEISCID.^ . . .
Ehamphosus « .
- aculeatus .
- biserratns .
Amphisile .
- heinricni
Family SOLEYOSTOMATID^ .
Solenorhynchus . .
- elegans . . . .
XXX
STSTEIVTATIC INDEX.
Pamily SYiS^GNATHID^
Pseudos}Tignathiis
- opisthopterus
Siphonostoma
- albyi . .
Syngnathus .
Calamostoma . .
- breviculum
Suborder IX. ACANTHOPTERYGII
Division A. Beryciformes
Family BEE-YCID^E
Beryx ....
Sphenocephalus .
- fisaicaudus . •
- cataphractus'
Acrogaster . .
parvus .
brevicostat
beckeli .
daviesi .
Pycnosterinx
rnsseggeri
- discoides
- gracilis .
- dubius .
Hoplopteryx .
- antiquus
- zippei .
- lewesiensis
- superbus
- lundensis
- lewisi. .
- syriacus
- stachei .
Page
380
381
381
382
382
382
383
383
384
384
384
385
387
387
388
388
389
389
390
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
396
397
397
403
404
404
405
406
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXXI
Pamily BEE-YCID^ (continued).
Dinopteryx
Page
spinosus .
• . . . 407
Homonotus
- dorsalis .
Myripristis ....
- leptacanthus . . . .
homopterygius
.... 411
Holocentrum .
.... 412
- macrocephalum . .
.... 412
- melitense .
.... 413
Pamily APHEEDODERIDiE .
.... 416
FamUy CYTTID^ ....
/
Division B. Scombriformes .
.... 418
Pamily STEOMATEID^ .
.... 419
Omosoma .......
.... 419
- sahel-almae ....
. 419
- intermedium ....
.... 420
- piilchellum . .
..... 421
Platycormus . . .
.... 421
- germanus . . ... .
.... 421 ;
Berycopsis . . . . . .
.... 423
- elegans ......
.... 423
Pamily CAEAYGID^ .
.... 425
Aipichtbys ....
.... 427
- pretiosus .
.... 427
- velifer . . . . . .
.... 427
- minor .
.... 428
- nnchalis .
. ... 429
Semiophoms .
. ... 430
- velifer . . . . . .
. ... 430
- velicans .
. ... 431
Platax .
. ... 432
XXXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family CAPtANGIDFE {continued).
Platax woodwardi
Amphistium . .
- paradoxum
Yomeropsis .
- longispinus
- eloDgatus .
- valenciennesi
Mene ....
- rhombeus .
- oblongiis .
Caranx ....
Archseus .
- glarisiaDUS .
Seriola ....
- prisca .
lata ...
- analis .
Carangopsis .
— — brevis .
- - dorsalis
Ductor ....
- leptosomus
Family SCOAIBPID-^ .
Isuricbtbvs . .
- macrurus .
j - orientalis .
Thynnus .
- thynnus
- scaldisi .
- lanceolatus
Eothynnus
- — salmoneus .
Scomber .
Palimphyes .
- elongatus .
-L UqVj
. 432
. 434
. 434
. 435
. 436
. 437
. 437
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 441
. 442
. 442
. 444
. 444
. 445
. 445
. 446
. 446
. 447
. 448
, 448
. 451
. 453
. 453
. 453
. 454
. 455
. 455
. 456
. 457
. 457
. 459
. 460
. 460
SYf^TEMATIC TXDEX.
xxxni
Family SCOMBRID^Fl {continued).
Scombrinus
- uuchalis
- macropomus
Auxis
(?) propterygius
Cybiiim
- speciosum .
- bleekeri
- excelsum .
- bartonense
- lingulatum
Eocoelopoma .
- colei . .
- curvatum ,
Sphyrcenodus . .
- priscus . .
Scombramphodon
- benedeni .
- - curvidens .
- crassidens .
Thyrsitocephalus
- - alpinus . ' .
Lepidopus . . .
glarisiaaus
brevicauda
- albyi . .
Family PAL^OEHYNCHID^
Palaeorhynchus .
- glarisianus
- longirostris
- zitteli .
Hemirbynchus
- deshayesi
- colei .
Page
461
461
462
463
464
465
466
466
467
467
469
470
470
472
473
473
474
474
474
475
476
477
477
477
480
480
482
483
483
486
487
488
488
488
PART IT.
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX
XXXIV
Family XIPHIID^ . . . .
Xiphiorhynchus .
- elegans . . . .
- priscus . . . .
Acestms .
- ornatus
Hisfciophorus . . . .
- eocmnicns .
- rotuodus . . ..
Division C. Perciformes . . .
Family PEFCID^'F ....
Prelates . .
- heberti .
Acanus ....
- spinosus .
- regleysianus .
Piates .....
- gracilis .
Cyclopoma . . .
- gigas . . .
- (?) micracanthum
Smerdis . . .
- minntus . .
- formosus .
- macrurus .
Labrax ....
- nbinoi . . .
- scliizurns .
- oeningensis
Percichthys . . .
- antiquus . .
Properca ....
- angusta
- beaumonti .
- (?) prisca . .
Page
490
490
491
491
494
494
495
495
495
497
498
499
499
500
500
50r
- -5^
502 -
■
502
- Asl
504
■ iX'H
504
■
504-
506
■ -
506
507
507
509
510
510
511
514
514
514
515
515
516
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXXV
Family PERCID.^ {continued).
Mioplosus .
- labracoides
Perea ....
517
517
518
Family TEFTHIDID^ . •’ ... 523
Family SPAPID^E . • . 524
Sparnodus . 524
- macrophthalmus . 525
- elongatus . 526
- microstomus . 527
- bowerbanki . . . 527
Sargiis . 529
- orauensis . 529
- laticonus . 529
, i
Trigonodon. . 531
- ovveni . 531
- serratus . 531
Pagellus ... 532
Pagrus . . 533
Chrysophrys . 534
Family SCI^NID.E . . . 538
Family LABRID^ . 539
Labriis . 539
Julis . . . . . . 541
Labrodon . 541
- superbus . 542
- canariensis . 542
PhvUodus . . . 546
V
- toliapicus . . 546
Egertonia . 550
- isodonta . 551
Platvlaemus . 551
- colei . . 551
Pseudosphierodon . . 552
- hilgendorfi . 552
XXXVl
SYSTEMATIC IXDEY.
Family CHROMID^ 554
Priscacara . 554
- serrata . 554
- cHvosa . 554
Division D. Chaetodontiformes . 556
Family CH^ETODONTID^E . 556
Pygaeus . 557
- coleanus . 557
Proantigonia . 558
Ephippns . 559
- rhombus . 559
Family ACRONURID^ . 562
Aulorhamphus . 562
Apostasis . . . . . . . . . » . 563
Acanthurus . . - . . 563
Naseus . . . . . . ... . . . . 564
> - — rectifrons . 564
Family BALISTID.^E .
' Spinacanthus
Acanthopleurns
- serratus
Acanthoderma
- spinosum
Ostracion . .
. 565
. 566
. 566
. 567
. 568
. 568
. 569
Family GYMNODONTID^ . 570
Tetrodon . . 571
Diodon . . . . . •. . . . . ... 571
- erinaceiis . . 572
- - scillas . 572
- sigma . . . . . . . . . . 573
- vetus . .573
Orthagorisciis . 576
SYSTEMATIC IIS^DEX. XXXYll
Page
Division E. Scorpaeniformes . 576
Family SCOEPuEXID^E . 577
Ampheristus . 577
- toliapicus . 577
Family COTTID^ . 580
Eocottus . 580
- veronensis . 581
Lepidocottus . 581
- aries . 582
- brevis . . 582
- papyraceus . 583
- multipinnatus ....... 584
Cottiis . 585
Family TKIGLID-E . . 585
Division E. Gobiiformes . . . ... . 587
Family GOBIID^ . . 587
Family TEACSmD.^ . 589
Callipteryx . . . '. . 589
- speciosus . 589
- recticaudus . . . 589
Division G. Blenniiformes . 591
Family BL0CHI1D.:E . . . . . . 591
Blochiiis ........... 593
- longirostris . 593
Family BLEXNIID^ . 595
Pterygocephalus . 595
- paradoxus . 595
V. t^rX,>v^O' ;;;v '■ ^
^W’’:''';'- ■ '.t’V'W:-' =
'‘‘i^'.'i t-
., !' ■■'!< ■'.' ■ ■
j i
■'-'.V‘ vV^ .
r
X.4
crossogxathid.t:.
340
ossified ; cleft of mouth extending as far as or beneath the anterior
half of the orbit ; premaxilla very stout, deepest in front, and its
slightly convex oral margin bearing a single close series of minute
conical teeth ; mandible short and deep, the backwardly ascending
oral margin of the dentary with a similar regular series of slightly
larger teeth ; preoperculum forming a great triangular expansion,
and suboperculum relatively deep. Vertebral centra much con¬
stricted and strengthened on the middle of each side by a sharp
ridge. Pectoral fins arising near the ventral border ; pelvic fins
more remote than the anterior part of the dorsal, each comprising
7 or 8 rays ; dorsal fin imperfectly known, but its anterior portion
apparently consisting of about 8 spines in which the right and left
halves are not fused together, its posterior portion of articulated
and divided rays ; anal fin comparatively small, partly or completely
behind the dorsal ; caudal fin deeply forked, with slender lobes and
their outermost rays exhibiting numerous closely arranged oblique
articular lines, which are very finely jagged. Scales large, very
deeply overlapping, smooth, and not serrated or crenulated on the
posterior margin. Lateral line conspicuous, a simple tube piercing
all the scales it traverses, arising low down on the fiank not far
above the pectoral fin.
~ This definition is based on the specimens enumerated below. x4n
examination of the original specimen in the Geneva Museum, on
which the genus was founded, leaves many essential features in the
structure of the fish doubtful. The large bone at the margin of the
upper jaw appears, at first sight, to be a Clupeoid maxilla ; but a
consideration of the new specimens now described suggests that it
is a premaxilla most closely resembling that of the Atherinidae.
The dorsal fin in the type specimen is much more imperfect than
is indicated in Pictet’s rather diagrammatic figure, only a few frag¬
ments remaining. Two pelvic fin-rays in the same specimen seem
to be displaced backwards ; and the anal fin evidently comprises
the series of comparatively small and delicate rays observed between
these and the caudal fin.
Crossognathus sabaudianus, Pictet.
1858. Crossognathus sabaudianus, F. J. Pictet, Foss. Terrain Neocom.
Voirons (Paleont. Suisse), pt. iii. p. 18, pi. ii., pi. iv. figs. 1-6.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Geneva.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'35. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, and contained hbout three and a half times in
350
ACTINOPIEPvYGII.
the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral fins long
and narrow ; pelvic fins approximately midway between the pectoral
and caudal fins ; space between occiput and origin of dorsal fin
about equal to length of cranium; anal fin probably with about 12
rays.
Form. ^ Log. Neocomian : Yoirons, Switzerland; Hanover.
P. 8339. Imperfect fish, 0-21 in length, exhibiting general pro¬
portions and most of its essential characters; “Hilsthon,”
Hildesheim, Hanover. The mouth is shown, and the
great extent of the dorsal fin is indicated by fragments.
The course of the simple lateral line is traceable low on
the flank of the anterior abdominal region.
Presented hy Prof. A. von Koenen, 1897.
P. 7184 a. Somewhat larger head and abdominal region; “Hilsthon,”
Hildesheim. The contours of the displaced premaxilla
and mandible are distinct. The preoperculum is con¬
siderably expanded at the angle and is shown to have
been marked with delicate radiating grooves. The origin
of the dorsal fin is indicated by remains of a few spinous
rays. The course of the lateral line, low on the flank
aud gradually rising behind, is conspicuous.
^ ^ ‘ y ' Purchased, 1894.
P. 8640-43. Three small imperfect specimens, of which two are in
counterpart, also a detached tail as large as that of the
t3’pe specimen; “ Hilsthon,” Hildesheim. No. P.8642
shows the extent of the dorsal and anal fins, but both are
too imperfect for precise description. The anal fin is in
great j^art opposed to the hinder portion of the dorsal.
Presented hy Prof. A. von Koenen, 1897.
P. 7184-85. T wo small imperfect specimens, the first showing the
small, slender, mandibular teeth, and also an impression
of the characteristic, expanded preoperculum displaced
above the head ; “ Hilsthon,” Hildesheim.
Purchased, 1894.
ftp iyjpA Genus SYLIiklMUS, Cope.
[Vert. Cret. Perm. West (Kep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii.
1875), p. 180.]
Apparently differing from Crossognathus only in the still more
remote position of the pelvic fins and the absence of an anal fin.
'^- •^ .y^, C^<rcy^ e/l
'v«^’ y^^v, /^o
/
0^. '52^^^L£±±C^y
/^^Sy. <^;)///. AX ; yy<
XA/'. 4 ^ -
7^%^Xy.‘cy^Q-, ^Tfe^vv^, S^cr-r^ ^
vy^^iy 'T'^y K ^ . ^j^zt^w> yi^^c>c^ ^
S<rc, ^ XX :>. ^ Vi*" ^X//// ^ 7./^.
CROSSOG^^ATHID^.
351
Trank subcylmdrical, not much laterally compressed ; head and
opercular region compressed to a sharp edge below. Cranial roof
slightly arched from side to side, with a shallow rhombic median
depression in the frontal region.
Syllaemns latlfrons, Cope.
1875. Syll(Bmus latifrom, E. D. Cope, op. cit. p. 181.
Type, imperfect head and abdominal region.
The type species, probably attaining a length of about 0“3.
Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding
the maximum depth of the trunk, and probably contained about
three and a half times in the total length to the base of the caudal
fin. Nine transverse series of scales in advance of the dorsal fin ;
all scales quite smooth.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous ; Pike’s Peak, Colorado.
Not represented in the Collection.
Syllsemus anglicus (Dixon).
1850. Calamopleurus anglicus. F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 375, pi. xxxii.
figs. 11,12. ^
1888. Calamopleurus anglicus’, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. x. p. 324.
Type. Head and abdominal region ; British Museum.
A large and robust species, attaining a length of about 0-45.
Length of head with opercular apparatus scarcely exceeding the
maximum depth of the trunk and contained slightly more than
four times in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. A
narrow border of very fine granulations immediately above the
teeth on the outer face of the premaxilla ; anterior margin of
prebperculum much thickened, especially at the angle, from which
numerous undulations, almost ridges, radiate ; operculum smooth.
Pectoral fins long and narrow, with about 14 rays ; pelvic fins with
8 rays, the foremost stoutest, arising much nearer to the caudal
than to the pectoral fins ; a»terior dorsal, with not less than 8 rays,
arising at a distance from the occiput equal to the total length of
the skull. ^ About eight or ten transverse series of scales in advance
of the anterior dorsal fin, each with approximately twelve scales on
either side ; the scales when abraded exhibiting traces of very fine
parallel or slightly radiating lines directed antero-posteriorly in
the exposed area.
This fish cannot belong to the genus Calamopleurus^ which was
founded on fragments from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil, with
u
1
352
ACTINOPTERYGII.
vertebrae and caudal fin of a quite different type (see Part III.
p. 499).
Form. Log. Albian — Turonian : Kent and Surrey.
*>- ^ -XL— r
P.611. The type specimen figured by Dixon, op.cit.\ probably
from the Lower Chalk, Durham, Kent. The premaxilla
is broken at its anterior end, but displays the teeth and
finely tuberculated border throughout the greater part of
its length. The fragmentary scales exhibit the delicate
striation. Egerton Coll.
49737. Pragmentary remains of a small fish wanting the greater
part of the head ; Lower (?) Chalk, Shalford, near Guild¬
ford. The pectoral, pelvic, anterior dorsal, and caudal
fins are shown, and some of the caudal vertebrae are
exposed. One scale behind the upper end of the pectoral
arch is strongly marked by radiating furrows, evidently in
connection with a sensory canal. Capron Coll.
P. 4246. Imperfect head exposed on the fractured left side : St.
Catherine’s, Guildford. Enniskillen Coll.
47302. Imperfect head ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.
49055. Remains of head and abdominal region ; probably from
the Lower Chalk, Durham. The cranial roof exhibits
the supraoccipital behind, the parietals, squamosals,
and frontals, with the characteristic rhombic median
depression. The scattered rays of the anterior dorsal fin
occur in position, and there are traces of other fins, one
probably the posterior dorsal. Mrs. Smitlis Coll.
P. 6532. Imperfect abdominal region showing the bases of the
paired fins; Lower Chalk, Dlue Dell Hill, Durham.
Traces of the characteristic vertebrae are seen, and the
lateral line is conspicuous. There is an elongated post-
clavicular scale above the base of the left pectoral fin.
Presented hy S. J. Hawkins, Esg., 1891.
47198. Imperfect head and much-fractured trunk; Gault, Folke¬
stone. Gardner Coll.
36170. Remains of head and anterior scales, exhibiting the dentition
both of the premaxilla and dentary ; Gault, Folkestone.
Purchased, 1861.
^Z*. Xyiy /-
/y(? 3^ ^ xx^-fy.
2X^ ^ ^ yZ3.^, zy(>3'~oy ^ ^'^^•y^/' /•
^yzox, ^.S'./j. /.^<^-
T^X^'SZ. jiC:^ x,y ^ Cl. zf^d-y yyy //. xxi.fY!^.
^^/y(?* ''yx-^r'^ 'eu-^^Z vx^ »i? Az, 3^ ^ ^
S 3- <7t^^^‘c..4-^ y^.P./\/'. /^03^ ^.<^/.
,-^j-t-^^'Cie^ y/^sS./ir. /^0 3^
CROSSOGI^ATHID^.
353
47195,-98,-96 a, 47201. Four fragmentary portions of head and
trunk, rather friable ; Gault, Folkestone. The occipital
region of the skull is obscurely shown iu the first
specimen. Gardner Coll.
36310. Portion of abdominal region ; Gault, Folkestone.
Purchased, 1862.
P. 37. Another portion of trunk ; Gault, Folkestone.
Gardner Coll.
P. 8753. Fragment of opercular apparatus aud anterior squamation,
showing the scale with radiating furrows behind the
upper end of the pectoral arch ; Gault, Folkestone.
Purchased, 1897.
P. 9053. Small hinder portion of head with opercular apparatus ;
Gault, Folkestone. Large posterior suborbitals are well
shown. Purchased, 1899.
The following specimens are apparently referable to undetermined
species of Byllcemus with pelvic fins as remote as in S. anglicus
P. 7443. Imperfect remains of fish about 0*4 in length, somewhat
scattered on slab ; Cretaceous, Island of Lesiii i, Dalmatia.
The very remote pelvic fins are well shown, apparently
with 8 rays, of which the foremost is stoutest and appears
to have been finely divided quite at the distal end.
Purchased, 1895.
P.9184. Imperfect fish, with paired and caudal fins; Upper Cre¬
taceous (Niobrara Group), Logan Co., Kansas, U.S.A.
Purchased, 1900.
To the same genus may probably be referred the fragment
described as follows : —
Alosa hohemica, A. Fritsch, Kept, und Fisehe bohm. Kreideform.
(1878), p. 39, pi. viii. fig. 2, pi. x. fig. 5. — Turouian
(Malnitzer Schichten); Wchlowitz, near Prague. ["Head
and anterior abdominal region ; Koval Bohemian Museum,
Prague.]
Remains of other Crossognathidse are also known from the
Cretaceous of North America, but there are no specimens in the
Collection. The fragments described under the following names
may probably be placed here : —
Apsopelix sauriformis, E. D. Cope, Ann. Kep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
PART IV. ^ ^ 2 a
/^/3. ^ ^‘Jr*
\Aff^>y<.n. Jt.
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AMMODYTID^.
355
Cobitopsis acutus (Gervais).
[Text- figure 12.]
1852. Acanthopsis acutus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran?., Pois.?.
p. 9, woodc.
1853. Cobitopsis exilis, A. Pomel, Catal. Metliod. ^ ert. Foss. Loiie,
p. 134.
1874. Cobitopsis acutus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse,
vol. viii. p. 196.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. A,ength of
head with opercular apparatus equalling a little more than twice
the maximum depth of the trunk and slightly less than one third
of the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin.
Fig. 12.
Pectoral fins with about 10 rays ; pelvic fins inserted midway
between the pectoral and caudal fins ; dorsal and anal fins slightly
elevated in front, each with 16 to 18 rays.
Form. Log. Lower Oligocene : Fuy-de-D6me, France.
32485. Two fine specimens ; St. Amand-Tallende, near Clermont
Ferrand. The head and opercular bones are smooth, and
the few branchiostegal rays are preserved. The articu¬
lation of the mandible is beneath the middle of the large
orbit. The vertebral centra are shown to be delicate
constricted cylinders, apparently pierced originally by the
notochord : they are strengthened by slight longitudinal
ridges only in the caudal region. The ribs are short,
straight, and delicate. The short neural spines in the
abdominal region are thickened, those near the occiput
being small expanded laminae. The pectoral fin has an
extended base-line and is acuminate in shape ; the pelvic
fin is not more than half as large as the pectoral.
Although the specimens are so well preserved, there are
no traces of scales* Purchased.
2a 2
356
ACTINOPTERTGII,
1814. Two more imperfect - specimens, displaying all the
characters noted in the previous specimens ; Puy-de-
Dome. Egerton Coll,
P, 387 Two imperfect specimens ; St. Saturnin, near St. Amand-
Tallende. The cranium is partly exposed from above,
showincr the much-constricted interorbital region and the
gently rounded roof of the brain-case. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 5946. Large imperfect specimen ; St. Saturnin.
Purchased, 1889.
The following specimen may perhaps represent a member of the
family Ammodytidse, but it is too imperfect for satisfactoigy^
determination : —
46540. Imperfect caudal region 0’065 in length, associated with a
specimen of Rhinellus-, Upper Cretaceous, Sahel Alma,
Mount Lebanon. The vertebral centra are too imperfect
for recognition, but there are about 24 in the caudal
region ; the neural and haemal arches are short. The
dorsal fin is extended, probably with about 20 rays ; the
anal fin, with 14 rays, is opposed to the hinder half of
the latter. The caudal fin is incomplete distally. The
scales are indistinct. , Lewis Coll.
Family SCOMBRESOCID.^.
Maxilla enteritig the border of the upper jaw ; dentition feeble;
opercular apparatus complete, with few branchiostegal rays, and
the gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones united. Yertebrae
nunaerous, from 45 to 85 in the total length ; centra of abdominal
vertebrse with transverse processes for the support of slender ribs.
Pelvic fins without spine but with only about 6 divided rays ; one
remote dorsal fin, without an anterior spinous portion; anal fin
opposed to the posterior dorsal. Scales in regular series, but
usually a keel along each side of the lower region of the body.
Nearly all the existing Scombresocidee are marine, only a few
small forms living in freshwater in the tropics. No extinct genus
is known.
Genus BSLONI!) Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 185.]
Head and trunk much elongated and slender. Jaws produced
into an attenuated beak, the lower scarcely if at all exceeding the
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SCOMBPwESOCID^.
357
upper jaw in length; teeth minute and clustered, with larger
slender conical teeth at intervals. Vertebras from 55 to 85 in
number. Paired hns small ; dorsal and anal fins similar, without
posterior finlets ; caudal fin forked or nearly truncate. Scales
small and cvcloid.
Belone tenuis, Kramberger. — W
1894. Belone tenuis, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cxx.
p. 73.
1898. Belone tenuis, D. G.. Kramberger, Glasnik Soc. Hist. Kat.
Croatica, vol. x. p. 26, pi. ii. fig. 1.
Type. Xearly complete fish : Kational Museum, Agram,
A small species, about 0*25 in length. Head with opercular
apparatus occupying nearly one third of the total length to the
base of the caudal fin ; jaws apx^arently equal in length. Approxi¬
mately 57 vertebrae. Pelvic fins about midway between pectoral
and caudal fins ; anal fin with from 16 to 18 rays.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene: Jurjevcani, near Plesivica, Croatia.
Kot represented in the Collection.
Fragments of imperfectly defined species not represented in. the
Collection are also described thus : —
Belone amtirostris, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 257 (in partk fig. 2 (non figs. 3, 68), and
ihid. vol. xi. (1880), art. no. 3, p. 46. XipJiias acuti-
rostris, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Xat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870),
art. no. 7. p. 11. — Epper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Head.]
Belone Jlava, E. Delvaux, Ann. Soc. Geol. Pelg. vol. xiv. (1887),
Mem. p. 71, pi. iii. figs. 1, 8, 9. — Lower Eocene (Lower
Ypresian) ; Belgium. [Scales, &c.]
Genus SCOMBRESOX, Lacepede.
[Hist. Xat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 344.]
As Belone, but all teeth minute, and a few finlets behind dorsal
and anal fins.
Scoxnbresox obtusirostris, Sauvage.
1873. Belone acutirostris, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. art.
no. 1, p. 257 (in part), fig. 68 (errore).
1880. Scombresox ohtusirostris, H. E. Sauvage, ibid, vol, xi. art. no. 3,
p. 48.
Typ)e. Yearly complete fish.
An imperfectly known species, attaining a length of about 0'35,
358
ACTINOPTERYGn.
Maximum depth contained somewhat more than eight times in
total length (excepting rostrum). Vertebrae 32 in abdominal,
38 in caudal region. Dorsal and anal fins directly opposed, former
with at least 9, latter with 10 rays. {Sauvage.)
Form. Log. Dpper Miocene : Oran, Algeria,
Not represented in the Collection.
The following fragment of a form not represented in the
Collection has also been ascribed to this genus : —
Scombresox licatoe^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1880, p. 48. Belone
— - - - ^
acutirostris, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 18/3, p. 257 (in part),
fig. 3 (ei^rore). — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Im¬
perfect head.]
HEMIRAMPHUS.
Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 186.]
As Belone., but only the mandible produced into an attenuated
beak.
Common on the coasts of tropical seas, and some species existing
in freshwaters. Only one extinct species known, and this not
represented in the Collection : —
Hemiramplius eclwardsi, E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. V. (1876), p. 146, pi. ii. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ;
Monte Bolca, near Verona.
A, i-i ^
Family ATHERINID^.
Trank more or less elongate and subcylindrical. Premaxilla ex¬
cluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; mandible not prominent,
and cleft of mouth small, with dentition usually feeble ; opercular
apparatus complete, with about five branchiostegal rays, and the
gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones separate. Vertebrae
numerous, varying from about 30 to 60 in total number ; centra of
abdominal vertebrae with transverse processes for support of slender
ribs. Pelvic fins with one spine and five divided rays ; two dorsal fins,
the anterior being spinous ; anal fin opposed to the jDOsterior dorsal.
Scales in regular series, large or of moderate size.
In the existing fauna, these are carnivorous fishes inhabiting the
seas of temperate and tropical regions, while several species enter or
live entirely in freshwater. No extinct genera are satisfactorily
determined.
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ATHERINID^.
359
Genus ATHERUNTA, Linnaeus.
[Sysfc. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 315.]
Trunk not keeled either above or below ; bead laterally com¬
pressed, especially below, and snout obtusely pointed, not produced.
Cranial roof flattened and partly depressed mesially, the small
supraoccipital not raised into a crest ; orbit enormous ; cleft of
mouth straight, oblique, extending to or beyond the anterior
margin of the eye. Pectoral fins on the flank and the pelvic pair
not more remote than the anterior dorsal fin ; posterior dorsal and
anal fins nearly similar and opposed ; a series of free fin-supports
between the two dorsal fins ; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
large, very deeply overlapping, smooth, and not serrated, rarely
crenulated on the posterior margin ; some extending over the
opercular apparatus and cheeks. Lateral line indistinct. Air-
bladder present. Pyloric appendages none.
Atherina macrocephala, sp. nov.
■ 1796. Silurus cata23hracti(s, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cli.
pi. XXXV. fis:. 5 (eiTore).
1796. Silurus ascita, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxcviii. pi. xlviii. fig. 3 (errore).
1818. Silurus cataphractus,'^ H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 343.
1835. Atherina macrocephala, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 305,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 43 (name only).
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A very small species, scarcely attaining a length of 0*04. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained about four times, and
maximum depth of trunk between five and six times in the total
length of the fish. Width of orbit about equalling length of snout
and one third the total length of the head with opercular apparatus.
Vertebrsi about 40 in number. Pelvic fins arising much nearer to the
pectorals than to the anal, and directly opposed to the dorsal, which
comprises six or seven spinous rays and arises nearer to the occiput
than to the second dorsal. The distance between the origin of the
two dorsal fins about equal to that between the origin of the
posterior dorsal and the caudal fin ; anal and posterior dorsal fins
exactly opposite.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1970,-a. Two small slabs labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
P. 1970 h, c. Two similar specimens, one being about 0*037 in
, length, showing a long blackened patch in the abdominal
360
ACTINOPTEETGII.
region, and with traces of furrows or ridges on the scales
(? overlapped portion). Egerton Coll.
P. 4530. Two good specimens. EnnisJcillen Coll.
P. 5280. Good specimen. Presented hy Walter Myers. Esq.^ 1887.
21529. Three specimens. Purchased^ 1847.
Atherina sarmatica, Kramherger.
1891. Atherina sarmatica, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. p. 116, pi. hi. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.
A very small species much resembling A. macrocephala., but
vertebrae about 45 in number and maximum depth of trunk con¬
tained between seven and eight times in the total length of
the fish.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Miocene (Sarmatian) : Dolje, Croatia.
Not represented in the Collection. ^
Atherina vardinis, Sauvage.
1883. Atherina vardinis, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3]
vol. xi. p. 491, pi. xi. fig. 4.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A small species, attaining a length of about OT. Length of head
with opercular apparatus contained about four and a half times, and
maximum depth of trunk between six and seven times in the total
length of the fish. Width of orbit about equalling length of snout,
and one third the total length of the bead with opercular apparatus.
Yertebrse from 45 to 50 in number. Pelvic fins arising much
nearer to the pectorals than to the anal and far in advance of the
anterior dorsal, which seems to comprise only four or five spinous
rays and is almost as far from the occiput as from the tail. The
distance between the origin of the two dorsal fins somewhat less
than that between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the caudal
fin ; anal fin arising somewhat in advance of the posterior dorsal.
Scales not crenulated, ^probably about 45 in a longitudinal, 10 in a
transverse series.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Gard, France.
P. 6007-9. One slab with five specimens, and two detached
examples, showing the principal characters of the species ;
St. Hypolite de Caton. Purchased, 1889.
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§
ATHERlJflD^.
361
The undefined name Atherina minidissima was also given by
Agassiz (Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. 1835, p. 43) to a fish from Monte
Bolca.
Genas RHAMPHOGIMATHUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Poss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, pp. 9, 104.]
Syn. Mesogaster, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 9, 105.
As Atherina., but snout elongated to an acute point and scales
relatively smaller.
In the present state of knowledge it is impossible to distinguish
this fish satisfactorily from the existing Atherine genera named
Chirostoma (Swainson, 1839), Menidia (Bonaparte, 1840), Ather-
inoides (Bleeker, 1853), Atherinichthys (Bleeker, 1853), Basilichthys
(Girard, 1854), Atherinopsis (Girard, 1854), Labidesthes (Cope,
1870), (Steindachner, 1875), and Leurestlies (Jordan &
Gilbert, 1880). Opinions vary as to how many of these are
synonymous.
Rhamphognathus paralepoides, Agassiz.
1796. Esox sphyrcena, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cvii. pi. xxiv.
fig. 2 (errore).
1796. Esox saurus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccvi. pi. 1. fig. 2 [errore').
1796. Ammodytes tobianus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxx. pi. liii. fig. 3
(errore).
1818. “ Ammodytes tobianusp H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p, 860.
1835. Rhamphognathus paralepoides, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292
(name only).
1839-44. Rhainphognathus paralepoides, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v.
pt. i. p. 104, pi. xxxviii. fig. 1 [R. pompilius on plateb
1876. Rhamphognathus paralepoides, P. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-
Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. iii. p. 186.
1898. Rhamphognathus paralepoides, P. Bassani, Palaeont. Italica,
vol. iii. p. 81, pi. ix. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained nearly four times in the
total length of the fish. Teeth very minute and pointed. Vertebrae
24 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins arising
somewhat nearer to the pectorals than to the anal. Anterior dorsal
fin with at least 8 spines, situated opposite the middle of the space
between the pelvic and anal fins ; posterior dorsal and anal fins
directly opposed, with from 7 to 9 rays.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
Not represented in the Collection.
362
ACTJNOPTEE’iIGTT.
Rhamphognathus sph3rr8enoides (Agassiz).
1796. Silurus hagres, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixx. pi. xiv.
fig. 3 {errore).
1796. Esox sphyr(Bna,(ji. S. Volta, ibid. p. cvii. pi. xxiv. fig. 3 {errore).
1818. Esox spret, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 341 {errore).
1818. “ Silu?’i(s bagre,'^ H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 343.
1835-44. Mesogaster sp/njrcenoides, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835,
p. 292 (name only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 105, pi. xxxviii.
figs. 2, 3.
1876. Mesogaster sphyreenoides, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent.
- ScLNat. vol. iii. p. 187.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species of the so-called genus Mesogaster, attaining a
length of about 0*2. Length of head with opercular apparatus
contained about three and a half times, and maximum depth of
trunk about seven times in the total length of the fish. Premaxillary
border apparently straight and teeth very minute. Vertebrae about
18 in the abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins arising
somewhat nearer to the pectorals than to the anal. Anterior
dorsal fin, with six slender spinous rays and the third the longest,
arising opposite a point just behind the pelvic pair; space between
the two dorsal fins about equal to that between the origin of the
posterior dorsal and the caudal, and this space exhibiting a series
of ten free fin-supports ; posterior dorsal and anal fins equal and
directly opposed, each with nine or ten rays, the foremost being a
short spine.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 5128. Fine specimen about 0’2 in length, showing all the
generic and specific characters mentioned above except
the minute teeth. The straight cleft of the mouth clearly
extends as far as the orbit. Bemains of a small un¬
digested fish are observed in the abdomen.
Purchased, 1886.
28437. Somewhat smaller distorted specimen with very imperfect
head. Purchased, 1853.
The so-called Rhamphognathus verneuili (F. de Botella, Descrip.
Geol. Murcia y Albacete, 1868, pi. xi. fig. 5), from Lorca, Spain, is
an indeterminable fragment.
Mesogaster cretaceus (W. von der Marck, Palmontogr. vol. xxxi.
v^, '3Qr/^. x\/. 7^. :?, X v/. — 9t/l<\
yr? . A ^ r^ / y A
'^rtUtyiyJi. ^
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MTJGILID^.
363
1885, p. 247, pi. xxii. fig. 2), from the Upper Cretaceous of West¬
phalia, does not belong to this genus or even to the Atherinidie.
The type specimen, in the Academy of Miinster, is too imperfect
for exact determination but seems to be a Scopeloid fish.
Family AIUGILID.F].
Trunk more or less elongate and laterally compressed. Pre¬
maxilla excluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; mandible not
prominent and cleft of mouth small, with dentition feeble or absent ;
opercular apparatus complete, with about five branchiostegal rays,
and the gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones separate.
Yertebrse few, not more than 24 to 26 in number ; centra of
abdominal vertebrae with transverse processes for support of ribs.
Pelvic fins with one spine and five divided rays, abdominal, but the
pelvic bones in contact with the postclavicle ; two dorsal fins, the
anterior spinous and with very few rays ; anal fin opposed to the
posterior dorsal. Scales in regular series, large or of moderate size.
In the existing fauna, these are fishes with a protractile mouth
feeding chiefly on organic substances or small animals mixed
" with mud or sand. The organs of the pharynx are accordingly
modified into a filtering apparatus. The various genera, with
numerous species, now inhabit the coasts and freshwaters of all the
temperate and tropical regions. The only known extinct species
seem to belong to the surviving genus Miigil,
Genus MUGIL, Linnseus.
[Syst. hTat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 316.]
Snout short and obtuse, and the cleft of the mouth not reaching
the orbit ; no true teeth in the mouth, but a calcified setiform
fringe on the border of both jaws ; anterior extremity of mandible
acute ; antorbital cheek-plate serrated ; eleven or twelve abdominal
and thirteen or twelve caudal vertebrae ; the abdominal vertebrae
with strong, broad transverse processes, while several of the anterior
neural spines are expanded into short and broad laminae, sometimes
partly confluent. Pelvic fins inserted in advance of anterior dorsal
fin ; anterior dorsal comprising four spines ; posterior dorsal and
anal nearly similar and opposed ; caudal fin forked. Scales of
moderate size, smooth and very rarely crenulated or serrated; some
364
ACTINOPTERYGir.
extending over the head. No differentiated lateral line, but the
slime-canal-system piercing scales all over the flank. A division of
the stomach extremely muscular.
A figure of the skeleton of the existing Miigil is published by
Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. v. pi. P.
Mugil princeps, Agassiz.
1818. Mugil cepholus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 370 (eirore).
1843-44. Mugil princeps, L. Agassiz, Poiss, Poss. vol, v. pt, i. p. 121,
pi. xiviii, figs. 1, 2.
Type. Imperfect fish ; School of Mines, Paris.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0’25. Length of
hea.d with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding maximum depth of
trunk and occupying nearly one quarter of the total length of the
fish. Poremost spine of anterior dorsal fin much, stouter and larger
than the others ; distance between the origin of this and the posterior
dorsal fin greater than that between it and the occiput, about equal
to the distance between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the
caudal ; posterior dorsal relatively small, with one spine and seven
articulated rays anal much larger than the posterior dorsal, about
half in advance of the latter, exhibiting apparently three spines and
eight or nine articulated rays.
Form. ^ Loe. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence, Prance.
8065. Remains of large specimen in friable marl, wanting caudal
fin. Mantell Coll.
8036. Head and abdominal region of still larger specimen, better
preserved. The operculum is shown to be about as broad
as deep. The pelvic fins exhibit indications of five
articulated rays and an anterior spine. The scales are
especially well-preserved, displaying the square form and
radiating grooves of their oveHapped portion, and often
the round median perforation for the slime-canal.
Mantell Coll.
8067. Small fish, resembling the two smaller specimens figured by
Agassiz. Mantell Coll.
40520, 43440. T wo similar specimens. Purchased, 1867,
and Presented hy Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872.
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MUGILIDiE. — SPflYR^NID^.
365
P. 1974, -a. Two similar specimens displaying the pores in the scales
for the slime-canal-system, and the second also showing
the serrated antorbital cheek-plate. Egerton Coll.
P. 4531. More imperfect specimen, slightly larger.
EnnisJcillen Coll.
Mugil radobojanus, Kramberger.
1882. Mugil radobcjanus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr, Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, yoI. ii. p. 114, pi. xxviii. figs. 2-4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.
A species attaining a length of about 0'25. Length of head with
opercular apparatus contained about four times, and the maximum
depth of the trunk about six times in the total length of the fish.
Fins as in M. princeps [but relative proportions of foremost dorsal
fin-spine uncertain].
Form. Log. Upper Miocene (Sarmatiau) : Eadoboj and Vrabce,
Croatia.
Kot represented in the Collection.
The following otolith is also supposed to be referable to a member
of this family : —
Otolitlius {Mugilidarum) dehilis^ E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geoL
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 288, pi. xvii. fig. 8. — Lower Tertiary ;
Jackson Eiver, Mississippi.
Family SPHYRiENIDiE.
Trunk more or less elongate and subcylindrical. Premaxilla
excluding maxilla from border of upper jaw ; mandible prominent,
cleft of mouth wide, and dentition powerful, the larger teeth fixed
in sockets ; opercular apparatus complete, with few branchiostegal
rays, and the gill-opening wide. Lower pharyngeal bones separate.
Vertebrae few, about 24 in number; centra of the 5 anterior
abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes. Pelvic fins with
one spine and five divided rays ; two dorsal fins, remote from each
other, the anterior being spinous ; anal fin opposed to the posterior
dorsal. Scales in regular series, small or of moderate size.
These are carnivorous fishes, of which one genus (Sphyrcena)
now survives in nearly all the seas of the temperate and tropical
regions.
366
ICTINOPTEKYGII.
Genus SPHYR^NA (Artedi), Bloch & Schneider.
[Syst. Ichthyol. 1801, p. 109.]
A widely-spaced series of large conical teeth, more or less
laterally compressed, on part at least of the dentary and premaxilla,
with an outer regular close series of comparatively minute teeth ;
large teeth also on the palatines, but no teeth on the vomer.
Cranial roof flattened, the small occipital crest not rising above the
level of the frontal plane, and the anterior end of the ethmoidal
region contracting to a point. Seven branchiostegal rays. Pelvic
flns more or less directly opposed to the anterior dorsal, which
consists of flve spines ; caudal fin forked. Scales small and smooth,
not crenulated or serrated, continued to a varying degree over the
head and opercular apparatus. Lateral line distinct.
A figure of the skeleton is published by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss,
vol. V. pi. F.
Sphyrsena bolcensis, Agassiz.
1796. Esox sphyrtxna, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cvii. pi. xxiv.
fig. 1 (errore),
1796. Perea punctata, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccviii. pi. li. fig. 1 {errore).
1796. Esox lucius, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccliii. pi. Ixii {errore).
1818. E.sox spret, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 341 {errore').
1835. Sphyreena bolcensis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. pp. 292, 294, 305.
1835. Sphyreena gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 305.
1835. Sphyreena maxima, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 305.
1843-44. Sphyreena bolcensis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 95, pi. X. fig. 2.
1843-44. Sphyreena gracilis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 96, pi. x. fig. 1.
[Imperfect distorted fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
1844. Sphyreena maxima, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 97. [Name only, pro¬
posed for fish named Esox lucius by Volta.]
1876. Sphyreena bolcensis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 185.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
A species attaining a length of nearly one metre, but usually
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling about
half that of the trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk contained nine or ten times in
the total length of the fish. Space between the pectoral and pelvic
fins about one fourth of that between the latter and the anal ;
anterior dorsal fin with five nearly equal slender spinous rays, arising
immediately behind a point opposite the pelvic pair, and the space
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SPHYR^NID^.
367
between the origin of the two dorsals about equal to that between
the posterior dorsal and the caudal, and scarcely one quarter of the
total length of the fish ; posterior dorsal fin deeper than long, with
ten rays, the foremost a slender spine half as long as the first
articulated ray ; anal fin directly opposed to the posterior dorsal,
apparently similar but perhaps with only nine rays, the two fore¬
most short and spinous.
Form. 4' Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.^
P. 1781, P. 3950. Slightly distorted specimen 0-36 in length, in
counterpart, labelled by Agassiz. There are traces of the
large mandibular teeth, and an undigested fish occupies
the abdomen. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
21398-99. Two more fine specimens, nearly as large as the above,
the second in counterpart. Purchased, 1847.
P. 3950 a. Pish about 0-27 in length, labelled by Agassiz, and
displaying nearly all the principal characters of the
species. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3949. Fish about 0-28 in length, labelled Sphyrccna gracilis,
Agass.” by Agassiz, but with endoskeleton as robust as
in any of the preceding specimens and differing from
no. P. 3950 a in the mode of crushing and preservation..
One large anterior premaxillary tooth is shown with
striated base. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1782. Imperfect distorted specimen, somewhat smaller.
Egerton Coll.
Sphyraena intermedia, Bassani.
1889. Spliyrcena intermedia, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli,.
[2] vol. iii. no. 6, p. 97, pi. xiv. fig. 4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Piovene Collection, Lonedo.
A smaller and stouter species than E. holcensis, the maximum
depth of the trunk contained about six times in the total length of
the fish. Fins apparently as in the last species.
Foi'm. Loc. Lower Miocene : Chiavon, Yicentin, N. Italy.
Not represented in the Collection.
^ A nearly similar fish from the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, is described by
F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, [2J vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 96, pi. xviii.
fig. 1.
368
ACTINOPTERTGII.
Sphyraena suessi, Kramberger,
1882. Sphyrcena suessiy D. G. Kramberger, Verb, li.-k. geol. Reichsanst.
p. 29.
1891. Sphyrcena suessi, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. p. 88.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Yienna.
A species about 0-35 in length, similar in general proportions
to S. intennedia, but having pelvic fins opposed to anterior dorsal,
and anal fin completely behind the posterior dorsal.
Form. ^ Loc, Upper Oligocene : Sagor, Krain, Austria.
Kot represented in the Collection.
The following teeth also seem to be referable to S^pliyrcenciy but
are not specifically determinable : —
P. 1770-71. About twenty-five teeth, much laterally compressed,
some resembling the smaller teeth named Sphyrcena major
by Leidy (see below) ; Upper Eocene, Clarke County,
Alabama, U.S.A. Egerton Coll.
P. 9235. About twenty similar teeth, from the same formation and
locality. Ennishillen Coll.
P. 7392. More slender tooth ; Middle Tertiary, Bissex Hill, Bar¬
bados. Presented by Col. H. W. Fdlden, 1892.
The following species have also been named, but on the evidence
of specimens too imperfect for precise specific determination : —
Sphyrcena croatica, I), G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 112, pi, xxviii. fig. 1. — Upper
Miocene (Sarmatian); Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect trunk
of fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.]
Sphyrcena major^ J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1855,
p. 397, and Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii.
(1877), p. 254, pi. xxxiv. figs. 37-41. — Phosphate Beds ;
Ashley River, South Carolina, U.S.A. [Teeth ; Academy
of Sciences, Philadelphia.]
Sphyrcena speclosa, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
vol. viii. (1856), p. 22 1.\- Miocene ; Cumberland Co.,
New Jersey. [Tooth.]
Sphyrcena vienneiisis, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii. (1859), p. 681, pi. i.
fig. 4. — Upper Miocene; Hernals, near Vienna. [Im¬
perfect small fish; Court Museum, Vienna.]
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HEMIBE.VNCHII.
369
SjpJiyrcena sternhergensis, T. C. 'Winkler, Archiv Tereins Fr.
Xaturg. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p, 123, pi. iii.
figs. 17, 18. — Upper Oligocene ; Sternberg. [Jaw and
. scale.]
Sg>hyrcena luiiikleri^ E. Lawley, Xuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 77. — Lower Pliocene; Orciano, Tus¬
cany. [Teeth.]
The so-called Sphyrc^na amici (L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. i. 18T3— 14, p. 97, pi. x. fig. 3) is founded on remains of a skull,
not of this genus, from the Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon.
With the Percesoces are sometimes placed the Ophiocephalid.!:,
a family of freshwater fishes common in the Indian region, rarer
in Africa. Xo extinct representatives are definitely known, but
the following fossils have been referred to the existing genus
O'phioce^licilus : —
15374-75, 16402, -a. Four fragmentary heads ; Siwalik Formation
(Pliocene), Siwalik Hills, India. Xoticed by E. Lydekker,
Palmont. Indica, ser. x. vol. iii. (1886), p. 246, the third
specimen being figured, loc. cit. pi. xxxvii. fig. 2, also
noticed by J. M‘Clelland, Calcutta Journ. Xat. Hist,
vol. iv. (ikl), p. 83.
Presented hy Col. Sir Proby T. Cautley^ K.C.B., 1842.
Suborder YIII. HEMIBRANCHIL
Yertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, those
immediately behind the occiput more or less modified or coalesced.
Supraoccipital extending forwards between the reduced parietals :
squamosal rudimentary and fused with the large pterotic ; mandible
simple, each ramus consisting only of two elements (dentary and
articulo-angular). Branchial arches always more or less reduced.
Pectoral arch suspended from cranium ; large infraclavicular plates
present : pectoral fin with not more than four or five basals.
Pelvic fins usuallv abdominal, but sometimes advanced so that their
supports are in contact with the pectoral arch. Dorsal fin with
or without an anterior spinous portion. In the living forms : —
air-bladder closed, without pneumatic duct, in the adult (physo-
clistous) ; optic nerves decussating ; intestine without spiral valve.
Following the suggestions of Kner and Steindachner ^ and Cope ^
^ Denksehr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 28, footnote.
^ E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest (1887), p. 328.
PAET IT. 2 B
370
ACTINOPTEETGII.
to their logical conclusion, the so-called Lophohranchii may be
regarded as extremely specialised members of this suborder.
Synopsis of Families.
I. Gills normal, pectinated ; opercular apparatus
complete.
Trunk fusiform, and snout not much produced ;
anterior vertebrae slightly elongated ; pel¬
vic fins far forwards, each with one spine
and one or two divided rays ; a few free
spines in front of dorsal fin ; anal with one
anterior spine ; no scales, but frequently
bony scutes . Gastebosteid^
Trunk elongated and snout much produced into (Recent).
a tube ; anterior vertebrae slightly elon¬
gated ; pelvic fins each with one spine and
few divided rays ; free spines in front of
dorsal fin ; anal with one anterior spine ;
skin with degenerate squamation or small,
partly concealed bony plates . Aelorhynchid^
Trunk elongated, and snout much produced (p. 371).
into a tube ; four anterior vertebrae much
elongated and fused together ; pelvic fins
without spine but with five or six divided
rays ; free spines in front of dorsal fin
rudimentary or absent ; anal fin without
spine ; skin naked, or with small scales . . Fistulariidae
Trunk laterally compressed, irregularly oblong (p. 378).
or deepened, and snout much produced
into a tube ; some anterior vertebrae
usually elongated ;• pelvic fins without
spine but with about five divided rays ;
anterior part of dorsal fin with few spines,
one being excessively enlarged ; anal fin
without spine ; scales present, with bony
scutes dorsally and ventrally . . . Centriscid^
II. Gills tufted, in form of rounded lobes ; oper- (p. 377).
cular apparatus much reduced. {Lopho¬
hranchii.)
Gill-opening wide ; all fins present, including
an anterior spinous dorsal . Solenostomatidje
Gill-opening very small; pelvic and anterior (p. 379).
dorsal fins always wanting, others variable. Syngnathidae
(p. 380).
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AULORH Y XCHID JE,
O’"!
0/1
Family AULORHYNCHID.E.
Trunk elonga ted, and snout much produced into a tube. Pre¬
maxilla excluding maxilla from upper margin of mouth, which is
small and terminal ; teeth minute or absent. Gills pectinated ;
opercular apparatus complete. Anterior vertebrm somewhat elon¬
gated, and all those of the abdominal region with large transverse
processes. Pehdc fins with anterior spine and 4 to 6 divided rays ;
free spines in front of the dorsal fin, of which the soft portion
is directly opposied to the anal ; anal fin with one anterior spine ;
caudal fin distinct. Skin with degenerate squamation or rows of
small bony plates.
Synopsis of Genera^
Pelvic fins about midway between pectorals and
anal; regularly arranged small plates in
skin . . Trotaulopsis (p. 371).
Pelvic fins far forwards ; few longitudinal series
of bony plates . . . Aulorhynchus (p. 372).
Genus PROTAULOPSIS, novum.
Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in total number, about half being-
in the caudal region. Pelvic fins not far forwards, with one spine
and about 6 divided rays; anal fin-spine relatively small ; caudal
fin of moderate size, forked. At least one longitudinal series of
enlarged bony scales, probably on the dorsal margin, and the skin
completely covered with very small, regularly arranged plates.
Protaulopsis bolcensis, sp. nov.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0‘25i Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling that of trunk from pectoral
arch to base of caudal fin. Pelvic fins nearly as large as the
pectorals, and arising slightly nearer to the latter than to the anal ;
anal fin with very small spine and 10 stout divided rays, arising
midway between the pelvic pair and the caudal fin. Enlarged
lateral dermal scutes apparently smooth and about as long as a
vertebral centrum.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
33877. Type specimen, in counterpart, about 0’25 in length. The
head and abdominal region are exposed from below, the
caudal region in side-view ; and the specimen is damaged
2b 2
372
ACTIKOPTEErGII.
in parts by transverse fractures. An im pression of part
of the frontal "region bears traces of minute tubercles
arranged, along the radiating lines of growth. The oper¬
culum is quite smooth. The vertebral centra are delicate
much-constricted cylinders, apparently pierced by a
persistent thread of notochord ; and large transverse
processes bearing the ribs are conspicuous in the anterior
portion of the abdominal region. Long, very slender
intermuscular bones are also seen. The neural and
haemal spines in the caudal region are very short, broad,
and recumbent. The pelvic fin-suppor/:s are expanded
laminae, and the anterior pelvic fin-spine is nearly as long
and stout as the foremost divided ray, which seems to be
followed by five others. Of the dorsal fin, only a fragment
is distinguishable opposite to the anal. Tne diminutive
anal fin-spine is borne by a considerably expanded
support ; while the length of the foremost divided anal
ray probably exceeds the depth of the trunk at its inser¬
tion. The imperfect caudal fin, consisting of very broad
rays, seems to have been forked. A series of enlarged
dermal scutes is only preserved between the pelvic and
dorsal fins on one side ; but the whole of the trunk is
covered by very small, rounded or rhomboidal scutes of
uniform size, which do not appear to have been in
contact. Parchased, 1862.
Genus AULORHYNCHUS, Gill.
[Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 169.]
Syn. Aidiscops, W. Peters, Monatsb. k. preuss. Akad. 1866, p. 610.
Protosyngnathus, W. von der Marck, Palaoontogr. vol. xxii. 1876,
p. 406.
Premaxilhe much expanded, and mandible prominent ; marginal
teeth acute, almost in one series ; palate tooth.less. Vertebrae about
50 or 60 in total number, rather more than half being in the caudal
region. Pelvic fins far forwards, with one spine and four divided
rays, their supports in contact with the pectoral arch. About 25
separate spines, diminutive and equal in size, in front of dorsal fin ;
soft dorsal and anal nearly equal and opposite, acuminate in front ;
caudal fin small, slightly forked. No scales, but small bony scutes
buried in skin in few longitudinal series.
Only one existing species of this genus is known from the North
Pacific Ocean.
Su.
frt, S
C*.,>^t%AJLi400o
AULOHEYNCHID^. — FISTULARIIDED.
3
-o
{ •>
Aulorliynciius sumatrensis (W. v. d. j\Iarck).
1870, Protosyngnathiis suinatrensisj W. von der Marck, Palaeontcgr.
vol. xxii, p. 407, pi. xxiii. fig. 1.
1876. Aulkcops sumatrauus, A. Giintlier, Geol. Mag. [2] vol. iii
p, 434, pi, XV. fig, 1,
Type, Imperfect fish ; Royal Geological Museum, Dresden.
The type species of the so-called Protosyngnathus, attaining a
length of about 0'35. Length of head with opercular apparatus
occupying about one quarter of the total length of the fish ; caudal
pedicle shorter than the head. All external bones finely tuber-
culated. Vertebrae apparently 27 in the abdominal, 31 in the
caudal region. Dorsal and anal fins arising at the 12th caudal
vertebra, each comprising about 12 rays.
Form, 4' Log. Freshwater Tertiary Formation : Padang, Sumatra.
47507. Specimen described and figured by Gunther, loc. cit. The
caudal fin-rays are imperfect distally, so do not exhibit
the precise shape of the fin.
Presented hy Herr R. D. M. Verheelc^ 1876.
47508-11. Four imperfect specimens noticed by Gunther, loc, cit.
Presented hy Herr R. D. M. Verheelc, 1876.
'Family FISTULARIID^.
Trunk elongated, and snout much produced into a tube. Pre¬
maxilla excluding maxilla from upper margin of mouth, which is
small and terminal ; teeth minute or absent. Gills pectinated ;
opercular apparatus complete. Four anterior vertebrae much
elongated and fused together, all those of the abdominal region and
some anterior caudals with large transverse processes ; ribs rudi¬
mentary or absent. Pelvic fins without spine, but with 5 or 6
divided rays ; free spines in front of dorsal fin rudimentary or
absent ; anal fin without anterior spiue, opposed to the soft dorsal ;
caudal fin distinct. Skin naked or with small scales.
Only three genera of this family are known, two being still widely
distributed in tropical seas.
Synopsis of Genera,
No free dorsal spines ; caudal fin forked, with
elongated median rays; no scales . Fistularia (p. 374).
A series of free dorsal spines ; caudal fin rhombic,
without elongated ray ; small ctenoid scales
present . . . Aulosfoma (p. 375).
Imperfectly known, but all caudal fin-rays much
elongated; no scales . Urosphen (p. 376).
374
ACTIXOPTERTGII?
Genus FISTULARIA, Linnaeus,
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 312.]
Teeth minute. Vertebrae very numerous, between 70 and 90 io
total number, less than half being caudal. Pectoral fins on flank ;
infraclavicles much extended, and small pelvic fins inserted not far
behind them ; no free spines in front of dorsal fin, which is remote ;
anal fin similar to dorsal ; caudal fin forked, with few much
elongated median rays. Scales absent, but a series of rudimentary
bony scutes along the lateral line and the median dorsal line.
Existing species occur on the shores of the Indian Ocean and of
the tropical region of the Atlantic Ocean.
A figure of the skeleton of the existing F. tahaccaria is given by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. xxxv. fig. 1 (wrongly labelled
Avilostoma chinense).
Fistularia koenigi, Agassiz.
1830-42. Fistularia koenigii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 279,
pi. xxxv. flg. 5.
1859. Fistularia koenigii, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xi. p. 124, pi. V. fig. 2.
1886. Fistularia koenigi, A. AVettstein, Fischfaima Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief, (Denkschr. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 92.
Imperfect head and abdominal region ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known species, attaining a length of about 0‘6.
Cranial roof with three finely denticulated longitudinal ridges, the
median the largest ; opercular apparatus ornamented with radiating
series of minute tubercles, and ridge of preoperculiim with a series
of conspicuous denticles. Vertebrse about 74 in total number, of
which 30 are caudal ; length of fused anterior vertebrae approxi¬
mately one fifth of the column. Dorsal and anal fins with 11 or
12 rays ; two elongated median caudal rays.
Form. ^ Log. Oligocene : Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 9236. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and figured by
Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. Old Collection.
P. 1975 a. Obscure remains of head and anterior vertebrae, labelled
by Agassiz and mentioned loc. cit. ; Engi. Egerton Coll.
P. 1975, P. 4000. Scattered remains of small specimen, in counter¬
part ; Engi. The cranial roof is shown.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls*
iftoi', J, S, ^.ff .
?. »/. C^ </C* iU. •'^ V^jrwjs /" C ^ .
"r. f&oL.
FlSTULARIIDJi:.
375
Fistularia longirostris (Blainville).
1796. Esox belone, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xviii. pi. v. fig. 2
(errore).
1818. Esox hngirastris, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 341.
1835. Fistularia tenuirostris, L. Agassiz, Neues Jalirb. p. 291 (name
only).
1839-42. Fistularia tenuirostris, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 280,
pi. XXXV. fig. 4.
1876. Fistularia tenuirostris, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 181.
Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0*2. Im¬
perfectly known, but anterior fused vertebrae considered by Agassiz
to be relatively shorter than in the other known species. Dorsal
fin with 12 or 13 rays, anal fin with at least 9 or 10 (according to
Bassani).
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus AULOSTOMA, LacepMe.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v, 1803, p. 357.]
Teeth very minute, only on mandible and vomer. Vertebrae
about 50 to 65 in total number, at least half being caudal. Inter¬
muscular bones very numerous and long. Pectoral fins on flank ;
infraclavicles not much extended ; small pelvic flns remote ; a series
of very slender, small free spines in front of dorsal fln, which
is remote ; anal fln similar to soft dorsal ; caudal fln rhombic,
without elongated ray. Scales small and ctenoid.
Existing species distributed like those of Fistularia.
Aulostoma bolcense (Blainville).
1796. Fistularia chinensis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xvi. pi. v.
fig. 1 {errors).
1818. Fistularia bolcensis, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 340.
1835. Aulostoma bolcense, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 291 (name
only).
1839-42. Aulostoma bolcense, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 282,
pi. XXXV. figs. 2, 3.
1876. Aulostoma bolcense, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 181.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
376
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0’18. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than half that of the
trunk from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrse
about 50 in number. Pelvic fins inserted nearer to the anal
than to the pectorals ; dorsal and anal fins comparatively short-
based, apparently with not more than 17 and 15 rays respectively ;
anal arising nearer to the caudal than to the pelvic fins.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1976, P. 4119. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart,
showing most of the principal characters of the genus and
species ; wrongly labelled Fistularia tenidrostris by
Agassiz. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
The following species, known only by a fragment, has also been
ascribed to this genus, but is not represented in the Collection : —
Aulostoma licatce, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi. art. no. 3
(1880), p. 33. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Head,
&c.]
Genus UROSPHEN, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1814, p. 281.]
Teeth minute. Vertebrae between 50 and 60 in number. Anal
fin similar and opposed to remote soft dorsal ; caudal fin relatively
very large. Scales absent.
Urosphen dubia (Blainville).
1796, Fistularia tabacaria, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxxx.
pi. xxix. fig. 4 {errore).
■ 1818. Fistularia duhia, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 311.
1835. Urosphen Jistulai'is, L, Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only).
1839-42. Urosphen fistularis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 284,
pi. XXXV. fig. 6.
1876. Urosphen Jistularis^ F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. hi. p. 182.
Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about O-^^ the head in
such a specimen measuring 0-135, the vertebral column 0-199, and
the caudal fin 0*118 in length. Dorsal and anal fins probably with
about 20 rays.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
Not represented in the Collection.
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CENTEISCID^.
377
Family CEXTRISCID.E.
Trunk laterally compressed, and irregularly oblong or deepened ;
snout much produced into a tube, and small toothless mouth
terminal. Gills pectinated; opercular apparatus complete. Some
anterior vertebrae usually elongated, those of the abdominal region
and some anterior caudals "with large transverse processes. Pelvic
fins 'without spine but with 5 or 6 divided rays ; an enlarged spine
and usually other small spines in front of the dorsal fin ; anal fin
without anterior spine, opposed to the soft dorsal ; caudal fin
distinct. Skin with a partial bony armour and also with small
scales.
These are small marine fishes, very widely distributed.
Synopsis of Genera.
Caudal region relatively large ; few dorsal spines,
the second excessively enlarged; pelvic fins
considerably behind pectorals ; bony plates
dorsallv and ventrallv and flanks covered
vuth small scales . Centriscus (Eecent).
Caudal region relatively large ; pelvic fins partly
beneath pectorals ; bony plates dorsally, not
ventrally, but flanks covered with small
scales . E7iamp)}iosu§ (p. 377).
Caudal region relatively very small ; pelvic fins
reduced, considerably behind pectorals ; dorsal
and ventral bony dermal armour extensive,
but no scales . Ampliisile (p. 378).
Isolated spines from the Lower Pliocene of Orciano, Tuscany, are
ascribed to Centriscus under the name of C. toni by It. Lawley,
Isuovi Studi Pesci, etc., Colline Toscane (1876), p. 79.
Genus RHAMPHOSUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1844, p. 270.]
Trunk only moderately deepened ; caudal region relatively large,
with about 14 vertebrae. Pelvic fins well- developed and far
forwards, partly beneath the pectorals : caudal fin rounded. Pony
plates dorsally in abdominal region to support the large spine, but
no ventral armour ; small rough scales covering flanks.
R]^mphosiis actdeatwa (Plainvihc).
1796. Uranoscopus rastrum, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xxii.
pi. V. fig. 4.
1796. Centriscus, G, S. Yolta, ibid. pi. Ixxv. fig. 1 {erroi'e).
378
ACTIXOPTERTGII.
1818. Centriscus aculeatus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 389.
1835. RJiamphosus aculeatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 291 (name
1839-42. R^amphosus aculeatus, L. Agassiz, Poias. Foss. vol. iv.
p. 270, pi. xxxii. fig. 7.
1888. RhampJiosus aculeatus, L. Vaillant, Exped. Scient. Travailleur
et Talisman — Poissons, p. 339.
1898. RhampTiosus aculeatus, F. Bassani, Paleeontogr. Italica, vol. iii.
p. 82, pi. ix. fig. 4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*12. Proportions
somewhat uncertain owing to imperfection of few known specimens ;
but snout extremely attenuated, the length of the head with oper¬
cular apparatus probably equalling that of the trunk from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin, also about equalling the
length of the dorsal fin-spine, which bears posterior denticulations.
Probably 8 abdominal vertebrae, and 14 caudals. Dorsal and anal fins
equal and directly opposed, each with 9 rays. Scales very minute.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 5125. Small specimen wanting caudal fin and with dorsal spine
imperfect. Purchased, 1886.
Rhamphosus biserratus, Bassani.
1876. Rhamphosus hiserratus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. V. p. 151, pi. ii. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Padua.
Bather larger than the type species, with comparatively short
and stout spine, the length- of this apparently not greater than the
depth of the trunk at its insertion.
Form, df Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus AMPHISIUB (Klein), Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 350.]
Trunk oblong and much laterally compressed, with very small
caudal region curved downwards. About 6 large and elongated
abdominal vertebrae, 14 very small caudals. Pelvic fins rudi¬
mentary, well behind the pectorals ; caudal fin rounded. Bony
plates dorsally and ventrally in abdominal region, the dorsal armour
intimatelv connected with the endoskeleton ; no scales.
Existing species of this genus occur in the shallow seas of the
tropics from the eastern coast of Africa to China.
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CENTRISCID^. - SOLENOSTOMATID^.
379
Amphisile heinrichi, Heckel.
1850. Amphisyle heinrichi, J. J. Heckel, Denksclir. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. p. 224, pi. xxii. ..
1870. Amphysile heinrichii, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [2]
, vol. xxvii. p. 400, pi. jx. figs. 1-^ ^ j ^ A
Type, ^mperfect^sh. 2^.-7^ vll'A' ^ s vr. 4
A species attaining a length of about 0*05. Length of head with \o . \
opercular apparatus nearly equalling the length of the dorsal shield
behind the operculum ; maximum depth of trunk slightly exceeding
one quarter of the same measure. Operculum and suboperculum
nearly equal in size, the former ornamented with radiating striae.
Anal fin with 13 or 14 rays. Dermal armour finely tuberculated ;
the posterior terminal spine longitudinally ribbed and slightly
shorter than its pedicle.
Form. Log. Oligocene : Krakowiza, near Imwald, Galicia ;
Vienna ^ ; Hammerstein, Baden ^ ; E^r|^eimj^ Rhein-Hessen ; Miil-
hausen, Alsace Eroidefontaine. ^
P. 7042, P. 8788. Four fragmentary specimens, ' one being in
counterpart ; Elorsheim, Rhein-Hessen.
ParGhasecl.^ 1893, 1898.
An imperfectly known species, not represented in the Collection,
has also been described as follows : —
Amphisile longirostris, L. Agassiz, J7eues Jahrb. 1835, p. 295
(name only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1844), p. 275.
Centriscus velitaiis, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796),
pi. Ixiii. fig. 2 (errors). Centriscus longirostris., H. D. de
Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818),
p. 339. — Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[Imperfect fish ; unknown.]
Family SOLENOSTOMATID^.
Trunk more or less elongated ; snout much produced into a tube,
and small toothless mouth terminal. Gills tufted, in form of
rounded lobes ; opercular apparatus reduced to operculum and very
few branchiostegal rays ; gill-opening wide. Two dorsal fins, the
^ E. Suess, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. \ol. liv. pt. i. (1866)
p. 115.
- H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb.4863, p. 449.
^ Schimper, LTnstitut, vol. xxvii. (1859), p. 193.
380
ACTIXOrTEPvYGII.
anterior spinous ; paired fins, anal and caudal fins always present.
Trunk encased in rings of bony plates ; no scales.
The existing Solenostoma inhabits the Indian Ocean.
Synopsis of Genera.
Trunk much compressed, somewhat dilated ;
pelvic fins opposite anterior dorsal .... Solenostoma (Recent).
Trunk more elongated, not dilated; pelvic
tins in advance of anterior dorsal . Solenorhynchus (p. 380). .
Genus SOLENORHYNCHUS, Heckel.
[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 126.]
Trunk extremely elongated and slender ; caudal region relatively
short. Pelvic fins in advance of anterior dorsal ; posterior dorsal
and anal fins similar and directly opposed ; caudal fin very large,
not forked. Trunk encircled completely in the bony dermal rings.
Solenorhynchus elegans, Heckel.
1854. Solenorhynchus elegans, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. p. 125.
1868. Solenorhynchus elegans, Kner & Steindachner, Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. p. 31, pi. v. fig. 1.
1874. Solenorhynchus elegans, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Veneto,
vol. xviii. p. 297, pi. x. fig. 5.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Royal Court Museum, Vienna.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Head with
opercular apparatus occupying about one quarter of the total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Pelvic fins beneath the
16th body-ring ; anterior dorsal fin with 5 spines, arising behind
21st ring ; posterior dorsal and anal larger, with 17 rays, separated
from anterior dorsal by 12 rings ; caudal fin with 12 rays. About
36 body-rings in the abdominal, 9 in the caudal region, provided
with few small and delicate spines.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Postale, H. Italy.
Rot represented in the Collection.
Family SYNGNATHID^.
Trunk more or less elongated ; snout much produced into a tube,
and small toothless mouth terminal. Gills tufted, in form of
rounded lobes ; opercular apparatus reduced to operculum ; gill-
opening very small. Pelvic fins absent ; one soft dorsal fin ;
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STIfGXATHID^.
381
pectoral, anal, and caudal fins variable. Trunk more or less
encased in rings of bony plates ; no scales.
Small coast fishes living among seaweeds in temperate and
tropical regions, swimming chiefiy by peculiar motion of dorsal fin.
Synopsis of Genera ivith Extinct Representatives.
All with axis of head in continuation of that of trunk ; with caudal fin
and non-prehensile tail.
Trunk much elongated ; dermal armour incom¬
plete, probably absent on caudal region .... Pseudosyngnatlms
Trunk much elongated ; dermal armour complete ; [(p. 381 ).
clavicular arch not rigid at lower end ; anal
fin minute . . . . Eiplxonostoina
As Siphonostoma, but clavicular arch rigid at [(p. 382).
lower end . Syngnatlius (p. 382).
Trunk only moderately elongated ; dermal armour
complete ; all median tins well developed . . Calamostoma
[(p. 383).
Genus PSEUD OS YNGNATHUS, Kner & Steindacbner.
[Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. 1863, p. 28.]
Trunk much elongated, not dilated. Pectoral fins present ;
dorsal fin small and very remote; caudal fin small, truncated
behind. Dermal armour apparently incomplete, perhaps wanting
on the caudal region.
According to Kner and Steindachner, the form and disposition of
the supports of the dorsal fin suggest that its rays had not the
peculiar power of motion observed among existing Syngnathidoe.
Pseudosyngnathus opisthopterns (Agassiz).
1796. Syngnatlius typlile, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxxxix.
pi. Iviii. fig. 1 {err ore).
1818. Syngnatlius tyyhle, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet, d’llist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 339 (errore),
1833-44. Syngnatlius opistliopterus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. i.
p. 18, pt. ii. p. 276.
1863. Pseudosyngnathus opistliopterus.^ Kner & Steindachner, Denkschr.
k. Akad. Wiss/, math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. p. 29, pi. vi. fig. 1.
,
Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Natural History, Pans.
The tjme species, attaining a length of about 0*35. Vertebrae
apparently between 55 and 60 in number. Dorsal fin just within
hinder quarter of back, with 8 or 9 rays ; caudal fin with 13 or
382
ACTINOPTERYGII.
14 rays. Lateral scutes in abdominal region marked with fine
longitudinal strise.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus SIPHONOSTOMA, Kaup.
[Catal. Lophobr. Eish. Brit. Mus. ISSfi, p. 48.]
Trunk much elongated, not dilated. Clavicular arch not rigidly
fixed at lower end. Pectoral and caudal fins well-developed ;
dorsal fin not much extended ; anal fin minute. Dermal armour
complete; dorsal edges of tail not continuous with dorsal edges
of trunk, but passing on each side into ridge of lateral line.
Existing species occur on the European coasts.
Siphonostoma albyi^ Sauvage^
1870. Syngnathus alhyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. art,
no. 7. p. 3.
1873. Siphonostoma alhyi, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. art.
no. 1. p. 81, fig. 42.
1896. Siphonostoma alhyi, I. Bonomi, Hi vista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii.
p. 204.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A species attaining a length of about 0*25. Length of head with
opercular apparatus about one fifth of the total length of the fish.
Dorsal fin with about 38 rays ; caudal fin with 12 rays. Dermal
rings apparently 18 or 19 in the abdominal, 34 in the caudal
region ; the seutes with a smooth longitudinal ridge and marked
with regular vertical lines of large tubercles. {Sauvage.)
The generic determination of this fish is uncertain.
Form. Log. Upper Miocene : Licata, Sicily ; Mondaino, Pro¬
vince of Eorli, Italy. ■
P. 1977. Very imperfect specimen ; Licata. Egerton Coll.
Siphonostoma castellii is an undefined name given to a fish from
the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany, by G. Capellini, Mem. K.
Accad. Lincei [3] vol. ii. disp. i. (1878), p. 285.
Genus SYNGNATHUS (Artedi), Linnseus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 336.]
Essentially similar to Siphonostoma, but clavicular arch rigidly
fixed at lower end.
/^t fl 0^4
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SYNGNATHID^.
383
Imperfectly known extinct species are referred to this genus
under the following names, but are not represented in the
Collection : —
Synjnaihus affiais, D. G. Kramherger, Ead Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891),. p. 99, pi. lii. fig. 4. — Upper Miocene
(Sarmatian) ; Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ] Geological
Museum, University of Agram.]
Syngnathm holcensis, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Teneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 24, fig. 6. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca, near Yerona. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection,
University of Padua.]
Syngnathus Tiedceli, A. de Zigno, loc. clt. vol. xviii. (1874), p. 295,
pi. x. fig. 4. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
[Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection, University of Padua.]
Syngnathus helmsi, E. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Miss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 571, pi. hi. — Upper
Miocene (Sarmatian); Eadoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect
fishes; Court Museum, Yienna.] S S.
Genus CALAMOSTOMA, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. pt. i. 1833, p. 18.]
Trunk moderately elongated, not dilated. Pectoral fins feeble ;
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins well-developed ; caudal fin rounded,
with few rays. Dermal armour complete.
Calamostoma breviculum (Blainville).
1796. Pegasus natans, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese, p. xxi. pi. v.
fig. 3 (en'ore).
1818. Syngnathus breviculus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 339.
1833-44. Calamostoma breviculum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii.
pt. i. p. 18, pt. ii. p. 276, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-7. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding two thirds of
length from pectoral arch to base of caudal fin. Five longitudinal
series of scutes on flank ; no external ornament.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca,- near Yerona.
P.9430. ell-preserved specimen, wanting dorsal fin ; Monte Bolca.
A few long rays at middle of ventral border represent
either a pelvic or an anal fin, probably the latter.
History unknown.
384
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
Suborder IX. ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Vertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, none
modified or coalesced. Snpraoccipital extending forwards between
the reduced parietals ; squamosal rudimentary and fused with the
large pterotic ; premaxilla always excluding maxilla from upper
border of mouth ; mandible simple, each ramus consisting of not
more than two elements (dentary and articulo-angular). Pectoral
arch suspended from cranium ; precoracoid arch absent ; no infra-
clavicular plates ; pectoral fin with not more than four or five
basals. Pelvic fin-supports in contact with clavicle, and fins thus
thoracic or jugular ; each pelvic fin usually with an anterior spine
and five (rarely six to eight) articulated and divided rays. Dorsal
and anal fins usualJy more or less spinous anteriorly. In the living
forms : — air-bladder closed, without pneumatic duct, in the adult
(physoclistous) ; optic nerves decussating ; intestine without spiral
valve.
Division A. BEPYCIFOPMES.
Pelvic fins thoracic, usually Avith more than five articulated rays
in addition to the spine. Xo bony stay between circumorbital
ring and preoperculum.
Synopsis of Families.
Head with extensive superficial caAfities for
mucus ; premaxillse protractile ; lateral
line conspicuous . Behycid^ (p. 384).
Head with superficial cavities for mucus ;
premaxillse not protractile ; lateral line
inconspicuous . Aphredodeeid.e (p. 416).
Head A\ithout superficial caAuties for mucus ;
premaxillse protractile ; lateral line in¬
conspicuous . Cyttid^ (p. 417).
Family DEHYCIDJE.
Head-bones more or less ridged, thus forming extensive cavities
which are filled with mucus in the living fish; premaxillse pro¬
tractile, and dentition usually feeble. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8
in number. Vertebrae from 24 to 30 in number; the posterior
abdominal centra with downwardly bent transverse processes.
Pelvic fins (unless rudimentary) with one spine and more than five
«iO.TI
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-5
BERTCID^.
385
articulated rays ; dorsal and anal fins rvith anterior spines, which
are usually not so numerous as the articulated rays. Squamation
more or less regular and continuous, sometimes with a few enlarged
scutes ; lateral line conspicuous.
All the known Berycidae are marine, and most of the existing
genera live at considerable depths, while many are typical members
of the deep-sea fauna.
Synoi^sis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented hy Extinct
Sjpecies.
I. Dorsal fin undivided.
A. With few crowded spines in front.
Vertebrae 10-|-14; anal fin much ex¬
tended ; scales ctenoid, none enlarged .
Vertebrae 12-1-16 or 18; anal fin short-
based ; scales ctenoid, enlarged along
lateral line .
Vertebrae 12 -{-14; anal fin moderately
extended ; scales thin and cycloid, none
enlarged .
Vertebrae 12-|-16 or 18 ; anal fin ex¬
tended ; scales small, thick, and
ctenoid, none enlarged . .
B. With anterior spines more or less spaced.
Dorsal fin-spines o to 9, anal 3 to 5 ;
scales large and ctenoid . . ; .
Dorsal fin-spines 14, anal 7 ; scales small
and cycloid .
Dorsal fin-spines about 12, anal 4 ; scales
thin and ctenoid .
II. Spinous portion of dorsal fin separated from
articulated portion.
Preoperculum merely serrated, without
spine .
Preoperculum with large spine at angle .
Beryx (p. 385).-
SphenocepTialus (p . 387) .
Acrogaster 388).
Pycnosterinx (p. 391).
Hoplopteryx (p. 396).
Dinopteryx (p. 406)..
Homonotus (p. 407).
Myripristis (p. 410)..
Holoceiitrum (p. 412).
Genus BERYX (Artedi), Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 151.]
Trunk laterally compressed, but not much deepened ; abdomen
flattened, not carinated. Frontal region of skuU deeply ridged for
mucus-cavities ; cleft of mouth oblique, and jaws with very minute ^
teeth ; orbit much enlarged ; preoperculum without spine, only
finely serrated. Vertebrae about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the
caudal region. Pelvic fins with one spine and 7 or more articulated
PART IV, 2 c
386
ACTT^'OPTEEYGII-
rays, inserted more or less directly beneath the origin of the
pectorals. Dorsal fin almost or completely in advance of the anal,
very few of its anterior rays in form of slender spines which are
crowded ; anal fin considerably extended, with four spines ; caudal
fin deeply cleft. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size, none enlarged
or thickened ; small scales extending over the opercular apparatus,
head, and base of the median fins.
A figure of the skeleton of the existing Beryx decadxictylus is
given by A. Gunther, Eep. Deep-Sea Pishes, ‘ Challenger’ Deports,
Zool. vol. xxii. pi. vi.
Xo extinct species of this genus are known with certainty,
although numerous fragmentary fossils have been ascribed to it.
The supposed species recorded in the following list are not gene-
rically determinable and are not represented in the Collection : —
Beryx dalmaticus, P. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. ^ iss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. (1882), p. 262, pi. x. fig. 1. Beryx
lesin&nsis, P. Steindaehner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturAv. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. (1863), p. 128, pi. i.
fig. 1; P. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Bat.
vol. vii. (1880), p. 12, pi. B. fig. 2. — Cretaceous; Cape
Sesto, near Sebenico, Dalmatia. [Inmerfect fish ; Im¬
perial Geological Survey, Yienna.] ^ ^
Beryx dinolepidotus., G. Piseher de Y^aldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp.
IS’at. Moscou, 1841, p. 465, pi. viii. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Govt. Yoronej, Bussia. [Portion of trunk.]
Beryx insculptus., E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi.
(1869), p. 240, and Yert. Cret. Porm. Y^est (Bep. U.S.
Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. ii. 1875), pi. Hi. fig. 4. — Green¬
sand no. 5 ; Yew Jersey. [Portion of trunl^|(Y^/^'»i-. 7yi
Beryx multidentaUis, A. Stewart, Kansas Univ. Quart. [A] vol. vii.
(1898), p. 196. — Upper Cretaceous ; Kansas. [Indeter¬
minable mandible and maxiUa, referred to Anogmim
evolutus by P. B. Loomis, Palseontogr. vol. xlvi. (1900),
p. 257 ; University of Kansas.]
Beryx suhovatus, P. Bassani, loc.cit. (1882), p. 226, pi. viii. fig. 4.
— Cretaceous ; Isle of Lesina, Dalmatia. [Imperfect fish ;
Imperial Geological Survey, Yienna.]
Beryx valencieimesi.^ E. Hebert, Mem. Soc. Geol. Prance, [2]
vol. V. (1855), p. 349, pi. xxvii. fig. 2. — Upper Senonian ;
Meudon, Prance. [Imperfect fish, wanting greater part
of fins.]
^ ,^^weA- ^ka-<^. ^/r'^^"^. 'y tr^.
yiie.vfrjOS),f.i3,fy. 31.
/p 3? » ^ . jr^,.
y^/* /J^
BERYCID^.
387
Genus SPHENOCEPHALUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 4.]
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth little
oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth. External hones more or
less ornamented with rows of tubercles. Yertebrse about 12 in the
abdominal, 16 to 18 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins with one
large, longitudinally ridged spine and 7 soft rays, which are both
articulated and divided; these fins inserted slightly behind the
origin of the pectoral pair. Dorsal and anal fins about as long as
deep, each with 4 stout, longitudinally ridged spines gradually
increasing in length, and closely pressed together ; caudal fin
moderately cleft. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size, more or less
ornamented with granulations ; one series enlarged along the course
of the lateral line.
Sphenocephalns fissicaudns, Agassiz.
1838—39. Sphenocephalus fissicaudus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
pp. 4, 129, pi. xvii. figs. 3-5.
1858. Sphenocephalus Jissicaiidus, W. von der March, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 253. ^
1863. Sphenocephalus fissicaudus, W. von der March, Palfeontogr.
vol. xi. p. 17, pi. iii. fig. 2.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0‘25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk and contained somewhat less than twice in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin
with 10 or 11 divided rays, completely in advance of the anal,
which comprises 9 similar rays.
The squamation noted in the generic diagnosis has not been
clearly observed in this species.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : ^Yestphalia.
P. 9059. Imperfect large fish originally about 0-23 in length ;
Baumberg. Purchased, 1899 .
P. 8772-74. Three imperfect specimens, the first unusually large
and much distorted by crushing ; Baumberg.
Purchased, 1897.
P. 3932. Imperfect fish about 0T2 in length, also distorted ;
Baumberg. EnnisTcillen Coll.
2c 2
388
ACTINOPTEETGII.
P. 2100. Pish of nearly similar size and proportions apparently of
this species, but, if so, with dorsal and anal fins incom¬
plete behind ; Sendenhorst. Egertm Coll.
Sphenocephalus cataphractus^ W. von der March.
1863. Sphenocephalus cataphractus, W. von der March, Palseontogr.
vol. xi. p. 18, pi. iii. fig. 1, pi. vii. figs. 3-5.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.
A slightly smaller species than the type, with relatively larger
head. Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably ex¬
ceeding the maximum depth of the trunh, and contained one and a
half times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 9 divided rays ; anal fin arising oppo¬
site the fifth or sixth of these rays, also comprising 9 divided rays.
Scales of lateral line about twice as deep as broad, two or three
times as deep as those immediately below them.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
35039, P. 3824. Characteristic specimen, in counterpart ; Senden¬
horst. Purchased, 1860, EnnisTciUen Coll.
P. 2100 a. Fine specimen, displayins: ornamented head and scales
in impression ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
P. 3824 a. Imperfect fish, deepened by distortion ; Sendenhorst.
Ennishillen Coll.
Genus ACROGASTER, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 5.]
Syn. Acanthophoria, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvj.
1895, p. 45.
Trunk much deepened and laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth
large and oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth ; preoperculum
with a few stout spines round the posterior border of its lower
portion. Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal
region. Pelvic fins arising below the origin of the pectorals, with
one stout spine and 6 or 7 divided rays. Dorsal fin occupying from
a third to half of the back, with from 3 to 5 small slender spines
and 10 to 14 stout divided rays ; anal fin only slightly less ex¬
tended, with 3 or 4 small stout spines and 9 to 11 well-spaced,
stout, divided rays ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales thin, apparently
cycloid, none thickened or enlarged along the dorsal or ventral
borders.
it) ^ ^ .
_ /t-t^. / /S^
/? s^j ,.2<;
‘ /C^ A yii, *
BEKTCID^.
389
Acrogaster parvus, Agassiz.
1838-39. Acroqaster narvus, L. Ao-assiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 5, 134,
pi. xvii. fig. 1 (?fig. 2).
1858. Acrogaster parvus, W. yon der Marck, Zeitschr. deutscli. geol.
Ges. Tol. X. p. 252.
1863. Acrogaster minutus, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 23, pi. vii, fig. 1. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Miinster.]
1863. Acrogaster parmis, W. yon der Marck, ibid. p. 23.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
The type species, imperfectly known by two distorted specimens
about 0’06 in length. Maximum depth of trunk less than its
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin, and
about three times as great as the width of the caudal pedicle.
Dorsal fin with 5 spines and 10 divided rays, the distance between
its hinder end and the caudal fin equal to the length of its own
base-line ; anal fin with 3 or 4 spines and 10 divided rays, arising
opposite the middle of the dorsal fin, and the length of its base-line
nearly equal to that of the latter fin.
W. von der Marck considers that the scales are enlarged along
the course of the lateral line. He also regards the second and
larger specimen, provisionally ascribed by Agassiz to this species, as
truly representing a distinct form. He erroneously applies the
name A. parvus to the latter.
Form. Loc. Hpper Cretaceous: Baumberg, "Westphalia.
Hot represented in the Collection.
Acrogaster brevicostatus, W. von der Marck.
1863. Acrogaster brevicostatus,'^ . von der Marck, Palaeontogr. voL xL
p. 24, pi. vii. fig. 2.
Type. Hearly complete fish ; Academy of Munster.
A species attaining a length of about OG. Maximum depth of
trunk slightly less than its length, and about four times as great as
the width of the caudal pedicle. Dorsal fin with 3 spines and 14
divided rays, the distance between its hinder end and the caudal
fin equalling about half the length of its own base-line ; anal fin
probably with 3 spines and 11 divided rays, arising opposite the
middle of the dorsal fin, and the length of its base-line approximately
equal to that of the latter fin.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sendenhorst, Westphalia.
Hot represented in the Collection.
390
ACTINOPTEKYGir.
Acrogaster heckeli (Pictet).
1850. Fycnosterinx heckelii, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 15,
pi. ii. figs. 1, 2.
1866. Fycnosterinx heckelii, Pictet Humbert, Nouy. Recb. Poiss.
I'oss. Mt. Liban, p. 40, pi. iii. figs. 3, 4.
1887. Fycnosterinx heckelii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 532 (? pi. xxvii. fig. 1).
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0’08. Length of head with
opercular apparatus not exceeding the depth of the abdominal region
below the vertebral column. Maximum depth of trunk about equal
to its length, and about four times as great as the width of the
caudal pedicle. Dorsal fin with 3 spines and 14 divided rays, the
distance between its hinder end and the caudal fin equalling about
half the length of its own base-line ; anal fin with 3 spines and
9 or 10 divided rays, less extended than the dorsal and arising
opposite the middle of the latter.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
47373, 49570-72, P. 6181. Five typical specimens displaying all
the characters of the genus and species. Lewis Coll.
46531, 47378, 47813, 48117. Four small specimens, the fourth
showing traces of the lateral line without thickened or
enlarged scales. Lewis Coll.
P. 1955 Fish about 0*07 in length, with displaced upper jaw.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1954. V'ery small specimen. Egerton Coll.
P. 4154-55. Two imperfect specimens, the first displaying a pelvic
fin. Enniskillen Coll.
Acrogaster daviesi (Dnvis).
(?) 1850. Fagellus Uhanicus, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 11,
pi. i. figs. 2, 3 (named F. ovalis on plate). [Imperfect fish ;
Geneva Museum.]
1887. Fycnosterinx daviesii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 537, pi. xxix. fig. 2.
(?) 1887. Fagellus Uhanicus, J. W. Davis, ihid. p. 507.
1895. Acanthophoria libanica, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. p. 46, pi. viii. fig. 1.
1898. Fagellus Uhanicus',' A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 488.
. vw- , /f/7 C^iJrQ
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y^Ctofa^^c^ ^4gaty/‘ yj>» . C^./ff^/).//, CiO
h)r^-^ 'j PoMiOo^ l9^7,ff^£/-3
/. ;:■...
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/^»*>- . X»»v'. c «r»^ -.^ X/' *' 6
^ — </ -- \^ / * f
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<k fi/j/^P^-^
Pyc erin’Wes /•s’-i-^.
a
i
BERTCID^.
391
T^pe. Nearly complete fish; British Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*12. Length of head with
opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding the depth of the abdominal
region below the vertebral column. Maximum depth of trunk con¬
siderably less than its length, but four times as great as the width
of the caudal pedicle. Fins as in A. lieckeli.
The so-called genus Acantkophoria is based on a specimen sup¬
posed by Kramberger to be specifically identical with the imperfect
fishes originally named Pagellus lihanicus by Pictet.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
49582. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.
There can scarcely have been more than 26 vertebrae, and
of these only 14 are to be reckoned as caudal. Three
slender spines and 14 divided rays are clearly indicated in
the dorsal fin ; the spine in front of the pelvic fin is shown
to be shorter than the divided rays which follow. Very
large gill-rakers are displayed on one of the branchial
arches. Lewis Qoll.
48130, 49581, 49585. Three good specimens, the first showing a
rudimentary fourth spine at the origin of the anal fin,
and apparently 6 divided rays in one of the pelvic fins.
Lewis Coll.
46530, 47370-72, 47379, 48121, 48132. Seven more imperfect,
distorted specimens ; the third showing the impression of
a rudimentary fourth spine at the origin of the dorsal fin.
Lewis Coll.
P. 1953 a. P. 4155 a. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart.
Egerton 4“ EnnisJcillen Colls.
48120. Still smaller distorted specimen, probably of this species,
Lewis Coll.
Genus PYCNOSTERINX, Heckel.
[In llussegger’s Keisen, vol. ii. pt. iii. 1849, p. 337.]
Syn. lynogcister, 0. G. Costa, Mem. 11. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. ii. 1857,
p. 102.
Trunk more or less deepened and laterally compressed. Cleft of
mouth large and little oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth ;
preoperculum without spines. Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal,
1 6 to 18 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins arising below the oiigin
392
ACTINOPTERYGII.
of the pectorals. Dorsal fin considerably extended, occupying
nearly half the length of the hack, with from 5 to 8 stout spines,
gradually increasing in length, and closely pressed together ; anal
fin also much extended and more or less completely opposed to the
dorsal, with 3 or 4 stout spines, gradually increasing in length, and
closely pressed together ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales small and
thick, feebly ctenoid, extending over the cheek and ^the bases of
the dorsal and anal fins; no ridge-scales, and none modified along
the course of the lateral line.
This genus is provisionally placed in the Berycidse, the number
of the pelvic fin-rays not yet having been exactly ascertained.
Pycnosterinx russeggeri, HeckeL
1849. Tycnosterinx russeggeri, J. J. Heckel, in Russegg’er's Reisen,
Yol. ii. pt. iii. p. 338, pi. xxiii. fig. 1.
1850. Pycnosteinnx dorsalis, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban,
p. 17, pi. ii. fig. 3. [Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum']
1857. Beryx niger, 0. G. Costa, Mem. P. Accad. Sci, Napoli, vol. ii.
p. 100, pi. ii. fig. 1 (named Beryx ater in expL of plate, p. 112).
[Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.]
1866. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, Pictet & Humbert, Noiiv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 41.
1866. Pycnosterinx russeggerii, Pictet & Humbert, ibid. p. 41.
1866. Pycnosterinx niger, Pictet & Humbert, ibid. p. 43.
1887. Pycnosterinx russeggerii, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 533.
1887. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 533, pi. xxviii.
fig. 2 « (wow fig. 2).
1887. Pycnosterinx niger, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 534.
1887. Homonotus pulcher, J. W. Davis, ibid. p. 519, pi. xxv. fig. 3.
[Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum.]
1898. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[7] vol. ii. p. 489.
1899. Pycnosterinx russeggeri, A. S. Woodward, loc. cit. vol, iv. p. 319.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained two and a half times in the
total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin ; caudal pedicle
very slender, its width scarcely exceeding one quarter of the
maximum depth. Dorsal fin with 5 longitudinally ribbed spines
and about 18 divided rays, arising approximately at the middle
point between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin ;
anal fin much less extended, with a rudimentary spine at the
BERICID^.
393
origin, 3 longitudinally ribbed spines and 14 divided rays, arising
opposite the middle of the dorsal fin.
A careful study of the specimens enumerated below suggests that
the supposed differences between the various named forms here
included inP. rmseggeri are due to imperfections in the preservation
of the specimens. The shape of the fish and the arrangement of its
dorsal and anal fins conduce to very variable distortion ; while the
longitudinal ribbing of the fin-spines frequently affords a false
impression of their number.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Tit. Lebanon.
47820, 49579. Two fine large specimens exhibiting the principal
characters of the genus and species. Lewis Coll.
P. 9143. Large specimen.
Presented hy A. S. Woodward, Esq., 1900.
49577. Imperfect specimen figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxviii.
fig. 2 a. Lewis Coll.
46399, 46541, 47375, 47818, 49576. Five imperfect and distorted
small specimens, the second in counterpart. Lewis Coll.
P. 1953 b. Small well-preserved .fish, partly in impression.
Egerion Coll,
Pycnosterinx discoides, Heckel.
1849. Pycnosterinx discoides, J. J. Heckel, in Russegger’s Reisen,
voL ii. pt. iii. p. 340, pi. xxiii. fig. 3.
1850. Pycnosterinx discoides, F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Tit. Liban,
p. 14.
1866. Pycnosterinx discoides, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss.
Foss. Tit. Liban, p. 38, pi. iii. figs. 1, 2.
1887. Pycnosterinx discoides, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] Yol. iii. p. 532, pi. xxvii. fig. 3.
1887. Pycnosterinx dorsalis, J. TV. Davis, ibid. pi. xxviii. fig. 2 (errore).
Type. Imperfect fish.
A deep-bodied species, about as large as the type. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum
depth of the trunk, which much exceeds one half the total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin ; width of caudal pedicle
equalling one quarter of the maximum depth. Fins as in the type
species, except that the dorsal and anal each comprise one or two
additional divided rays, while the anal may arise slightly further
forwards.
It seems probable that the imperfect fish from Sahel Alma in the
394
ACIINOPTEPvYGlI.
Naples University Museum, described as the type specimen of
Imogaster auratus by 0. G. Costa (Mem. E,. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
vol. ii. 1857, p. 103, pi. i. lig. 2), is referable to Pycnosterinx
discoides. According to P. Bassani (communicated MS.), the
specimen exhibits about 26 vertebrae, of which 16 are caudal.
The dorsal fin comprises 5 spines and about 23 divided rays, the
anal fin 2 or 3 spines and about 18 rays. The scales are too
imperfectly j)reserved to decide whether or not they are ctenoid.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4760. Pine specimen about 0’095 in length, apparently very
little distorted, and exhibiting the true proportions of this
species. Lewis Coll.
49578. Another fine specimen, slightly distorted, so that the mouth
is opened and the pelvic and anal fins are displaced
backwards ; figured by Davis, loc. cit. pi. xxviii. fig. 2, as
P, dorsalis. ' Lewis Coll.
47811-12, 48114, 48118, 49573, P. 4861. Six specimens, more or
less imperfect, shortened and deepened by distortion.
Lewis Coll.
P. 1955 a, P. 4156. Two small specimens shortened and deepened
by distortion. Egerton Ennislcillen Colls.
Pycnosterinx gracilis, Davis.
1887. Pycnosterinx gracilis, J. 'VY. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. hi. p. 539, pi. xxix. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A rather elongated species, attaining a length of about 0'15.
Length of head v ith opercular apparatus about equal to the
maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained two and a half
times in the total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin ;
caudal pedicle as in the type species. Dorsal fin with 5 slightly
ribbed spines and about 24 divided rays ; anal fin not much less
extended, with 4 slightly ribbed spines and 18 or 19 divided rays,
arising opposite the foremost divided rays of the dorsal fin.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
48131. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.
Minute teeth are observable on the extended premaxilla
and on the dentary. The preoperculum is very narrow, as
usual, and not larger than the operculum. The trunk is
obliquely distorted, so that the dorsal fin is crushed
^ ^txX/v<?<''r->^-^ =i fy £^CyV\ <7-»^<»g<’x»<.^^v’^-^’>^ <KAyJ\,0ty^tA-^^
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BEKYCID>E.
395
"backwards. Though the vertebral column is imperfectly
shown, it is evident that there cannot have been less than
12 vertebrae in the abdominal, and 17 or 18 vertebrae in
the caudal region. The dorsal hn clearly exhibits 5 spines
and 24 divided rays ; while the anal has 4 imperfectly
preserved spines and 18 divided rays. Lewis Coll.
P. 9440. More imperfect specimen displaying the dorsal and anal
fins, with scales extending over their basal portion.
Lewis Coll.
48133. Another more imperfect specimen. Lewis Coll.
Pycnosterinx dubius, Davis.
1887. Pycnosterinx dubius, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 540, pi. xxix. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A deep-bodied species about as large as the type. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk, which is contained rather more than twice in the
total length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin
occupying nearly half the length of the back, with 7 or 8 longi¬
tudinally ribbed spines and about 21 divided rays ; anal fin
somewhat less extended, with 4 longitudinally ribbed spines and
16 divided rays, arising opposite the foremost divided ray of the
dorsal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
48129. Type specimen described and figured b}’ Davis, loc. cit.
There are only 7 spines in the dorsal fin. Leivis Coll.
46543. Obliquely distorted specimen displaying the median fins,
the dorsal with 8 spines. Lewis Coll.
The following species, which are not represented in the Collection,
are not satisfactorily known : —
Pycnosterinx elongatus^ Pictet & Humbert, iNouv. Rech. Poiss.
Loss. Mt. Liban (1866), p. 42, pi. iii. figs. 5, 6 ; J. W.
Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii. (1887), p. 537,
pi. xxvii. fig. 6. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Geneva Museum.]
Pycnosterinx latns, J. W. Davis, loc. cit. 1887, p. 534, pi. xxvii.
fig. 2. — Ibid. [Pragmentary fish of indeterminable genus;
Edinburgh Museum of Science & Art.]
396
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Genus HOPLOPTERYX, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 4.]
Trunk much deepened and laterally compressed. Prontal region
of skull deeply ridged for mucus-cavities ; cleft of mouth little
oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth ; orbit small or of mode¬
rate size ; preoperculum without spine, only serrated. Yertebrm
about 10 ill the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins
arising below or somewhat behind the origin of the pectorals,
with one stout spine and 7 or 8 divided rays. Dorsal fin much
extended, its anterior half consisting of 5 to 9 stout spines, not
closely pressed together ; anal fin comparatively short, with 3 to 5
stout spines, not closely pressed together ; caudal fin more or less
deeply cleft. Scales ctenoid, rather large, rarely ornamented with
granulations, and none much enlarged or thickened ; lateral line
forming a conspicuous discontinuous ridge.
Hoplopteryx antiquus, Agassiz.
1838-39. Hoplopteryx antiquus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 4,
131, pi. xvii. figs. 6-8.
1858. Hoplopteryx antiquus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch,
geol. Ges. vol, x. p. 252.
Hoplopteryx antiquus, var. minor, W. von der Marck, Palgeontoo-r.
vol. xi. p. 13, pi, i. fig. 4.
1863. Hoploptei yx antiquus, var. major, 'W, von der IMarck, loc. cit,
vol. xi. p. 14, pi. ii. fig. 1.
1885. Hoplopteryx antiquus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit vol xxxi
p. 243.
Type. 1^'early complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-3, but usually
smaller. Length of head with opercular apparatus nearly equal to
the maximum depth of the trunk, and contained about one and a
half times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Origin of pelvic fins opposite to that of the dorsal,
which occupies one half the length of the back (measured from
occiput to caudal fin), comprising 6 ribbed spines and 11 divided
rays ; anal fin with 4 similar spines, gradually increasing in length,
and 9 or 10 divided rays, terminating behind slightly beyond the
dorsal.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Westphalia.
There is no typical example of this species in the Collection, but,
as observed by W. von der Marck {he. cit. 1885), the small ’form
/•
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BERYCID^.
397
represented by the following specimen may be only an immature
stage of the same : —
P. 8771. Fragmentary remains of head and abdominal region of a
small fish, resembling the form described by W. von der
March, Palaeontogr. vol. xi. (1863), p. 15, pi. i. figs. 5, 6,
under the name of Hoplojpteryx gihhus ; Baumberg.
Purchased, 1897.
Hoplopteryx zippei (Agassiz).
1834. Beryx zippei, L. Agassiz^ Verliandl. Ges. vaterland. Mus.
Bohmen, p. 68.
1838-39. Beryx zippei, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 4, 120,
-pi. XV. fig. 2.
1845. Beryx zippei, A. E. Reuss, Verstein. bohm. Kreideform. pt. i.
p. 11, pi. i., pi. ii. fig. 1.
1878. Beryx zippei, A. Fritsch, Kept. u. Fisclie bohm. Kreideform.
p. 41, woodc. fig. 62, pi. V. fig. 1.
1887. Hoplopteryx zippei, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 514.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.
An incompletely known species, closely resembling the preceding
in form and proportions, but supposed to comprise only 5 spines in
the dorsal fin, which terminates opposite the posterior end of
the anal.
Form. Loc. Dpper Cretaceous (Turonian) : Bohemia.
P. 9006. Imperfect specimen ; Planerkalk, Weissenberg, near
Prague. Purchased, 1899.
47497. Plaster cast of well-preserved specimen ; Planerkalk,
Bohemia. Presented hy Prof. Anton Fritsch, 1876.
Hoplopteryx lewesiensis (Mantell).
[Plate XVI. fig. 4. Text-figure 13.]
1822. Zeus lewesiensis, G. A. Mantell, Foss. S. Downs, p. 234,
pis. XXXV., xxxvi.
3835-39. Beryx ornatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill. p. 55, and
vol. iv. p. 115, pi. xiv a. pi. xiv h. figs. 1, 2, pi. xiv c. figs. 1, 3-6
{non fig. 2), pi. xiv 6? (exc. fig. 2).
1850. Beryx ornatus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 371, pi. xxxvi.
figs. 1, 3, pi. xxxiv. figs. 4«, 4 c.
1888. Hoplopteryx lewesiensis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc,
vol. X. p. 327.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
Iloplopteryx lewesiensis-, restoration, about half nat. size.
398
ACTTNOPTEETail
BERYCIDiE.
309
A species attaining a length of about 0*3. Length of head with
opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum depth of
the trunk, which nearly equals the length from the hinder margin
of the clavicle to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin occupying
nearly one half of the back, comprising 6 very stout, longitudinally
ribbed spines and 8 to 10 divided rays, the length of the longest
spine almost equalling one third the depth of the trunk at its
insertion ; anal fin with 7 or 8 divided rays preceded by 3 or 4
very stout spines, which gradually increase to a length about
equalling that of the longest dorsal. Scales very finely and
delicately pectinated ; the lateral line traversing about the ninth
longitudinal series from the ventral border.
In the fossils from the English Chalk recorded below, the super¬
ficial layer of the external bones and scales is frequently destroyed,
at least in part, producing an accidental smoothness.
Form. 4' Loc. Turonian and Senonian : Sussex, Surrey, and
Kent \
4014-15. Type specimen in counterpart, described and figured by
Mantell, op. cit. p. 234, pi. xxxv. fig. 2, pi. xxxvi., and
by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 116, pi. xivd fig. 1 ; Upper Chalk,
Lewes. There are clearly four anal fin-spines, of which
the two foremost are very small and short. Mantell Coll.
4030-31. Fine specimen in counterpart, figured by Agassiz, tom.
cit. pi. xiv a ] Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4016. More imperfect fish, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xiv h.
figs. 1, 2 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4008. Small specimen, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit. pi. xiv c. fig. 1 ;
Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4027. Imperfect small caudal region, figured by Agassiz, tom. cit.
pi. xiv d. fig. 3 : Lewes. Mantell Coll.
4011,-12,— 19,— 21,— 26,-46,— 48, 4103,-09, 4242. Thirteen more
or less fragmentary specimens; Lewes. No. 4019 shows
8 branchiostegal rays. Mantell Colh
25781. Head and imperfect trunk, the head figured by Dixon,
op. cit. pi. xxxiv. fig. 1 ; Sussex. Tubercles are shown
^ Fragments from the Turonian of Bohemia and Saxony, too imperfect for
specific determination, are also ascribed to this species by A. E. Eeuss, Verstein.
bdhm. Kreideform. pt. i. (1845), p. 12, pi. ii. fig. 2, pi. xii. figs. 1,2; A. Fritsch,
Eept. u. Fische bohm. Kreideform, (1878), p. 43, pi. v. figs. 2, 3.
400
ACTINOrTERYGIT.
on the ridges of the cranial roof ; and the hinder border
of the post-temporal is pectinated. Dixon Coll.
25827. Imperfect small fish, figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxvi.
fig. 1 ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.
25839. Imperfect trunk, figured by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxvi. fig. 3 ;
Sussex. Dixon Coll.
25841, 25863, 25869, 25905, 25907, 25912-13, 25915-16,
25918-19. Mne fragmentary specimens, two being in
counterpart ; Sussex. Dixon Coll.
49862-63, 49870-71. Four imperfect specimens, the first displaying
the greater part of the vertebral column and part of
a pectoral fin ; Upper Chalk, Lewes. Capron Coll.
P. 1948,-a,-b. One fragmentary small fish, a block containing two
imperfect small fishes, and a large head ; Sussex.
Egerton Coll.
P. 3977. Small head and fragment of abdominal region ; Sussex.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 5420. Fine head, with some anterior scales, shown of the
natural size in PI. XVI. fig. 4; Lewes. The cranium
exhibits some of the deep cavities between the tuber-
culated or pectinated ridges on its roof. The proportions
of the orbit are clear, the greater part of the cheek being
covered by a chain of suborbital plates (s.o.). The orbital
margin (c.o.) of each of these plates is everted and tuber-
culated, while the lower margin, immediately above the
maxiUa, is distinctly serrated ; the middle part of the
plates is quite smooth, and forms a deep channel for the
reception of the slime-apparatus. The mandibular sus-
pensorium is nearly vertical, the gape of the mouth
extending just behind the eye. The long, slender pre¬
maxilla {pmx.') bears traces of clustered minute teeth
throughout its length ; and the maxilla {mx.) im¬
mediately above it is quite smooth, with a triangular
expansion , behind. A large supramaxilla {s.mx.) is
ornamented with tuberculated ridges on its outer face,
and is excavated in front as if for the reception of a
smaller anterior supramaxilla. The dentary (d.') bears
numerous, clustered, minute blunt teeth, like those of the
premaxilla ; its outer face is deeply channelled below for
the slime-canal, and the longitudinal ridge above the
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BERYCID^.
401
channel is tuherculated. The angular {ag.) has a similar
conformation, but its tuherculated ridge is widened into an
extensive radiately- ornamented area. The preoperculum
(p.o^.) also exhibits a deep groove for the slime-canal,
and is not much expanded at the angle. The other
opercular bones display their characteristic rugose orna¬
ment. The deep and narrow operculum (op.) is produced
into two short and broad spines at its hinder margin, the
upper being connected by a strong ridge with the point of
suspension. The suboperculum (.s.op.) is relatively small,
with a large anterior ascending process. The inter¬
operculum (i.op.) is of remarkable extent. The upper
expanded portion of the clavicle is more finely and closely
ornamented than the opercular apparatus. The large and
deep anterior scales are broken and displaced.
Presented hy P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.
P. 5421-23. Tour fragments ; Lewes.
Presented hy P. E. Coomhe, Esq., 1888.
P. 7189. Head and anterior scales; Southover, Lewes.
Presented hy J. S. Valentine, Esq., 1894.
P. 6462-64. Four fragmentary small specimens, two displaying a
small and delicate supraoccipital crest ; probably from
Sussex. BecTcles Coll.
49868. Portion of large trunk ; Lewes. Capron Coll.
49865-67, 49872, 49888. Five fragmentary small specimens; Upper
Chalk, near Guildford. Capron Coll.
P. 388-9. Three imperfect fishes, two displaying a considerable part
of the dorsa^l fin ; probably from Kent.
Presented hy the Earl of Dude, 1881.
P. 9441. Fine distorted specimen ; Eochester. Purchased.
23017. Eemains of small head and trunk; Dover.
Purchased, 1848.
41104-05. Two imperfect heads, the first associated with some
flank-scales ; Lower Chalk, Hailing, Kent.
Purchased, 1868.
35712. Fine specimen, displaying the greater part of the paired
and dorsal fins ; Eochester. The pectoral fin consists
PART rv. 2d
402
ACTINOPTEETGII.
of 10 or 11 very delicate rays. The dorsal exhibits the
remarkably stout supports for the six anterior spines.
Purchased, 1860.
42063. Large head; Warne’s Place, Eochester. Purchased, 1870.
41692. Scattered remains of head, including premaxillae; Lower
Chalk, Burham, Kent. Toulmin Smith Coll.
49036, 49043. Imperfect small fish and distorted large fish ; pro¬
bably from Burham. The first specimen exhibits 7
articulated rays in the anal fin ; the second has 9 branchi-
ostegal rays. Mrs. Smith's Coll.
44836. Imperfect fish with parts of paired fins and anal fin-spines ;
English Chalk. Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esq^., 1873.
49037. Head; probably from Burham. The cranium is well shown,
and seems to differ from that of Btryoo decadactylus in its
relatively larger ethmoidal region. The division of the
suborbitals into three plates is exhibited on the right ;
and there is a small distinct anterior supramaxilla.
Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
49042. Imperfect dentary bones, apparently the specimen figured
by Dixon, op. cit. pi. xxxiv. figs. 4a, 4c; probably from
Burham. Mrs. Smith's Coll'.
49033-35, 49038^1, 49059, 49110. Nine fragmentary specimens;
probably from Burham. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P.1948. Two imperfect specimens ; Kent. Egerton Coll.
P. 3978. Imperfect fish ; Kent. EnnisJcillen Coll.
P. 4842. Imperfect small fish, somewhat distorted ; Lower Chalk,
Kent. Purchased, 1885.
P. 5687-94, P. 5697-98. Ten specimens, more or less fragmentary ;
Lower Chalk, Cuxton, Kent. Harford Coll.
P. 6047. Imperfect fish ; Cuxton.
Presented hy F. Harford, Esq., 1889.
P. 6533. Three fragmentary specimens; Lower Chalk, Blue Bell
HiU, Burham. Presented hy S. J. Hawhins, Esq., 1891.
34062. Imperfect small fish in flint ; English Chalk. Purchased.
^ .y^tfuR ^/s
///\^y, 3.
-7rXy%>>.>^L<^ ryLy^'c.M^ J^. /^
y^.
/c/^03^, ^
l^A^O'ZS, ^71
^ /'^j^4^AAjiti /f, /<?, /^- ^
R. ^6^^ ^
ZO,^. Cf..
HSysy. &L»^AU ^.S. 7^. /fox, /■ xo.
‘ ,,/. ZZ, //. IVA/V'.
■f
Tj'SjSZ. /9w^'=^ ^.S.O. /fPX,/ x/.
7^X/&'3. ^
/96-6'; /.zk a &J »/
BEEYCIDJE.
403
47249, 47300. Three fragmentary remains of a small fish, perhaps
of this species ; Lower Chalk, Dover. Gardner Coll.
P. 7394. Similar small head ; Lower Chalk, Folkestone.
Purchased^ 1895.
P. 9442. Imperfect head, &c. ; English Chalk. History niiknown.
36917. Eemains of fish 0’08 in length, doubtfully young of this
species ; Eochester. Purchased., 186
Hoplopteryx superbus (Dixon).
1850. Beryx superhus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 372, pi, xxxvi.
fig. 5.
1887. Hoplopteryx superhus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Eoy. Dubhn Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 514,
1888. Hoplopteryx superhus, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc;
vol. X. p. 328.
Type. Imperfect trunk ; British 2Iuseum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*45, with fins apparently
similar to those of H. lewesie^isis but the trunk slightly more elon¬
gated and the scales relatively larger than in the latter species,.
Scales very thick and completely ornamented in their exposed
portion with rugae and pectinations which radiate to the hinder
pectinated border ; lateral line traversing about the sixth longi¬
tudinal series from the ventral border.
Form. Loc. Turonian and Senonian : Sussex and Kent.
25959. Type specimen figured one half natural size by Dixon, op.
cit.,m counterpart; Lower Chalk, Southeram, near Lewes.
Dixon Coll.
4005, 4007. Two fragments ; Lewes. Hantell Coll*
P. 3979-80. Large trunk with well-preserved squamation, and a
fragmentary specimen ; Sussex. _ Enniskillen Coll.
P. 9153. Slab of chalk with remains of several small specimens;
Sussex. One specimen exhibits traces of clustered minute
teeth on the vomer and palatines, as in Beryx. The
pelvic fins are shown to consist of one spine and seven
articulated rays. The ventral aspect of the body is
flattened as far back as these fins, and is then compressed
to an acute edge. Beckles Coll.
49869. Fragment of squamation ; Brighton. Capron Coll.
2d 2
404
ACTIJSrorTERTGII.
P. 7653. Portion of trunk; English Chalk. Purchased^ 1895.
32340-41. Imperfect fish about 0-3 in length showing proportions
of trunk, also two fragments ; near Maidstone.
Purchased, 1857.
33486, 39431. Two large imperfect specimens in association, and
a detached trunk ; Kent. One of the two specimens
displays the head, which seems to have been identical
with that of H. lewesiensis.
Purchased, 1858, and BoiuerhanTc Coll.
33129. Imperfect small head and anterior part of trunk; Kent.
Purchased, 1857.
Hoplopteryx lundensis, Davis.
1890. Hoplopteryx hmdensis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. p. 417, pi. xliii. figs. 1-3.
Type. Imperfect fish; Dniversity Geological Museum, Lund.
An elongated species, attaining a length of about 0*25. Length
of head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of
trunk, which is contained twice in the length from the clavicle to
the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin occupying more than, half
the length of the back, with about 9 stout spines and 8 to 10
divided rays ; anal fin with 3 stout spines.
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous (Danian) : Limhamn, Scania.
Kot represented in the Collection.
Hoplopteryx lewisi (Davis) .
1887. Pycnosterinx lewisii, .1. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 535, pi. xxvii. fig. 5.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A small, deep-bodied species about O'l in length, the maximum
depth of the trunk approximately equalling its length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin apparently
occupying slightly more than half the length of the back, with 8
nearly smooth spines and 8 very stout divided rays, the length of
the longest spine less than half the depth of the trunk at its
insertion ; anal fin with 4 nearly smooth spines, gradually increasing
in length backwards, followed by 8 very stout divided rays, this fin
arising opposite the foremost divided ray of the dorsal. Scales
feebly serrated.
anrt^
S^3 ^ s*. Co, ^ ^2
Jc^. u/^' ^ C^. X/, /C^' /i^.pAy . 3.
yC/'i^h 2y.
Fo. ^.S^. /tT
3/, <'>i.-#'’^ 'c-«-^ /i^^-
^ ^ ^ t^C^^^'k' cj.Kffv . n. /l/fh^.
/ »✓ *- j Vw/ /
//^. /V/^W-_ 2 7r
H'- (hj! ^ (h(W!S) -
iy\
<0
/7- ri-e^- l7<fljr-
C)y<o^- 2'7‘f'
'E^^y R'f’ ^
BEEYCIUJ.
405
Form. Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4758. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.
Impressions of the maxilla and the lower end of the
preoperculum exhibit a radiating ornamentation. The
vertebrae are stout, and 13 or 14 may be reckoned as
caudal. A pelvic fin exhibits one long spine and the
bases of six divided rays. The characters of the dorsal
and anal fins are mentioned in the above diagnosis. The
caudal fin, with very stout rays, is clearly forked. The
feeble serrations of the scales are especially distinct in
the abdominal region. Lewis Coll.
P. 94. Fragmentary distorted specimen. Lewis Coll.
P. 8689. Imperfect fish. Parcliased, 1897.
Hoplopteryx syriacus (Pictet & Humbert).
1866. Beryx syriacus, Pictet & Humbert, Xouv. Kech. Poiss. Foss.
Mt. Liban, p. 28, pi. i.
1887. Hoplopteryx syriacus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. hi. p. 514.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Geneva Huseum.
A species attaining a length of about 0*15. Length of head with
opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum depth
of the trunk, and contained about one and a half times in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin
occupying one half of the back, comprising S very stout, longi¬
tudinally-ribbed spines and about 12 divided rays, the length of the
longest spine equalling half the depth of the trunk at its insertion ;
anal fin with 5 very stout spines, which gradually increase to a
length equalling that of the longest dorsal, arising opposite the
foremost divided ray of the dorsal. Serrations of scales very deep
and fine.
Form. 4' Loc. Upper Cretaceous : Hount Lebanon, Syria.
49553. Imperfect fish, apparently not distorted, displaying the 8
dorsal spines and good impressions of the 5 anal spines ;
Sahel Alma. Lewis Coll.
46507, 48108, 48109. Three fragments of trunk, the last two dis¬
playing remains of the 5 anal spines : Sahel Alma.
Lewis Coll.
406
ACTINOPTEETGII.
Hoplopteryx stachei (Kramberger).
1895. Beryx stacheij D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad,
vol. xvi. p. 43, pi. i. figs. 3, 4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Trieste Mnseiim.
A small species attaining a length of about 0*1, much resembling .
H. syriacus but with more extended dorsal fin, which comprises 9
large spines and about 12 divided rays. Number of vertebrse stated
to be 24, but more indicated in the figure of the type specimen.
Form. ^ Log. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria.
Not represented in the Collection.
The following specimen may perhaps represent an undetermined
species oi^Hoplopteryx : —
48122. Fragmentary fish with tuberculated large scales ; Tipper
Cretaceous, Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. Lewis Coll.
The following species are not represented in the Collection and
are very doubtfully determined : —
Hoplopteryx mino)\ J. W. Davis, Trans. Hoy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1890), p. 421, pi. xlv. figs. 3, 4. — Upper Cretaceous
(Danian) ; Limhamn, Scania. [Fragmentary fish ; Koyal
State Museum, Stockholm.]
Hoplopteryx ohlongus., J. W. Davis, loc. cit. [2] vol. iii. (1887),
p. 515, pi. XXV. fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma,
Mt. Lebanon. [Imperfect fish ; Edinburgh Museum of
Science & Art.]
Eemains apparently of Hoplopteryx occur also in the Chalk of
the Dept. Somme, France {Beryx, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang.
1852, Poiss. Foss. p. 6, pi. Ixx. figs. 1, 2).
Genus DINOPTERYXj novum.
Trunk elongate-ovoid and laterally compressed. Cleft of mouth
little oblique, and teeth minute ; preoperculum without spine.
\ ertebrse about 15 in the abdominal, 15 in the caudal region.
Pelvic fin-spine very stout and large. Dorsal fin much extended,
occupying the greater portion of the back, with about 14 stout
spines, nearly similar in length, not closely pressed together ; anal
fin comparatively short, with about 7 stout spines not closely pressed
together ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales cycloid and smooth, rather
small, none much enlarged or thickened.
.1
/^/
S'.*'., /Tl^'r^re.t^
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//A X — [AL
BERYCID^.
407
The pelvic fins being incompletely known, the systematic position
of this fish is somewhat uncertain. The arrangement of the median
fins exhibits considerable resemblance to that observed in the
existing Teuthis.
Dinopteryx spinosus (Davis).
1887. Hoplopteryx spinosus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. 510, pi. xxviii. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus exceeding the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained about one and a quarter times in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. The stout fin-
spines ornamented with conspicuous longitudinal ridges. Dorsal
fin arising over the hinder border of the operculum, its anterior
portion of 14 spines three times as much extended as its hinder
portion of about 9 articulated and divided rays ; the foremost five
or six spines slightly bent, the others quite straight. Anal fin
arising opposite the last dorsal spine, its anterior portion of 7 spines
as much extended as its hinder portion of about 9 articulated and
divided rays ; the foremost anal spines rather shorter and more
curved than the following spines. Caudal pedicle very short and
slender.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 4761. Type specimen described and figured by Davis, loc. cit.
p. 516, pi. xxviii. fig. 1. Lewis Coll.
48128. Second specimen noticed by Davis, loc. cit. p. 518. The
characteristic toothless maxilla is conspicuous, and there
are traces of minute teeth in the mandible. The large
pelvic fin-spine is shown in impression ; and some of the
scales are well preserved. Lewis Coll.
46536. Another characteristic specimen, showing impression of
ridged pelvic fin-spine and traces of the succeeding articu¬
lated rays. Lewis Coll.
Genus HOMONOTUS, Dixon.
[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 372.]
An imperfectly known genus, with the trunk much deepened and
laterally compressed. Dorsal fin much extended, its anterior
portion comprising at least 12 long and slender spines, which are
P o
408
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
not pressed closely together ; anal fin with four large spines gradu¬
ally increasing in length backwards. Scales ctenoid, remarkably
delicate, none enlarged or thickened.
Homonotus dorsalis^ Dixon.
1850. Homonotus dorsalis, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 372, pi. xxxv.
fig. 2.
1888. Homonotus dorsalis, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 329.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Brighton ITuseum.
The type species, probably attaining a length of about 0*15.
Length of head with opercular apparatus less than the maximum
depth of the trunk and exceeding half its length from the pectoral
arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal margin much arched,
the dorsal fin arising at the highest point, nearly midway between
the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal fin. The 12
dorsal fin-spines feebly furrowed, and the length of some at least
equalling half the depth of the trunk at their insertion ; the hinder
part of the dorsal fin comprising probably 10 articulated and divided
rays. Anal fin with smaller and stouter smooth spines than the
dorsal, arising opposite the hinder end of the spinous portion of the
latter. Serrations of scales small and inconspicuous.
Form. ^ Log. Senonian : S.E. England.
43264. Imperfect fish, in counterpart, with the head-bones and
squamation much fractured ; Upper Chalk, Bromley,
Eent. Purchased, 1871
33230. Bemains of fish about 0*14 in length ; Upper Chalk, E’orth-
fleet, Kent. Purchased, 1854.
P. 1952 a. Bemains of head and trunk about OTl in length ; Kent.
Egerton Coll.
P. 7651. Fragmentary trunk, with pelvic fin showing 6 or 7 rays
in addition to the spine : English Chalk.
Purchased, 1895.
P. 9443. Bemains of small trunk, with spines of the dorsal and
anal fins ; English Chalk. History unknown.
39074. Fragmentary remains, showing some caudal vertebrae and
portions of the pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins ; Upper Chalk,
Gravesend. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 5682. Imperfect small trunk, in counterpart : (?) Grays, Essex.
Harford Coll.
(=^ ^/^?«'V^JU^ yy^.xS^. CO. /^(fX, 7^‘
^3 X3 ^ ^y^■ ^‘^7' ^
/?^ <^ ^.S./<r. /f^X,
f^'73. /y{e>^</i^0^t^ 0^ y^^pvvi^ ../^ S’. ^ C(^0X,7
•^^A.
JS S^ ^ p/.
<go^ ^
/
^ ^ /aM-^ ^Xx/Vfc'^ ^r ^
' <;•■
>. ^^-c . /Z/itu
4^/^Oy/^. C^f^sa</U^
y?/^.-^^. '3.
C^.^ytiy< y^yxy^^^'ct^ t^A (C^O^ ^ ^,SL3y
Ae^ a<t^'^ V/ii.y^y, /.
_?l?f^. %y^<^ ^.s:u r^0^,^ Z3;
cU-3^Cj^ a //-///'
/A^ a aiAiuJi — /a ^Ts .
i^(r/?7g/^c5^gg^j. ^J?4c
^T^c1uc1\}:2^oc3.^s on^^e>c?zA.^ ^ ^ s. 7^
*^^^'fy^^y<-'ty'7^y^y*^yn. .y^.^- 7^*^. -iPthy^Lt^
/^ y^. /^' \A/J/
BERYCID^.
409
43575. Imperfect caudal region ; Upper Chalk, Bromley.
Purchased^ 1872.
P. 1952. Imperfect caudal region, displaying part of dorsal and
anal fins ; Mailing, Kent. Egerton Coll.
P. 315. Very small distorted specimen, showing imperfect median
fins and ctenoid scales ; Westwell, Charing, Kent.
Harris Coll.
25910. Remains of small fish, with dorsal fin-spines ; Sussex.
Dixon Coll.
28393. Imperfect distorted small fish, apparently of this species,
figured as Beryx ornatus by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pi. xiv c. fig. 2 ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
The following specimens from the English Chalk are not deter¬
mined, but seem to belong to fishes related to some of the preceding
genera : —
49073-75. Fine head and two fragmentary specimens, much re¬
sembling the head of Hoplojgteryx but more coarsely
ornamented ; Kent. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
39071. Similar smaller head ; Lower Chalk, near Maidstone.
BowerhanTc Coll.
P. 5700. More fragmentary similar head, displaying rostrum,
upper jaw, and cheek-plates ; Kent. Harford Coll.
49886. Fragmentary similar head and anterior scales ; Lower
Chalk, Dorking. Catron Coll.
P. 387. Fragmentary similar head with portion of trunk ; English
Chalk. Presented hy the Earl of Dude, 1881.
4004. Fragments of similar head with anterior vertebrae, figured by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. xiv d. fig. 2, under the
name of Beryx ornatus ; Lewes. Mantell Coll.
P. 5701. Small head ; Kent. Harford Coll.
P. 3982. Large distorted fish, with unusualty broad tuberculated
rim of circumorbital plates ; Kent. Emnislddlen Coll.
39076. Ornamented head of unusual form, with operculum produced
into one large broad spine; Bromley, Kent.
Boiuerhanh Coll.
Numerous otoliths from the Gault of Folkestone also seem to
belong to the Cretaceous Berycoids. Most of these specimens are
numbered 47213 and contained in the Gardner Coll,
410
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Genus MYRIPRISTIS, Cuvier.
[Regne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 150.]
Trunk more or less elongated and laterally compressed. Frontal
region of skull gently rounded, not ridged ; cleft of mouth small,
mandible prominent, and teeth minute. Opercular bones serrated ;
operculum pointed or produced into a spine behind ; preoperculum
without spine. Vertebrae 10-12 in the abdominal, about 15 in the
caudal region. Pelvic fins with one spine and 7 divided rays,
arising somewhat behind the origin of the pectorals. Dorsal fin
much extended, almost or completely divided into two halves, the
foremost spinous ; anal fin not much extended, with 4 spines ;
caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales large and ctenoid, more or less
uniform, extending over the cheeks and opercular apparatus.
A figure of the skull of this genus is given by Agassiz, Poiss.
Foss. vol. iv. pi. B. fig. 2. The existing species live at the surface
of tropical seas.
Myripristis leptacanthus^ Agassiz.
1796. Perea formosa, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veron. p. lxxx.pl. xvii.
fig. 2 {err ore).
1818. Perea formosa^' H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 347.
1838-39. Myripristis leptaeanthus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
pp. 5, 111, pi. XV. fig. 4.
1876. Myripristis leptaeanthus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent.
Sci. Nat. vol. iii. p. 176.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
A species attaining a length of about 0*15. Length of head with
opercular apparatus very slightly exceeding the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained three times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Operculum not produced behind into a spine.
Spinous portion of dorsal fin, with 15 or 16 remarkably slender
spines, more than twice as much extended as the soft portion, which
comprises about 15 divided rays ; anal fin more extended than the
soft dorsal, the 4 spines gradually increasing in size, and followed
by about 18 divided rays. Serrations of scales uniform.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1940, P. 3937. Fine specimen, in counterpart, displaying all the
fins. Egerton ^ Ennishillen Colls.
P. 1940 a, P. 3937 a. Good smaller specimen, in counterpart.
Egerton ^ EnnisTcillen Colls.
/9S~^ ,
^ p iZ /» /• 2 y^. S" /^z. v'^cM^.
//Vou^* t*^' /S^-^ ,
BERYCID^.
411
P. 1940 b, P. 3937 b. Slab with two imperfect fractured specimens,
in counterpart, one displaying operculum.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
P. 1940 c, d. Two good specimens, the second labelled by Agassiz.
Egerton Coll.
P. 4284. Pish 0’15 in length. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 5134. More imperfect larger specimen, with scales and fin-rays
partially scattered. Presented hy Mrs. M. E. Fort., 1886.
13454, 21404-05. Three specimens, the third being counterpart
slabs showing two small fishes. Purchased, 1847.
ZZ, 1 (Cracherode Catal.). Imperfect small fish, in counterpart.
Craclierode Bequest.
P. 9444. Two small fishes on slab. Purchased.
P. 1940 e, P. 3937 C, d. Three very small specimens, labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 1941. Very small specimen. Egerton Coll.
P. 1943. Fish 0’038 in length, probably of this species.
Egerton Coll.
Myripristis homopterygius, Agassiz.
1796. Polynemus quinquariuSj G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veron. p. cliii.
pi. xxxvi. small figs, {err ore).
1796. Perea, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. Ixxii. fig. 4 {errore).
1834. Myripristis homopterygius, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vaterland.
Mus. Bohmen, p. 66 (name only).
1838-39. Myripristis homopterygius, L. Agassiz, Poiss, Foss. vol. iv.
pp. 5, 112, pi. XV. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
Essentially identical with M. leptacanihus, but described as
exhibiting stouter dorsal fin-spines, the head relatively longer, and
the scales shorter in proportion to their depth.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
44866. Fine specimen 0*125 in length, in counterpart.
Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
25952. Smaller, more imperfect specimen, labelled by Agassiz.
Dixon Coll.
412
ACTTNOPTEETGIT.
P. 1939, ?. 1942, P. 3936 b, P. 3938. Two fine specimens in
counterpart, and a more imperfect fish, all labelled by
Agassiz. Eyerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
P. 9445. Pish 0’09 in length, in counterpart. Purchased.
P. 1939 a, P. 3936 a. Two small specimens from the Gazola
Collection. Eyerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 5135. Two imperfect small specimens.
Presented hy Mrs. M. E. Fort, 1886.
The following specimens are too imperfect for determination, but
the first was referred to 2Iyri^ristis by Agassiz ; —
P. 644-a. Two imperfect heads with opercular apparatus, the first
intended to be the type specimen of Myripristis toliapicus,
Agassiz, recorded by name only in Pep. Prit. Assoc. 1844
(1845), p. 307 ; London Clay, Sheppey. The incomplete
cranium in the second specimen seems to be quite different
from that of Myripristis. Eyerton Coll.
' it /'■) J
Genus HOLOCSNTRUM (Artedi), Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 150.]
Trunk more or less elongated and laterally compressed. Frontal
region of skull gently rounded, not ridged; cleft of mouth small,
mandible not prominent, and teeth minute. Opercular bones and
suborbitals serrated ; operculum with two spines ; angle of pre¬
operculum produced into spine. Vertebrae 10 or 11 in the abdominal,
15 or 16 in the caudal region. Pelvic fins with one spine and
7 divided rays, arising behind the origin of the pectorals. Dorsal
fin much extended, divided into two portions, the foremost spinous ;
anal fin not much extended, with 4 spines, of which the third is
relatively stout and long ; caudal fin deeply cleft. Scales large and
ctenoid, more or less uniform.
A figure of the skeleton of an existing species of this genus is
given by Agassiz, Poiss. Loss. vol. iv. pi. P. fig. 1. The existing
species live at the surface of tropical seas.
Holocentrum macrocephalum, Plainville.
1796. ILolocentrus soyo, G. S. Volta, Ittioht. Veron. p. ccx. pi. li. fig. 2
(errore).
1796. Chcetodon saxatilis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cclxv. pi. Ixiv. fig. 1
{errore) .
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BEEYCID^.
413
1796. ClicBtodon, G. S. Volta, ihid. pi. Ixxii. fig. 1 (errore).
1818. Holocentrus macrocephaluSj H. D. de Blainville, 2souv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 349.
1818. ChcBtodon saxatilis^ H. D. de Blainville, ihid. p. 3o3 (errore).
1834-36. Holoeentmm pygeeum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 6,
107, pi. xiv. [Imperfect fish ; Carlsruhe Museum.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A species attaining a length of about 0*15. Length of head with
opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk and contained one and a half times in the length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Opercular apparatus
conspicuously ornamented with irregular ridges and tubercles ;
preopercular spine very short ; upper opercular spine large and
broad, lower spine comparatively insignificant. Dorsal fin with 11
ribbed spines and 11 or 12 divided rays, the latter portion com¬
paratively deep but less than half as much extended as the former
portion ; anal fin with 4 ribbed spines and 8 or 9 divided rays, the
fourth spine very slender, the stout third spine only feebly ribbed
and as long as the longest dorsal spines, of which the length
scarcely equals half the depth of the trunk at their insertion.
Scales very delicately serrated.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1925, P. 3981. Fine large specimen, in counterpart, labelled
Bolocentrum pygmum by Agassiz, displaying the fins and
the large opercular spine. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 1925 a, P. 3981a. Smaller, more imperfect specimen, in counter¬
part. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 1925 b-d. Three small specimens. Egerton Coll.
P. 3981 b. Imperfect small specimen. Enniskillen Coll.
.^V3p2Q3-Q4., ,Two more fragmentary small specimens, the second
displaying the operculum chiefly in impression and a
detached preoperculum. Purchased, 1861.
Holocentrum melitense, A. S. Woodward.
1887. Holocentrum melitense, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. iv.
p. 357.
Type. Imperfect fish, wanting head ; British Museum.
An imperfectly known species, attaining a length of about 0*35.
Maximum depth of trunk contained somewhat less than one and a
414
ACTIIvOPTEEYGII.
half times in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Dorsal fin-spines apparently shorter and scales re¬
latively larger than in the preceding species. Serrations of scales
very fine.
Form. Loc. Miocene : Malta.
P. 5310. Type specimen, described loc. cit. Purchased, 1887.
The following extinct species is not represented in the Col¬
lection : —
Holocentrum 'pygmceum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. (1835-39),
pp. 6, 47, 109, pi. XV. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect , fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
have been described as follows : —
Otolithus (Hoplostethus) ingens, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Yol. xliii. (1891), p. 117. 0. {A^ogonidarum)
/t-dV- TT, TTnlrPn Tnr. vnl V5nrvi n
c. pi. ix. fig. 2. — Pliocene ; Orciano, Tuscany.
^tolithus {Hoplostethus) nettelbladti, E. Koken, loc. cit.
- p. 116, pi. ix. fig. 6. — Upper Oligocene; Sternberg.
Otolithus (Eojolostethus) ostiolatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891,
p. 116, pi. ix. figs. 4, 5. — Middle Ohgocene ; Wald-
bockelheim.
Otolithus {Hojglostethus) jpisanus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 115,
pi. ix. fig. 1. — Pliocene ; Orciano.
Otolithus {Monocentris) hospes, E. Koken, loc, cit. 1891, p. 119.
0. {Apogonidarum) /iosp^s,E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. (1888),
p. 278, pi. xviii. fig. 15. — Lower Tertiary ; Jackson Kiver,
Mississippi.
Otolithus {Monocentris) integer, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 119,
fig. 13. 0. {Apogonidarum) integer, E. Koken, loc. cit.
1885, p. 114, pi. V. fig. 27. — Lower Eocene; Copen¬
hagen.
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BERYCID^.
415
Oiolithus (Monocentris) subrotundus, E. Koken, Joe. cit. 1891,
p. 118, fig. 12. 0. {Apogonidarum) subrotundus., E. Koken,
loc. cit. 1884, p. 552, pi. xii. figs. 4, 5. — Lower Oligocene ;
Lattorf, Westeregeln. '<^1^ r*- ^•■■^■9-1^
Oiolithus {Berycidarum) debilis., geron, pai'vulus, neglectus., and
rhenanus, E. Koken, Joe. cit. 1891, pp. 120-123, pi. v.
figs. 3, 10, pi. viii. fig. 5, pi. ix. figs. 7, 8, pi. x. figs. 4, 5,
16. — Oligocene and Lower Miocene ; German5\
Otolithus {Berycidaruni) supracr eta ecus, E. Koken, Palaeontogr.
vol. xxxviii. (1891), p. 39, fig. 3. — Epper Cretaceous ;
Siegsdorf, Bavaria.
Indeterminable fragments possibly of Berycoids, from the
Turonian of Bohemia, now in the Boyal Bohemian Museum, Prague,
are described as follows : —
Electrolepis horrida, A. Eritsch, Archiv naturw. Landesdurchf.
Bohmen, vol. ix. no. 1 (1893), p. 72, fig. 45. [Type
species. Scales.]
Spinacites radiatus, A. Eritsch, ibid. p. 72, fig. 46. [Type species.
Ein-spine.]
The specimens described as follows have also been referred to
the Berycidae, but they are too imperfect for precise systematic
determination : —
Lobopterus pectinatus, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. A kad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 45, pi. viii. fig. 5. — Cretaceous ; Comen,
Istria. [Type species. Imperfect small abdominal
region ; Trieste Museum.]
Macrolepis elongatus, W. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
(1863), p. 16, pi. xii. fig. 2. — Epper Cretaceous; Sen-
denhorst, Westphalia. [Type species. Imperfect fish;
Academy of Miinster.]
Pristigenys macrophihalmus, L. Agassiz, Keues Jahrb. 1835,
p. 299 (name only), and Poiss. Eoss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 136
(no figure published). Chcetodon striatus, G. S. Yolta,
Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. xcii. pi. xx. fig. 2 (errore).,
Chcetodon substriatus, H. D. de Blainville, Kouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Kat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 352. — Epper Eocene ;
Monte Bolca. [Type species. Imperfect fish; Paris
Museum of Natural History.] P r/'s ■
e-jl.
416
ACTING PTERYQII,
Family APHREDODERID^.
American freshwater fishes, essentially similar to the Berycidae,
hut with premaxillae not protractile, no distinct lateral line, and the
vent very far forward. Each pelvic bone forked.
No extinct members of this family are represented in the Collection,
hut the following genera and species have been described from
American freshwater formations : —
Ampliiplaga hrachyptera^ E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. vol. hi. (1877), p. 812, and Vert. Tert.Eorm. West,
Book I. (Rep. F.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. hi. 1884),
p. 84, pi. xii. fig. 4. — Eocene (Green River Shales) ; Twin
Creek, Wyoming. [The type species. Imperfect trunk ;
National Museum, Washington.]
Erismatopterus endlichi, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 811, and
op. cit. 1884, p. 82, pi. xii. fig. 5. — Eocene (Green River
Shales); Wyoming. [Imperfect fish ; National Museum,
Washington.]
Erismatopterus levatus, E. D. Cope, Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 428, and op. cit. 1884, p. 80,
pi. ix. figs. 6, 7. Cyprinodon levatus., E. D. Cope, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xi. (1870), p. 382. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Erismatopterus rickseckeri., E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1870, p. 427, and
oy. cit. 1884, p. 81, pi. vi. fig. 2. — Ibid. [The type
species.
Tricliophanes copei., Osborn, Scott, & Speir, Palseont. Rep. Prince¬
ton Sci. Exped. 1877 (1878), p. 98. — Lower Tertiary ;
Florissant, South Park, Colorado.
Tricliophanes foUarum, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iv. (1878), p. 73, and op. cit. 1884, p. 753, pi. lix.
fig. 4. — Lower Tertiary; Florissant, Colorado. [Imper¬
fect fish ; National Museum, Washington.]
Trichophanes Mans., E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xii.
(1872), p. 480, and Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
1872 (1873), p. 642, and op. cit. 1884, p. 753, pi. lix.
fig. 3. — Lower Tertiary ; Osino, Nevada. [The type
species. Ditto.]
The following genus, with two species, is supposed to represent
an extinct family Asineopid^, closely related to the Aphredoderidae
but having the pelvic bones not forked; —
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APHREDODERIDyE. - CTTTID^.
417
Asineops pauciradiatus^ E. D. Cope, Bull. E.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. ill. (1877), p. 813, and op. cit. 1884, p. 87, pi. xiv.
fig. 1. — Eocene (Green Elver Shales); Twin Creek,
W5’oming. [Imperfect fish; iSTational Tluseum, Wash¬
ington.]
Asineops squamifrons, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vol. xi. (1870), p. 381, and Ann. Eep. E.S. Geol. Surv.
Territ. 1870 (1871), p. 426, and op. cit. 1884, p. 85, ___
pi. ix. fig. 5, pi. xi. Asineops viridensis., E. D. Cope, ^ ^
Ann. Eep. 1870 (1871), p. 426.— Eoce^e”(Green Eiver
Shales); Green Eiver, Wyoming. [The type species.
Ditto.]
Family CYTTID^.
Head without superficial cavities for mucus ; premaxillae pro¬
tractile, and dentition feeble. Branchiostegal rays 7 or 8 in
number. Vertebrae about 30 in number ; the posterior abdominal
centra with downwardly bent transverse processes. Pelvic fins with
one spine and more than five articulated rays ; dorsal and anal fins
extended, the former at least with anterior spines, which are not
so numerous as the articulated rays. Squamation either irregular,
very fine, or absent, often comprising only a few scutes ; lateral line
inconspicuous.
There do not appear to be any fossils in the Collection referable
to this family.
A distorted fish, with incomplete pelvic fins, too imperfect for
precise determination, has been compared with the existing genus
Oyttus and described as follows : —
Cyttoides glarone.nsis.^ A. Wettstein, Eischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii. 1886),
p. 91, pi. viii. fig. 5. — Oligocene ; Glarus. [Imperfect
distorted fish ; Glarus Museum.]
Extinct species of the existing genus Zeus are also imperfectly
known as follows ; —
Zeus henoisti, E. Lawley, Nnovi Studi Pesci, &c., Colline Toscane
(1876), p. 65, pi. iv. fig. 5. — Lower Pliocene ; Orciano,
Tuscany. [Dermal plate.]
Zeus hoernesi., D. G. Kramberger, Ead Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 86, pi. i. figs. 2, 4-7, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2. — Upper
Oligocene; Tiiffer, Steiermark. [Fragmentary fish.]
PART IV. /
E
0.
418
ACXrsrOPTEETGII.
Zeus pliocenims^ E. Lawley, op. cif. p. 65, pi. iv. figs. 4, 6. —
Lo’vver Pliocene ; Orciano. [Dermal plate.]
Zeiis rohustus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. p. 88, pi. i. figs. 1, 3, 8,
pi. vi. fig. 3, and Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi. (1895),
p. 62, pi. xii. fig. 1. — TTpper Oligocene : Tilffer. [Erag-
mentary fish.]
Indeterminable fragments of fishes from the Dpper Miocene of
Licata, Sicily, are named Zens licatce by H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci.
Xat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7, p. 7, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 147, figs. 43, 44.
Division B. SCOMBEIFOEMES.
Pelvic fins thoracic, never with more than five articulated rays in
addition to the spine, rarely without spine but more than five
articulated rays. Dorsal and anal fin-spines either very few or
comparatively feeble. Caudal pedicle much contracted. No bony
stay between circumorbital ring and preoperculum.
Synopsis of Families represented hy Extinct Genera or Species.
I. Snout not produced.
Few crowded spines in front of
much-extended dorsal fin ; ver¬
tebrae 28 to 40 in total number.
Spinous portion of dorsal fin much
less extended than articulated
portion: vertebrae 24 (10 -|- 14)
in total number, rarely one
more or less .
Spinous portion of dorsal fin more
extended than articulated por¬
tion ; vertebrae 30 to 160 in
total number .
II. Snout produced into elongated ros¬
trum.
Skeleton very delicate ; vertebrae
50 to 60 in total number : pelvic
fins complete .
Skeleton very robust ; rostrum
formed by premaxill^e ; vertebrae
24 to 26 in total number ; pelvic
fins reduced or wanting .
Steomateid.® (p. 419)
Caeaxged^ (p. 425).
SCOMEEED.^: (p. 451).
Pal^oehyxchid^ (p. 482).
XiPEiiE^ (p. 490).
c.
Oyb&ir ^ (T. ^ ^^^7/ /^'
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STKOMATEID^.
419
Family STROM ATEID^.
Snout not produced into an elongated rostrum ; premaxillse
sometimes protractile ; dentition feeble. Yertebraj between 28 and
40 in number ; the posterior abdominal centra with downwardly-
bent transverse processes. Pelvie fins, when present, Ihoraeic, with
one spine and five articulated rays ; dorsal and anal fins much
extended, each with few crowded anterior spines gradually increasing
in length to foremost articulated ray, which is longest. Scales very
small and regular, usually extending over the cheek and bases of
the median fins ; lateral line conspicuous. In the existing forms: —
air-bladder usually absent ; oesophagus pierced and armed with
numerous horny, barbed gill-rakers.
Pelagic and littoral fishes very widely distributed in tropical and
temperate regions.
The three extinct genera recorded below are only provisionally
placed in this family.
Genus OMOSOMA, Costa.
[Mem. R. x4ccad. Sci. Yapoli, vol. ii. 1857, p. 106.]
Cleft of mouth small, only slightly oblique, and jaws with very
minute teeth. Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal, 16 to 18 in
the caudal region. Postclavicle much elongated and slender,
reaching ventral border ; pelvie fins slightly behind the pectorals ;
dorsal and anal fins acuminate in front, with very few, moderately
stout, anterior spines, gradually lengthening and closely pressed
together; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales small, smooth, and
cycloid, apparently longer than deep, extending over the opercular
apparatus, head, and base of dorsal and anal fins.
Omosoma sahel-almae, Costa.
1857. Omosoma sach-el almce, 0. G. Costa, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
vol. ii. p. 106, pi. i. fig. 1.
1887. Omosoma sali-eUalmce, J. W. Davis, Traus. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iii. p. 543, pi. xxv. fig. 5.
1887. Imogaster auratus^ J. W. Davis, ihid. p. 541, pi. xxviii. fig. 3
(errore).
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Naples.
The type speeies, attaining a length of about OT. Length of head
with opercular apparatus equal to maximum depth of trunk and
one third total length of fish to fork of tail. Dorsal fin with about
2 E 2
420
ACTIN^OPTEETGII.
35, anal with nor more than 30 articulated rays ; each probably with
four anterior spines.
According to Bassani (communicated MS.), the type specimen
exhibits about 36 articulated rays in the dorsal fin and not less than
27 in the anal fin. The number of spines is uncertain.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
49583, P. 4862. Two distorted large specimens, the first with
traces of ova, the second erroneously referred by Davis
Joe. cit. to Imogaster auratus. In the second, there seem
to be four anterior spines distinguishable both in the
dorsal and anal fin. Lewis Coll.
49580. Fine specimen, apparently showing natural proportions of
fish. Minute teeth are seen on the premaxilla.
Lewis Coll.
48082. Imperfect specimen on slab with other fish-remains.
Lewis Coll.
47392, 47817, 48128, 49584. Four imperfect specimens, the fourth
largest and displaying the jaws with minute teeth.
Lewis Coll.
Omosoma intermedmm, sp. nov.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0*07. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably less than maximum
depth of trunk, and contained twice in length from pectoral arch to
base of caudal fin ; maximum depth of trunk less than its length.
Fins as in the type species.
Form. (^' Log. Upper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
48112. Type specimen about 0*07 in length. The cleft of the mouth
is indicated below and in front of the very large orbit,
and the head is clearly covered with scales. The vertebrae
are distinctly 12 in the abdominal, 18 in the caudal region ^
the ribs are stout, not reaching the ventral border. There
are fragments of the paired fins, and the characteristic
median fins are well preserved. Traces of stout free fin-
supports are seen, as usual, in advance of the dorsal fin.
The lateral line is arched like the back. The scales are
quite smooth. Lewis Coll.
48113, 49587. Two distorted small specimens. Lewis Coll.
47374. Imperfect trunk, comparatively large. Lewis Coll.
S/rni4n^ s.(\. . ^ ^ <2^.
/?/2"‘ . 43a-»Hr .^tf-W7. /7?€K^€^ //g* y^.AfT/J^XX,
^ 'T s^
SIROMATEIDiE.
421
Omosoma pulchellum (Davis).
1887. Microdon (?) pidchellus, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.
[2] vol. iii. p. oOl, pi. xxiv. fig. 3.
Type. Small distorted fish ; Edinburgh lluseum of Science and
Art.
A deep-bodied species, attaining a length of about 0’07. Maxi¬
mum depth of trunk equal to its length from pectoral arch to base
of caudal fin. Fins as in the type species.
Form. Log. Epper Cretaceous : Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
48115. Fine specimen, originally about 0’065 in length.
Lewis Coll.
48119-a, 49575. Three imperfect and distorted specimens.
Lewis Coll.
The generic determination of the following species is uncertain : —
Omosoma rnonasteri^ "W. von der March, Palaeontogr. vol. xxxi.
(1885), p. 245, pi. xxii. fig. 1. — UjDper Cretaceous ; Baum-
berg, Westphalia. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Miinster.]
Genus PLATYCORMUS, W. von der March. ^ ' V
[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. x. 1858, p. 251.]
Cleft of mouth oblique, and jaws with very minute teeth. Yer-
tehrae about 14 in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region. Post¬
clavicle much elongated and slender, reaching ventral border ;
pelvic fins with small spine, not directly below but somewhat
behind the pectoral pair ; dorsal and anal fins acuminate in front,
each with a few very stout anterior spines, gradually lengthening
and closely pressed together; caudal fin deeply forked. Scales
ctenoid, of moderate size, more or less ornamented with granula¬
tions, and extending over the opercular apparatus, head, and base
of the median fins ; no enlarged or thickened scales even on the
ventral border of the trunk.
Platycormus germanus (Agassiz).
1837-39. Beryx germanus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 121,
pi. xiv e.
1858. Platycormus germanus, W. von der Marck, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. x. p. 251.
1863. Platycormus germanus, W^. von der Marck, Palaeontogr. vol. xi.
p. 20, pi. i. figs. 1-3.
422
ACTINOPIEEYGir.
1863, Platycormus oblongus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xi. p. 21,
pi. i. 7, [Nearly complete fish ; Academy of Miinster.l
1868. Platycormus ohlongus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xv. p. 273.
1885. Platycormus gemnanus, W. von der Marck, loc. cit. vol. xxxi.
p. 244.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Bonn University Museum and
British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding half the
maximum depth of the trunk, and the latter measure nearly
equalling the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal
fill. Pelvic fins comprising a relatively short spine, one simple ray
closely articulated distally, and four rays both articulated and
divided distally ; dorsal fin arising in advance of the anal but
extending as far backwards as the latter to the base of the short
caudal pedicle ; dorsal fin with seven stout, sharply-ridged spines,
the seventh about two thirds as long as the next ray, which is the
longest, simple but closely articulated distally, and followed by from
22 to 26 gradually shortening rays, both divided and articulated
distally; anal fin much less elevated than the dorsal, with four
similar spines, one simple articulated ray, and from 18 to 22 divided
rays. Scales very finely and uniformly granulated and serrated.
The difiPerences between the two forms distinguished by W. von
der Marck seem to be due entirely to accidents in preservation.
Form. ^ Loc. Upper Cretaceous: Westphalia.
P. 506. Counterpart of type specimen in the Museum of the
University of Bonn, described and figured by Agassiz,
loc. cit.; labelled “ gewonnen auf’m Baumberg, 1819.”
Egerton Coll.
P. 3976. Fine fisb, chiefly in impression, apparently counterpart of
the specimen figured by W. von der Marck, loc. cit. 1863,
pi. i. fig. 1 ; Sendenhorst. The finely-ribbed spines in
advance of the dorsal fin are especially well displayed;
and there seems to be an impression of a short, delicate
spine at the base of the foremost articulated but undivided
ray of the pelvic fin. The fine granulations and serrations
of the scales are distinctly shown in impression.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3976 a. Smaller impression, equally fine ; Sendenhorst. The
five soft rays of the pelvic fin are distinct, the foremost
being only articulated distally, not divided. The squama-
tion is also well shown. Enniskillen Coll.
4€r
t
^ /ff-iA }>■ f3,q,
/f^ “ *•' '>i-
4. ^
^
>- 22^.
STROM ATEID^.
423
35033. Another fine fish about 0-18 in length, displaying all the
fins except the pectorals, but the anterior dorsal spines
apparently abraded ; Sendenhorst. The dorsal and anal
fins exhibit the unusual number of 26 and 23 divided rays
respectively. The caudal pedicle is apparently shortened
by crushing. Purchased^ 1860.
35032. More imperfect specimen ; Sendenhorst. Purchased^ 1860.
P. 1944. Imperfect trunk, with remains of branchial arches bearing
large gill-rakers ; Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
P. 2113. Imperfect and partially scattered remains of a large fish ;
Sendenhorst. Egerton Coll.
35009. Equally imperfect large specimen ; Sendenhorst.
Purchased., 1860.
The following species is not yet precisely definable, and is not
represented in the Collection : —
Platycormus gibbosus, W. von der Marck, Verhandl. naturh.
Vereins preuss. Eheinlande u. Westfalens, 1873, Corresp.
p. 62, and Palseontogr. vol. xxxi. (1885), p. 244, pi. xxi.
fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ; Baumberg, Westphalia.
[Imperfect fish, wanting caudal fin ; Schliiter Collection,
Bonn.]
Genus BERYCOPSIS, Dixon.
[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 372.]
Syn. (?) Stenostoma, F. Dixon, ibid. 1850, p. 373.
An imperfectly known genus, not yet satisfactorily distinguished
from Platycormus. Pelvic fin-spine comparatively larger than in
the latter genus. Circumorbital plates small, except the foremost
(antorbital), which is much expanded. Scales more or less feebly
rugose and crenulated, scarcely ctenoid.
Berycopsis elegans, Dixon.
1850. Berycopsis elegans, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 372, pi. xxxv.
fig. 8.
1888. Berycopsis elegans, A. S. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x.
p. 328.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Brighton Museum.
424
ACTIjSTOPTEKYGII.
The type species, probably attaining a length of about 0*3.
Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding two
thirds the maximum depth of the trunk, which nearly equals the
length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal
fin with 6 short and stout spines, which are nearly smooth ; anal
fin arising much nearer to the pectorals than to the caudal.
External head-bones and scales very feebly rugose, the latter some¬
times quite smooth; nearly 30 scales in each transverse series in
the abdominal region.
Form. <^' Log. Senonian and Turonian : Sussex and Kent.
25881. Eine small specimen, about 0*15 in length, showing the
head, the origin of the dorsal and anal fins, traces of
the pectoral and caudal fins, some caudal vertebrae and
scales ; Chalk, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
P. 6465. Larger imperfect fish ; probably from Sussex. The
characteristic head is shown, and there are indications of
30 vertebrae, of which at least 12 are abdominal. The
pectoral fin is proved to have been very small, with from
10 to 12 rays; and there are three delicate anal fin-
supports as far back as the 7th and 8th vertebrae from the
end of the tail. Deckles Coll.
4037, 4305. Eragmentary head and trunk, and a small piece of
squamation ; Chalk, Lewes. An ossified sclerotic and
some rays of the dorsal fin are exhibited. Mantell Coll.
P. 3931, P. 4294. Eragment of small, and fragment of large head
and trunk ; Chalk, Sussex. Enniskillen Coll.
37751. Large head with abdominal region much fractured, but
displaying some of the flank-scales ; Chalk, near Maid¬
stone. Purchased, 1863.
49053. Eemains of opercular apparatus and trunk, showing ver¬
tebrae, clavicle, anterior part of dorsal fin, and smooth
squamation ; Chalk, Kent. Mrs. Smith’s Coll.
P. 1951. Two fragmentary specimens, one showing the top of the
cranium ; Chalk, Kent. Egerton Coll.
P. 5683. Eemains of head and abdominal region, displaying scapu¬
lar arch and part of squamation ; Lower Chalk, Durham ,
Harford Coll.
^ ■'f^2.,/. -?4<'^7 ;^- ^'''- ;^- / ; '2r<^
2.irBB /. ^ /4. SlX^. ^ ^^. /.
Z lOS-L Ate e^^cAuuy^ ZZIZ^^ /<!^>fi#J^ ut-J^leCtr, .Q^f. e
- A^*Sl ^/ '/^'
fr <7^'
^’7' A^‘ /• /y. ^*
• •
jyi /t'l/^^'cJt^^C ty^.S.^.^^. /o^ //.
k
/3.
^'>>40<ay^'cnr, S! /jO »
/6 7^- ^Zii^/tAyCr^tA^*^^ ,^r. S.
y^ y^-%4>v4-^-K,y^ y^\/iAyyy^
^ruy
STROM ATEIDJE. - GAEANGIDJE.
425
P. 5696. Pine large head ; Cuxton, Kent. The occipital portion of
the cranium is lost, but the characteristic cheek-plates and
ja,ws are well preserved, with the opercular apparatus,
pectoral arch, and remains of five anterior vertebrae. The
external bones are very finely rugose, and the operculum
is almost completely covered with scales. Harford Coll.
P.6049. Smaller head, pectoral arch, and scales; Chalk, Kent.
Kugose scales are shown to cover the cheek.
Presented hy F. Harford, Esq., 1889.
The following specimens seem to represent undetermined species
of Berycoq^sis : —
25886. Imperfect small fish described and figured as the type
specimen of Stenostoma pulcliella by F. Dixon, Greol. Sussex
(1850), p. 373, pi. xxxvi. fig. 2 ; Chalk, Steyning, Sussex.
The cheek-plates, maxilla, and supramaxilla seem to be
those of Berycopsis, and the scales extend over the oper¬
culum. The dorsal fin-supports prove that the fin arose
far forwards. The scales are small, rather thick and
finely pectinated, not clearly serrated. Dixon Coll.
P. 5686. Large head and trunk with finely pectinated scales ;
Chalk, Cuxton, Kent. Harford Coll.
The so-called Berycopsis lindstromi (J. W. Davis, Trans. Koy.
Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iv. 1890, p. 422, pi. xliv.), from the Upper
Cretaceous of Limhamn, Scania, is based on a generically indeter¬
minable portion of trunk in the Ko}^! State Muooum, Stockholm.
Family CARANGID^E.
Snout not produced into an elongated rostrum ; dentition feeble
or absent. Yertebrge 10 in the abdominal, 14 (very rarely 13 or
15) in the caudal region ; the posterior abdominal centra usually
with downwardly bent transverse processes. Pelvic fins, when
present, thoracic, with one spine and not more than five articulated
rays ; spinous portion of dorsal and anal fins much less extended
than articulated portion. Scales small or absent ; lateral line
conspicuous, sometimes armoured with enlarged scales or bony
scutes.
426
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by
Extinct Species,
I. Trunk deepened, and extended dorsal fin con¬
tinuous.
Paired fins small ; dorsal fin deep in front ;
anal fin about half as much extended as
dorsal ; caudal fin forked ; thickened
yentral ridge-scales .
Pelvic fins very large ; dorsal fin excessively
deepened in front ; anal fin much ex¬
tended, low and fringe-like ; caudal fin
slightly forked ; no enlarged scales ....
Paired fins moderate ; dorsal and anal fins
much deepened in front ; caudal fin
rounded or truncate ; no enlarged
scales .
Paired fins small j dorsal and anal fins not
much elevated, about equally extended ;
caudal fin rounded ; no enlarged scales. .
Pelvic fins with 2 or 3 much-elongated rays ;
few anterior dorsal fin-rays much elon¬
gated ; anal fin low and fringe -like ;
caudal fin rounded or truncated ; no
enlarged scales .
One pelvic fin-ray excessively elongated ;
dorsal and anal fins low and about equally
extended ; caudal fin truncated or slightly
forked ; no scales .
II. Trunk elongate-fusiform, and spinous portion
of dorsal fin separate.
Teeth minute ; preoperculum not serrated ;
posterior dorsal and anal fins of equal
extent, latter with 2 free spines ; caudal
fin forked ; scales enlarged along lateral
line .
Apparently as Caranx, but no scales .
As Caranx, but anal fin shorter than pos¬
terior dorsal, and no enlarged scales ....
Teeth larger ; anal fin less extended than
posterior dorsal and its anterior spines
not free j no enlarged scales .
Preoperculum serrated j anal fin less extended
than posterior dorsal ; no enlarged
scales . . .
Aipichthys (p. 427).
Semiophorus (p. 430).
Platax (p. 432).
Amphistium (p. 434).
Vomeropsis (p. 435).
Mene (p. 437).
Caranx (p. 441).
Archmus (p. 442).
Seriola (p. 444).
Carangopsis (p. 446).
Ductor (p. 448).
^(rv^r\y\rs. ^'t^r'^X^. nrv^ , ^ ^/'<f<^/ A «7^ -
^j'l'^ * N-^ f^. ^,3^,/^-^^' y~^'
/^O^. y^'^. -^^‘u, 0^ ^ ,^iAAjt/^. ^^T^Iau^, ^A tA'a^. p^f?^.
P^y^'x ii. <3 ,
, ; .x^Ci-u^ /i/u>M^.
y^nyvx^ .^>^!tx. ZyiiL/^a^c. (2,<ri<^ :
't/’e^c^'T, t5! ~Pr>>.
7
Ct ' <v. ) V h ' ^
«? T- /2=/v,
427
Genus AIPICHTHYS, Steindachner.
[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxviii.
1860, p. 763.]
Trunk much deepened, and head short and deep, with a large
supraoccipital crest. Eye rather small ; cleft of mouth oblique
and wide, the gape extending to the hinder border of the orbit ;
maxilla expanded behind ; teeth minute but numerous. Pelvic fins
inserted directly below the pectorals, somewhat larger than the
latter ; dorsal fin much elevated and extending along nearly the
whole of the back, with 2 to 4 very short and rather stout anterior
spines ; anal fin comparatively low, opposed to the hinder half of
the dorsal, with 3 or 4 short and stout anterior spines ; caudal fin
deeply forked. Scales thin and small, except a series of ventral
ridge-scales on the short abdominal region.
Aipichthys pretiosus, Steindachner.
1860. Aipichtys pretiosusy F. Steindachner, loc. cit. p'. 763, pi. i. fig. 1.
1882. Aipichthys pretiosus, F. Bassani, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. p. 262.
1895. Aipichthys pretiosus, B. G. Kramberger, T)jela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. p. 46, pi. ii. fig. 3.
Type. Nearly complete fish; Court Museum, Yienna.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'09. Maximum
depth of trunk equalling four fifths of total length of fish to base of
caudal fin ; length of head with opercular apparatus about half
that of vertebral column. Dorsal fin with 3 spines and about 30
articulated rays, of which the fourth is excessively elongated, its
length at least equalling the depth of the trunk at its insertion ;
anal fin with 3 spines and about 19 articulated rays.
The type specimen does not exhibit any distinct evidence of more
than 10 vertebrae in the abdominal region.
Form. ^ Loc. Cretaceous : Comen, Istria ; Isle of Lesina, Dal¬
matia.
Not represented in the Collection.
Aipichthys velifer, sp. nov.
1887. Platax minor, J. W. Davis, Trans. Boy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
pi. XXV. fig. 7 {error e).
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
A species about as large as the type, of similar proportions.
428
AGTINOPTEKYGII.
Rays of pelvic fius, when adpressed, extending beyond the anal
spines ; dorsal fin with 3 or 4 spines and 22 or 23 articulated rays,
of which a few are excessively elongated anteriorly, the length
of the longest at least equalling the depth of the trunk at its
insertion ; anal fin with 4 spines and about 18 articulated rays,
extending backwards for the length of two vertebrae behind the
dorsal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
'X
P. 4743. Type specimen, very imperfectly figured by Davis loo. cit.
and erroneously ascribed by him to the so-called Plataos
minor. The sharply-pointed supraoccipital crest is con¬
spicuous, and the comparatively small eye is indicated
by a black stain. The cleft of the mouth is shown to be
very oblique, and the maxilla is clearly expanded behind.
Ten branchiostegal rays are preserved in position below the
smooth opercular apparatus. 10 abdominal and 14 caudal
vertebrae can be counted. The pectoral fin is small, com¬
posed of very delicate rays ; a long, slender postclavicle
extends backwards and downwards beneath it to the
ventral border. The comparatively stout rays of the
pelvic fins are adpressed to the ventral border and overlap
the anal spines. Four or five anterior articulated rays of
the dorsal fin are excessively elongated, forming a peak
in the front part of the fin, which rapidly becomes quite
low in its hinder half. The low anal fin, with at least 3
gradually lengthening stout spines and 18 articulated rays,
extends backwards for the length of two vertebrae behind
the dorsal fin. The middle rays of the caudal fin are very
short and rather sparse ; this fin being deeply forked
and with sharply-pointed lobes. The scales are not
distinct. Lewis Coll,
P. 4744. Fine large specimen, displaying most of the principal
characters of the genus and species, but with elevated
portion of the dorsal fin destroyed. Lewis Coll.
49486, P. 85. Two small distorted specimens. Lewis Coll.
Aipichthys minor (Pictet).
1850. Platax minor.) F. J. Pictet, Poiss. Foss. Mt. Liban, p. 19, pi. ii.
fig. 4.
1866. Platax minor, Pictet & Humbert, Nouv. Rech. Poiss. Foss. Mt.
Liban, p. 48, pi. iv. figs. 1-3.
“S-^S/C^^ / (^. /T
CARAXGIDJ5,
429
1887. Platax brevis, J. W. Davis, Trans. Doy. Dublin Soc. [2] vol. iii.
p. 524, pi. XXV. fig. 4, [Distorted fish ; Edinburgh Museum of
Science and Art.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; Geneva Museum.
A species nearly as large as the type, with the trunk slightly
deeper in proportion to its length. Pelvic fins wEen adpressed just
reaching the anal spines ; dorsal fin with 2 or 3 spines and 29 or
30 articulated rays, the length of the longest anterior rays not ex¬
ceeding half the depth of the trunk at their insertion ; anal fin with
3 spines and 19 articulated rays, not extending backwards beyond
the dorsal fin.
The type specimen of the so-called Platax brevis is evidently
somewhat shortened and deepened by distortion.
Form. Log. Dpper Cretaceous : Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
P. 81. Pine specimen showing most of the principal characters of
the genus and species. Lewis Coll.
P. 6000. Distorted specimen showing displaced ventral ridge-scales,
Lewis Coll.
P. 6183. Small fish displaying all the fins and teeth in the pre-
maxilla. Lewis Coll.
49484-85, P. 82. Three imperfect distorted specimens.
Lewis Coll,
P. 8691. Small distorted fish. Purchased, 1897.
Aipichthys nnchalis (Dixon).
1850. Microdon nuclialis, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 369, pi. xxxii,
fig- ^ .
1887. Platax (?) nuclialis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [5]
vol. XX. p. 342.
Type. Portion of head and trunk ; British Museum.
A species known only by the unique type specimen, smaller than
A. pretiosus and apparently with more delicate vertebral column,
but not yet definable.
Form. Log. Senonian : Sussex.
25770. Type specimen, described and figured loc. cit. ; Chalk,
Washington, Sussex. Dixon Coll.
a
Trunk oblong, somewhat deepened, and head relatively large,
without prominent supraoccipital crest. Eye large; cleft of mouth
small, the gape not extending behind the anterior border of the
orbit; maxilla expanded behind; teeth minute or absent. Pectoral
fins small ; pelvic fins very large and inserted in advance of the
latter ; dorsal fin extending along the whole of the back, pressed
forwards over the head, with a few short anterior spines, its anterior
portion excessively elevated, its hinder portion low and fringe-like;
anal fin much extended, low and fringe-like; caudal fin widely
expanded but only slightly forked. Scales thin and small, none
enlarged, some extending over the bases of the median fins.
velifer (Yolta).
1796. Kurtus velifer, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese, p. xxvii. pi. vii.
tigs. 1, 2 {non fig. 3).
1818. Chcetodon velifer, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 355.
1835. Seyniophorus velifer, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 301 (name
only).
1838-42. Semiophorus velifer, L. Agas.siz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 14,
219, pi. xxxvii a.
1859. Semiopliorus velifer, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Foss. AgT. Yeron. p. 27, pi. vi.
1876. Semiophorus velifer, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 179.
(?) 1878. Semiophorus gigas, A. de Zigno, Mem. R. Istit. Yeneto,
vol. XX. p. 448, pi. XV. [Imperfect fish; Zigno Collection,
University of Padua.]
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0T8. Length of
head with opercular apparatus considerably less than the maximum
depth, and contained three times in the total length of the fish
(including caudal fin). Pelvic fins when adpressed not reaching the
caudal fin ; dorsal fin with about 5 small anterior spines and from
50 to 55 articulated rays, the elevation of the anterior half of the
fin somewhat less than twice the depth of the trunk at its insertion ;
anal fin with one or two small anterior spines and from 25 to 30
articulated rays, its extent slightly more than half that of the
dorsal.
The proportions of the dorsal and pelvic fins vary in different
specimens according to the state of preservation, though perhaps
>, CXtMji/Jc /Tlc^. /v.^. KC\/t^,t.
CAKANGIDJE.
431
also due in part to original individual variations. The type speci¬
men of the so-called Semiopliorus gigas is probably imperfect at
the extremities of the dorsal and pelvic fins.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 2088, P. 3945. Two large imperfect specimens, partially restored,
labelled by Agassiz, and the second in counterpart.
Egerton, Ennislcillen Colls.
21373. Fine specimen 0*095 in length, in counterpart. One pelvic
fin is folded, the other expanded, the former thus appearing
pointed distally, while the latter has a comparatively broad
and rounded end.
Presented hy Chambers Hall, Esq., 1847.
' \ - . '
Semigimorus velicans (Blainville).
1796. Kurtus velifer, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, pi. vii. fig. 3.
1818. Chcetodon velicans, H. D, de Blainville, Noiiv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 355.
1835. Semiophorus velicans, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 301 (name
only).
1837-42. Semiophorus velicans, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
pp. 14, 222, pi. xxxvii.
1874. Semiophorus massalongianus, A. de Zigno, Mem. It. Istit.
Veneto, vol. xviii. p. 292, pi. x. fig. 2. [Imperfect fish j Zigno
Collection, University of Padua.]
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
A smaller species than the type, with slightly more elevated dorsal
fin, and the pelvic fins when adpressed reaching beyond the base of
the caudal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1967. Imperfect partially restored specimen. Egerton Coll.
The following species has also been distinguished, but is not
represented in the Collection : —
Semiophorus parvulus, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-
. przyr. Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. (1886), p. 109,
pi. iv. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
U; ^ ^ - [Nearly complete fish ; Geological Museum, University of
c, ' ' Cracow.]
A generically indeterminable fragment has also been described as
follows : —
Semiophorus sehaerheehi, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Boy.
432
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
Belg. [3] voL i. (1881), p. 119, with plate. — Middle Eocene
(Bruxelliari) ; Schaerbeek, near Brussels. [Fragments of
trunk with median fins ; Royal Museum of IN’atural
History, Brussels.]
Genus PLATAX, Cuvier.
[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 334.]
Trunk much deepened, and head short and deep, with a large
supraoccipital crest. Eye very large ; cleft of mouth small, the
gape not extending behind the anterior border of the orbit;
relatively small maxilla expanded behind ; teeth in premaxilla and
dentary setiform and clustered, those of the outer series largest and
notched at the apex. Pelvic fins inserted directly below the pec¬
torals, somewhat larger than the latter; dorsal fin much elevated
and extending along nearly the whole of the back, with 3 to 7 short
anterior spines ; anal fin also considerably elevated, with 3 short
anterior spines ; caudal fin rounded or only slightly forked. Scales
thin and small, none enlarged, some extending over the bases of
the median fins.
Existing species occur in the Indian Ocean and the western part
of the Pacific Ocean.
Platax woodward!, Agassiz.
1833. Figures by S. Woodward, Geol. Norfolk, pi. iii. figs. 31-33.
1842-44. Platax ivoodwardii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 250,
pi. xix. fig. 3.
1882. Platax tvoodivardii, E. T. Newton, Vert. Forest Bed (Mem. Geol.
Surv.), p. 122, pi. xix. figs. 1-3.
1891. Platax woodivardi, E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Deposits,
Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 89.
Type. Detached bones, thickened by hyperostosis.
An indeterminable large species known only by detached bones,
most of which are thickened by hyperostosis.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Pliocene (Red and Coralline Crags) : Suffolk.
Upper Pliocene (Norwich Crag, Wey bourn Crag, and Forest Bed) :
Norfolk and Suffolk.
301-3, 305-6, 308, 312, 317-8, 321, 323, 327. Numerous thickened
bones of different forms, some polished to show structure ;
Crag, Norfolk and Suffolk. Purchased, 1837.
23200. Four vertebral centra ; Crag, Norfolk.
Presented hy S. P. Woodward, Esq.
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CAEiNGID^.
433
40525-26. Vertebral centra and thickened clavicles and other
bones ; Crag, Norfolk. Par chased, 1867.
P.1981. Similar remains, including so-called “butterfly bone”;
Crag, Norfolk. Egerton Coll.
P. 8992, P. 8995-93, P. 8998. Similar remains ; Norwich Crag,
Southwold, Suffolk. Presented, hy Lady Prestwich, 1896.
P. 9024. Two thickened clavicles ; Norwich Crag, Easton Bavent,
Suffolk. Purchased, 1897.
P. 7381. Thickened bone. Prestwicli Coll.
P. 8704-07, P. 8736. Numerous similar thickened bones, including
so-called “ butterfly bone ” figured by Newton, op. cit.
1882, pi. xix. fig. 2 ; Eorest Bed Series, near Cromer,
Norfolk. Savin Coll.
Detached bones from the Lower Pliocene (Crag) of Antwerp,
similarly thickened by hyperostosis, have been named Platax costatus,
P. cuneus^ P. pileum^ and P. pliyseteroide^ by P. J. Van Beneden,
Bull, xlcad. Roy. Belg. [3] vol. i. (1881), pp. 119-125, figs. 1-5.
Extinct species of this genus have also been described as follows,
but* are not represented in the Collection : —
Platax papilio, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292, and Poiss.
Eoss. vol. iv. (1835-42), p. 245, pi. xlii. Chcetodoyi papilio,
G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. cxiv. pi. xxvi.
fig. 1, and H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’.Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. (1818), p, 355, — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca,
near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
Platax pinnatiformis : Chcetodon ? pinnatiformis, H. D. de Blain¬
ville, loc. cit. 1818, p. 351. Platax, Cuvier «&; Valenciennes,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. vii. (1831), p. 239. Chcetodon pin-
natus, G. S. Volta, op. cit. 1796, p. xiii. pi. iv. {errore).
Platax altissimus, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 291, and
op. cit. vol. iv. (1839-42), p. 249, pi. xli. — -Ibid. [Ditto.]
Platax plinianus, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Eoss. Agr. Veron. (1859), p. 29, pi. v. — Ibid.
Platax subvespertilio : Chcetodon suhvespertilio, H. D. de .Blainville,
loc. cit. 1818, p. 352. Chcetodon vespertilio, G. S. Volta,
op. cit. 1796, p. XXV. pi. vi. {errore). Platax macro-
pterygius, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 291, and op. cit.
vol. iv. (1839-42), p. 247, pi. xli a. — Ibid. [Ditto,]
PAET
434
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
The so-called Platax (?) colchicus from the Lower Tertiary of the
Caucasus (Simonovich, Batzevich, and Sorokin, Material. Geol.
Kavkaza, 1875, p. 162, pis. i.-iii.) does not belong to this genus,
and cannot be satisfactorily determined from the published
description and figure.
Genus AMPHISTIUM, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 44.]
Trunk much deepened, and head short and deep, with rather
large supraoccipital crest. Eye large ; cleft of mouth of moderate
size and directed upwards ; teeth minute or absent. Paired fins
small, the pelvic pair inserted in advance of the pectorals ; dorsal
fin not much elevated, extending along the greater part of the back,
with 3 or 4 feeble anterior spines ; anal fin almost or quite as much
extended as the dorsal, with 3 or 4 feeble anterior spines ; caudal
fin rounded. Scales very small, none enlarged or thickened.
Amphistium paradoxum, Agassiz.
1796. Pleuronectes platesm, G. S. Volta, Ittialit. Veronese, p. clxxix.
pi. xliv. fig. 1 (err ore).
1818. Pleuronectes platessa, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. dTIist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 357 (errore).
1835. Amphistium paradoxum, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 294 (name
only).
1834-44. Amphistium paradoxum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol, v. pt, i.
p. 44, pi. xiii.
Type. Nearly complete fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The ty])e species, attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding half the
maximum depth of the trunk, which is contained twice or slightly
less in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and
anal fins gently rounded and equally elevated, each with from 21 to
23 stout, articulated and divided rays.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona ; Mont¬
martre, near Paris.
?. 1982. Fine large specimen, wanting extremity of caudal fin ;
Monte Bolca. The articulation of the mandible is beneath
the orbit, and the upturned mouth bears traces of minute
teeth. The operculum is quite smooth. The caudal
portion of the vertebral column is nearly straight, but the
very short abdominal portion curves sharply upwards.
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/^y6, ^ /?'L£>V% . /y'U^u^ , Jr V J> ^ Xs
CAEANGIDJ?, 435
The hinder neural spines in the abdominal region curve
forwards in their upper portion, d'he slender postclavicle
does not reach the ventral border. The very small scales
are well shown. Egerton Coll.
P. 3940. Impression of slightly more elongated fish, 0T75 in length;
Montmartre. Enniskillen Coll.
The so-called Amphistium hozzianum (Massalongo, MS.) from
Monte Bolca, is considered to be identical with A. paradoxiim by
Eellotti (see Massalongo, Spec. Photogr. Anim. Poss. Agr. Veron.
1859, p. 37, pi. xiii. fig. 2), but regarded as a distinct species by
A. de Zigno (Mem. E,. Istit. Yeneto, vol. xxiii. 1887, p. 14).
The following species are not represented in the Collection, and
do not belong to this genus, the first probably not to the family
Carangidae : —
Amphistium cluhium^ F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Yapoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 85, pi. xiii. fig. 1. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin, jST. Italy. [Imperfect small
fish ; Town Museum, Yerona.]
Amphistium longipenne, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Yeneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 12, fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca, near Yerona. [Immature fish, probably Platax ;
Gazola Collection, Yerona.]
Genus VOMEROPSI3, Heckel. ^ "
[Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 135.]
Trunk irregularly fusiform, somewhat deepened ; head relatively
large and distorted, the small mouth being directed upwards ; a
very large supraoccipital crest, continued forwards beyond the orbit.
Teeth minute. Pectoral fins well developed ; pelvic fins with two
or three rays much elongated, inserted in advance of the pectorals ;
dorsal fin extending along the greater part of the back, with very
feeble anterior spines, the foremost few articulated rays much
elongated, the others low and fringe-like ; anal fin about as much
extended as the dorsal, with very feeble anterior spines, low and
fringe-like ; caudal fin slightly rounded or truncated. Foremost
anal fin-support much expanded at its lower end. Scales cycloid, of
moderate size, none enlarged or thickened.
The pelvic fin-rays in this genus are very finely divided, as
shown by a specimen described below (no. P. 1990). Kner and
Stein dachner were thus probably misled in their determination of
8 or 9 rays in the pelvic fins of V. elon^atus.
2f2
436
ACTlNOPTEETGir.
Vomeropsis longi^pi^s (Agassiz).
1796. Zeu8 vomer, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, pi. xxxv. fig. 3
{errore).
1796. Zeus triurus, G. S. Volta, ihid. p. clxxxi. pi. xliv. fig. 2^en\)i l).
18S6-44. Vomer longispinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yol. v. pt. i. pp. 4,
28, pis. V., yi.
1854. Vomeropsis longispinus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
matb.-naturw. Cl. yol. xi. p. 135.
Type. Imperfect, partly distorted fish ; Museum of Natural
History, Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly less than maximum depth of
trunk, which is contained twice in the total length to the base of
the caudal fin. Pectoral fin with about 13 rays ; dorsal fin with
nearly 40 rays, of which the foremost 2 or 3 are rudimentary spines;
anal fin slightly more extended than the dorsal, arising just in
adyance .of the latter, with about 30 rays, of which the foremost
1 or 2 are rudimentary spines ; caudal fin slightly rounded.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
36200. Imperfect large specimen with traces of scales.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 1990. Fine small specimen, in counterpart, labelled by Agassiz.
The head is well shown, with its great supraoccipital
crest, small upturned mouth, and traces of minute teeth.
There are about 8 branchiostegal rays. The yertebrse are
eyidently 10 + 14 in number ; the centra are much con¬
stricted, and some show a single sharp lateral keel ; the
hinder four or fiye neural spines in the abdominal region
curye forwards at their upper end. The clayicle is slender
and sigmoidally bent, with a long rod-like postclayicle
extending to the yentral border of the fish. The coracoid
extends downwards to the clayicular symphysis by a
falciform process from its postero-inferior angle. The
pelyic fin-support is somewhat expanded, forked an¬
teriorly, and is in contact with the clayicle at the two
extremities of this bifurcation. The anterior spine of
the pelvic fin is very small ; the length of the two (or
possibly three) next rays equals at least half the depth of
the trunk at their insertion ; while both these and the
succeeding diminutive rays are finely divided distally. The
rays of the dorsal and anal fins are not very satisfactorily
displayed, but all except two or three anterior rudimentary
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CARANGIDiE.
437
spines must have been at least articulated, if not also
divided distally. The length of the foremost articulated
dorsal fin-rays, as preserved, equals the depth of the trunk
at their insertion ; but the fin rapidly diminishes to a low
fringe behind. The foremost dorsal fin-support has an
anterior expansion, and there are two free fin-supports
between this and the occipital crest. None of the anal
fin-rays are elongated. The caudal fin is slightly rounded
behind. Egerton Coll.
Vomeropsis elongatus, Heckel.
1854. Vomeropsis elongatus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. CL vol. xi. p. 134.
1862. Vomeropsis elongatus, Kner & Steindachner, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. p. 24, pi. iv.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection, University of Padua.
Closely resembling the type species, but more elongated. Length
of head with opercular apparatus about equalling maximum depth
of trunk, which is less than half total length of fish to base of
caudal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
Not represented in the Collection.
Vomeropsis valenciennesi, Bassani.
1876. V omeropsis valenciennii, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. V. p. 148, pi. ii. fig. 2.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Geological Museum, University of
Padua.
A comparatively small, deep-bodied species. Maximum depth of
trunk at least equalling two thirds the total length of the fish to
the base of the caudal fin.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.
Not represented in the Collection.
Genus MENE^ Lacepede.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. v. 1803, p. 479.]
Syn. Gasteronemus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt, i. 1833, p. 17.
. Trunk much deepened and laterally compressed, with prominent
abdomen ; head relatively large and distorted, the small mouth
being directed upwards ; maxilla with a large rounded expansion
behind ; a very large supraoccipital crest. Teeth minute, only on
, ,V4 ,\^,y*'v '\ >0-
«
w::; '•
CARAXGIDJi.
430
margin of jaws. Pectoral fins well developed ; pelvic fins minute,
except foremost articulated ray, which is thickened and greatly
elongated ; dorsal fin extending along the greater part of the back,
with few feeble anterior spines, acuminate in front but otherwise
low and fringe-like ; anal fin at least as much extended as the
dorsal, without spines, but the rays very short and expanded ; caudal
fin widely expanded, truncated or slightly excavated behind. Scales
absent.
The only known existing species occurs in the seas of the East
Indies. The generic identity of the so-called Gasteronemus with
Mene was pointed out by J. Muller, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol, ii. (1850), p. 66. The relationship of the type species was
also observed by de Blainville, jS'ouv. Diet. d’Hist. IS’at. vol. xx\ii.
(1818), p. 356.
Mene rhombeus (Volta).
[Text-figure 14.]
1796. Scomber rhombeus^ G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixxxiv.
pi. xviii.
1818. Zeus rhombeus, II. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 356.
1833. Gasteronemus rhombeus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. :20, pi. ii.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
The type species of the so-called genus Gasteronemus, attaining a
length of about 0-25. Head with opercular apparatus occupying
slightly more than one third of the total length to the base of the
caudal fin; dorsal border of trunk gently arched, ventral border
sharply bent at the insertion of the pelvic fins ; maximum depth of
trunk exceeding its length from the pectoral arch to the base of the
caudal fin. Length of enlarged pelvic fin-ray at least equalling the
total length of the fish ; dorsal fin with about 3 feeble anterior spines
atid 40 articulated rays ; anal fin with 30 articulated, expanded
rays ; caudal fin scarcely forked.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
44S68. Large specimen, in counterpart, displaying the maxilla and
J premaxilla. Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
P. 2086, P. 4479. Fine specimen 0-2 in length, in counterpart.
Egerton Sf EnnisTcillen Colls.
'^19844 a. Well-preserved specimen 0*18 in length, with enlarged
pelvic fin-rays also O’ 18 in length. The rudimentary pelvic
fin-rays and spine are distinguishable. Purchased, 1846.
ACTIXOPIERYOII.
r-
V/:)
P. 9446. More imperfect specimen 0'185 in length, showing anterior
spine and rudimentary articulated rays of pelvic fin. As
in the previous specimens, the slender, rod-like postclavicle,
extending downwards to the ventral border of the fish,
bears a narrow wing along its hinder margin. Purchased.
P. 6130. Two good specimens. Presented by Mrs. M. E. Fort, 1886.
y ^
P. 2085. Another specimen 0*185 in length, in counterpart. Some
calcifications evidently belong to the slime -canal extending
from the occiput to the origin of the dorsal fin.
Egerton Coll.
P. 4135. Smaller specimen, also showing the calcifications for the
slime-canal extending from the occiput to the origin of
the dorsal fin. EnnisTcillen Coll.
P. 9447. Much-fractured specimen about 0*105 in length.
Purchased.
TIL. 3 (Cracherode Catal.). Smaller specimen, imperfect dorsally.
Cracherode Bequest.
23110 a. Imperfect and distorted immature specimen, in counter¬
part. Purchased, 1848.
Mene oblongus (Agassiz).
1888. Gasteronemus oblongus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 22, pi. i.
Tyqye. Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
Closely resembling M. rhombeus, but more elongated, and ventral
border more gently curved, not bent at the insertion of the pelvic
fins. Maximum depth of trunk not exceeding its length from the
pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin.
Form. 4' Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
4134. Imperfect fish 0*21 in length. The calcifications along
the slime-canal between the occiput and the origin of
the dorsal fin are distinct. EnnisUllen Coll.
P. 2087. Smaller specimen. The dentated sutures between the
plates at the lower end of the anal fin-supports are shown
in impression. Egerton Coll.
A very small immature fish has also been described under the
following name : —
/f//. <2^. 9^
^*AC</,^. 3.
tf^j^c/,. c^A-'vW, V<r^, ^
/X jr,^ ^ // -> ? Z • ^ /* -^ ■ I ’^•
/^, / :v«^.
CifU\,CL^yy.^ ^lAjea^i
/^(/yyiyx%rs . <ScAv. ^
/Pg^Jx^ffi£^ 'V'cr^. Vff C^yo^, /j,y'^, h\ — yi^v4\ar\y ; CaArln,^^
’^jC'9^ <r>>J
CARANGID^.
441
Mem ohlonga, var. pusilla, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 78, pi. xiv. fig. 5. — Low^r
Mioeep®; Chiavon, Yicentiii. [Imperfect small fish;
Geological Museum, University of Padua.]
Genus CARANX, Cuvier.
[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 314.]
Trunk laterally compressed, more or less elongated, regularly
fusiform, with much constricted caudal pedicle. Head large, with
low supraoccipital crest, extending forwards between the orbits ;
eye very large ; mouth small or of moderate size, with very minute
teeth; maxilla expanded behind, with a supram axilla ; preoper¬
culum not serrated ; about 7 branchiostegal rays. Paired fins small,
the pectorals falciform ; an anterior dorsal fin of about 8 feeble
spines, closely followed by a more extended dorsal of articulated
rays ; anal fin opposed to the posterior dorsal and of equal extent,
preceded by two short and separate anal spines ; caudal fin forked.
Scales thin and small, thickened or enlarged at least along the
caudal portion of the lateral line ; lateral line arched in front,
straight behind.
Numerous species of Caranx are common in tropical and tem¬
perate seas. No extinct species are represented in the Collection,
but the following have been described on the evidence of imperfect
specimens : —
Caranx carangopsis, J. J. Heckel, Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichs-
anst. vol. iii. pt. ii. (1852), p. 161 ; F. Steindacbner,
Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii.
(1859), p. 685, pi. V. figs. 2-12, pis. vi., vii. —
Upper Miocene ; Hernals, near Vienna. [Detached bones,
several thickened by hyperostosis ; Court Museum,
Vienna.]
Caranx gracilis^ D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
/P^.^jA^A^.^i'oi^-^^^^Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 128, pi. xxvii. figs. 2-4, and
/^/iRad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 82. — Upper
<//X y'. 2, Miocene ; Radoboj, Podsused, Vrabce, & Dolje, Croatia.
: Upper Oligocene ; Sagor and Trifail, Croatia. [Nearly
complete fish ; University Geological Museum, Agram.]
Caranx haueri^ D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 126, pi. xxvi.
figs. 3, 4, pi. xxvii. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; University Geological Museum,
Agram.]
a. O f-c~c s(A />?/> ^ CCZ^ ^ CnrT.<^^ 2. 7^ yt> . /7 F, pi. XX xni f.
pi. rcxx/V“ 7^. 27 P>L xxxyjfJ^, pi- /?, i//.. ^ciAo/fO/% , OyCl^
y.
442
ACIJNOPTERYGI
pa-iA Ax<»a^^
1- i •
^s-/
\Caran.v longipinnatus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 128,
pi. xxiv. figs. 7, 8. — Ibid. [Nearly complete fish ; Uni¬
versity Geological Museum, Agram.]
Caranx ovalis, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (18*54), p. 329, and Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xix. pt. i. (1861),
p. 63 ; Kner & Steindachner, ihid. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 32,
pi. vii. fig. 1 ; U. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 80. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon,
Vicentin, N. Italy. [Imperfect fish; Court Museum,
Yienna.1
' , , ,
Caranx rigidicaudus., J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1854, p. 330, and
^ loc. cit. 1861, p. 66 ; Kner & Steindachner, loc. cit. 1863,
Y , p. 32, pi. vii. fig. 2 ; F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 80. —
^ Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Genus ARCH-fflUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 49.]
Syn. Pleionemus, L. Agassiz, ibid. 1844, p. 52 (name only).
Archceoides, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xi.
1859, p. 112.
A genus not yet clearly distinguished from Caranx., but no
squamation observable in known specimens.
Archseus glarisianus, Agassiz.
1843-44. Archmts glarisianus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 49, pi. xxviii. fig. 3.
(?) 1844. Vomer prisons, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 31 (name only).
1844. Pleionemus macrospondylus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 52 (name onlv).
[Fragment ; British Museum.]
1859. Archceoides longicostatus, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xi. p. 113, pi. iii. fig. 3. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Bonn.]
1886. Archceus glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glar-
nerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 84.
1886. Archceoides macrurus, A. Wettstein, ibid. p. 86, pi. vii. figs. 7-9,
11. [Nearly complete fish ; Museum of Winterthur.]
1886. Archceoides longicostatus, A. Wettstein, ibid. p. 86.
Type. Fragmentary distorted fish ; Geological Museum, Poly-
technicum, Zurich.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk.
Cctrctr?^ /y, a.C /V. /9^9J z^- 3<3. 0~Z^'^<7r: S^^s/an&^y
/tox^rrH3rvf<^‘ £ 9c^A : Cr?Z. ^€d-^S4^- .- ^ ‘ ^ 57, />//V 7 3 "^'
r
^y^yy/^ .
'UjO . X /V /^. //^
^/Vo'ys^a^y/’'*^*-^. >^!/tA>c-5. .
4^0-ir^. ^a/Urc<A^,n/v^. ?<nvi C(<^0 J,. ^. /. ^j./A,
; ^yioy^^^n c<^ ' y^iyci^-
// »^/»'./r /,;?.- A^ ai-^^ . ^^{aJvC^ ^vu-^
(Z^(:z.ir£Zyy.x z-^je/\a,yix^ j /Y^sso-oi. tfe-T’.
/Vei^i*U/< . ^ jy^ — /^zy^av. , ^MeojZ U^ fVrA ;
/(/. 'A. /^^iyC/kV^ y.
y
/^// ;CJtac///“^ yyl y. 3, /?/ XXX uZ f. 2j /y^y^JJ. ScL A&Ua*^ ; Orai^,
\^ •z ^a. ro-n X. cy-t'- (2rc/-^^i ^ kq^x ) ^Air/S/oyyai , /6.>0e/'/e^
/^«s; /> . i ""• / ''• ^ /' ? 6- <i, /AAf*^ ^
(j*^ St) /y^sX fZ'- ''"
fH-i/yejy-^ 7 P ; H 3 ^'t 5. tYiou.TOq'} /Cu^ ; CTi
CARANGID^.
443
which is contained three times in the total length of the fish to the
base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the
longest apparently exceeding in length any of the articulated dorsal
rays ; posterior dorsal with 23 to 25 articulated rays ; anal fin
with 21 to 23 articulated rays.
Most of the known specimens of this species are much distorted
in
P.
various directions.
Form. 4* Loc. Oligocene : ^anton Glarus, Switzerland.
5944. Two imperfect specimens not much distorted, labelled
ArchcEoides glaronensis by Wettstein. One distinctly
exhibits 14 caudal vertebrae, and in the same specimen
the two separate anal spines are conspicuous.
Purchased, 1889.
P. 1998, P. 3944, P. 4519. Two imperfect specimens, obliquely
distorted, in counterpart : Engi, Glarus.
Egerton 4" EnnishiUen Colls.
33960. Imperfect specimen showing vertebral column and dorsal
and anal fins. Presented hy Aliss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.
33976-77. Eractured and distorted small specimen, in counterpart.
Presented hy Miss Elizabeth ^ arne, 1859.
P. 449. Imperfect trunk probably of this species, labelled as in¬
tended to be the type specimen of Pleionemus macrospon-
dylus, Agassiz ; Engi. Egerton Coll.
P. 1991, P. 4521. Much-deepened trunk with median fins, in
counterpart, resembling the deepened specimens ascribed
to Archceoides macrurus by Wettstein, loc. cit. pi. vii.
figs. 9, 11, and labelled “Fomerpnscws, Ag.,”by Egerton;
Egerton 4' EnnisTcillen Colls.
P. 1991 a, P. 1992, P. 4521 a. Two more imperfect similarly deep¬
ened specimens, one being in counterpart ; Engi.
Egerton 4’ EnnisTcillen Colls.
36089. More imperfect deepened specimen, in counterpart; Platten-
berg, Glarus. Purchased, 1861.
The imperfect and distorted specimen described as follows, is not
determinable : —
Archoeus brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. (1843-44),
p. 50, pi. xxviii. fig. 2. Archceoides longus, A. Wettstein,
Eischfauna Tertiaer. Glarnerschief. (1886), p. 86. —
Oligocene ; Glarus.
444
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Genus SERIOLA^ Cuvier.
[Regne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 315.]
As Caranx^ but pectoral fins relatively small, anal shorter than
posterior dorsal, and no enlarged or thickened scales along lateral
line.
Existing species in nearly all temperate and tropical seas.
Seriola prisca (Agassiz).
1796. Scomber jyelagicus, G. S, Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixxiv, pi. xvi.
{err ore).
1796. Coryplicena^ G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. Ixviii. {errore).
1818. Scomber 2^elagicus?, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 346.
1835. Lichia prisca, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 292 (name only).
1834-44. Lichia prisca, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 34,
pis. xi., xi a.
1854. Seriola prisca, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsh. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 136.
1876. Lichia prisca, E, Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 184.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
A species attaining a length of about 0*4. Length of head with
opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk and some¬
what less than one third the total length of the fish to the base of
the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the second to
fourth about as long as the longest articulated dorsal rays ; posterior
dorsal with one short spine and about 30 articulated rays ; anal
fin with about 20 articulated rays, directly opposed to the hinder
two thirds of the posterior dorsal. Scales very small.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1983, P. 4140. Eine large specimen, in counterpart.
Egerton EnnisTcillen Colls.
P. 9448. More imperfect smaller specimen. Purchased.
21409. Eine specimen 0*28 in length, the head a little elongated
by crushing. Purchased, 1847.
P. 1983 a. Eish about 0'25 in length, slightly deepened by crushing.
Egerton Coll.
21428. Fragmentary large specimen, in counterpart.
Purchased, 1847.
P. 9449-50. Two small specimens, in counterpart. Purchased.
/ r/^<era „. q_ g-/ g, , J7<
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CARANGID^.
445
Seriola lata, Heckel.
1796. Scomber cordyla, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Yeron, p. cxxi. pi. xxviii.
(errore).
1854. Seriola lata, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungab. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. p. 136.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Zigno Collection, Uniyersity of
Padua.
A comparatively robust species. Length of head with opercular
apparatus considerably less than maximum depth of trunk, which
is contained about two and a half times in the total length of the
fish to the base of the caudal fin.
Form. Loc. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1983 b, P. 4139. Imperfect fish in counterpart, labelled Lichia
prisca by Agassiz. Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
Seriola analis (Agassiz).
1796. Scomber, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, pi. Ixix. fig. 1 (eiTore).
1796. Polynemus, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. Ixxv. fig. 3 [errore).
1835. Carangopsis analis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 304 (name only).
1843-44. Carangopsis analis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 42, pi. ix. fig. 1.
1848. Lichia analis, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, Fische, p. 76.
Type. Imperfect fish : Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
A comparatively small and slender species. Length of head with
opercular apparatus exceeding maximum depth of trunk, which is
contained about three and a half to four times in the total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Fins as in type species,
except anal slightly longer, apparently with 22 articula'ted rays.
Form. <^' Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1983 C. Fragmentary specimen 0*175 in length, showing minute
teeth in premaxilla and dentary. Egerton Coll.
P. 9451. Similar specimen, somewhat distorted. Purchased.
P. 1983 d. Fish 0*115 in length, labelled Lichia prisca — ^jeune,Ag.'’
by Agassiz. Egerton Colb.
The following species may also perhaps belong to this genus, but
are insufficiently known and are not represented in the Collection : —
Lichia lata, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii.
(1889), no. 6, p. 84, pi. x. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon,
Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene Collecdon, Lonedo.]
446
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Lichia stoppanii, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 82, pi. ix. fig. 2. — Ibid.
' [Ditto.] s ^cy ^ p. /:>
The following names relate to generically indeterminable frag¬
ments : —
Lichia alta, D. G. Kramberger, Ead Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 82, pi. V. fig. 3. — Dpper Oligocene; Trifail,
Croatia. [Caudal portion of fish ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]
Lichia secunda, T. C. AVinkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v. (1880),
p. 96, pi. iii. figs. 9, 10. — Middle Oligocene (Lignite V:
Sieblos, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
XJniv. Wurzburg.]
The so-called Seriola heaumonti (F. de Botella, Descrip. Geol.
Murcia y Albacete, 1868, pi. xi. fig. 2), from Lorca, Spain, is not
recognisably described or figured.
Genus CARANGOPSIS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 39.]
As Carano', but with larger teeth, no enlarged or thickened scales
along lateral line, anal fin shorter than posterior dorsal, and anal
fin-spines insignificant, not separate from the fin.
Carangopsis brevis (Blainville).
1796. Polynemus quhiquarius, G. S. JVolta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cliii
pi. xxxvi. (errore).
]818. Mugil brevis, II. D, de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol.
xxvii. p. 344.
1835. Carangopsis Intior, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only).
1843-44. Carangopsis latior, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 40,
pi. ix. fig. 2.
1876. Carangopsis latior, F. Bassani, Atti Snc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 185.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Museum of Natural History,
Paris.
The type species, attaining a length of about O' 25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth of
trunk, and contained three times in total length to base of caudal
fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the second to fifth somewhat
longer than any articulated dorsal rays ; posterior dorsal with one
short spine and 20 or 21 articulated and divided rays ; anal fin with
■. ^.d3f'9>
^yde c/<id.. 'SV-t'.
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r<^'e/^ixat. c^. ( Z^^^Ayvd^ d ^ cL/VMA-'t^ ^/d-rviZ).
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me.
caeaxgidj:.
447
2 short spines and 16 to 18 articulated and divided rays, directly
opposed to the hinder two thirds of the posterior dorsal.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
25965*. Large specimen, displaying closely arranged conical teeth.
The hinder end of the anal fin seems to have lost two or
three rays. Dixon Coll.
P. 9452. More imperfect large specimen. The dentary and pre-
masilla, hearing conical teeth, are remarkably stout.
Fiircliased.
35676. Smaller fish, displaying the dorsal and anal fins. Ten verte¬
brae are clearly shown in the abdominal, apparently only
13 in the caudal region. Bean Coll.
P. 1984, P. 4130 a. Line small specimen, in counterpart.
Egerton EanisTcillen Colls.
P. 1986. Imperfect trunk, labelled Carangopsis latior by Agassiz.
Egerton Coll.
Carangopsis dorsalis, Agassiz.
1796. Sciena undecimalis, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese, p. ccxvii.
pi. liii. fig. 1 {error e\
1818. Scicena nndecimalls ?, H. D. de Blainville, Youv. Diet. d'Hist.
Xat. vol. xxvii. p. 348.
1835. Carangopsis dorsalis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 304 (name
only).
1834-44. Carangopsis dorsalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 41, pi. viii. •
Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Yatural History, Paris.
Length of head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding
maximum depth of trunk, which is contained four times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin ; anal fin with 14 or 15 articu¬
lated rays. Otherwise resembling the type species.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
P. 1 985, P. 4130, P. 4132. Three good specimens, from 0T5 to 0T9
in length, in counterpart. Yo. P. 4130 is labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton EnnisJcillen Colls.
890-91. Mell-preserved specimen, in counterpart, elongated by
distortion. The preoperculum seems to exhibit a few
serrations on its lower limb. Purchased.
36031. Imperfect specimen deepened by distortion.
Purchased, 1S61.
448
ACTINOPTEETGII.
43448. Head and trunk, wanting end of tail.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison^ Esq.^ 1872.
The undefined name Carangopsis maximus was given by Agassiz
(Heues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292) to a fish from Monte Bolca in the
Paris Museum, originally referred to Scomber glauciis by G. S. Yolta,
Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. xxxvii. pi. xxi.
The so-called Cm'angoqysis lanceolatus (F. Bassani, Atti Soc.
Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vcl. v. 1876, p. 153, and Palaeont. Italica,
vol. iii. 1898, p. 77, pi. viii. fig. 1), founded on a fish from Monte
Bolca in the Geological Museum, University of Padua, does not
belong to the family Carangidse. It may represent a species of
Myi'ipristls.
Genus DUCTOR^ Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 53.]
Trunk much elongated but fusiform. Head much elongated, and
supraoccipital crest insignificant ; eye large ; mouth small and teeth
minute ; preoperculum with fine radiating markings and apparently
serrated; branchiostegal rays 7 or 8, relatively large. Paired
fins small; an anterior dorsal fin of 6 or 7 feeble spines, closely
followed by a more extended dorsal of articulated rays ; anal fin less
extended than posterior dorsal, probably with two small feeble spines
in front ; caudal fin small. Scales very small and uniform, all
antero-posteriorly elongated ; lateral line not observable.
Ductor leptoson^s.
Agassiz.
1796. Callionymus vestmce, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxl.
pi. xxxii. bg. 2 {errore). '
1796. Gobius sfnyrnensis, G. S. Volta, ibid, p. ccxli. pi. Iviii. fig. 2
(errore).
1818. “ Callionymus vestence,^^ H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 359.
1818. “ Gobius smyrnensis,” H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 358.
1834. Ductor leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Verhandl. Ges. vaterland. Miis.
• Bohmen, p. 66 (name only).
1835. Ductor leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only).
1834-44. Ductor leptosomus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 53,
pi. xii.
1876. Ductor leptosomus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 184.
Type. Imperfect fish; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
The type species attaining a length of about 0-2. Length of head
with opercular apparatus about twice as great as maximum depth
6 <
iy
3 ^/92Z) )njy.x/y\^.2i)4^,/>A/fi^ fjfs
O 5.
CAEANGID2E.
449
of trunk, and contained slightly more than three times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 6
spines, the length of the longest about equal to that of the longest
articulated dorsal ray ; posterior dorsal with 16 articulated rays ;
anal fin probably with 2 small spines and 14 articulated rays.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1987, P. 4133. Large Specimen, in counterpart.
Egerton ^ Ennishillen Colls..
P. 4133 a. Smaller specimen. EnnisTcillen ColL
21410. Similar but distorted specimen, in counterpart.
Purchased, 1847.
P. 1987 a, b, P. 4503. Two small distorted specimens, one being
in counterpart and labelled by Agassiz.
Egerton Ennisicillen Colls..
13448, 19011, 28436. Three small imperfect specimens.
Purchased, 1836, 1844, 1853.
The following specimen may possibly represent an unknown
member of the Carangidae, but it is too incomplete for determination :
28760. Imperfect head, noticed and figured under the name of
Teratichthys antiquitatis by C. Koenig, Icon. Eoss. Sect.
1^1825), p. 4, figs. 79, 79* ; London Clay, Sheppey. Erom
collection of Archibald Robertson, Sheerness.
Purchased, 1853.
The following extinct genera and species have also been referred
to the Carangidae, but are not represented in the Collection: —
Acanthonemus hertrandi, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i.
(1834), p. 27. — Upper Oligocene ; Schio, Vicentin. [Im¬
perfect fish.]
Acanthonemus subaureus : Chcetodon suhaureus, H. D. de Blainville,.
c. Kouv. Diet. d'Hist. Kat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 354. Zeus
rVe-n. Chcetodon aureus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
^ (1'^96), pp. Ixxxvii., ccxii., pi. xix., pi. li. fig. 3 (ei^rore)..
Acanthonemus Jtlamentosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v.
pt. i. (1834), p. 25, pis. hi., iv. — Upper Eocene; Monte
Bolca. [The type species. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum*
of Natural History.]
Bathysoma lutkeni, J. W. Davis, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. [2]
vol. iv. (1890), p. 424, pi. xlvi. — Upper Cretaceous ; Lim-
2 G
PAKT IV
450
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
hamn, Scania. [Fragmentary fish ; Royal Zoological
Museum, Copenhagen. Very imperfectly known, and
number of vertebrae not exactly ascertained.]
Carangodes ce^halus, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. pt. i. (1856), p. 262, pi. xii.
figs. 1-4. — Tipper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ;
Geological Museum, University of Padua. Excluded from
Carangidae, as defined, by more numerous vertebrae
(15 + 17).]
DesmichtJiys dauhrei, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [ 3]
vol. vi. (1878), p. 634, pi. xiii. fig. 1. — Tertiary; Bouches-
du -Rhone. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
Parequula cdhyi^ H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 25, fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily.
• [Indeterminable imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural
Z-crvcry ^ Q^n -c/e fhJt -
History.]
Pseudovomer minutus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. vol. iv. (1873), art.
no. 1, p. 153, fig. 14. Argyreiosus minutus, H. E. Sauvage,
Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870), art. no. 7, p. 10. — Ibid.
[Ditto. If 16 caudal vertebrae are present, as described,
this fish is excluded from the Carangidae.]
'/XAlrrfctdJ
The following extinct genus and species is undefined : —
Acanihonemopsis capellinii, Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. —
Proc.-Yerb. vol. i. (1878), p. xix. — Upper Miocene;
Gabbro, Tuscany, see
Unsatisfactorily determined extinct species of existing genera
have also been described as follows : —
d^dx. scillce, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873), art.
P- Miocene; Licata, Sicily.
• [Imperfect distorted fish.]
" Trachynotus tenuiceps^ L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 293, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. (1834-44), p. 36, pi. vii.
Choitodon rhomboides, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
^ . (1796), p. clxii. j)l. xxxix. fig. 3 {errore). — Upper Eocene ;
^ ) Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish.]
r Zanclus hrevirostris^ L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 292, and op. cit.
C- iv. (1835-42), p. 236, pi. xxxviii. CJicetodon can-
escens, G. S. Volta, op. cit. 1796, pi. xxvi. fig. 2 {errore).
^.ll^^^^>A^_Ibid. [Ditto.]
Zanclus eocoenus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Franc. (1852), Poiss.
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CARANGIDiE. - SCOMBRID^.
451
Foss. p. 8, pi. Ixxii. figs. 3-5, and woodc. — ^Middle Eocene
(Calcaire Grossier) ; Paris. [Generically indeterminable
imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Nothing is known of the so-called Vomer parvulus (L. Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 31) from the Upper Cretaceous of
Mt. Lebanon.
The following otolith is supposed to belong to a member of this
family —
Otolithus {Carangidarum') americanus^ E. Koken, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 277, pi. xvii. figs.
1-3. — Lower Tertiary ; Vicksburg & Jackson Fiver,
Mississippi.
The existing genus EcJieneis, with the anterior dorsal fin modified
into an adhesive disk, is usually placed with the Scombridae ; but
it is represented by an extinct species in the Oligocene slates of
Canton Glarus, Switzerland, which is remarkable as exhibiting
only 10 abdominal and 13 caudal vertebrae. This fish is known
only by one specimen in the Berne Museum, which has the disk
narrower and a little further back than in the typical EcJieneis. It
is described as Echeneis glaronensis by A. Wettstein, Fischfauna
Tertiaer. Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.
1886), p. 82, pi. vii. fig. 10, and is discussed by R. Storms, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. [6] vol. ii. (1888), p. 73. The new generic name
Opisthomyzon is proposed for it by E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxiii
(1889), p. 355.
Family SCOMBRID^.
Snout not produced into an elongated rostrum ; no supramaxillae
gape wide, and teeth conical, forming a more or less powerful
dentition. Vertebrae from 28 to 160 in total number; centra of
abdominal region with transverse processes in fusiform types, but
without these processes in the more elongate t3’pes. Pelvic fins,
when present, thoracic, with one spine and not more than five
articulated rays ; spinous portion of dorsal fin more extended than
articulated portion ; usuall}'’ finlets behind dorsal and anal fins.
Scales small or absent, and no bony scutes ; lateral line distinct.
All the existing members of this family are marine, most of them
being pelagic, some characteristic of the deep sea. In outward
shape and the development of the median fins, the genera are as
2g 2
452
ACTINOPTERYGII.
varied as those of the existing Isospondyloiis family Mormyridse. ^
The more elongated and degenerate types are those inhabiting great
depths.
All the known fossil Scombridae occur in marine deposits.
Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera representedj hy
Extinct Species.
I. Trunk fusiform.
A. Two dorsal fins close together.
Posterior dorsal and anal fins much ex¬
tended, perhaps without finlets . . Isurichthys (p. 453),
Posterior dorsal and anal fins short and
deep, with 8 to 12 finlets . Thynnus (p. 454).
[Skull resembling that of Thynnus^
but deeper in proportion to its
width . Eothynmis (p. 457).]
B. Two dorsal fins well separated.
Teeth very small and conical ; about 30
vertebrae ; caudal pedicle without
lateral keel ; paired fins small ; no
enlarged pectoral scales . Scomber (p. 459).
As Scomber, but with nearly 40 verte- ^
brae and larger pectoral fins .... Ealimphyes (p. 460),
[Skull resembling that of Scomber, but
with larger teeth . Scombrinus
As Scomber, but caudal pedicle with
lateral keel and pectoral scales
enlarged . Auxis (p. 463).
Marginal teeth large and laterally com¬
pressed, in single series ; caudal
pedicle with cartilaginous lateral
keel . Cybium (p. 465).
[Skull resembling that of Cybium, but
shorter and without median fron¬
tal crest . . Eoccelopoma (p. 470).]
[Jaws as in Cybium, but teeth round or
ovoid in section . Sphyrcenodus (p. 473).]
[Jaws as in Sphyrcenodus, but small
teeth on dentary outside series of
large teeth . Scombramphodon
II. Tnmk much elongated. (p. 474).]
Paired fins small ; finlets behind dorsal
and anal fins . Thyrsitocephalus
Pelvic fins rudimentary ; dorsal fins (p. 476),
continuous j no dorsal or anal
finlets . Lepidopus (p. 477).
^ G. A. Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898 (1899), p. 780.
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SCOMBEIBiE.
453
Genus ISURICHTHYS, nom. nov.
Syn. Isurus^ L. Agassiz {non Rafinesque, 1810), Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
1844, p. 51.
Trunk deeply fusiform, the much-contracted caudal pedicle
apparently without hony keel. Teeth probably minute. Vertebrae
about 30 in number, the centra much constricted, apparently with
two lateral pits separated by a longitudinal ridge ; all haemal arches
simple. Paired fins apparently small ; dorsal fins scarcely separated,
the anterior consisting of about 8 to 10 spines ; posterior dorsal
and anal fins considerably extended, perhaps without finlets ;
caudal fin deeply forked. [Scales unknown.]
Isairichthys macrurus (Agassiz).
1837. Isurus macrurus, Sir P. Egerton, Catal. Foss. Fish (name
only).
1842-44. Isurus maci'urus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 51,
pi. xxi. figs. 3, 4.
1886. Isurus macrurus, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glamer-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 90, pi. vii.
figs. 1-6.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*15. Proportions
uncertain, but length of head with opercular apparatus probably
about equalling maximum depth of trunk and one third total length
of fish to base of caudal fin. Vertebrae 12 in the abdominal, 16 in
the caudal region. Anterior dorsal fin consisting of 8 spines,
posterior dorsal of 16 to 18 well-spaced articulated rays ; anal fin
with 15 or 16 articulated rays.
All known specimens are imperfect and considerably distorted.
Form. ^ Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 453, P. 3999. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. dt. ; Engi.
Egerton EnnisTeillen Colls.
36088. Larger, obliquely-distorted specimen, in counterpart ;
Plattenberg. Purchased, 1861.
41820. Well-preserved caudal region ; Engi. Purchased, 1869.
Isurichthys orientalis, sp. nov.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; British Museum.
Apparently a smaller and more slender species than the type.
454
ACTINOPTEETGII.
Length of head with opercular apparatus considerably exceeding
maximum depth of trunk, but equalling one third total length of
fish to base of caudal fin. Yertebrse 14 in the abdominal, 16 in the
caudal region. Anterior dorsal fin consisting of 10 slender spines,
the posterior fin of about 20 rays, the first perhaps a spine ; anal
fin with 2 or 3 feeble spines and about 20 articulated rays.
Form, ^ Log, Tertiary : Persia.
P. 7130. Type specimen in compact limestone, partly obscured by
oxide of manganese ; Shushter, Persia. The orbit is
shown to be very large, and the mouth rather small, with
minute, closely-set teeth. The operculum is rounded, and
there are 7 branchiostegal rays. The pectoral fins are
small and low on the flank; the pelvic fins, with one
slender spine and 5 articulated rays, are inserted slightly
further back. The forked tail is well shown. There
are no indications of scales.
Presented hy Alfred Holland, Esq., 1894.
Genus TH'^NNUS, Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 313.]
Syn. Orcynus, G. Cuvier, ihid. 1817, p. 314.
Trunk very robust and elongate-fusiform ; slender caudal
pedicle, with strong median lateral keel formed by bony ridge on
vertebral centra. Median pair of fossae for anterior extension of
lateral muscles of trunk produced forwards over frontal bones and
separated by median frontal ridge continuing the large supra-
occipital crest ; lateral pair of fossae also produced half-way over
frontals. Teeth small and conical, and in single series on margin
of jaws, minnte and clustered on vomer and palatines. Vertebrae
about 40 in number, the centra constricted, with two lateral pits
separated by a longitudinal ridge ; all haemail arches simple.
Pectoral fins elongate, but not extending beyond origin of anal ;
pelvic fins small ; dorsal fins scarcely separated, the anterior con¬
sisting of 12 to 15 spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins small but
elevated, similar and opposite, followed by 8 to 12 detached finlets ;
caudal fin deeply forked, with slender lobes. Scales very small,
uniformly covering the trunk, except in the pectoral region, where
they are somewhat enlarged and compacted.
The typical existing species is pelagic and attains gigantic
proportions.
^^ccat.4:/. S’c/.. 9^ ^
t-^^L/t<st.-v/^.xj^ , 90x/\a^. 7J
/^%/^. :M. ^ /P^-y/e^b/iP^ /). ma9
SCOMBKID^.
455
Thynnus thynnus (Linnaeus).
1758. Scomber thynnus^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 297.
1831. Thynnus vulgaris, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
Yol. viii. p. 58, pi. ccx.
1860. Thynnus thynnus, A. Giinther, Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. ii.
p. 362.
1890-91. Thynnus thynnus, E. T. Newton, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. vii.
p. 264, & Vert. Pliocene Deposits] Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv.),
p. 91, pi. ix. fig. 8.
Type. Decent fish.
The type species, attaining a length of 3 to 4 metres. Length of
head with opercular apparatus slightly exceeding maximum depth
of trunk, which is contained about four times in total length of fish.
Vertebrae 16 in abdominal, 23 in caudal region. Pectoral fins,
when adpressed, nearly reaching end of anterior dorsal, which
comprises 14 spines ; posterior dorsal with 1 spine, 13 articulated
rays, and 9 finlets ; anal fin with 2 spines, 12 articulated rays, and
8 finlets.
Form. ^ Log. Pleistocene (Forest Bed Series) : Norfolk.
P. 8737. Abdominal vertebra described and figured by E. T. Newton,
loo. Git. ; Forest Bed, East Dunton. Savin Coll.
36168-69. T wo larger vertebral centra ; Hasbro\ Layton Coll.
Thynnus scaldisi. Storms.
1890. Thynnus ( Orcynus) scaldisii, B. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol.
vol. iii. Mem. p. 175, pi. vii. figs. 17-23.
1890. Thynnus scaldisiensis, A. S. Woodward, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
[6] vol. V. p. 294.
1891. Thynnus scaldiensis, E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Deposits
Britain (Mem. Geol. Surv.), p. 90.
Type. Vertebrae ; Brussels Museum.
Somewhat smaller than the type species, known only by vertebrae.
The centra behind the 30th are longer in proportion to their width
than in the latter species.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Pliocene : Antwerp ; Suffolk.
P. 9453. Caudal vertebra, ‘described by A. S. Woodward, Iog. gu. ;
Coralline Crag, Aldborough, Suffolk.
Presented by Searles V. Wood, Esq.
P. 5583. Smaller caudal vertebra, described ibid. ; Coralline Crag,
Suffolk. Harford Coll.
456
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Thynnus lanceolatus (Agassiz).
1796. Scomber alatunga, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxxiii.
pi. xxix. fig. 1 {errore).
1796. Salmo cyprinoides, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxiv. pi. lii.
1818. Clupea cyprinoides, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 343.
1818. Scomber altalunga, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 345 (errore).
1835. Orcynus lanceolatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293.
1835-44. Orcynus lanceolatus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 59, pi. xxiii.
1876. Orcynus lanceolatus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 183.
1889. Thynnus lanceolatus, B. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. iii.
Mem. p. 178.
Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A comparatively small species, with the caudal region more
elongated and slender than in T. thynnus. Vertebrae 14 in the
abdominal, 22 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins relatively large,
when adpressed reaching beyond end of anterior dorsal; posterior
dorsal with 12 or 13 rays, arising at middle point between end of
snout and base of caudal fin ; anal fin with 2 spines and 6 articulated
rays, slightly behind the origin of the posterior dorsal ; 12 dorsal
and anal finlets.
Form. Loe. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 3946. Imperfect fish 0*22 in length, partly distorted.
Egerton Coll.
The extinct species described under the following names also
seem to belong to this genus, but are not represented in the
Collection : —
Orcynus homposchi, D. G. Kramberger, Verhandl. k. k. geol.
Reichsanst. 1882, p. 29 (name only), and Bad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 48, pi. iii. fig. 1, and Soc.
Hist. Nat. Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 135. — Upper
Oligocene ; Trifail, Steiermark. [Imperfect trunk ; Uni¬
versity Geological Museum, Agram.]
Orcynus latior, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 294, and Poiss.
Foss. vol. V. pt. i. (1835-44), p. 60, pi. xxiv. Scomber
orcynus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. ccxxvi.
pi. Iv. fig. 2. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect
fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Orcynus meclius, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii.
(1889), no. 6, p. 74, pi. ix. fig. 1. — Lower Miocene :
*T.
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SCOMBRID^.
457
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish; Piovene Coll.,
Lonedo.]
The fragmentary fossils described under the following names do
not appear to belong to this genus : —
Tliynnus angustus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
(1870), art. no. 7, p. 6, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 144, fig. 21. Auccis (?), D. G. Kramberger,
Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Engarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 118.
— Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily.
Tliynnus holcensis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 305, and
Poiss. Eoss. vol. V. pt. i. (1844), p. 57 (undescribed).
Scomber tliynnus^ G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796),
p. cxix. pi. xxvii. {errore). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Tliynnus (?) proximus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 7, and
1873, p. 146, fig. 24. — Upper Miocene ; Licata. [Portion
of trunk.]
Genus EOTHYNNUS, novum.
Syn. Coelocephalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii. 1844, p. 139
(name only)
A genus known only by the head, which is essentially identical
with that of Tliynnus, but seems to be deeper in proportion to its
width. Teeth on margin of jaws very small and clustered in more
than one series.
Eothynnus salmoneus, sp. nov.
1844-45, Coelocephalus salmoneus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. ii.
p. 139, and Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 308 (name only).
Type. Imperfect cranium ; British Museum.
The type species, with head and opercular apparatus sometimes
nearly 0*25 in length. Width of cranium at occiput about two
thirds maximum depth of head. Maximum depth of operculum
about twice its greatest width.
Form. ^ Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 623. Very imperfect cranium, labelled byEgerton as intended to be
the type specimen of this species ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
28757. Large head, with some anterior vertebrae much like those
of Thynnus ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.
^ This generic name has been employed for an existing Macrurid by Gilbert
& Cramer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xix. (1897), p. 422.
458
ACTINOPTERTGII.
19114. Smaller head, less distorted, showing most of the principal
characters ; Sheppey. The three anterior vertebral centra
are shown in position.
Presented hy Rev. F. W. Hope, 1845.
P. 1750. Imperfect head, partly decaying, showing the jaws and
the bases of the clustered minute teeth on the premaxillse ;
Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
There seem to be no satisfactory characters by which the
following specimens, from the London Clay of Sheppey, can be
generically separated from Eothynnus : —
38900. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, deeper than in
E. scdmoneus. BowerhanTc Coll.
P. 629. Small imperfect head, similarly deepened, marked hy
Egerton as intended to be the type specimen of Rhonclius
carangoides, Agassiz (named in list in Eep. Brit. Assoc.
1844 [1845], p. 308) Egerton Coll.
P. 9454. Hinder part of similar small head. Egerton Coll.
P. 1744. Hinder portion of larger head with remains of opercular
apparatus, marked “ KJionchus n.s.” by Egerton.
Egerton Coll.
35057. Hinder portion of similar head with opercular apparatus.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 628. Hinder portion of cranium, apparently with crests worn
^away, marked by Egerton as intended to be the type
specimen of Phalacrus cyhioides, Agassiz (named in list
in Eep. Brit. Xssoc. 1844 [1845], p. 308). Egerton Coll.
•
To Eothynnus may also probably be referred the vertebrae from the
London Clay of Sheppey in the Eoyal College of Surgeons, named
Thynnus toliapicus, E. Owen, Catal. Eoss. Eept. & Pisces (1854),
p. 174, no. 697. The following are similar specimens : —
36117. Three terminal caudal vertebrae ; London Clay, Sheppey.
Purchased, 1861.
38885. Three caudal vertebrae ; Sheppey. BowerhanTc Coll.
P. 4300 a, P. 4301. Three caudal vertebrae ; Sheppey.
Enni-sTcillen Coll.
^ Apparently the same as a specimen in the Eoyal College of Surgeons,
named Cariniceps compressus, E. Owen, Oatal. Foss. Eept. & Pisces (1854),
p. 165, no. 663.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
[Ayf/*. — The numbers nf pages on which mere incihcntai references occur
are printed in italics.!
Abramis, 310.
Acantis, 50(J.
Aipichthys i cun t.
> cram a. 310.
ccquispina. 501.
:mcnaii.<. i-40.
/xcantiiias margin at us.
arcnatus. 501.
pretiosns. 447.
448.
croaticus. 56.3.
veufer, 447.
Acanthcderma. 568.
gracilis. 504.
Alausa latissima. 156.
orbieuiamm. 568.
loncrispina. 500.
Albnia. ;0.
■ )vaie.
'^nino^^im. tXlS.
Acantiicmuilus. 016.
:sai)eii:e. (ilG.
A c ant ho ne m o p sis .
-50.
caneilinii. 450.
Acanthcnemus. 44U.
berrrauui. 440.
iilamentosLis. 440.
su ban reus. 449.
Acanthonotcs. 4S1.
-datu.s. 4't>i.
armatus. 451.
licane. 484.
Acanthorjiioria, 356.
301.
libauica. 390.
Acanthcpieurus.ACG.
brevis. 5t>7.
serraciis. 567.
Acanthopsis, 340.
acutus. 355.
anguscus. 341.
Ac.vnthuptervgii. 3S4.
Acanihnrns. 563.
eanos,-:ie. 563.
dav.'ui. 564.
:.;audrvi. 564.
.razone. 51)4.
.laueri. 564.
■jvaiiS, 564.
re unis. 5t)4.
rrio;tftras. 563.
minor. 500.
oblongiis. 501.
ovaiis. 50<3.
reglevsianus, 501.
'pinosus. 500.
sturi. 563.
Acara, 555.
Acerina, 544.
vuiu'aris. 544.
Acestrtis, 404.
ornatus. 404.
.bcinenser cretaceus. 434.
Acrcdontcsaurus.
O ( •
gardneri, 40.
Acrcgaster.
brevicostatus. 389.
daviesi, 3>00.
lieckeli. 306).
minuius. 380.
’’'arvus. .'bSO.
Acrc^nathus. 413.
boons. 443. 4-’/^-
libanicus. 444.
Ac r c gramin at oiepis,
5)8.
^ceiniai. 58.
5i). RoxuRin.c, 562.
Acropcma, -.81.
'uca. e^l.
Agonns. 5^7.
c.rinun^. 5>7.
Aipichthvs. 147.
minor, 448.
orevis. b.).
de ziirnu. ‘oo.
lata. 65.
oweni. 60.
Albui.ic.e. 50.
Alburnus. 310. -
miocaemcns. 310.
sreindacimeri. 31*0.
Alemsatmis. i'O.
ALRROCErHALlDj;.
.Alcsa. ..4b.
j o
/■
j)
luneuiica.
C-
orassa. i.np
eionirar;!. i.»i.
numidica. 150.
renoui. 154.
Alosina. [5)0.
^aimonea. 150.
Amblyphargy-'ngo-
dcn. 304.
Ambiynterus ait’ers! ,
i •
Amia indica. 564.
-imia lewesiensis, l.'17.
Amiurns. 348.
canceilatus. 34^.
macouneili. 34''^ /•
Ammodytes. 354. ,
tubiauus. 361.
Vn.MODYTID.E. 354.
Ampheristns. 577.
toiianiens. 577-
Amnhipiaga, -i-lO.
eraciivpcera. 416.
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fi.ni’prLioiia.
iOCffirof-rr:^, jTP.
^i...linpri3tiuan. >4.
dubiimi, -loo.
lon^ipenne, 435.
paradoxura. 434.
Amphodon, 474.
benecieni, 474.
•’urvidens. 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 300.
commune. 300.
fusiforme. 300.
menrale, 300.
pandatum, 300.
A.VACANTriixr, 597,
Anapterus. 257.
albvi, 257.
elongatus. 257.
macrocepbalu.s. 258.
tnejjistosoraa. 257.
si cuius, 257.
sphekodes, 25S.
trenia. 2.58.
Anarrhichas. 590.
lupu.s. .596.
Anchybopsis, 322.
Iatu3, .322.
Ancistrodon. 57»j.
armatus. 570.
,, nssuratus. 570.
vicentinus. 570.
Ancylostyios. 66.
"ibbus, 66.
Andreiopleura, 116.
esimia. 116.
xetusrissima. III;.
Anoedopogon. 107.
tenuidens. 108.
Anenchelum. 477.
brevicauda, 480.
breviceps, 478.
dorsale. 478.
crlarisianum. 4 77.
heterooieurum. 47S.
iSopieiu’um. 478.
Jatum. 478.
longipenne, 478.
marsmatum, 228.
Angnilla. 344.
branchiosregaiis. 345.
brevicuia, 342.
eleffan.s. .345.
hakeiensis, S'lO. .338.
infer.sninaiis. .‘145.
latispina. 346.
'eoronrera, 314.
muitiradiata. .34.5.
pachvura. 345.
.1X1.%"
-T!
. co-
jaue.-'u:T:.e
"ent-’aiif!,
346
341.
pauOiraaiar.us. 41 7.
-’Oua uirrons. 417.
""ri'ionsi?. 7
..x2
stein iai. .59.
! Aspidonleurus, 229,
I
avirostris, 73. •'? cataohractus, 230.
aratus, 72.
contractus. 71.
evolutus, 72, 386
poi.vmicroclus. 72.
Anormurus. 275.
macroiepidotus, 2“
Anthias,' 520.
bassanii. 520.
stiriacus, 520.
Apateodus. 258.
glypbodus. 258.‘’"‘^
lanceolatus. 264.
striatus. 260.
Apateopiiciis, 229
10 q
fjO .
Aspiiis. 318.
bron^niarti. 293.
coiumuas. 319.
ecnomi. 319.
elongatus, 160, 614.
furcatus, 160.
gracilis. 318.
minuLus, 318.
vexilliier. 319.
Astephus. 329.
Athenna, 359.
raacrocephaia. 359.
fti
iLi.iL I uceuuaia.
mmutissima. 361. /
sarmatica, 360.
vardinis. 360.
laniatns, 232.
Apiirtcdodkrid.e. 416.
Apode.=!. 336.
Apc^on, 521.
krambersferi, 521.
macroienis, .521.
snmosus. 521.^
Apostasis^ .o63. ^ ^cnennopsis. .461.
croatica 563. Auchenaspis, BJeeker
stun. .:>h3. -i-.n ’
Apsopelix, 35;y.
Atherinichthys, 361,
Athekixid.e. 3.58.
Atherinoides. .'161.
Atherinops. 361.
Athennopsis, .361.
sauriformis, 3.53.
. Arapaima, 74.
Archasogadus. 21
truesiohaiieus. 220.
Archaeoides. 442,
lon2:icostatus. 442,
longus. 443.
macrurus. 442.
Archasoteuthis.
524.
yiaroneusis. .524.
Archsus. 442.
brevis, 443.
-Ttarisianus. 442.
Argyreiosus, 45< 1.
uuuutus. 450.
Arius. 330.
baroni. 334.
barton ensis. 3,33.
crassus, .:)32.
dutempiei. 616.
pgertoni. 331.
germanicus. 33 k 2;
330.
Auciienilabrus, 552.
frontalis, 552.
Auchenoglanis, 330.
Auliscops. .372.
iiienngi. 3.'33.
•1 f
vangionis. 331...
Asima, 536. ^
■u^ieri, 536i
AsiXEOriD.E. ilH,
--•s
/ 1 *1'-
sumatranus. .‘>73.
Aulolepis, 126.
reussi, 5‘,(.
tvpus, iJ, 16, 127.
Aiilorhampiius, 562.
boicensis. 562.
eanossai. 563.
eapeilinii. 563.
ApLORHYXCHin.E. 371.
Aulorh.3mchus. 372.
sumatrensis. 37.").
Aulcstoma. 375.
boicense. 37.5.
licatiC, o<fn
Auxis, 4J7. 463.^
croaticus. 465.
minor. 465.
proprerygius. 464.
sarmaticus. 450.
stiriacus. 46.5.
thynuoides. 46.5
..,,,grabceensis. 465.
x>agarius. 335.
cicas. 335.
varreiii
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rXDEX.
Basrus aor,
Balistes. ot^S.
caifn.sii.
dubius. om.^ ^ ^
-jiBALr>Tru.E. odd.
301.
fossilis, 302.
^ inesacephaiu3, 302.
steinheimensis. 302.
Yiilsaris, 302.
Basiliciithys, 36 1 .
Batiiysoma, 440.
lutkeni. 440.
Bathythrissa, 67.
Belone, 356.
'7 acutiroscris, 357, 358.
' dava, 3.57.
tenuis. 3577"
-.Belohostomus
232.
laniatu.s.
Bekycii>.e. 384.
Berycifor.mes. 384.
Beryccpsis, 423.
eleitans, 423.
lindstromi, 425.
Beryx, 385.
ater, .302.
daimacicus, 386,
? dinoiepidotus. 386.
sermanus. 421.
inscuiptus. 386.
lesiuensis, 3S6.
raicroceDhalus. 124,
mukidentatuo. 386.
niser, 392.
ornarus. 307. 4-Of).
ovaii'. 121.
poiTuncrodus. 72
raaians. 1 22
rjz^ ^ ■ z^chei. 4U6.
gyDovatus, 386
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3UT)erbus, 403.
syriacus. 405.
yalenciennesi, .386.
vexiUifer. 120.
Bothrosteus (cont.').
imiior. 611.
Brachy gnathus, 5 1 9.
^ tenuiceos. 519.
BrachysTDcndylus,
270
creraceus. 270.
indicus. 326.
. saroprerix. 323.
Brach.vrh.ynch.us,
^ 407. "Ty
solidus, 40 7.
tererii’ostns,
407,
Yanbenedensis. 407.'
Brosmius, 602.
elonsfatus, 602.
f'uchsianus, 602.
strossmayeri. 602.
susedanus. 602.
Brctula, 605.
lonwipinnara. 605.
BrychWrus. 76.
mueileri. 76.
Bucklandium, S'lO.
diluvii. 330. 570.
Butyrinus, 60.
Caeus, 57.
leopoldi. 57.
Calamcpieurus, 351.
ani^iicus. 351. ^
Calamostcma,^
Aga.^uz. 383.
breviculum. 383.
CaiamosLcma. Sfcin-
dajhner. 383. 562.
bolcensis. 562.
canossiE. 563.
Callicnymus, 588.
macrocenhalus. 588
vestente. 448.
Callipteryx
recticaudus. 580.
sneciosus, 589.
Calopomus. 53i>.
porosus. 536
Carangopsis ('■'>???.).
brevis. -t-iO.
dorsalis, 447.
lanceoiarus, 448.
latior, 446.
niaxiuius, 448.
Caranx, 441.^
carangopsis, 441.
irracilis. 441. _ ,J.
- - - ^ O VI < ^ -J " t/W T
uaueri. 441.
longipinnatus, 442. - -
oyalis. 442.
rigidicaudus, 442.
Cariniceps, 458.
compressns. 458.
Catcstomus, 299.
cri.scatus. 300.
sbosliouensis, 300.
Cexthiscid.e. 377.
Centriscus. 377.
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tom, 377.
veiiraris. 370.
Chaetodon, 560.
arcuatus. 561.
arirus, 561.
asper, 560.
aureus. 449.
canescens. 45l).
eanu.s, 558.
chirurgus, 550.
Iioereri. 560.
lineacus, 564.
mesoleucus, 559.
nigricans. 565.
papilio. 433.
pirmatiformis, 43.“:
piniiatus, 433.
pseudorhombus, 560.
450,
.> So. rhomboides,
589.
Blexxiip.e. 595.
1 Cantharus, 537,
Blexxiiformes. 591.
i urcianensis. 5.37.
Biennius, 596.
Capito. 305.
cuneiiormis, 566.
1 Capita dus, 323.
fossilis. 596,
! ansuscus. 536.
ocellaris. 566
dubius. 537.
BLOcjniD-E, 501.
Blochius. 503.
lonoirostris, 503.
macropterus. 593.
Bcon?, 537.
jmas.
537.
Bothrosteus. 61.3.
oreTifrons. til.3.
latus. 613.
inciicus. 0O-.
interruptus. 5-37.
suutruncarus. 323.
truncatus. 536.
Oakangid.e. 425.
Carangodes. 4.30.
cephaius, 45(>.
Carangopsis, 446.
anrdis. 445.
rhombus. 559. 560.
saxatili.s, 412.
siriatus. 415.
subarcuatus, 561.
subaureus, 449.
subscriatus. 415. 560,
subvespertilio. 43.3.
triostegus. 564.
veiicans, 431,
reiifer. 430.
vespertiiio, 433.
Ch.etopoxtid.e, 556.
C H.ETO DO.NTIFORM ES. 556.
Chanoides. 83.
macropoLua 63. ,
Chanos, 64.
brevis. 65.
■orcipatus. 65.
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TXDEX.
(‘r22
Characixib-e. 2U7.
Charitoscmus, i^7l.
formosus. :27-.
hakelensis, 1^74.
lineolafcus. 274.
major, 272.
Chatcessus, 1^8.
brevis. 158.
liumilis, 158.
tenuis, 158.
Chelonia radiata. 491.
Chimjjera furcata, 34.
Chirocentrites, 90.
cavoiini, 92.
corouinii. 91.
gracilis, 91.
libanicus. 105.
vexiilit'er. 92. i
CutltOCENTRID-E. 86. :
Chirocentrus, 88. *
polyodon. 88.
Chircmystus, 89.
mawsoni, 90. ^
Cldrostoma. 361.
ClIIROTIIRIt IDX. 279.
Chirotiirix, 230.
guesclalicus. 283.
levvisi, 283.
libamcus. 280.
Cbondrosteus. 115.
Cliondrostoma. 31'*).
bubalus, 310.
eiongata. 316.
laticauda, 015.
miuutura. 318.
stephani. 615.
ClIROMID-E. 554.
Chrysiciitliys, 327. '
theobaldi. 327.
Clirysoph.rys, 534.
. . -- ■ agassizi, 5.37.
r/s ,v.vti'J4..4rsenanrana. 537.
brusinai, 534.
... - Vrincta, 53.5.
*r v:5«c^y.6'3^-bennii. .537.
hertlei. 5.34.
lawleyi, 534.
,...,..^..,^7.' miocenica. 537.
scacchii, 534. i
zisnoi. 534.
Cimolich.th.ys,
227.
ancep.s, 203.
contractus. 22'
' ^jewesiensis, ill:.
.
lisbonensis. 228.
.. ^ merriiii, 228.
nepieoiica. _'2.j.
semianceps. 22^.
sulcatus. 225.
221.
Cladocyclus, 107.
gai'dneri, 108. 1
lewesiensis. 109. i
occidentalis. 110.
streblensis, 110. 1'^ ;
sweeti, 11 , |
Clarias, 324. \
t’alconeri. 324.' .j^^>^/ j
Clinus, 597. ' i
gracilis. 597. i
Cliipea, 146. |
aita, Leidy, 145. |
alta, Steindachner, 157. ■
antiqua. 138.
arcuata. 154. i
attenuata. 19. / • '
beurardi, 142f^‘^'^^'^'_ :
bosniaskii. 154.
bottai, 250. I
brexiceps. 154. I
brevis. 270. j
brevissima. 140. ^
caudata. 154. ' i
catopygoptera. 148.
cepbaius, 158.
clirysosoina. 1.58.
erenata. 151.
curta. 22.
oyprinoides. 63. 456.
fleiitex. 154.
denticit'orinis. 154.
< >> ’ I ^
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doljeana. 1.59.
dubia. 270.
ecnoini. 155.
eiongata, Davis. 55. '
eiongata, :Steindac liner. ,
155, 400.
engraulii'ormis, 155.
evolans, 133.
fontannesi. 155. '
gaudrvi, 138. ^ -
gervaisi, 155.' ,
gigantea.
goidfussi, 158. I
gracilis. 150. ■
gracillima. 155. 1
grandisquama, 155. ■
grandonii. 155.
gregaria. 155.
guestpbalica. 237.
baidingeri, 155.
beterocerca. 156.
bumilis. Leidy, 144.
bumiiis. Meyer. 150.
iniiata, 1.70.
intermedia. 150.
lanceolata. 150. |
larreti, 141.
lata. ID, 5,3.
iaticauda. 158.
bicissiina. 156.
Clupea {cont.).
lawleyi, 158. rr'-v
leptostea, 153. «-
lesinensis, 1.38.
lewisii, 17.
lorcce. 156.
lundgreni, 156.
maceki. 156.
inacrocerca. 156.
macropbtbalma. 135.
macropoina, 63.
megaptera, 147.
megapteryx. 1.50.
ineiettmfornds. 156.
menegbinii. 158.
microcepbaia, 158.
microsoma. 157.
minima, 2A5. 246.
rninuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis. 157.
* mucronata. 157.
murienoides. 63.
numidica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbtbalmica. 158.
opistbopteryx, 157.
polyacbantbma. 155.
priesardinites. 157. .
pulcbra. 56.
pusiila. 144.
sagorensis. 154. 157. ^ .j
sardinites, 152.j^ ^
sardinoides, 195
saulos. 157.
sauvagei. 158.
scbeucbzeri. 147., . ^ -
eo 5ccoproi^'. '
sinensis. 63. ‘
spbaerocepbala, 154.
sprattus. 133. -
stynaca, 1 .
tenuissima, 154.
tbeta. 140.
thrissa, 63.
tbrissoides, 63. .
triuacridis, 157.
vectensis, 146.
ventricosa, 150.
villosa. 161.
Toirouensis. 138.
vukotinovici, 157.
xenopbanis. 1,58. .
zanciea, 158.
Clcpeid.e, 128.
Clupeops. 159.
insigms. 159.
Cobitis, 320.
angustus. 321. ^
bredai, 320.
ceurrocbir, 320.
cephalotes, ‘’.21.
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lon^icens. '116.
•:ev[en. .'-'Jl.
Ccbitopsis. y,l)i.
acucus.
exiiis. u.a.').
Ccaiocephaius. 457.
>aiinoneus. 457.
Ccsio^aster, lli').
anaiis. IIG.
Cceioperca, 519.
l itirVons. .’)19.
Ccalopcma, 470.
eolei. 470.
euryatuiu. 479
lip-vp. 472.
calorhynchus. 59.0.
bt'pvior, .‘J47.
cncsaurops. 012.
bowinaiini. 012.
Cono3aur'as. ill2.
bo^vnianiii. (> 12.
I '.ji’ax lissiiratus. 570.
Core^onus. iOl.
iavarerns. iOl.
Corvina gibberulus, 509.
CwTTID.E. 5S0.
Cottus, 585.
■iries. 5S2.
^rcvi3. .382, 5S1.
O'rvDCotreinus. 535.
k i.
'livaricatus. 585.
hoiTidus, 585.
liypoceras, 585.
Tnulrininnaru'. 584.
1
papyraceu.-:. 5>.3.
noncifex. 585.
qiiadricornis. 585.
imcinattis. .38.5.
Crenilabras, .34<).
'Za-inocuiP. 541.
yoodwardi. 541.
Crommycdus. 5.3.3.
^ aTpofuians, 550.
eristic eps. 595.
paradoxus. 595.
l'uo.i-SoGXATHI D.E. .048.
Crosse ?nath.us. .348.
sauauaiaiuis. .349.
Ctenedentex. 522.
. lekeniensis, 522.
Ctancpoma. 579.
•.^ineika. 579.
CtenotJarissa, 120.
; auTopeuiiaia, 124.
aidians. 122.
■■exiilif'er. 12').
'.'tE.VOTHRI.'.S[D.H, 119.
Cyoium, 405, -rOti. 409.
'arrnnense. 4*'7.
'IpPKPi'i. 4')0).
Cybium ( coyit.).
V bottii. -1:70. 6
/dLimoiici. i70.
excelsum. 407.
lingidaLLiiu. 409.
luapropoiniiin. 402.
maculatuin. 400.
parcsehi. 170.
proosti, 470.
speeiosum. 400.
tenue. 470.
Cycicides. 59.
incisus. 59.
Cycloiepis. 59.
aijas-sizi. .39.-rjir
Cycioponna, 504. ' >
504
micracanrhuin. 504.
spinosuin. 504.
Cb'CLorrER[D.E. 587.
Cyclopterus. 587.
lurapus. oOb'. lh'^1.
Cyciotomodon, 45.
va grans. 45.
Cyciuru.s crassus, 598.
CVclr.rus iniiior. 583.
Aj iS/'y^y^iR'.nn. 6>
Dentex ico/ir.
faujasi. 502. ^
laekeniensis, 5221
lepcacauchus. 522.
microdon. 520.
muensteri. 520.
nobilis. 520. /=>//'3-ce/7 .
sardiniensis. 523.
' vencralis. 523.
DERCEXrD.E. 171?
Dercstis, 172.
elongatus. 184.
limbaranensis. 170.
linguifer. 174.
rpus.si, 1 1 3.
scutatiis. 172.
tennis. 181.
triguerer. 174.
Darmatoptychus,
.)•>/• r/
inacrophriiainins. 240.
Desmich.thys, 45o.
daubrei, 450.
Diaphyodus, 541, -b
oAb‘.
ovaiis. 540.
Cyclurus nemouteryx.
trigoneila. 54)!.
\398.
Diasticiius, 0.22.
Cypri.xid.e. 299.
raacrodon, .322.
Cyprinodou ieyatns. 410.
parvidens. '3ll.
CyPRIXODDXTID.E, 2^9.
strangni.atus. 022
Cypnnus. OOo.
Dictyedus. 470.
bipunctatus. 318.
crassideus. 47.3.
carpio. 301.
Jeses.
minntiis. tllO.
papyraceus. 307
priscus. 301.
squauiossens. 270.
Cyttid.e. 417.
Cyttcides, 417.
giarunensis, 417.
Dactyiopogon, 248.
grannis, 249. ^
pai'yuins. 249.
Dactyiepterus. 58(;.
pliocenicus. 580.
volirans. 580.
Dapedogicssus. 74.
acutns. 75.
^eapiioinms. 75.
encan.srns. 70.
te.<ns. 75.
Daptinus. 111. 112.
broadneatii. 113
incennedius. 1 12.
'ohlebotoinns. 112.
L
Daniex. 522.
breyicens, 527.
'•ra.ssisinnn.s. .111.
denruezor. 474.
prisons. 470.
' • rupeiiensi.s, 470^^,l,.,>-/..x-rtc
Dinopteryx, 400
spinosus. 407.
Diodon. 571.
acantliodes. 574.
antiquus. 570. ^
eorsicauus. 574/
erinacens. o/ 1. ^
toleyi. i)(4. - ■^cj ^ o
giganrodus. 574.
‘ liepiadiodon. 574.
heterprloa. 575.
hilgendorii, 575.
incertus. 575.
itaiicus, 575.
meristodns. 575.
monsegurensis. 575.
platyodus, 5/.e .j-xlrPft'u-
ruyasenda3. 57.5'1
.>
seilLp. ._) I
sigma.
573.
srenonus. .)| .a
reiiuispuuis. 575.
yptus. 570.
'ipiemystus. 1-39.
■ntus. i45.
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624
INDEX.
Diplcmystus ^cont.). i
analis, 139.
birdi, 142.
brevissimua, 140.
^dental us,
humilis, ^
' lougicostatus, 143.
■* /‘^'^Apecjtorosus, 140.
■j***"^ thfc“tH, 140.
vectensis, 146.
Diplctomodon, 612
borrificus, 612.
Dipnolepis, 234.
jahni, 234.
Ductor, 448.
leptosomuB, 448.
Dules, 521.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521.
C4,
-C.‘
1'
Echeneis, 451.
glaronensis, 451.
Echenus. 613.
jjolitus. 613.
Echidnccephalus,
163.
tenuicaudus. 163.
troscheii. 163.
Egertcnia, 550.
_ f
Enchelurus (cont.).
syriapus, 165.
villosus, 164.
Enchelyopus, 343.
tigrinus, 343.
Enciiodontid^. 189.
Enchodus, 190.-q
auncrodus. 203.
anceps, 203.
annectens, 195.
bleekeri, 466.
cailiodon, 203.
carinatus, 204.
corneti, 204.
dirus, 204.^‘*’^ t
dolichus, 204.
taujasi. 196.
i'erox, 204.
j -gladiolus, 204.
gracilis, 201.
i , . halocyon, 191.
y^,.*»4^*^'‘^emonnieri, 198
lewesiensis, 191, IDS.
gauitina.
i 3.
gosseleti, 551.?0£1^
isodonta. 551.>'!l2Jr'
Electrolepis, 415.
borrida. 415.
Elopidje. 7.
Elopides, 23.
couloni. 23.
Elcpcpsis, 8.
crassus, 10.
d'^utex. 205.
feuzli, 9.
baueri, 219.
beckeli. 10.
luicrodon. 9.
ziegieri, 10.
Elops, 22.
Embaiorhynchus,
497.
kinnei, 497.
Empo, 221.
contracta. 228.
lisbonensis. 228.
merrilli. 228.
nepabolica. 225.
semianceps, 228.
sulcata. 225.
Encbeizipbius tereti-
rostris, 497.
Encheliinis. 164.
anglicus. 16>7.
'longideiis. 199.
lycodou, 204.
m
macropterus, 202.
major, 200.
marcheseirii. 200.
oxytoraus, 204.
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulcbellus. 193.
recurvus. 201.
seraistriatus. 205.
serratus. £03.
sburaardi. 205.
subaequilateralis, 205.
tetracus, 205. ^ ,
Taldensis, 205. ^ 4^
Engraulis, 133.
brevioinnis. 133.
evolans. 133, 287.
iongipinnis. 133.
tenuis. 230. 285.
Enneodon, 571, 575.
echinus. 574.
Enoplophthalmus,
or>^ *
oJo.
scblumbergeri, 323.
Enoplosus, 521.
pygopterus, 521.
Eoccelopoma, 470.
colei. 470.
curvatum, 472.
Eoccttus, 580.
veronensis, 581.'
Eomyrns, ;140. ' »
doUoi. 340.
latispinus. 340.
ventraiis. ikll.
Eothynnus, 457.
salmoueus. 457.
Ephippites, 617.
peissenbergensis, 617.
Ephippus, 559. , ^
lougipennis, 559.
nicoiisi. 560.
oblongas, 560.
oweni, 570.
rhombus, 559.
Equula, 450.
scillte. 450. ^ ^
Eiismatoptenis, 416.
endliclii, 416.
-u levatus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.
Esocelops, 46.
cavifrons. 46.
Esocid.e, 287.
Ssox, 287.
belone. 375.
destructus, 615.
falcatus, 482.
lepidotus. 288.
levvesiensis, 191.
longirostris. 375.
lucius, 2S8, 289. 3S6.
macropterus, 89.
mouasteriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus, 288.
saurus, 361.
361,
362.
sphvraena,
366.
spret. 362. 366.
vulpes, 153.
waltscbanus. 289.
Euc3modus, 481.
bunteri, 481.
Eurygnathns,
Agassiz. 46.
cavifrons. 46.
Eurygnathus, Davh.
190.
ferox. 200.
marcbesettii. 200.
Eurypholis. 207.
bcissteri, 2u7.
freyeri. 210.
lougidens, 199.
major, 201.
sulcidens, 207.
Exocetus evolans. l.‘I3.
Exocetus exiliens. 133.
Sxoccetoides. 286.
minor, 286.
tenuis. 285.
Fierasfer. 60.').
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Fistuiana,
Doic6nslS. ’j i •>.
:.«lejiiinensi5. '■-To.
^;.*ciubia.
<j-OiDius ioo}a.\
bassanii. 558.
’ ■ 5S-2. >
. 1
Oi -t.
koeniiri,
loii^irosrris, 575.
tabiioaria. .b7().
Lenuirostris. .>75.
Fr.STULARUD.E. 07.‘j.
Fundulus, 2'J(). .
- -
Ct.4did.e. 597.
Gadcpsis, (3 10.
brencei)<. blO.
Gadus.
a'delinus. 59> .
; eiecrans. bOiJ. .
D rev 15
eonieu.s. 5S4.
elaiu.'.
rraiicofurcanus, 58S.
._pco.soimi5, 5i8. - ■■ -
loDini. 588.
inacroactus. 588.
iiiacruras. 581.
maximus. 588.
uiicrocepbaius, 558.
' mukipiuiiatus. 554.
ubionsfus. 584.
-'',-Hemirh.”nch.us(' cm.}.
tiesliavesi. 488.
4o7.
Heinisaurida. 27CL
neocoimeusi;. 270.
Hemithyrsiias, ->81.
arnuicus. -±8r.
eiatus. 451.
licatce. 482.
Hemitrichas. 02.0.
! =eiiistK'oia. -020.
. Heptadiodcn, 571,
'' J7J.
echinus. 574.
peruzzii. 558_.^. ^^-^^^k<3<d.=d-leterobranch.us,
puilus, 554y'
sinyrnensis, 448.
reronensis, 531.
vicinalis. .588.
viennensis. 584.
025.
laba. (■)( )4. Gonio^nathus,
.4
larior. 001.
luscus. liOO.
meriansius. 000. '
meriuecius. 589.
ininums. 001.
niurrhua. OOl.
poiiaciiiiis. 001.
polyneiuus. 001.
pse Lici aei-i lin us. i)i}( )
sinioiex. 004.
>pee!:abilis. 004.
scoppanii. 001.'
tenuis. 004.
tubercuiosus. 0()4.
venuscLis. 604.
Tirens, 001.
Gasieronemus, 407
obionofus. 441J.
riionioeus. a09.
Gephyrrura. 296.
cuncencnca. L'96.
Gerres, 520.
iiiassaioneoi. 520.
J/
O i i .
corv'phcGiioiaes. o77.
maxijiaris. 577.
GrO.VOrUIVXCIIID.E, 271.
Gcnoriaxmciius, 271.
^reyi. 871.
G- V.M X U D 0 .N’ T I n .E . 570.
GyTTrmodus. 572. 570.
ciiodon. 575.
heterocton. 575.
monsesurensis. .575.
Hacq'iTeiia. oi2.
boicen=i5. 012.
-^alGC. 2 l2.^^,^j:'_j_<.?Tr't
euoteryizius, 210.
guescDuaiicus. 220.
haueri. 219.
lauoei. 22t).
microleDis. 21S.
sternberzi. 212.
Haiecopsis. 100.
insiffiii.'. 104.
hcTis, 104.
paheindicLis
Keteroiepis. 612.
Heterctis. 74.
Hexapsephus, 022.
tfuencuen. 022.
Histiaicsa. .'S.
,-7^ C'/J’a ^ A
thioilieri. 58.
[isticcG'ch.alus. 579.
bassami.
579.
Histieph
crus.
anti qu US
. 495. ,
deshaves
. 48s5
-<■1 coa-
Gigantichtliys, 612.
H.vi.Os.AUPaD.E. 162.
nnai’cio. 012.
Halcsaurus, 102
Giliicus, 99. 101.
H-■a’Lo.^[r. i.
areuatus. lol.
PIemibr.vxciiii, 369.
Poi’t'niiLrodus. iOl.
Hemicvcius. 59.
Glossodus,
hecKeii. 70.
Cuvier. !iU.
— O r 1 5 ■
screuien.'is. 59.
Hemieio-cccsis. 5c
eocaenicus. 491^
h.0 in-aiu rn a m n u u s .
497.
parvulus. 497.
pi’iscus. 491.
robustus. 497.
rotundus. 495.
Histiotlirissa. 131.
crassapiuna, 132.
macrociaetyia. 101.
Histrarus.' 109.
eiatus, 146. -■
serioiuide.s, 146.
veutricosus. 146.
Hclacanthus. 561.
uiicroceDii aius . Oil 1 .
piovenoruni, 501.
Hclcodcn, 190. 702.
.esinaensis. 219.
iveodon. 204. r
Hoicoiepis. 11, TOT'
creraeeus. 20.
Hole centrum. 412. ^*^^**-*~
Glyptccephalus. 570.
cribbus. 58.
calcarii’ei-. 502.
racuatus. 57t).
gracilis. 58.
laneeoiatuin. 521.
OIubiid-E. 587.
SLiessi. 58.
inacroceuuainiu. 412.
Gonrii’ORMEs. 587.
Hemilamnronites.
inaeuiatiun. 5ij4.
Gcoic, OUO.
59.
meiitense, 410.
unaiis. 004.
steinlai. 59.
pyeteuin. alO.
nuiior. 01-5.
Hemirampnus. 0.58.
pygnneuin 414.
viciniis. iil.i.
-^cm-arasi. 5.58.
'OtrO. a-12.
Gobius. 58’''.
Hemiriivnchus. -8,8.
Hoiosteus, -70.
^arharus. .58 L.
OOiei. -^8^
-scxnnus. r
PART IV.
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INDEX.
&2G
Homonotus, 407.
dorsalis, 408.
,,--'^HomorhynchiLS, 488.
bruxelliensis. 400.
Hoplopter3rx, d96.
f , , rmtiquus, 396.
U^e ‘f^o.^'^wesiensis, 397.
lewisi, 404.
^ , ^^undensis, 404.
p4'y minor, 406.
voblon^us. 406.
^pinosus, 407.
•stachei, 406.
snperbus, 403.
syriacus. 405.
zippei, 397.
Hoplostethus, 414.
ingens. 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawleyi, 414.
nettelbladti. 414. '
ostiolatus. 414.
pisanus, 414.
Hyperlophus. 139.
Hyrpsodon, 37, 92.
lewesiensis, S3. 40.
94, 95. 98. 109. ’
minor. 102.
oblongus, 26.
toliapicus, 24.
Hypsospondylus,
ba.ssanii, 58.
Hyptiu^, 58.
sebastiani. 58.
45.
58.
TC i-
Ichthyodectes, 99.
acanthicus. 107.
anaides. 100.
arcuatus, 101. 110.
cruentus, 107.
ctenodon, 100.
elegans. 103.
goodeanus. 107.
hamatus, 107.
ovM^i/j^ibamcus. 105.
/on. .minor, 102.
multidentatus. 107.
^ occidencalis. I'”'!,
perniciosus. 107.
poiymicrodus. 101.
proenathus, lu7.
serridens, 101.
tenuidens, 104.
Ichthyotringa, 265,
JO'J.
tenuirostris. 269.
Iguana (?) haueri. 564.
Imogaster. 391 .
auratus. .394. 1.10.
Ischyrrhisa, 46.'^*.*^,'
antiqua. 45.^^ **
mira, 46.
radiata, 46. 614.
Ischyrrocephalus,
190.
cataphractus, 202.
gracilis, 201.
intermedins, 202.
niacropterus, 202.
Isodus, 190.
sulcatus. 199.
Istieus, 66.
^ gracilis, 70.
grandis. 67.
lebanonensis. 71.
macrocephalus, 67, 70.
macrocoelius, 67.
raesOspondylus. 67.
microcephalus, 67.
spottii. 71.
Istiophorus, 495.
Isurichthys, 453.
raacrurus, 453.
orientalis, 453.
Isurus, Agassiz, 453.
macrurus, 453.
Julis, 541.
agassizii. 540.
muensteri, 540.
sigismundi, 541.
Kurtus velifer, 430, 431.
Labeo cuvieri, 616.
Labidesthes, 361.
Labrax, 509.
bosniensis, 512.
delheidi, 512.
elongatus, 512.
heckelii, 510.
intermedins, 512.
latus, 512.
lepidotus. 512.
lonericeps, 513.
major. 513.
mqisisovicsi, 513.
multipinnatus 513.
neumayri. 513.
oeningensis. 511.
sagorensis, 513.
schizurus, 510.
steindachneri, 513.
stiriacus, 513.
ubinoi, 510.
Labrid.e. 539.
Labrodon, 541.
atncanus, 542.
aisinensis, 545.
bazini. 543.
Labrodon (cont.).
belgicus, 543.
bourgeoisi. 543.
britannus, 543.
canariensis, 542.
carolinensis, 543.
chantrei, 543.
coccbii, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus. 544.
edwardsi, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
haueri. 544.
heterodon, 54-1.
nmltidens, 544.
pavimefitatum, 544.
po^odom 545.
quenstecitffb^o. ■ -*
rhedonum, .545. ^ ^ ^
sacheri, 545.
sauvagei. 545.
seilae, 545. _ _ — ^
soldanii, 545,
superbus, 542; j ^
trapezoidalis, 545.
trigonella. 546.'
Labrophagus, 611.
esocinus, 611.
Lab r US, 539.
agassizi, 540. ^
bifasciatus, 464. ■ '
ibbetsoni, 540. ^
malapterus, 595.
meruia, 540.
microdon, 540.
parvulus. 540.
prisons. 540.
punetatus, 558.
rectifrons. 558.
tardus, 504.
valenciennesi, 540.
woodwardi, 541.
Laparus, 596.
alticeps, .396. /^»/‘/77Cr5,
Lates, 502. ^
gibbus. 502.
gracilis, 502.
heberti. 499.
macropterns, 503.
macrurus. .503.
notffius, 502.
partschi, 503.
sagorensis, 513.
Lebias. 290.
aymardi, 292.
cephalcjfes, 290.
crassicaudus, 295.
crassus, 296.
eis^rabensis. 294.
furcatus, 291 .
qaudrvi, 294.
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INDEX.
jjeoias u-onc.
gobio. i‘J4. _ ■-.> '
iLieveri,
minimus. 204.
perpusiiius. 201.
tenuis, 204.
ziirnoi. 204.
Lepidenteron. i ^5.
lonffissimuiii. l^d.
Lepidocottus, .331.
anes. 532.
brevis, 532.
eiongatus. 534.
gracilis. 017.
mukininnatus. 534.
papyraceus. 5t?k.
Lepidopides, 477.
brevisDonciyius, 4S1.
dubius, 431,
lenrosponfiyins. 431.
Lepidopus, -i:77.
aiovi. 430.
anguis, 430.
brevicauda. 430.
carnaihicus. 430.
dubius. 4't?l. ^
'^^larisianus, -xi r '
^leprosnondylns. 431.
meneghinii. 4bl.
Lepteccdon, 2oo.
.^O • »
rectus, loo.
Leptichthys, blG.
asruis. olO.
Leptccephaius, o40.
j:racuis. o4l>.
medius. .347.
tienia. 340.
Leptolepid-e. 1.
Leptosomus, 244.
"erassicoscarus. 240.
eiongatus. 245.
2iiestpnaucus. L'45.
inacrourus. 245.
minimus. 24(>.
Leptotracheius, 173.
armatus. 174.
eionsatus. L:i4.
•gracilis. 130.
liaEeiensis. 134.
longipinni
sa2:itTacus. iiT
a
1 C —
X' . 1 .
riauerer. 174. 1S3.
Ic/ .
j-
viro-iuatus.
Leuciscuss .bo.n
acrosaster. 310.
auia. .311.
bomiaskii. 311).
'■revicaucia. 310.
u-evi.'. 3lO.
i'unniiis. .310,
asreiiliiensis. 31
Leuciscus Kcont.).
cecconii. 312.
cephaion. .3!)7.
cephaius. 300.
colei. .303.
dorsalis. 311. 312.
duuieriii, oil, 312.
eibiswaiciensis. 310.
eiegans. 315.
ervtbropathaimiis.
300. ^
eurystonuis. 311.
fritsciii. 015.
sabbiensis. 311.
cibbus. 310. .
gracuis. 314.
•'14.
hartmanni. oi-
belveticus. 305.
becerurus. 310. ^
kranrzi. 311.
iarteti. 311.
latiuscuius. 305.
leptus. 300.
licatie, 311.
raacrurus. 303.
medius, 310.
'^^oeninsensis. 305.
' papyraceus. .307.
piesiopceriis. 311.
polysarcus. 311.
pueilaris, 311.
pusillus. 300.
racaimuti. 311.
reraotus. oil.
ruciius. 300
sauvatrei. 312.
sicanus, 311. 312.
stepbani, 311. 015,
tarsi ger. 315.
turneri. 311.
vexiiliier. .311.^^,o.
Leucus, 322.
cnndonianus. 322.
iatus. 322.
Leuresthes, 301.
Lewisia.
ovaiis. ,53.
Lichia, 445.
aita. 440.
anaiis. 445.
lata, -i4"5.
prisca. 444.
secunda. -40.
stoiTi anii. 440.
Lobcavis. .137.
nede in ( )n ran us. .137 .
Lcbcptertis, 415.
pecrinatus. 415.
bopnfin.E. .'01.
Lophius. 101.
-■imciivsumu-, 50 [.
..o-
icpnius { coiir. ;.
oi::
.,>f ,
patagonicus. 501.
piscarorius. 591,
Loricaria, 501.
plecostoinus, 591.
Loxcstomns, Oil.
mancus, bll.
Lucania, 200.
Lucicperca, 521.
skorpdi, 521.
Lucius antediun ianus.
238.
Lutianus epbippium, ,
,301.
Lutodeira. 34.
Lycopiera, 1.
macrorbvnciia, 2
tniddendorm, 2.
^ sinensis.
Lyrzolepis.'oTT:
Ciiucasicus, 50.
Irlacroiepis, 415.
eiomrarus, 4l5.
IMacrcnes, 327.
aor. 327.
IMacrcstcma, 501
attum. .' 01.
5L\crurid.e. 0(15.
Macrurns, bob.
nr;ecui-sur. 005.
Mailotus, lOU.
vulosus. lt)l.
Ifleealodon,
lewesiensis. 05.
sauroides. ',)5.
rtlegaioiepis, 432,i’?d'
^07~SCfC
'yi.
• oascncaensis,
Iatus.
>2.
-.02.
. ^v - Me galops, 24.
i'orcipaius. 05.
oblonsfus. 20.
priscus. 24.
ZilegaluriTes, 571.
nitidum. ,372.
Megapus, 230.
2ruesttaiicu3. 233.
Me gist opus, 233). 234.
stuestiaiicus. 233.
Meletta, l40.
crenata, 151.
doljeana. 150.
gracillima. 155.
'irandisQ Llama, 155.
beckeii. 151.
beierostoma. 152.
intermedia. 150.
lonsfimana. 151.
iiarisoti. 151.
urmsarclinires. 157.
'ranieri. 151.
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G2S
Meletta {coin.).
sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzen, 147.
styriaca, 157.
Meiettina, 151.
Mene, 487.
obloiigus, 440.
pusilia, 441.
rhombeus. 489. ,
Menidia,- 861.
Merlangiis, 600.
cognatus, 604.
spatulatus, 604.
suiiblkensis. 600.
Tuigaris, 600.
Meriinus, 603.
cristatus. 6)08.
? Merluccius, 601 . 5.
atteiiuatus. 604.
baiticus, 604.
■
INDEX.
f
Mugil, 868.
brevis. 446.
.eH/^
^4.
I
2a>’
\ cepbalus. 864
/ ' - debiiis, 865.
■
bosniaskii, 601.
emarsinatus. 604. .
miocenicus. (>U4. ^
obuisus, 604.
Mesogaster, 861.
creiaceus. 862.
gracilis. 254.
spbyrienoides. 362.
Metopcnich.th.ys,
55S.
lon^iro.^tris, 559.
ocracantbu-'. .3.')9.
Micrcccelia, 252,
gi-auuiata, 252.
libanica. 252.
prmceps, ob-i.cn'.^u^ :?^^|
radobojanus. 865.
Mugilid.e. 368.
Murjena creca, 347.
, IMurjfina conger, 344.
Mun-eua lewesiensis. 185.
5Iuricna inyrus. 341.
' 5Iura?na opbis. 847.
^Il’r.enid.k. 336.
Mylccyprinus, 822.
inilexus. 322.
kinsfi, 323.
longidens. 8>23.
robustus. 322.
Mylcpharyngcdon,
oJo.
Myripristis, 410.
boinopcerroiu.s, 411.
le])tacantbus. 410.
toliapicus.
Myrus, .11 40.
vulgaris, .841
Nummopalatus, 541,
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
bazini. 548.
belgicus, 543.
bourseoisi. 543.
britannus. 543.
cbantrei, 543.
coccbii. 543.
edwardsius. 544.
(raudi’vi. 544.
baueri. 544.
beterodon, 544.
multidens, 544.
pavinientatus. 544.
poiyodon. 545.
quenstedti, .545.
rbedonuin. 545.
sacbeVi. 545.
sauvagei, .545.
rrapezoidaiis, 545.
Naseus, 564.
brevirostris. 564.
nucbalis, 56.5.
recti tVuns, 564.
Naupygus, 611.
huekiandi. 611.
Nemachilus, 320.
IMicrodou nucbalis. 429.
bi’edai, 820.
Microdon pulcbellus.
centrocbir. 320.
421.
cepbalotes, 821. , , >
Mioplcsns. 517.
tener. 615. ^ -
abbreviatus. 518.
teyieri, 82 1 .
beani. 518.
Nematcnctus, 249.
labracoides. 517.
bottle. 250.
3>o
. Y ^53
lonfiras, .510.
muitidentatus. 518.
^auvageanus. 518.
Monccentris, 414.
bosnes, 414.
' integer. 414.
i*ubrotuiidus, 41.5.
Mouonteros signs, 89.
Morrhua, 599.
icgieriuoides. 601.
e.vtensa. tlOl.
taba. 604.
lauceclaia. 601.
lata. 66'.5.
uiacronrerysia. 6t>l.
minima. 601.
soeiiinspnsi.s. iio,').
'Zagaciai ens’.?. (ii > 1 .
.51 0'a^aiirua s'aciii.s, {5
.'8*4
Nemcpteryx, .598. • •
_ r»^rassus. 598.
elongatLis, 598.v<uV&<'.s^'^’“?
troscbeli. 598. '
Nettastoma, 346. ’'8:
bolcense. 846.
X o T . V c .\ N T 1 1 1 1 ) .E . 1 ( ■» 8 .
Notacanthus, 169.
iXotam.s aga^sizii. 540.
Ncteiops. 27.
brain a. 27.
Nctogoneus, 275.
CLivieri. 277. '>15.
lonsicens. 278.
USCUlUS, Ji.>.
.sq uaino.-teu.'. 27''.
'5,
Notopteriis, "O.
priina'vu.'^. >i>.
Odax carolinensis. 543.
Odonteus, .556.
depress us, 5.56.
pygmieus. 556.
sparoides, 556.
Odontostomns, 189.
Oligobeius, 8,23.
arcitcrus, 32,8.
buiiinatus. 32.8.
OligopJarchus, 519.
'quamipinnis. 519.
Omiodon. 270.
cabassii. 270.
Ommatolampes,
490.
eicbwaldi. 491 .
Omcsoma, 419.
iiitermedniin. 420.
uionasteri, 421.
pulcbelluui. 421.
sabel-almie. 419.
Omosudis, 189.
Oncciepis. 595.
isseii, 597.
( tPIIIDiru.E. ()05.
Ophidium, 60.5.
barbatuiii. 343. 347. ' -■
voltiauum. 605.
0>ril[(iCEI’lIAL[U.E. 3()9.
Ophiocephalus, 369.
-triatus, 464.
Oniiisurus acuticaudus.
;‘47.
Opisthcmvzon, 451.
Opisthcpteryx. 2.' 3.
■ •IIITU^. 2.' r.
sraclii.'. 254.
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Orcynus. -\7A.
koniuobcni,
lauceuiatus. 45o.
latior. 4.r)().
lueciius. 4o(i.
'caidisii, 453;'
Oricardinus, -td.
tortus. 45.
Orthagcriscus, 570.
rheionopsis. 575.
Osmeroides, 11.
atteniiatus, I'J.
beisjicus. '2'2.
brevis. 15.
vrassus, 10.
cretaceus. 2\J.
(iivaricatus. 22.
dubius. 15.
evolutus. 7-.
Lriarisianus. d55.
trraeiiis. 15.
granuiatus. lil.".
msiLOii-s. lo4.
latus. i 5.
lev is. 15.
iewesiensis. 11, li--'.
le\vi=i. 17.
luanieilii, 12.
uiaxinuis. Id.
reticulata. 50.
Osmertis, 1(32.
aibyi. 152.
coraien. 247.
d’aeliiardi. 152.
giarisuvnus, 1.'55.
iarteti. 152.
proptervguis. 152.
bcarabeliii. 152.
'tilpnus. 152.
(3>TAiauPHv.'i, 1'05.
ytsTKOGLOSSID.E. 7'3.
Osteo^icssum. 74.
eneaustuiu. 75.
Ostracicn. 550.
Otolith us I'.e///. .
a'quaiis. '>22,
auiencaiuis. 4.,»1.
aiUDUis. 5o0.
appruximatu.s. 510.
attenuacus. 5<.)4.
l alticus. 5U4.
bavaricus. 505).
biscissus. 500.
xboettiieri. 505.
'' brevior. o47.
ciavbornensis. 554.
cosnatus. (>04.^ "
„ r-
crassus, d-‘32. 554.
fJ f "
cor, 00 / . _
o-j1
danicus. 554.
i ijerycicianiiii) debiiis,
■f 15.
(iluiriiidaruui ) debiiis,
5(3.).
deeipiens, 554.
dinbraiis. 505.
di.spar, 5oo.
disrinetus. 522. 9- /v-
eie^aus. tiOO. '')02r(\
eieeantuiu
eievatus. 5U5
eilipricus, 537.
eioua'atus. 550. ^ ^*5 ?9.
Oifolithus [ri.nir.. •
luiucenicii.s. i(()4.
UHUtuntinu.s. 522„4^4^
mucrouatus. 554.
mucabilis, 505.
iieirlectus. 415.
iietteibladti. 414.
iiobilis, 525.
iioetiingi, 522.
uuntius. 555.
obotretus. 505.
(Ideriuccuis) (/oLUous
604.
(Seiienai obtusus, 550.
/ccuitus. 505.
0>-
/
ostiolatus. 414.
552.
ovatiis
parvuius. 415. y . ^
persouatus. 5c7.
pisauus. 414.
pianus. 5:04. _
plebejus. 522. 4-/yyv-
puuderosus. 5t)4.
pusterus, 505.
pixeeursor. 555.
iprimas. 5.^7. _ .
radiaus. 554. ^
i Berycidaruiii) ruc-
p.anus. 415.
nietrapterus. i--'.’'. 1:50.
emaririnatus. l;04.
1 ? Riiombus 1 rlieuanu.>,
luicroceubaius. 257.
(Tporrectus, 553.
554. . _
minor. 152.
siixonieus. 5(J5.
munasterii. 257. 254.
iraucorurtauus, iisi".
sector, 500.
pectiiioiepis. 1'2.
frenuens, 5li'.
>epiandieus, 50(.l.
puiymicrodus. 72.
'leiiiina. . 54.
( Murrinia) ^(jelliu-
sarciinioides. 10.
lermanicus. 554.
uensis, 505.
vinareasis. 21.
leron. 415.
(dparidarum') sociiin-
Osmerciepis, 50.
■jiDberuius. .’50.
■jensi.-^. .)54.
gia/oer. tilO.
greganus. 553
^.guesttalieus. 511.
hiiijeudonl. 505.
hoisaticus. 550.
huspes. 414.
hvbriuus. 505.
in gens. 414.
insignis. 550.
insuet us. 55s.
inteu'er. 414.
iiiterniedius. 554.
irregularis. 550.
^ kircubei'ireiisis. 5;
/ laciuiatus. 414.
snniiis. o.j4.
jiinpiex. 554.
sinsubins. (355.
soatuiatus. 504.
i. _
speciosus, .a.OO.
uoectabiiis. 504.
.'lucarus. .)>._).
subrotundus. -
= uifolkensis, 505.
'•upracreraceus. -il.'
tenuis. '154.
testi-s, 1.33.
tbynnuides. 442. _
ruoereulosus. 50l.
van^ionis. 5.54,
imoeriaiis. 55t).^^,^‘^
'mvitratus. 500.
varians. 522.
inicrurus. -■ilO. -
xiti-suicat us. o0._).
venustus. 5)54.
obiouaus. 550.
Litus. 50.3.
verus. 501).
Uirnrus. ,3(>0. ’
CtoiithllS.
iaV’iev;. 414.
vicinaiis. .'oA.
lenticuians. 'ill.
vuigaris. 501).
-•It 7* (25 ^ '
.icununalu.". oj i.
mai'ciiicu.-'. 'lO.').
acutaniiiiu.s. 51 ).5.
;uei-idi(iu:i ;i;. 550.
Pach^/cephaius.
:aiiuu(_-tu>, 5s7.
‘3115.
■iMsiaius. 'll.
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IXDEX.
>
■
Pachy^[^ter,
polyspi^ndylus. .j2Q
y<7^4r'V^/'.-^ spinosus. o2U.
noc/dyqo. Pachylebias. 294.
'-acQ)-TVM^,',y jU crassicaudii?, 299.
Pachyrhizodus, d7.
basaiis, oT.
eaninus. 44.
curvatus. 44.
dibleyi, oS.
gardneri. 40.
glyphodus. 298.
gracilis, 49.
kingii. 42.
latimentuni, 42.
leptognatbus. 49.
lepcopsis. 45.
45.
sheareri, 45.
subuiidens, 43.
velox. 49.
Pachvstetus ijresatus.
292.
Pagellus. 532.
aquicaiiicus.
.>,1
)o2.
7,’5'357de stetauii. 533.
elesantalus.
leptosteus. 933.
libanicas, 390.
micx’odon. ."^33.
peruzzii, 533. _
denoura. 533.
Pa^rus,
^ o
OO-j.
933.
■'s'b •
933.
)33.
ineneEr'-imii
oudrianus.
pileanis.
priscus. 933.
torus. 934.
Palaeobrosmius, 598.
elonsarus, 998.
.^^^raj^^aiaeogadus. 598.
j-‘^/ troscheiii, 598.
Palaeoiycus. 211.
dreiimeusis. 211.
P A L .E 0 11 1 1 V N C 1 1 1 D .E . 4 8 2 .
Pal30crhynch.iis, 483.
bruxeiliensis. 490.
colei, 488.
deschmanni. 487.
esfertoni, 4>8.
£riganteus. 4-57.
glarisianus. 483, 4^7.
gracilis. 4>0.
latus. 485.
lonscirosiris. 480.
ineciius, 4>5.
raicrosoondyius. 489.
riedii. 487.
zitteii. 487.
Palanarrhichas. 597.
crassus. 997.
Palimphemus, 270. Percichthys, 514.
aneeps. 270. antiquus, 514.
Paliniphyes, 460. beaumouti, 515
brevis, 400. »».m‘c*.*^Pei{Cid.e, 498.
crass us, 400.
elongatus. 400.
glaronensis, 400.
gracilis, 400.
latus, 460.
longus, 460.
Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.
Paralates, 520.
Percifor.mes, 497.
I Percostoma. 519.
, angustum, 519.
Peristedion, 586.
personatus, 587.
! urcianensis. .586. / , '
Phacodus, Cope, 553.
I irregularis, 553.
Phacolepis=Rbacolepis.
31
bleicheri. 520. 4.58.
Paralepis, 257. cybioides. 458.
Paraieuciscus, 312. / 'Phareodus, 74, 76,
ecnomi, 312. I acutus, 76. —.325
Pegasus
Paranguilla, 343.
tigriiia. 343.
Paraperca, 520.
provinciaiis, 520.
Paraphyllodus,
540.
Parascopelus, 256.
lacertosus, 256.
Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.
lesiniibrmis,
269.
Pegasus natans, 383.
Pelamys, 482.
adunca, 482. .
robusta. 482.
Pelargorhynchus,
188.
blochiiforniis, 188.
dercetil'orrnis. 188.
Pelates, 523.
quindecimaiis. 923.
Pelycorapis, 354.
berycinus. 354.
varius. 354.
Perea, 518.
alsheiuiensis. 513.
beaumouti, 515.' ,
cyprinodon, ''
eiougata, 51.0.' r'
till viat ills, .518
I acutus,
' sericeus, 76.
Pharyngodopilus,
.541, 340,
abbas, 543.
* africanus, 542.
alsinensis. 544.
bourgeois!, 543.
i canariensis, 542.
j carolinensis, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 54:4.
I haueri, 545.
multidens, 544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, 545.
selliE, 545.
soldanii. .545.
superbus. 542.
Phasganodus, 190.
aneeps, 203.
australis, 61.5.
carinatus. 204.
dirus, 204.
gentryi, 615.
gladiolus, 204.
semistriatus, 20,5.
Phasganus, 613.
declivis, 613.
Pholidophorus macro-
rhynchus. 2.
JPliycis, 002.
forbesi, 510. . * ^tiessi, 002.
formosa. 410. Phyiactocephalus,
’ ^ ' 212.245.
micro lepis, 218.
Phyilodus, 540.
bowerbanki, 549.
colei. 549.
corsicanus, 574.
cretaceus. 5.50.
curvidens, 55(}.
deborrei. .55t K
depressLis. 590.
duvali. 550.
lepidota. 51 1./,^^
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantha. 518.
minuta. 506.
moguntina. 512.
punctata. 360.
radula, 526.
reboniii. 520.
iirasciii-sta. ,516.
Pekce.soces. .J4 ( .
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' -LV
IXDKX.
Ph.yilcd.us (ronr.).
ciegans. O.'.O.
gervaisi. jo().
liaueri, 544.
iiexagonalis. 54‘J.
hipparionvx. 1)17.
incenus. 575.
inconstans. 550.
irreeiiiarLs. 54S.
latidens, 550.
levesquei, 550.
marsimaiis, 548.
mediums. 54S.
muitidens. 544.
.petioiaius. 548.
piauus. •547. ‘
poivodus, 547.
secuudarius. 549.
speeiosLis, 549.
subdeDressus. 544.
submedius, 549.
roiiaDicus, 54r).
umbonatus. 550.
Pimeiodiis. 328.
antiquus. 329.
aor. 327.
sarileri. 335.
Pisodus. iiU. 61.
rbuoardi. 73.
oweni. 0().
Plagycdiis. 189.
Planesox, 519.
vorax. 519.
Platacanthus, 509.
Libiaoi. 510.
Platax, 432.
aidssinms. 4.3.3.
brevis. 429.
coiebicua. 434.
eostatus. 433.
cuneus. 433.
maeropterTgius. 433.
minor. 227. 428.
nuebaiis. -i29.
papiiio. 433.
piiyseieroide,
oiie’am, 433.
Platessa, bOj
seetor. b09.
Platinx. 89.
eacuilii. >9.
eionsaciis. 39.
•sisas. c9.
Placcps. 76.
iUDuddens. 7'>.
Plarycormus. 421.
germauus, 421.
Platycormiis (conf.).
•iibbosus, 423.
(/oloiigus, 422.
Platygenys, 613.
ru!£()su.s. ()].3.
Platyisemus, 551.
colei. 551.
Platyiates, 520.
ruoeden.sis. 520.
Pleetropoma uraschista,
516. 616.
Pleionemus, 442.
m a e r os ID o n d V 1 11 s . 442 .
Plethodus 80.
expans us. Pi.
furearus. 34.
oblonsus. S3,
pentagon, S3.
Pleuraeanthus serratus.
567.
Pieuronectes. 608.
platessa. .,52. 609.
quadra lulus. t307.
Pleuronectiid.e. 606.
Plinthophorns, 221.
robustus. 229.
Plioplarchus, 520.
septemspinostis. 520.
sexspinosus, 520 .
Dvhitei. 520.
Podccepiiaius. 519.
nitidus. 519.
Podccys, 520.
minutus, 520.
Pcdopteryx, 587.
albvi, 587.
bosuiaski. 587.
Pmcilia lainetherii. 615.
Pcecilia oeninsiensis. 5p2.
Pcecilops, 296.
breviceps, 296.
Posonias multidentatus.
-4 '3'^.
Polymemus. 445.
Portheus ;.
lestno. 97.
lowi. 97.
inantelii, 95.
moiossus. 92.
inudaei, 97. 2
tbaumas. 9(,
Prionolepis, 229. I
antcusrus. 230.
eataphractus, 230.
laniatus. 232.
Priscacara. 554.
clivosa. 554.
cvpha. 555
liops. 555.
oxvprion. 555.
pealei. 555.
serrata. 554.
testudinarla. 555.
Prisiigenys, 415.
inacroptitbaimus. 415
Pristipoma. 523.
t urea turn, 523.
Preantigonia.
lonizirostra. 559P‘'"^
octacantha. 559.
radobojana. 559. _
steindacinien
-.3.- ^
Prooallostomus, 296.
loipjfuius. 296.
Prcchanos. 65.
recti Irons. 65.
Progymneden, 572,
J7J.
hiltrendoi-ti. 575.
Prelates. 499.
beberti. 499. ^
Prolebias, 290.
bronirniarti. 293.
eepnaiutes. 290.
crassieaudus, 295.
davidi, 4.
egeranus. 615.
furcatus, 291.
saudrvi, 294.
oo
Pomacanthus. 561.
2obio, 294.
subarcuatns. 56 1.
goreti. 293.
. oo
PoMACEXTRina;. 555.
greratns. 292.
Pcmaphractus, 76.
meyen. 294.
! OO
egertoni. 76, cO.
minimus. 294
O
•
Porno 2:nathus. 212,
ou staled. 293.
euiDtervgius, 213.
Portheus. 92.
an2:uiaiu.s. 98.
arcuatus. 101.
australis. 97.
braenT2i:nat!ius, 97. '
C/'r" 3
daviesi. 95.
gauitinus. 95.
riadius. 98.
]DerPusillus. 291.
puiebeilus. 615.
stenoura. 202. y
Pronotacanthus, 169.
sanei-aimee. 169.
Properca. 514.
anousta. 515.
beaumond, 515.
lepidota. 511.
nrisea. 516.
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Protaulopsis, oi 1.
bolcensis. 371.
Protautoea, .353.
conkleiis. .3.5.3.
longiclens, 5.53.
Protelops, 56.
cuijiiieus. 57. *
geinitzi, 57.
Prothymalltis, 614.
lusacus, t)14.
prmceps. 614.
V'^*/Protobalistum, c66.
rp , , ^ f iinpenaie. 566.
' omboni, 567.
Prctocatcstomus,
275.
consuiblei. 275.
Protosphviaena albensis,
115.'
Pror,osi)hvriena inflexa.
L15.’
P r ot o 33m gnat hus,
372.
suouitrensis. 373.
; "5
Pr3rnmetes, 116.
loniriventei*. 116.
Pseudeutropius, 326.
verbeeki. .326.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottai, 129, 130.
grandis, 130.
lon^ispina, 250.
syriacus. 120.
Pseudoeleginus, 591.:
albyi, .591. ' '1:
intermedins, .391.
jonas, 591.
majori. 591.
Pseudolates, 499. ^^3 .
heberti. 499.
Psendosphaercdon,
552.
hiigeiidui’d. 552.
Pseudosyngnathus,
.3S1.
opischopterus, 381.
Pseudothryptodus,
85.
intermedins. 85.
Pseudovomer, 4.50.
minutus. 4.50.
Ptericephalina, 146,
1.53.
elongata. 158.
raacrograstrina. 153.
Pterothrissus, 67.
Pterygocepiialus,
595.
paradoxus. 595.
Ptychocephaius. 487.
raaiatus. -t''7.
TXDEX. /
i
Pycnosterinx, 391.
daviesi, 39lJi
discoides, .39.3.
dorsalis, 392, 393.
dubius, 395.
elongatus. .395. .
gracilis, 394. i
heckeli. 390. |
latus, 395. I
lewisi, 404. !
niger, 392. '
russeggeri. 392.
Pygacanthus, 613.
altu.s. 613.
Pygaeus, 557.
colearuis. 557.
dorsalis. 558.
egertoni. 5-57.
gibbus. .557.
gigas. 5.58.
jeraelka. 579.
nobilis. 5-58.
nuchalis, 558.
oblongus, 558. gjS-i
zignoi, 55S. .
Radamas, 536.
jugieri. 536.
Raniceps, 603.
latisulcatus, 603.^^^^^/^
tuberculosus. 604.'’^ ‘
Raphiosaurus, 37, 25.
lucius. 43.
subulidens, 4-3.
Rhabdofario, 160.
lacustris. 160.
’Rhabdolepis, Marck,
11.
, cretaceus, 20.
Rliacolepis, 29.
brama, 28.
buccalis, 30. .
! lata,, SL'.
olfersii. 23.
RhamiDhcgnatlius.
361’.
paralepuides. 361.
pompiiius, 361.
sphyrmnoides, 362.
verneuiii. 362.
Rhampho rnimia,
269.
rbinelloides. 269.
Rhamphosus, 377. ^
acuieaius. 377.
biserratus, 378. 5 ' ''
Rhineastes. 329.
arcuatus. 329. ;
calvus. 329. 5^**^
pectinatus. 329.
, pelratus. 529.
Rhineastes [contX
radulus. 330.
rhteas. 329.
smithi. 330.
Rhinellus, 265. 269. ,
curtirostris. 269.
daiuoni. 268.
ferox, 267.
furcatus, 236.
laniatus, 232.
longirostris. 232.
nasaiis, 269.
robu.stus, 268.
schilli, 269.
tenuirostris, 269.
Rhinocephaius, 603.
planiceps. 603.
Rhipidolepis, 613.
elegans. 613.
Rhodens, 316.
edwardsi. 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus, 317.
latior. 317.
magnus. 317.
oligactinius. 316.
Rhombus, 606.
abropte ryx. 603.
bassanianu.s. 60S.
caudatus. 608.
cutrensis, 608.
lltzir geri, 608.
geiitiiuonioi, 607.
heckeli. 608.
kirchberganus. 609.
ligusticus. 608.
minimus. 607.
minutus 608.
nardii. 6'.'8.
parvulus. 60S.
0.
rbenaiiMS, 608. , . .
richiardii, 608. .v ''"
sauvagei,
Rhonchus, 458.
carangotdes. 458.
Rhynchorhinus. 342.
braneuialis. 342.
major. 343. _
Rita, 323.
raudiscutata. 328.
Saimo, 159.
cyprinoides. 456.
inimigratus, 160.
lewesiensis, 11.
manena. 6.3.
‘ teplitiensis, 614.
Salmonid.e, 159.
8 a ud r 0 s e r r u 3 r eb o u 1 i i ,
520.
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•j' ,
Sardinioides, 23(U
ambiyostonia. GOo.
\ ittenuiicus, 241.
■;rassicaudu3. 2GS.
maci-optervgms. 242.
megapcerus, 23U.
microcephalus. 237.
minucus. 242.
>
inonasteri, il, 237.
pu3iilu9. 24U.
renuicauclus. 242.
Sardinius. 247.
biackburnii, 248.
ci’assapinna, 132.
^cordieri. 247.
liiieacas, 248.
aiacrodactyius. 131.
nasutulus, 24S.
uercrassus. 248.
1.
robustus. 131.
Sargus, 520.
antbropodon. 530.
aquitauicus, 530.
armatus. 530, o70.
baraidii. 530.
cavannai. 530.
ouvieri, 530, 617.
heberti, 530.
incisivus, 530.
iomnitanus, 530.
•j
:ar.iconu3. 520.
oranensis. 529.
oweni. 531.
resuccuriranus,
lerratus. 531.
^lom. 531.
siiii'ensi.s. 530.
3aurocer)haius.
113. '
albensii. 114.
ara-naiiovuis. 114.
audax. 02.
broadheacii. 113.
deniacii3. 114:.
dispar. 115.
. .lajumensis. 115.
inoeauads. 115.
innexus, 115.
intermedins. 112.
lanciibrmis. 113.
leanus. 111.
lycodon. 204.
marffinatus. 228.
monascerd. 115.
' phlebocoiiuis. 112.
picceti, 115.
530.
Saurodon. 111.
ainiiis, i Lo.
broadheadi. 113.
conoideus. 113.
ferox. 113.
interraedius. 112.
lanciiormis. 113.
leanus. Ill, .222.
marginatus, 220.
phlebotomu3. 112.
pygmteus. 113.
— -•-'XiDdirostris, 113.
Saurorhampiius, 207,
210.
freyeri. 210.
Sauropsidium. 58.
tjracuicauda, 58.
Imyissimuin, 58.
Scardinius dumeriii. 311.
^Scardinius sicanus. 311.
Scams, 553.
badrin^ensis. 530. 531.
mioeenicus. 553.
oweni. 531.
suevicus. 553.
tetrodon. 553.
Scatopha^us, 561.
ainnis. 561.
capedind. 561.
I'rontads. 561.
ScitBna. 530.
amnius. 530.
iioisaticus. 530.
irregularis, 530.
jaciuatrix. 561.
kireubergfensis, 539.
meridionaiis. 539.
obtusLis. 5o0.
piumierii. 52K ^
speciosus. 539.
undeeiraaiis, 447.
Sci.exidj:. 538.
ScitBnums. 524. 527.
boweroanxi. 527.
breviur, 527.
crassior. 527.
longior. 510.
Sciercgnatlius. 300.
Scomber. i50.
aiacuriga, 4-56.
antiquLis. ■ '■
^cordyia, 445.
Sccmoer [rant.).
sneeiosus. -i66.
steindacnneri. 450.
siiiedanus. 450.
ihynnus. 45.5. 457.
trachurus. 464.5X-’v o i
Scombercdon. ^65.
dumonti. 470.
Scombramcnodcn.
474.
beuedeni. 474.
erassidens. 475.
curviden.s. 474.
8combres<icid.e. 356.
Scomoresox. 357.
dcaca?, 358. 1
obtusiroscris. 357,
SCOMBRID.E, 451. T 3/4'
Scomrriformes. 418.
Scomormus, 461.
macroponiiis. 4(52.
uLiehaiis. 461.
Scombrociupea. 135.
gaudryi. 138.
macronhthalma, 135.
'■h'o ■
. /.
■i48.
521.^
giaucu:
ignoodis. o:
orcynus. ^56.
nelagicus. 444.
prognataus. 107.
peiamis. 3:64.
striatus, g'oO. 264.
nianovarus, 450.
sabstriatus. 115.
priseus. 450.
than mas. 08.
raoniDeus, 430...
woodwarui. 114.
s ir;.L aricus. 450.
PAftTI^.
' i
pinmuata. 13j.
8copelid.e. 235. :
Sccpeicides. 2,54.
giansiauus. _’5.5. ^
nicoiisi, 256.
Sconeius lacercosus. J.po.
Scorpcena. 577.
miniina. 579. j __
piiari. 579. _ _ ^
prior, 570.
scrota. 504.
tessieri. 570.
ScORI>.E.VID.E. 577.
8 ( ? 0 R r . E X I F 0 R .M E S . 5 7 1 i .
Scorpsnoides, 580.
popovicd. 580.
Scorpsenopteriis.
5gU.
iiiuridens, 580.
SCYPHOrilORl. 1.
Sebastodes, 579. -
rosie. 570.
Semiophorns, 4.30.
" ' ' gigas, 4.'50.
f ' niassaiong:ianus. ^>^1,
p^jparvnlus. 431.
.. ^cuaeroeexi. 431.
redcans, 431.
“elii’er. 4-30.
iemoiiius. 323.
.airdi. 323.
noscicus.
;ericla. —44.
anaiis. 44.5.
.'eaumoiiti. — 4i).
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INDEX.
.T^C
' Y'C>
^ i:n .
' r\ C .
Sericia {cont.').
l;ita. 445.
^ prisca, 444,^
Serranus. 521.
altu3, 521.
S^/'distinctus. 522. 5* a/.v
"^^^^'dubius. 521.
Solenodon icont.').
lobopteryeius. 219.
neocomiensis. 204.
Solenoenathus, Pic¬
tet d" Hii'/nhert, 271,
27 J.
graciiispinis. 521.
microstoinus. 527
noetlinsi, 522.
occipitalis. 527.
pentacanthus, 521.
lineolatu.s. 274.
Solenorh.ynch,us,380.
elegaus. o80.
SOLENO.-TOMATID.E. 379.
Scricidens, 323.
baueri. 323.
-j
,-"77 y~nr
C-
rudis, 521.
! Spanicdon, 4;
rugosus, 522.
! blondeii. 48.
stiriacus. 513, 522.
' brevis, 53.
valid us, 522.
eiectus. 48.
ventraiis, 522, 52(5.
elongatus. 51.
wemmeliensis, 522.
bakeiensis. 27
r
Sn.uRiD.E, 324.
/ Silurus, 325.
ascita, 359.
basres, 362.
cataphractus. 359.
catu.s. 133.
egertoni, 331.
j^’^gaudryi, 616.
r^erdicensis. 326.
Siphcnostoma, v.'&2.
aibyi. 3'72.
castellii. 3S2.
S’^erdis. 506.
ad uncus. 5iJ8.
anaiis. 508.
budensis, 508.
eioDiratus, 50?.
t’onnosus. 5i»7.
heersensis. 5u9.
isabelbo. t:)l6.
latior. 508.
lorenti, 518.
raacrurus. 507.
micracanthus, 504.
minutus, .503.
pygmjeus, 5m5.
moensis. 509.
sandbertreri. 509.
sauvagei, 509.
siebiosensis. 509.
tarainellii. 509.
^ ^ Tentraiis, 509. 616.
, Soiea. 609.
aniiqua. 610.
appi’oxunata. 610.
^glaber. 610.
guestfaiica. 611.
birchber^ana. tlOO.
.'auTafrei. 61
Soiencdcn.
lesmaensis. '1
-5
r ^ . o
latus. 53.
lepturus. 54.
sill) us, 5-3.
Spapjp.e. 524.
Sparisoma, .523.
Sparnodus. 524.
alriveiis. 525.
bower banki, 527. -
526.
<a«
52?
eioniiatu
intiatiis
inteianedius. 52S.
lethriniformis. 525.
maerophthahuus. 525
micracanthus. 525.
inici’ostomus. 527.,^^
moloui, .528.
ovaiis, 525.
Sparcides. 537.
moJassicus. 53().
robusrus. 537.
spbiericus. 537.
teuuis. 537.
unibonatus. .5.37.
Sparcsoma, .523.
ovaiis. 523.
Sparus Drama. 527.
Sparus buicaiius. 55<^.^^
Sparus cbromis. 526.
Sparus dentex, 525.
Sparus erytbrinus. 525.
Sparus macropbtbalmus.
.'25.
Sparus saipa, 526.
Sparus sarsms. 525.
Sparus Tuigaris. 525,
527.
Spathcdactyins, 98.
neocomiensis. 98.
Sphasrodus (coni.'.
conicus, 537.
depressus, 536.
discus. 536.
insignis, 537.
intermedius, 537.
kerffomardius, ,535.
lejeanianus, 530.
lens. 536.
ocuius-serpentis, 537.
parvus. 538.
polyodon, .545.
pygmmus, 535.
subtruncatus, 536.
truncatus. 538.
wiechmanni. 5.38.
Sphagebranciius.
347.
formosissimns. 347.
Sphenocephaius,
3p7.
cataphractus. 388.
fissicaudus. 387.
Sphenoiepis, Agassi::,
275.
cuvieri. 277.
squamosseus. 276.
Sphyrasna. 366.
ami Cl 369.
bolcensis. 366. /
carinaui, 204.
croatica. 368.
Lfraciiis. 366.
intermedia. uP<
major. OiiS.
maxima. .366.
v^v ” ‘ 2 a ‘i
■speciosa, 368. 616. '
sternbergensis. 36'].
sues.-ii. 368. ^PtAa/u ^
tvrolensis. 616.
viennensis. obP.' ' ,, 4;
winkleri. 369.
Sphyr.exid.e, 365.
Sphyrasnpdus, 473.
boLtii. 470. . —
^ conoideus, 476. "
crassidens. 475.
gracilis, 469. '*
linofuiatus. 467. . ' ^
priscus. 473.
silovianus. 616.
speciosus. 616.
tenuis. 469,
Spinacanthus. 566.
blennioides. 566.
Spinacites. 415.
611.
Sphaprodus. 537.
raaiatus. 415.
. 611.
annuiaris, 535.
Spinax marginatus
q
arada.sii. 545.
Sqnaiins, 32.3.
190. :oi.
cinctus. 531. .'35.
arcireriis. 323.
A, M\
* 4. t/.
cii'guiatus. 535.
bairdi. 323.
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:;uinai;iis,
licaro?. Jll.
323.
323.
Stsncsicma. ^23.
"uiL-neiia. -r35.
Stephana dus. .'32.
-oiendeus. d32.
Sterecdns. 47G.
:neiitensi5. -rTG.
Straiodus. 15d.
anafiicus. 37.
iiDieaiis. IS9.
oxTiTotron. 129.
Strinsia, d02.
;uaia. d<.'2.
>Tr.OM.\.TEID.E. 419.
Styicdns. 333.
-ebescoiitti. 553.
::ua.l3. Z. 'i . '"s-’i
S^/ilsemns, 35i'!.
.amicvi-s. 351.
larii'roiis. 351. i»l4.
'VaGN.VTIUD.E. 3'r'\
3\'Eaanai:hiLS. 322
Tetraacncpterns.
'J9a.
avus. 20S.
-7 O
.lanis. -C'j.
.;.ibyi. 332.
'i:oicen?i=. 323.
■ i-eTiciaus. .^33.
:.>eCEeil. 3-73
■DKsthopterus. 3.2 1 .
'vpnle. 3>l.
Syncdcniis. 3;24.
Syncprirys, >13.
>Ui.3
Syrnieamcdns. o4.
1.
Tachynectes. i70.
I’aouTEiOi'veuis.
-7(.'.^
3>iii:ipe;. 2713
:;:a‘arotiacrtviii>. _70.
Tarsicnzhys. 312.
-leixans. 313.
’ T
- o
.ai'Siizer. -iw.
Taurinichthys. 53
■Eiooeiuciis. 353.
:aci:t;i'i. 353.
T;.a.:oga ennidoas. 333.
reiephciis. L24.
jvo.jei'iaaiui. 2:^4.
’aureiiaacu;^. 3e5.
2;5.
Teratiahthys. -^a.
.:'ii::ia’:ai;is. -4ve
rethecdns. 1- 3
■ -aui'PCio. - JO.
’iLrniticus. 292.
Tetraptiims. 490.
’.iiiiiur. 1.13.
nriicus. 491.
Tetrcdcn. 571.
hisoidus. 570.
honckenii. 570.
lawieyi. 571.
pygraiiiui. 571.
571.
Tei'titidid.e. 523.
Teuihis. 523.
rhanmamrns. 16').
deiL-umueiieri. 014.
eioi's:aiii5. 014.
-.lu’catus. I'd), 614.
lusanis. 160. 014„~
Thrisscpater. 327"^' • •
:.aiinu:f. 33.
laeL'^aiuDs. 3.3.
;:umoueus. 33.
Thris;OGS praeriis. 9l .
■'lliriiSi-Hj; vexiliirer. 32.
Thrisscptercides. 54.
-lOi.aaL'ai. .a-r.
Interrneuius. 55.
^ b.ria. 34.
aucuer, aO.
:en Ulcers. 35.
riiri'Scpterns. .e'J.
caiuiiii. ''O.
Thrypxcdus. i'.?. So,
•'.y.
I’oiunuu^. ^5.
;;:rea. '3.
rh'/nniahthys. 303.
. a. o.vostoii’a. 303.
Th^'^-n.ns. -54.
-^pns’usraius. -57.
Ojoiaeu.'is. ^57.
' a.ncEOiaius. -t56.
^^aaEuvatus. 459.
'proDiei’vgii;=. -04.
yroxiinus. -r57.
scaluisi, Tr35.
an'nnui. 455.
Toiiiroicns. -58.
^uisi’aris. -.55.
Thyrrsites. 431.
'-.‘Visatoi. -'■1.
Thy Tsii c c ephaius ,
— i 'J.
lir'lilllS. zr * i .
Tinea. 312.
.I’ancoid rrar.a . -310.
idi’cara. 312.
-r'KOS Jilia. 31.3.
-Tniii.a, 015.
Tinea
nacroorerv^ia. T5.
magna. 312.
micropygoptera. 314,
obtru’acata. 16.
rarsiger. 315.
Taidarnensis, 31 5.
viiharis. 315.
Titanich.th.ys. Dames.
012.
"barao. 612.
Temocon, 012.
aorrincLis. 612.
Temognathus, 116.
mordax, 117.
leiodus. 117.
Toxepema, 013.
poiitum, 1)13.
JTczzctes. 501.
.lilLiqUUS. .301 .
Trachixid.e. 529.
Trachinopiis, 591.
iberica. 5vjl.
Trachinns, 590.
cirauiineuiu?. .390.
lavnEacus. 590.
amraoiiis. 590.
Eeeiandicas. 50O.
verus. .j9'1.
Trachynctiis. 450.
.eau'ceps. -a-O').
Triacanthns. .366.
Trisenaspis. ±73. 137.
Tir^uiatus. 127-
Trieniurichthys. 482.
incernis. 4^2.
Triehiundes, 229. ,
raaririnacus. 229.
laiou-ienus. xal.
Trichopnanes. 1:16. ''
conei. -16.
r'oiiarum. 410.
bians, ^10.
Trigia, 3^6.
adiuncra. 527.
cor, .357.
-■liptica. .527.
inlausca. 556.
Teata?. 350.
lyra. Oe-O.
aardii. 5c6. ,--^.^34.-..
simoneilii. 556.
TaiGLID.E. OEO.
Trigicides, 556.
Liata. 55(6
aeiarciiai. 5>6. Ob" ',
iusimis. 5e6
xan beuedousis. 5e6.
Triacneden, 331. ' - ,
\v-iU. .
crrai U;.
ii.
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03(3
INDEX.
7-
Tydeus, -57.
aibyi, 1'57.
eiongatus, 257.
me^istosoma, 257.
sphekodes, 258.
'2'
Umbrina, 538.
pecchioiii. 538.
Uranoscspiis, 590.
peruzzii, .590.
rastrum. 377.
Urenchelys, 337.
angiicus, 339.
v JXVllS, OO j • -
bakelensis, o3S.
Uropterina, 146.
piatyracnis. 158.
Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistuiaris, 376.
Vomer lonsispinus, 436.
Vomer parvuius, 451.
Vomer priscus, 442. i
Vomefopsis, 435. I
elongatus, 437.
longiapinus. 436.
yaiencienuesi, 437. i
Xiphactinus, 92.
audas, 92, 98. |
bracbvgnathus, 97. i
lestrio, 97. '
Xipbias, 490. _
acutiroscris, 357. !
antiquus, 49.5. .r ..,
delfortriei, 497. ;
robustus. 49/.
X1PH11D.E, 490.
Xiphopteras, 482.
falcatiis. 482.
Xiphiorhynchus,
490.
elegans. 491.
Xiphiorhynchus
{cont.).
priscus, 491.
p 44. fcTt «r7/^
Zanclus, 4.50.
brevirostris, 450.
eocoenus, 450.
Zeus, 417.
benoisti. 417.
gallus, 449.
lioernesi, 417."^^
lewesiensis. 397.
licatre, 418.
placessa, 501.
. plioceniciis. 418.
priscus, 516
regleysianus, 501.
rhombeus, 439.
robustus, 418.
spinosus, 500.
triurus. 436.
vomer, 436.
Mi-4
PRINTED EY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS. RED LION COURT. FLLET STRF.ET.
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SYSTEMATIC ISDEX
OF
genera and species
DESCRIBED IX PART lY.
Order A C T I Y 0 P T E R Y O 1 1 (^continued) ....
Suborder lY. ISOSPONDYLI {continued) .... 1
Family EEPTOLEPID.Y] {continued,) .
Lycoptera .
- middendorffi . 9
- sinensis . 3
Family ELOPID..E
Elopopsis .
- fenzli
- microdon .
heckeli .
. . . 9
- crassus .
Osmeroides . .
lewesiensis
. . . II
- levis ....
- gracilis .
- - lewisi .
- attenuatus .
XVlll
STSTEilATIC INDEX
Family ELOPID^ (continued).
Osmeroides sardmioides . .
- cretacens .
Flops .
Megalops .
- priscus .
- oblongus .
jS'otelops .
- brama .
Ebacolepis .
- bnccaUs .
- latus .
Thrissopater .
- salmoneus .
- magnus .
- (?) megalops ....
Pacbvrbizodus .
- basalis ......
- dibleyi .
■ - gardneri ......
- latimentum ....
- subulidens . . . .
Esocelops .
- cavifrons .
Spaniodon . .
- blondeli . . .
- elongatus . . . . .
- latus
Thrissopteroides .
- elongatus .
- latus .
- intermedins ....
- tenuiceps .
- pulcher .
Protelops . .
- geinitzi .
- anglicus .
19
20
22
24
24
26
27
27
29
30
32
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
40
42
43
46
46
48
48
51
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XIX
Pamily ALBULIDyE .
Albula . . . .
- oweni .
Chanoides . . . .
- macropoma
Chanos . . . .
Prochanos
- rectifrons .
Page
59
60
60
63
63
64
65
65
Ancylostyios . .
- gibbus . . 00
Istieus . .
- - grandis . 07
- macrocephalus . 70
- lebanonensis . 7p
Anogmius .
- polymicrodus .
71
72
Pamily OSTEOGLOSSIDAE . 73
Dapedoglossus . 74
- testis . 75
- aequipinnis . . . 75
BiyThaetus . 70
- muelleri . . . ' . 70
Incertas sedis . gq
Pletbodus . ' 80
— ^ — expansus . gq
- pentagon . g3
- - oblongns . 83
Thryptodus . g5
Pamily jN'OTOPTEEIB^ . g5
Hotopterus . . 86
- primaevns . . 80
h 2
I
XX SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.
Family CHIEOCENTRID^ . .
Chirocentrus ....
- ^ (?) polyodon .
Platinx .
Chiromystus ....
- mawsoni . ; .
Chirocentrites
- coroninii
Portheus .
- molossus .
- mantelli
- daviesi ....
- gaultinus .
Spathodactylus .
- neocomiensis .
Ichthyodectes
- ctenodon. .
- anaides ....
-T - arciiatus
- serridens .
- minor ....
- elegans . , . .
- tenuideiis .
- lib aniens ,
Cladocyclus ....
- gardneri . .
- lewesiensis
Saurodon .....
- leanus ....
- phlebotomus .
- intermedins . .
Sanrocepbalns .
- lanciformis
- woodward! . .
Incertae sedis ....
Tompgnathns
- mordax ....
Page
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
95
95
95
98
98
99
100
100
101
101
102
103
104
105
107
108
109
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
116.
116
117
SYSTEMATIC IIS'DEX.
Pamily CTENOTHEISSLD^ .
Ctenothrissa ....
- vexillifer . .
- radians
- microcephala .
Aulolepis ....
- typus ....
Family CLFPEID^E ....
Pseudobervx ....
- syriacus
- bottae ....
- grandis ....
Histiothrissa ....
- macrodactyla .
- crassapinna
Engraalis .
Halecopsis ....
- insignis ....
Scombroclupea .
- macrophthalma ,
- gaudryi
Diplomystus ....
- dentatns
- brevissimus .
- birdi ....
. - longicostatiis .
— — humilis
- altus ....
- vectensis .
Clupea .
- scheuchzeri
- catopygoptera
- humilis . .
- crenata ....
- numidica . . .
<
■ - sardinites .
- spratfcus . .
XXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Pamily ^AL^LONIDM .
Salmo ....
Mallotus .
- villosus .
Pamily HALOSAUEID^
Echidnocephakis
- troscheli
Enchelurus
- villosus .
- syriacus
- angliciis
Pamily k^OTACAi^THlDiE
Prouotacanthus .
- sahel-almse
Pamily DERCETID^ .
Eercetis . . .
- scutatus
Leptotrachelus .
- armatus
- triqueter . .
- gracilis
- hakelensis .
- eloDgatus .
Pelargorhynchus
- dercetiformis
Pamily ENCHODOk^D^
Enchodus . . .
- lewesieusis
- pulchellus .
- anuectens .
- faujasi .
- lemounieri'
- longidens .
Page
. 159
. 159
. 160
. 161
. 162
. 163
. 163
. 164
. 164
. 165
. 167
168
.169
. 169
. 171
! 172
. 172
. 173
. 174
. 174 -Al
. 180
. 184
. 184
. 188
. 188
. 189
. 190
. 191
. 193
. 195
. 196
. 198
. 199
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xxiii
Family ENCHODOF’TID-® (continued).
Page
Enchodus major . 200
- gracilis . 201
- macropterus . 202
Eiirypholis . . 207
- boissieri . 207
- freyeri . 210
Palaeolycus . 211
- dreginensis . 211
Halec . 212
- sternbergi . 212
- eupterygius . 213
- microlepis . 218
- haueri . 219
Cimolichthys . 221
- lewesiensis . 221
- nepaeolica . 225
Prionolepis . 229
- angustus . . 230
- cataphractus . 230
- laniatus . 232
Leptecodon . . . . . . . .j . . 233
- rectus . . 233
Pantopholis . . . . . ' . . . . . 234
Family SCOPELIDEE . • . . . 235
Sardinioides . 236
- monasteri . 237
- crassicaudus ' . 238
- megapterus . 239
- pusillus . 240
- attenuatus . 241
Acrognathus . 243
- boops ..... 243
- libanicus . . 244
Leptosomus . 244
— ^ — guestphalicus . 245
XXIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family SCOPELIDFE {continued).
Leptosomus elongatus .
- macrourus .
- minimus
Sardinius .
- cordieri
Dactylopogon
- grandis ....
I^ematonotiis ....
- bottse ....
Microcoelia ....
- granulata .
- libanica
Opisthopteryx . . .
- gracilis ....
Scopeloides ....
- glarisianus
Parascopelus . . .
- lacertosus . ...
Anapterus . . . .
- megistosoma .
Apateodus . . . .
- glyphodus . . .
- striatiis . , . .
- lanceolatus
Ehinellus . . .
- furcatus
- ferox . . .
- damoni . . . .
Family. GONORHYjS-CHID^ .
Charitosomus
- formosus .
- major . . . .
- lineolatus .
- bakelensia . . . .
Yotogoneiis . . . .
Page
245
245
246
247
247
248
249
249
250
252
252
252
253
254
254
255
256
256
257
257
258
258
260
264
265
266
267
268
271
271
272
272
274
274
275
SYSTEMATIC lYDEX. XXY
Family GONORHTNCHID^E {continued).
Page
IN’otogoneus osculus . 275
- squamosseiis . . 276
- cuvieri . 277
- longiceps . 278
Family CHIEOTHEICID^ . 279
Chirothrix . 280
- libanicus . 280
- lewisi . 283
- guestfalicus . 283
Telepholis . 284
- acrocephalus . 284
- (?) tenuis . 285
Exoccetoides . 286
- minor . 286
Family ESOCID^E . 287
V
Esox . 287
- lepidotus . i . . 288
/
Family CYPEIJTODONTIDEE . 289
Prolebias . 290
- cephalotes . 290
V ' - — furcatus . . 291
- gregatus . 292
- stenoura . 292
- goreti . 293
- brougniarti . 293
Pachvlebias . 294
- crassicaudus . 295
Suborder Y. OSTARIOPHYSI . 296
Family CHAEACmD.^ . . . 207
Tetragonopterus . 298
- ayus . 298
- ligniticus . 298
xxvi
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CYPUI^^ID^ . .
Catostomus . .
Amyzon
Cyprinus . . .
- priscus .
Barbus
- megacephalus
Tli}ainic}ithys
- amblyostoma
Gobio ....
- analis . .
Amblypharyngodon
Leiiciscus . . .
- oeningensis
- papyraceiis
- colei
- macrurus
- leptus .
Tinea
furcata .
leptosoma
micropygoptera
tarsiger
Rbodeus
elongatus
- latior .
Aspius . . .
- gracilis .
- minutus
Cobitis . . ■
- centrochir
- angustus
- cephalotes
Hexapsephus .
- guentheri
Page
. 299
. 299
. 300
. 300
. 301
. 301
. 302
. 303
. 303
. 303
. 304
. 304
. 305
. 305
. 307
. 308
. 308
. 309
312
312
-M
-
313
. • J
M
314
315
316 ...
316
317
318
318
V
318
320
-
320
321
r
321
322
322
SYSTEMATIC II^DEX.
xxYii
Family SILUEID^
Page
Clarias ....
- falconer! ....
. 324
Eeterobranclius ....
. 325
palaeindicns
. 325
Silurus .
. 325
Pseudentropins ....
. 326
- verbeeki ....
. 326
ITacrones . . . .
. 327
- aor . ■
. 327
Pita . .
. 328
Amiurus .
. 328
Phineastes .
. 329
Pucklandium ....
. 330
- diluvii .
. 330
Arins .
. 330
- egertoni ....
. 331
- crassus .
. 332
(?) bartonensis . .
333
- iheringi ....
..... 333
Pagarius .
. 335
gigas .
. 335
!
'A- r
Suborder VI. APODES .
Family MUP^EIDiE ....
. 336
Urenchelys .
- avus .
. 337
- hakelensis . . .
. 338
- anglicus ....
Eomyrus .
- doUoi ....
- latispinus ....
- ventralis ....
Phynchorhinus ....
- branchialis . . .
- major ...
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
xxviii
Family {continued).
Paranguilla ....
- tigrina ....
Anguilla .
- leptoptera .
- elegans ....
IS’ettastoma ....
- bolcense
Suborder YII. PERCESOCES .
Family CEOSSOGNATHID^
Crossognathus
— ■ — sabaudianus
SvUaemus .
- lafcifrons
- anglicus
Family AMMODYTID^
Cobitopsis
- ^ acutus' .
Family SCOMBEESOCIDAE
V
" Belone . ‘ . ' ,
- tenuis- .
Scombresox .
- obtusirostris
Hemiramphus
Family ATKEEINIDiE . . . .
Atherina . . . . . .
- macrocephala . . .
- aarmatica . . . .
- vardinis . . . .
Ehamphognathus . . .
- paralepoides . .
^ — sphyraenoides . . .
Page
. . 343
. . 343
. . 344
. . 344
345
. . 346
346
. . 347
. . 348
. . 348
. . 349
. . 350
. . 351
. . 351
. . 354 I
. . 354
. . 355 $
. . 356
. . 356
V 357 -
. . 357
. . 357
. . 358
. . 358
. . 359
. . 359
. . 360 -
. . 360
. . 361
. . 361
. . . 362
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xxix
Page
Family MUGILID^ . . . . . 363
Mugil . 363
- priuceps . . . 364
- radobojanus ......... 365
Family SPHYR^NID^ . 365
SphyrsBna ........... 366
- bolcensis . 366
- intermedia . . 367
- suessi . . 368
Suborder YIIT. HEMIBRANCHII . 369
Family AULORHYYCHID.^ . 371
Protaulopsis .......... 371
- bolcensis ......... 371
Aulorhynchus . 372
- sumatrensis . 373
Family FISTULAEIIDJE .... A ... 373
Fistnlaria . . ' . . . . . . , . . 374
- koenigi . 374
- longirostris . 375
Aulostoma . • • ... . 375
A; ' ' - bolcense . . . ’ . . . . 375
Frosphen . 376
- dubia . 376
Family CENTEISCIDAE . 377
Ehamphosus .......... 377
- aculeatus . 377
- biserratus ......... 378
Amphisile . 378
- heinrichi . 379
Family SOLEYOSTOMATIDAE . ...... 379
Solenorhyncbus . 380
- elegans . . 380
XXX
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX
• ^'amily SYNGNATHID^
Pseudosyngnathus . .
- opisthopterus .
Siphonostoma
- albyi ....
Syngnathus . . . .
Calamostoma ....
- breviculum
Page
380
381
381
382
382
382
383
383
Suborder IX. ACANTHOPTERYGII
Division A. Beryciformes
Pamily BERYCID^
Beryx . .
Sphenocepbalus . .
- fissicaudus . • . .
- cataphractus’ . .
Acrogaster . .
- parvus . ... .
— brevicostatus ,
- beckeli , . . .
- daviesi ....
Pycnosterinx . ' .
- nisseggeri . . .
- discoides . . .
- gracilis ....
- dubius ....
Hoplopteryx ....
- antiquus
- zippei . . . . ,
- lewesiensis
- - superbus . . . .
- lundensis . . . .
- lewisi . . . . .
- syriacus . . . .
- stachei . . .
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XXxi
Family BERYCID^ (continued).
~r\’ 1
Dinopteryx . 40°6
- spinosus . 4Qy
Homonotus . . ^ 40^
- dorsalis . 4Qg
Myripristis . 410
- leptacanthus . 41q
- homopterygius . 414
Holocentrum . . 442
macrocephalum ....... 412
melitense ......... 413
Family APHREDODERIDiE
416
Family CYTTID^ .
. . 417
Division B. Scombriformes ....... 443
Family STROMATEIDEE . ......... 449
Omosoma . . ^ 449
- sahel-almae ......... 449
- intermedium . . 499
- pulchellum ... 424
Platycormus .......... 421
- germanus . ... . . . . . 424
Berycopsis . .
- elegans . . 423
Family CARAE'GID^ ......... 425
Aipichthys ...... . . . 427
- pretiosus . 427
- velifer . . 427
- minor . . 428
- nuchalis . 429
Semiophoms . . 439
- velifer . ... . . . . , , ^ 439
- velicans ........ 434
. 432
Platax . .
XXXll
SYSTE^ilATIC INDEX.
Family CAEANGID^ {continued).
Platax woodwardi .
Amphistium ....
- paradoxum
Yomeropsis ....
- longispinus
- eloDgatus .
- vaJencienn^si . .
Mene .
- rhombeus .
- oblongiis . . .
Caranx .
Arcbmus .
- o-larisianus .
D
Seriola .
- prisca ....
" lala .....
- analis ....
CaraDgopsis ....
- brevis ....
- - dorsalis
Dnctor .
- leptosomus .
Family SCOMEEFDjFI ....
Isuricbtbys ....
- macrurus
- orientalis .
Thynnus .
- thynnus
- scaldisi . .
- lanceolatns
Eothynnus ....
- salmoneus .
Scomber . . . .
Palimphyes ....
- elongatus . . .
a.
. 432
. 434
. 434
. 435
. 436
437
. 437
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 441
. 442
. 442
. 444
. 444
. 445
. 445
. 446
. 446
. 447
. 448
. 448
. 451
. 453
. 453
. 453
. 454
. ^55
. 455
. 456
. 4o /
. 457
. 459
. 460
. 460
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXX 11 L
Family SCOMBRID^ {continued).
Page
Scombri iius . 461
- uiichalis . 461
- raacropomus 462
Auxis . 463
- (?) propterygiiis . 464
Cvbiiim . i . . . 465
- speciosum . 466
- bleekeri . 466
- excelsum . 467
- bartonense . 467
- lingulatum . 469
Eocoeloporaa . 470
- colei . 470
- curvatiim . 472
Sphyraenodus . 473
- prisons . 473
Scombramphodon 474
- benedeni . 474
- curvidens . 474
- crassidens . 475
^ Thyrsitocephalus . . . 476
- - alpinus . 477
Lepidopus . . 477
- glarisiaous . 477
- brevicauda . 480
- albyi . 480
Family PALAEOEHYNCHID^ . 482
Palaeorhyncbus . 483
- glarisianus . 483
- longirostris . . 486
- zitleli . 487
Hemirhynchus . 488
- deshayesi . . . . 488
- colei . . 488
DART lY. c
XXXIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Pamily XIPHIID^ .
Xiphiorhynchus
- elegans .
- priscus .
Acestrus .
- ornatus
Histiophorus .
- eocsetiicus
- rotundas
Division C. Perciformes . .
Pamily PEPCIDAE .
Prelates . .
- heberti .
Acanus
- spinosus .
- regleysianus
PiUtes . • • -• «
- gracilis .
Cyclopoma
- gigas . .
- (?) micracanth
Smerdis . . .
- minutus
- formosus .
macruriis
Labrax
- ubinoi .
- schizurus
oeningensis
Percichthys .
- antiquus
Properca .
angusta
beaumonti .
(?) prisca .
um
'I*
1
■H
- V
Page
490
.-i
1
490
491
'ii
491
r,
494
■ ’ i
494
495
495
495
497
498
499
. ■ -
499
500
500
M
501
'4
502 .
'St
502 .
-
504
■M
504
'4
y't
504-
506
' v>S
506
/ ' /
507
507
509
tk.’
510
510
%
511
514
514
514
515
515
516
SYSTEMATIC
XXXV
Pamily PERCID^P] (continued).
Page
Mioplosus . . 517
- labracoides . 517
Perea . 518
Pamily TETJTHIDID^ . ' ... 523
Pamilv SPAPID^E . • . 524
Sparnodus . 524
- macrophthalmus . . . 525
- elongatus . . . 526
- microstomus . 527
- bowerbanki . 527
Sargiis . 529
- orauensis . 529
- laticoniis . 529
Trigonodon . 531
- oweni . . 531
- serratus . 531
Pagellus . . 532
Pagrus . . 533
Chrvsophrys . 534
Pamilv SCIPENID^ . .
Pamily LABRID.^ . . .
Labrus . . . .
Julis , . . .
Labrodon .
- superbus .
- canariensis
Phyllodus , . .
- toliapicus .
Egertonia
- isodonta
Platvlaemus .
«/
- colei
Pseudosphserodon
- hilgendorli
538
539
539
541
541
542
542
546
546
550
551
551
551
552
552
XXXVl
SYSTEMATIC IXDEY.
Page
Family CHEtOMID^ 554
Priscacara . 554
- serrata . 554
- cli.vosa . 554
Division D. Chaetodontiformes . 556
Family CH^ETODONTID^ . 556
Pygaeus . 557
- coleanus . 557
Proantigonia . 558
Ephippns . 559
- rhombus . • . . . . 559
Family ACEONUEIDyE . 562
Aulorhamphus . 562
Apostasis . . . 563
Acanthurus . . 563
Naseus . 564
• - rectifrons . 564
Acanthopleurus .
- serratus
Acanthoderma .
- spinosum .
Ostracion .
Family GYMNODONTIDJE
Tetrodon . . .
Diodon . . ...
- erinaceus .
- scillae .
- sigma .
- vetus
Orthagoriscus
566
567
568
568
569
570
571
571
572
572
573
573
576
Family BALISTID^
V Spinacanthus
SYSTEilATIC INDEX.
XXXVll
Page
Division E. Scorpaeniformes . . 576
Eamilv SCODP^NID^E] . . 577
%/
Ampheristus . 577
- toliapicus ......... 577
Eamily COTTID^ . . 580
Eocottus . 580
- ■veronensis. . 581
Lepidocottus . 581
- aries . 582
- brevis . 582
- papyraceus . . 583
- - multipinnatus . 584
Cottiis . 585
Family TEIGLIDAE . '. . . . 585
Division E. Gobiiformes . . . . 587
Eamily GOBIIDAE . . 587
Eamily TEACHmiD.^ . 589
Callipteryx .... , . - 7 . . . 589
- speciosus . 589
- - recticaudus . 580
Division G. Blenniiforines ......... 501
Eamily BLOCHIID^ . . . . 591
Blochius . ...593
— — longirostris . 593
Family BLEx71^IIDAE . 595
Pterygocephalus . 595
— — paradoxus . 595
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SCOMBRIDJE.
465''
distinct. Immaturity is indicated by the radiating ridges
and serrations on the preoperculum. EanislciUen Coll.
The following species have also been founded on imperfect fossils,
but are not represented in the Collection : —
Auccis c^oaticus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 121, pi. xxv. fig. 1. — Upper
Miocene ; Badoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; University
Geological Museum, Agram.]
Au,vis minor, 1). G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 123, pi. xxiv.
figs. 5, 6. — Ibid. [Imperfect trunk ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]
Auxis stiriacus, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi.
(1895), p. 64, pi. xi. fig. 4, pi. xii. fig. 2. — Oligocene;
St. Georgen, near Zilli, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Zilli
Museum.]
Auxis thynnoides, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 125,
pi. xxvi. figs. 1 , 2. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia.
[Imperfect trunk, in counterpart ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna, and University Geological Museum,
Agram.]
Auxis D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 122, pi. xxiv.
fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ; Vrabce, Croatia. [Imperfect
trunk ; University Geological Museum, Agram.]
Genus CYBIUM, Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 199.]
Syn. Scomberodon, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. [2]
vol. xxxi. 1871, p. 504.
Trunk elongate-fusiform; the slender caudal pedicle with strong
median lateral keel formed by cartilaginous ridge on vertebral
centra. Median pair of fossae for anterior extension of lateral
muscles of trunk produced forwards over frontal bones and separated
by median frontal ridge continuing the supraoccipital ridge. Teeth
on margin of jaws large, conical, and laterally compressed, with
opposite sharp edges ; minute teeth on vomer and palatines ; gill-
rakers few. Vertebral centra constricted, with two lateral pits
separated by a longitudinal ridge ; all haemal arches simple. Paired
fins small ; dorsal fins well separated, the anterior consisting of
14 to 18 feeble spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins small but
elevated, similar and opposite, followed by 7 to 10 detached finlets ;
caudal fin deeply forked, with slender lobes. Scales very small
PART IV. 2 H
466
ACTlNOrXEEYGir.
and uniform or rudimentary, scarcely enlarged or compacted in the
pectoral region.
The existing species are large fishes of the tropical Atlantic and
Indian Oceans.
Cybium speciosum^ Agassiz.
1796. Scomber speciosus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. clxix, pi. xli.
{errore).
1818. Scomber speciosus {?), 11. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. dTIist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 346.
1835. Cybium speciosum, L. Agassiz, Neues Jabrb, p. 293.
1835-44. Cybium speciosum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 61,
pi. XXV.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0‘35. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding maximum
depth of trunk, and slightly less than one third the total length of
the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Teeth slender. Vertebrae
15 in the abdominal, 15 in the caudal region. Posterior dorsal
and anal fins apparently with 10 articulated rays followed by
8 finlets.
This imperfectly known species differs remarkably from the
existing C. maculatum in the number of vertebrae, the latter having
45. The number of vertebrae is not recorded in other species.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1989, P. 4133. Small specimen, in counterpart.
Egerton EanisTcillen Colls.
Cybmm bleekeri (Winkler).
1876. Enchodus bleekeri, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
p. 43, pi. ii. figs. 24, 25.
1891. Cybium (?) sp., A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii.
p. i09.
1892. Cybium bleekeri, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. vi. Mem.
p. 3, pi. i.
Type. Teeth.
A large imperfectly known species, with skull about 0-16 in
length. Teeth broad and much laterally compressed, nearly uniform
in size in premaxilla. Anterior end of premaxilla shaped as in
C. excelsum (fig. 15 a) ; dentary more contracted at symphysis.
Form, Log. Middle Eocene : Belgium.
P. 5923. Six teeth ; Bruxellian, Woluwe St. Lambert, Brussels.
Presented by Monsieur A. Houzeau de Lehaie, 1889.
^
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SCOMBRTDJS.
467
Cybium excelsum, sp. nov.
[Text-figure 15.]
Type. Eemains of head ; British Museum.
A very large, imperfectly known species, with skuU nearly 0*4 in
length. Teeth broad and much laterally compressed, not very
variable in size, those of front portion of premaxilla scarcely smaller
than the anterior mandibular teeth. Anterior end of premaxilla
more deepened and less attenuated than in the next species ; the
whole premaxilla probably longer in proportion to its depth than
in the Eocene Cyhium hleeheri.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene (Barton Clay) : Barton Cliff, Hamp¬
shire,
P. 1528. Associated remains of head and vertebral column in very
friable condition. This is the type specimen, and was
discovered by Barbara, Marchioness of Hastings, in Barton
Cliff. So far as it can be compared, the skull resembles
that of Cyhium. Both premaxill® are imperfectly pre¬
served, and that of the right side is shown from the outer
aspect, of two thirds the natural size, in fig. 15 a. The
left dentary bone is more fragmentary, but its symphysial
end, shown in fig. 15 b, bears two teeth. The centrum of
the first vertebra is distinguishable, and portions of other
typical centra occur among the remains. Egerton Coll.
Cybium bartonense, sp. nov.
[Text-figure 16.]
Type. Portions of jaws; British Museum.
A very large species known only by the jaws, with mandible
about 0'45 in length. Teeth broad and much laterally compressed,
those of front portion of premaxilla considerably smaller than the
anterior mandibular teeth. Anterior end of premaxilla less
deepened and more attenuated than in C. eoccelsum and C. hleeheri.
Symphysial end of mandible relatively deeper than in C. hleeheri
and C. lingulatum.
Form. ^ Luc. Upper Eocene (Barton Clay) : Barton Cliff and
High Cliff, Hampshire.
P. 53. Associated remains of jaws and two anterior vertebrae, the
type specimen near Christchurch, Hampshire. The
anterior end of the right premaxilla is shown of two
thirds the natural size, from the outer aspect, in fig. 16 a,
2 H 2
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SCOMBRID^.
469
This is associated with a hinder portion of premaxilla and
parts of the two dentaries, that of the left side nearly
complete but with teeth, broken away.
Presented hy Sir Richard Owen, 1880.
P. 3958. Imperfect right mandibular ramus, showing many of the
teeth ; Barton Cliff. Enniskillen Coll.
37315. Anterior portion of left dentary, with teeth, shown of two
thirds the natural size, from the inner aspect, in fig. 16 b;
High Cliff. This is probably the specimen noticed by
DoUo & Storms, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 266.
Purchased., 1863.
P. 4545. Imperfect small left premaxilla ; Barton Cliff.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1531. Anterior half of small left dentary ; Barton Cliff.
Egerton Coll.
28882. Anterior end of small left dentary ; Barton Cliff.
Daniels Coll.
Cybium lingulatum (Meyer).
1846. Siihyrcenodus lingulatus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 597
(name only).
1851. Sphyrcenodus lingulatus, H. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. i. p. 280,
pi. xxxiii. fig. 14.
1892. Cyhium, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. vi. Mem. p. 13.
Type. Imperfect dentary.
A large species with broad, much-compressed teeth ; known only
by the dentary bone, which is more contracted at the symphysis
than that of the two preceding species.
Form. Log. Middle Oligocene : Hesse ‘Darmstadt.
P. 3959. Much-abraded anterior half of dentary, with bases of
teeth ; marked Dr. Kaup,” but locality not recorded.
Enniskillen Coll.
The following specimen may also be a fragment of a premaxilla
of Cyhium, but is too imperfect for determination : —
25819. Type specimen of Sphyrcenodus tenuis, F. Dixon, Geol.
Sussex (1850), p. 112, pi. xi. fig. 24 (misprnited S. gracilis,
p. 205) ; Middle Eocene, Bracklesham, Sussex.
'' Dixon Coll.
470
ACTINOPTERTGII.
Pragments probabl}" of this genus have also been described
under the following names : —
Cyhium hottii : Spliyrcenodus hottii^ G. Capellini, Mem. Accad. Sci.
Istit. Bologna, [3] vol. ix. (1878), p. 250, pi. hi. figs. 1-
8. — Middle Miocene : Lecce. [Premaxilla and dentary ;
Provincial Museum, Lecce.]
Cyhium dumonti, Dollo & Storms, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 26*^
Scomherodon dumonti, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad.
Koy. Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 504, pi. iii.-Middle
^ Oligocene (Bupelian) ; Boom, Antwerp.
Cyhium partschi, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846),
p. 25, pi. hi. fig. 1. — Middle Miocene; luzersdorf,
Vienna. [Jaws ; Palseontological Museum, Munich.]
Cyhium proosti, L. Storms, Eevue Quest. Sci. [2] vol. xii.(1897),
p. 244, figs. 1-^/^Middle Eocene (Bruxellian) ; Maran-
sart, Waterloo. [Jaws and vertebrae ; Boyal Museum of
Natural History, Brussels.]
The name Cyhium tenue was proposed by Agassiz (Neues Jahrb.
1835, p. 305) for an undescribed fish from the Upper Eocene of
Monte Bolca. An undetermined species has also been recorded
from corresponding strata at Monte Postale (E. Bassani, Atti B.
Accad. Sci. Napoli, ser. 2, vol. hi. 1889, no. 6, p. 77).
Genus EOCCELOPOMA, novum.
Syn. Ccelopoma, L. Agassiz {non Adams, 1867), Hep. Brit. Assoc.
1844 (1845), p. 307 (name only).
A genus known only by the head. Cranium rather short and
broad ; fossae for lateral muscles of trunk extending forwards much
beyond the hinder margin of the frontals to a point above the
middle of the orbit; frontals nearly as broad as long, marked with
rugosity laterally, sharply depressed mesially just in front of the
posterior fossae, and the hinder part of their median suture at the
anterior end of the low supraoccipital ridge gaping to form a small
vacuity. Teeth on margin of jaws rather large, stout, conical, and
well-spaced, not much laterally compressed ; minute teeth on
vomer.
Eocoelopoma colei^ sp. nov.
1845. Ccelopoma colei, L. Agassiz, Hep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 307
(name only).
Type. Imperfect head ; British Museum.
The type species, with head and opercular apparatus probably
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SCOMBRID^.
471
attaining a length of about 0’3, but usually smaller. Head slightly
longer than deep ; inner pair of postero-superior fossae on cranium
somewhat expanded in front, extending half the length of the
cranium. Bones of opercular apparatus marked with irregular,
radiating, rounded wrinkles or ridges.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 623 a. Imperfect head with opercular apparatus, about 0*16 in
length, marked by Egerton as intended to be the type
specimen of this species ; Sheppey. The irregular
wrinkling on all the opercular bones is well shown.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1753. More imperfect similar head, partly decaying, labelled by
Egerton ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
35687. Equally small imperfect head, showing jaws; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1859.
28856. Large head,' showing jaws ; Sheppey. Purchased,
38916. Cranium 0*095 in length, with foremost vertebral centrum
fused with basioccipital ; Sheppey. The parasphenoid is
partly broken away, exposing a large basicranial canal.
The vomer bears minute teeth arranged in a small,
median, longitudinally-extended patch. Bowerhanh Coll.
P. 1755, More imperfect larger cranium ; Sheppey. Egerton ColL
P. 1693 a. Smaller cranium, showing minute teeth on edge of
palatine bone ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 1698b. Imperfect head, partly decaying, displaying mandible;
Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
39445. More imperfect decaying head ; Sheppey. Boiverhanlc Coll.
P. 9481. Pyritised and partly decaying larger specimen ; Sheppey.
EimisJcillen Coll.
39231. Fine head 0*17 in length from hinder border of quadrate to
tip of premaxilla ; Sheppey. The premaxillae are less
produced in front of the cranium than in Cyhium and
Acanthocyhium. Bowerhanh Coll.
P. 159. Imperfect large cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1880.
28624. Imperfect larger cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.
33305. More imperfect large cranium ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1858.
472
ACTIXOPTEETGII.
28855. Imperfect large head, with some anterior vertehrse, pro¬
bably of this species ; Sheppey. The anterior vertebral
centra are not longer than deep, not much constricted,
and scarcely marked by lateral pits. Purchased, 1 854.
P. 9458. Imperfect cranium 0-23 in length, probably of this species ;
Sheppey. The basioccipital region is comparatively short
and broad. Egerion Coll.
P. 9459. Slightly smaller imperfect cranium, probably of this
species ; Sheppey. Purchased.
Eocoelopoma curvatum, Owen.
1845. Codopoma Iceve, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844, p. 307 (name
only).
1854. Coelopoma curvatum, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces Mus.
Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 162.
Type. Imperfect head ; Royal College of Surgeons, Loudon.
A much smaller species than the type, with opercular bones
quite smooth.
Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 1751. Imperfect pyritised head, partly decaying, labelled by
Agassiz and marked by Egerton as intended to be the
type specimen of C. Iceve; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 1752. More fragmentary specimen, labelled by Agassiz ; Sheppey.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1698 C. Fragmentary head ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 1698 d. Imperfect head, showing parts of jaws and smooth
opercular apparatus ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 1698 e-h. Imperfect cranium, small head, and two fragments of
occiput ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 4151-52, P. 9482. Four imperfect heads; Sheppey.
EnnisJcillen Coll.
28499. Imperfect pyritised head ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.
43126. Large fragmentary head ; Hampstead Tunnel.
Wetherell Coll.
44877. Small specimen showing jaws ; Sheppey.
Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
P. 9460. Imperfect small head ; Sheppey. Purchased.
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SC0MBRIDJ3.
473
24613. Cranium probably of this species, with large patch of
vomerine teeth transversely expanded ; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1850.
38922-23. Two other crania, the first showing normal vomerine
teeth, the second very imperfect ; Sheppey.
Bowerhank Coll.
Genus SPHYR.ffiNODUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 98.]
— o/
An extinct genus comprising large species known only by portions
of skull and dentition. Teeth large and conical, not laterally
compressed, in single series on margin of jaws [and on palatine bone,
according to Dollo and Storms].
The dentition is more powerful and the premaxillae are relatively
larger than in the existing genus Pelamys.
Sphyraenodus priscus, Agassiz.
1841. Sphyrcenodus prisons {Dictyodus), It. Owen, Odontogr.’p. 120,
pi. liv.
1839-44. Sphyrcenodus prisons, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 98, pi. xxvi. figs. 4-6.
1890. Diotyodus prisons, Woodward & Sherboru, Catal. Brit. Foss.
Vert, p. 64.
Type. Jaws and associated remains ; British Museum.
The type species, with mandible attaining a length of 0*16.
Jaws much elongated, the maximum depth of the mandibular
ramus contained about four times in its length. Teeth plicated at
the base, slightly incurved at the apex, remarkably uniform in
size.
Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 3957. Type specimen, described and figured by Agassiz, loc.cit. ;
Sheppey. Only obscure fragments of the cranium are ^
shown. Enniskillen Coll.
An undescribed species of Sphyrcenodus also occurs in the Middle
Oligocene of Boom, near Antwerp (^Dictyodus rupeliensis, Dollo &
Storms, Zool. Anzeig. 1888, p. 266).
The generic name Diotyodus, Owen (Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1838
[1839], Trans. Sect. p. 142), was considered as a synonym of
Sphyrcenodus by Owen, Odontogr. (1841), expl. pi. liv. ; but it
seems to have been based on some fragmentary jaws in the Boyal
474
ACTINOPTEETGIT.
College of Surgeons, which were subsequently named Dictyodas
destructor^ OweTi (Catal. Eoss. Kept. & Pisces Mus. Hoy. Coll. Surg.
1854, p. 161). These specimens exhibit large, low an,d broad teeth,
much laterally compressed, and vertically striated at the base, and
are too imperfect for satisfactory determination. The following
specimen may perhaps belong to this genus and species : —
36166. Imperfect jaws, each exhibiting a single series of the
characteristic large teeth flanked externally with a row
of very small but similar teeth ; London Clay, Sheppey,
Purchased, 1860.
Genus SCOMBRAMPHODON, novum.
Syn. }AmpkfrdOn, R. Storrn9.^(non Amphodus, Peters, 1872), Ann. Soc.
G^pl. Belg. vol. xiii. 1887, Mdm. p. 265,
An extinct genus known only by portions of skull, dentition,
and vertebrae. Marginal teeth large and conical, not laterally
compressed, in single series on premaxilla, in less regular series on
dentary, which bears a supplementary external row of compara¬
tively small teeth ; minute clustered teeth on palatine. Dentary
bone rapidly deepening behind the contracted but thickened
symphysis. Vertebral centra not longer than deep, with two
lateral pits.
Scombramphodon benedeni, Storms.
1887. Amphodon benedeni, R. Storms, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. vol. xiii.,
Mem. p. 265, pi. iv.
Type. Associated portions of skull and vertebrae.
The type species, with mandible probably about O’lo in length.
Large teeth strongly plicated at base, not much incurved at apex ;
those of dentary in a regular series, firmly fixed in rather deep
sockets.
Form. Loc. Middle Oligocene (Rupelian) : Rupelmonde,
Belgium. /77rxc4F^
Not represented in the Collection.
Scombramphodon curvidens. Storms.
1887. Amphodon curridens, R. Storms, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. vol. xiii.,
Mem. p. 266, pi. v.
Type. Associated portions of dentary and premaxilla.
Large teeth of dentar}' more incurved than in the type species
%
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^c(/?C ^ /i/',1l, /2i.
SCOMBRID^.
475
and less deeply i^nplg-nted at the base ; small outer teeth forming a
cluster at the mandibular symphysis.
Form. Loc. Middle Oligocene (Rupelian) : Rupelmonde,
Belgium.
Not represented in the Collection.
Scombramphodon crassidens, sp. nov.
1844. Sphyrcenodus crassidens, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 99 (name only).
1890. Fictyodus (?) crassidens, Woodward & Sherborn, Catal. Brit.
Foss. Vert. p. 64 (name only).
Type. Fragments of jaws ; British Museum.
Apparently closely similar to S. curvidens, but the apices of the
teeth less incurved, and the teeth on the anterior half of the
dentary less regularly arranged.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 1779. Abraded fragments of jaws in matrix showing the large
teeth with plicated bases, labelled by Agassiz and
intended to be the type specimen of this species; Sheppey.
Egerion Coll.
P. 158. Fragmentary head ; Sheppey. The cranium seems to have
considerablv resembled that of Scomber and Scomhrinus.
but is deeper and more laterally compressed. The pre¬
maxilla is long and slender, not much expanded in front.
It bears a single series of large teeth, which are deeply
plicated in their basal half and not incurved at the apex.
The hinder portion of the right dentary exhibits traces
of the outer series of small teeth. Purchased, 1880.
3S945. Anterior half of left dentary, showing bases of teeth, rather
irregular in arrangement, clustered on the symphysis ;
Sheppey. Each tooth has a very small pulp -cavity.
BowerhanJc Coll.
P.1780. Hinder portion of small left dentary and premaxilla;
Sheppey. The bases of the two series of mandibular
teeth are shown. Egertoti Coll.
28755. Imperfect small head, doubtfully of this species ; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1853.
38907. Smaller imperfect head, doubtfully of this species.
Bowerbanlc Coll.
476
ACTINOPTERYGII.
The following specimens are not specifically determined : —
P. 5205. Fragment of left dentary, rather stout and large, showing
bases of teeth ; London Clay, Sheppey. / Gardner Coll.
25740. Anterior end of small right dentary ; Middle Eocene,
Bracklesham Bay. Dixon Coll.
The indefinable Scombroid genus Stereodus (B. Owen, Geol. Mag.
vol. ii. 1865, p. 147), from the Miocene of Malta, has smooth,
round teeth much like those of Scomhramphodon. The large type
species, Stereodus melitensis (R. Owen, loc. cit., and J. H. Cooke,
Geol. Mag. [3] vol^ viii. 1891, p. 546), is represented in the Col¬
lection by the following specimens, ail from the yellow limestone of
Malta and Gozo : —
P. 3903. Imperfect base of caudal fin. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 6207. Terminal caudal vertebrae and remains of caudal fin-rays.
Each vertebra in advance of the hypural exhibits two
lateral pits separated by a rounded median longitudinal
ridge. Presented hy Sir John Murray, K.C.B., 1890.
P. 6207 a. Nearly similar specimen, but having two very short and
deep vertebral centra, without median lateral ridge, im¬
mediately in front of hypural.
Presented hy Sir John Murray, K.C.B., 1890.
P. 343. Nearly similar specimen, but three last ridged caudal
vertebral centra relatively shorter and deeper.
Purchased, 1881.
P. 7537. Various remains of end of tail and caudal fin-rays.
Presented by P. T. Godsal, Esq., 1895.
The fragment of jaw from the Middle Oligocene of Flonheim, in
the Mayence Basin, named Sphyraenodus conoideus by H. von Meyer
(Neues Jahrb. 1846, p. 597, and Palaeoutogr. vol. i. 1851, p. 281,
pi. xxxiii. fig. 13), closely resembles the so-called Stereodus.
Genus THYRSITOCEPHALUS, G. vom Rath.
[Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xi. 1859, p. 114.]
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed. Orbit relatively
small ; mandible prominent ; teeth few and large, smallest in front
of the jaws. Vertebrae about 54 in number, nearly half being
abdominal ; ribs small. Paired fins small ; dorsal fins scarcely
l^(f3-t^UX. S'cfre. . d3jt!^aJZ^ . v^s^. >C?c/a
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■M
SCOMBKIDiE.
477
separated, the anterior with more than 20 spines, arising above the
paired fins ; posterior dorsal and anal fins of equal extent, and
followed by about 20 finlets ; caudal fin deeply forked. [Scales
unknown.]
An extinct Oligocene genus.
Thyrsitocephalus alpinus^ G. vom Rath.
1859. Thyrsitocephalus alpinus^ G. vom Rath, loc. cit. p. 114, pi. iii.
fig- 4.
1886. Thyrsitocephalus alpmus, A. Wettstein, Fischfaima Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p, 70.
Type. Nearly complete fish; Geological Museum, University of
Bonn.
The type species, attaining a length of about O' 16. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat exceeding maximum depth
of trunk, and contained five times in total length of fish. Teeth
recurved, about 12 in each jaw. Anterior dorsal fin with 22 or 23
spines, posterior dorsal with 10 articulated rays, anal fin wdth 10
or 12 articulated rays.
Form. ^ Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
Not represented in the Collection.
' / :>7C J
Genus LEPIDOPUS^ Gouan.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1770, p. 185.]
Syn. Anenchelum^ H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 314.
Lepidopides, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. i. pt. i. 1850, p. 239.
Trunk laterally compressed and excessively elongated. Orbit
large ; mouth large and mandible prominent : marginal dentition
powerful, a few teeth much enlarged, recurved, and barbed. From
90 to 110 vertebrae, none with transverse processes. Pectoral fins
well developed, but pelvic fins rudimentary ; dorsal fin continuous
and nearly uniform in elevation along the whole length of the back;
numerous rudimentary anal fin-spines ; no finlets ; caudal fin
deeply forked. Scales absent.
Pelagic and deep-sea fishes of wide range.
Lepidopus glarisianus (Rlainville).
1708. Figure hj J. J. Scheuchzer, Pise. Querelae et Vindiciae, pi. ii.
1818. Anenchelum glarisianum^ H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 314.
1834. Anenchelum ylarisianmn, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 302.
478
ACTINOPTERYGir.
1834. Anenchelum latum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 302 (name only).
1834. Anenchelum isopleurum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 302 (name oulj).
1834. Anenchelum heteropleurum, L. Agassiz, p.^02 (name only).
1842-44. Anenchelum glarisianum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yoI. v. pt. i.
p. 70, pi. xxxvii. figs. 1, 2.
1842-44. Anenchelum isopleurum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 71, pi. xxxvii.
fig. 3. [Immature distorted fisli ; Britisli Museum.]
1842-44. Anenchelum dorsale, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 72, pi. xxxvii. fig. 4,
pi. xxxvii a. figs. 1, 2. [Fragmentary distorted specimen ; British
Museum.]
1842-44. Anenchelum heteropleurum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 73, pi. xxxvii a.
fig. 3. [Distorted large fish ; British Museum.]
1842-44. Anenchelum latum, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 74, pi. xxxvi. [Im¬
perfect anterior half of fish ; Zurich Museum.]
(:') 1844. Anenchelum longipenne, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 74 (name only).
(?) 1847-48. Anenchelum breviceps, C. G. Giebel, Neues Jahrh. 1847,
p. 665, and Fauna d. Vorw., Fische, p. 80, [Imperfect distorted
fish ; University Geological Museum, Halle.]
1859. Anenchelum latum, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xi. p. 122, pi. iii. fig. 6, pi. iv.
1859. Anenchelum dorsale, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 122, pi. iii. fig. 8.
1869. Anenchelum glarisianum, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 122, pi. iii, fig. 5.
1859. Anenchelum heteropleurum, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 123.
(?) 1859. Anenchelum breviceps, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 123.
1859. Anenchelum isopAeurum, G. vom Rath, ibid. p. 123.
1886. Lepidopus glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schvveiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.),
p. 42, pi. V. figs. 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, pi. vi. figs. 1, 3, 5-8.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A slender species attaining a length of over one metre. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained eight times, maximum
depth of trunk about nineteen times in the total length of the fish
to the base of the caudal fin. About 12 teeth on the margin of
each jaw above and below ; one enlarged at anterior end of pre¬
maxilla ; those of middle of dentary twice as high as those in front
and behind ; the largest more or less recurved. Vertebrae 32 to 35
in the abdominal, 72 to 75 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins un¬
usually large, the length of the two lowest rays equalling twice the
depth of the trunk ; dorsal fin arising above first vertebra, termina¬
ting over sixth from caudal fin, and its anterior 10 or 12 rays the
longest ; anal fin terminating opposite end of dorsal ; caudal fin
larger than in the existing species.
This is the tj^pe species of Anenchelum. The known examples
are very variously distorted, and it is difficult to determine its
exact proportions.
Form. ^ Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
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SCOMBRIDJE.
479
P. 451, P. 3996, P. 501, P. 3995. Small fish and large caudal
region, in counterpart, much elongated by distortion,
described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1842-44, as
belonging to this species ; Engi.
Egerton EanisJcillen Colls.
P. 442. Eent and distorted small specimen, described and figured
by Agassiz, ibid., as the type of AnencJielum isopleurum ;
Engi. Egerton Coll.
P. 3993. Larger specimen noticed by Agassiz, ibid. p. 72, as Anen-
chelum isopleurum ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 3993. Type specimen of Aiienchelum dor sale, figured by Agassiz,
ibid. pi. xxxvii a. fig. 2; Engi. The teeth are obscured
by matrix and inaccurately drawn in the figure.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 502, P. 3990. Type specimen of Anenchelum heteropleurum, in
counterpart, described and figured by Agassiz, ibid. ; Engi.
The teeth are inaccurately shown, being obscured by
matrix. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
41803, 41805-06, 41809-11,41813. Eemains of seven large fishes,
well divested of matrix ; Engi. Purchased, 1869.
41804, 41808, 41812. Similar remains of three smaller fishes ;
Engi. Purchased, 1869.
7848. Caudal region ; Engi. Mantell Coll.
33936, 33942, 33945-46, 33950-51, 33954, 33963-71, 33982,
33985. Eight imperfect specimens, six being in counter¬
part ; Engi. Presented by Miss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.
36086-87. Small specimen and portion of another fish bent behind
the head, both in counterpart ; Plattenberg.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 5214. Caudal region ; Plattenberg.
Presented by J. E. Lee, Esq., 1885.
P. 1706, P. 1708-09, P. 2037-68, P. 3991-92, P. 3997. Various
distorted portions of large specimens ; Engi.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
41807. Immature fish ; Engi. Purchased, 1869.
P. 1711-12. Three immature fishes, the third about 0*1 in length ;
Engi. Egerton Coll.
P. 3994. Another immature fish ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.
480
ACTINOPTEETGIi.
Lepidopus brevicauda (vom Rath).
1859. Anenchelum 'brevicauda, G. vom Rath, Zeitschr. deiitsch, geol.
Ges. Yol. xi. p. 124, pi. t. fig. 1.
1886. Lepidopus brevicauda, A. Wettstein, Fischfaiina Tertiaer. Glar-
nerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. Yol. xiii.), p, 43,
pi. Y. figs. 2, 7, 8, pi. yI. fig. 4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; IlniYersity Geological Museum, Bonn.
A small species attaining a length of about 0*5. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about fifteen times in length of Yertebral
column. Teeth apparently more numerous than in L. glarisianus.
Vertebrae about 36 in the abdominal, 53 in the caudal region.
Length of longest pectoral fin-rays not exceeding depth of trunk ;
dorsal and anal fins low.
Form. ^ Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
Rot represented in the Collection.
Lepidopus albyi, SauYage.
1870. Lepidopus albyi, H. E. SauYage, Ann. Sci. Rat. [5] yoI. xir.
art. no. 7, p. 5.
1873. Lepidopus albyi, H. E. Sauxage, Ann. Sci. Geol. yoI. Iy.
art. no. 1, p. 123, fig. 25.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A small species, apparently not more than 0-3 in length. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained about sexen times,
maximum depth of trunk about sixteen times in total length of fish.
Vertebrae 35 in the abdominal, 58 in the caudal region. Pectoral
fins small.
Form. Loc. Upper Miocene : Licata, Sicily.
P. 1705. Fragmentary remains of head and abdominal region.
Egerton Coll.
The following extinct species haxe also been described, but there
are no examples in the Collection : —
Lepidopus anguis, H. E. Sauxage, Ann. Sci. Rat. [5] xol. xix.
. (1870), art. no. 7, p. 6, and Ann. Sci. Geol. xol. ix.
(1873), p. 128, fig. 27 ; I. Bonomi, Rixista Ital. Palecnt.
Yol. ii. (1896), p. 232. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily,
and Mondaino, Prox. Forli, Italy. [Small fish.]
Lepidopus carpatliicus, D. G. Kramberger, Palaeontogr. xol. xxxi.
(1879), p. 57, pi. xxi. fig. 1. — Lower Oligocene ; Baschka,
Galicia. [Fragment of caudal region ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]
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SCOMBEID^.
48V
Lepidojpus dubius, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1879, p. 55, pi. xiv.
fig. 1. Lepidopides dubius, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. i. (1850), pt. L
p. 241 ; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trerit. Sci. JN’at.
vol. vii. (1880), p. 76. Lepidopides brevispondylus,
J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1850, p. 241, pi. xxvii. — Lower
Oligocene: Baschka, Galicia; Maimitz, Moravia; andOfeu,
Hungary. [Portion of trunk ; Court Museum, Yienna.1
Lepidopus leptospondylus, H. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1879, p. 57.
^ ^ ^ Lepidopides leptospondylus, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1850.,
/ _ 240, pi. xxii. — Lower Oligocene : Galicia and Moravia.
^Fragments ; Court Museum, Vienna (iu part).], f
Lepidopus raenegliinii is an undefined name for a fossil fish from
the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc.
Tosc. — Proc.-Yerb. vol. i. 1878, p. xix.).
Barbed teeth like those of Lepidopus have also been described
from the Oligocene of Alsace (A. Andreae, Mitth. geol. Landesanst.
Elsass-Lothr. vol. hi. 1890, p. 108, figs. 3, 4) ; from the Miocene of
Saucats, Gironde {TricTiiurides mioccEuus, E. Helfortrie, Actes Sc-c.
Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxi. 1876, p. 32, figs. 1-5); and from tbe
Miocene of Sardinia {Thyrsites lovisatoi, F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad.
Sci. Kapoli, [2] vol. iv. 1891, no. 3, p. 54, pi. i. fig. 5, pi. W.AH-c
fig. 23).
The following extinct genera and species also appear to belong Ix
this family, but are not satisfactorily definable. Except perhaps ]
the two first-mentioned species, which are unrecognisable, none are
represented in the Collection : —
^Acropoma alta, E. Owen, Catal. Foss. Eept. & Pisces, Mus. Eoy. ,
Coll. Surg. 1854, p. 164, no. 661. — London Clay ; Sheppey. / f.i^/xTTz^
[Fragmentary head ; Eoyal College of Surgeons, London.] _ _ _ _
^**^^^* EuC'^^us hunteri, E. Owen, ibid. p. 160, no. 647. — Ibid.
[Ditto.]
Hemithyrsites alatus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 136, figs. 37, 40. Acanihonotos
aZa^^(s, H.E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Hat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 10. — ^Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily. [Im¬
perfect fish.]
Hemithyrsites armatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 133,
fig. 36. Acanihonotos armatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit.
1870, p. 9. — Ibid. [Type species, also of Acanihonotos,
Sauvage 1870, non Acanthonotu^ Bloch-Schneid. 1801.
Imperfect fish.]
PART
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482
-y/ .* ACTJNOPl
ACIJNOPTERIGII.
c
HemiiJiyrsites licatce, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1873, p. 139.
Acanihonotos licatce^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1870, p. 10.
— Ibid. [Eragments.] 5’^ //<g^/^25^g. o ^
Megalolepis bascJicaensis^ D. G. Kramberger, Pal8eoiitogr..vol. xxvi.
(1879), p. 61, pi. xvi. fig. 3. — Lower Oligocene ; Bascbka,
Galieia. [Type species. Imperfect fish ; Palseontological
Museum, Munich.] •:=• ^ 5^8' -
Megalolepis latus, D. G. Kramberger, ibid. p. 62, pi. xvi. fig. 2.
— Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich..]
X ^ TrichiuricTithys incertus, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv.
(1873), art. no. 1, p. 130, fig. 28. — Upper Miocene;
• Licata, Sicily. [Imperfect caudal region.]
yiy'r>^ XipJiopterus falcatus, L. Agassiz, Keugs^JahiU. 1835, p. 295, and
/V. Qfv>,. S*c-; . Y^k • Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt.. i. (1844), p. /7. Esox falcatus,
H*V>'2'3r G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. ccxxxvii. pi. Ivii.
— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Fragmentary fish ;
Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Unsatisfactory fragments of jaws and other bones have also been
referred to supposed extinct species of the existing genus Pelamys
as follows : —
Pelamys adunca, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, &c., Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 64, pi. v. fig. 6. — Lower Pliocene ;
Orciano, Tuscany.
Pelamys robusta, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. [2]
vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 512. — Middle Oligocene (Rupelian) ;
Basele, Belgium.^ ^ ^
^ jL. ^
An otolith,'^ot^j
as follows : —
_ a.
represented^ tlie
Collection, nas been described
Otolithus {Scombridarum) ihynnoides^Pi. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 130, pi. x. fig. 10. — Middle
Oligocene ; Waldbbckelheim.
Family PALZEORHYNCHID.E.
Trunk much elongated and laterally compressed. Snout much
produced; mandibular suspensorium inclined sharply forwards, but
gape of mouth wide ; teeth minute or absent. Vertebrae 50 to 60
in number ; ribs completely encircling the abdominal cavity ;
MfS
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PAL^ORHYNCHID^.
483
neural and haemal spines with a thin laminar expansion on the
hinder border. Pectoral fins small ; pelvic fins large ; dorsal and
anal fins much extended, the greater part consisting of feeble
spines ; caudal fin distinct and well developed. Scales thin and
cycloid, or absent.
An imperfectly known extinct family, inhabiting the seas of the
Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene periods. The precise constitution
of the cranial rostrum is undetermined.
Synopsis of Genera.
Jaws of equal length ; dorsal fin-spines as
numerous as vertebrae below them . Palcsorhynchus (p. 483)..
Mandible about half as long as rostrum ; dorsal
fin -spines much more numerous than ver¬
tebrae below them . . . Hemirhynchtis (p. 488).
Genus PAL-ffiaRHYNCHUS, H. D. de Blainville.
[Jn’ouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 3^14.]
Articulation of mandible beneath anterior border of orbit, and
slender jaws nearly of equal length; teeth apparently absent;
preoperculum large and triangular, ornamented with numerous
radiating grooves ; operculum quadrangular. Vertebrae about 25
in the abdominal, 35 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins small and
delicate ; pelvic fins large, directly beneath the pectorals, each with
6 rays ; dorsal fin extending almost the whole length of the back,
its spines consisting of imperfectly-fused right and left halves, and
as numerous as the vertebrae below them ; anal fin also very ex¬
tensive, the greater part co-nsisting of spines resembling those of the
dorsal ; caudal fin forked. Dorsal and anal fin-spines supported by
small fan-shaped bones, which are strengthened by three radiating
ribs, the shortest extending along the margin of the trunk, the
others diverging towards the vertebral axis. Scales small and
ovoid.
False orhynchus glarisianus^ Blainville.
[Text-figure 17.]
1716. Figure by J. J. Scheuchzer, Mus. diluvianum, pi. ix. fig. 6.
1818. PalcBorhynchmn glarisianum, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 314.
1834. Palceorhynchum glarisianum, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 303.
1842-44. Palceorhynchum glarisianum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v,
pt. i. p. 81, pi. xxxiv.
2r 2
Palcp-orliijnclius (ilavisianus ; restoration, about one hftn nat. size.
484
^^CTlTfOPTERTOri
PAL^ORHYNOHIDJS.
485
1842-44. PalcBorhynchum latum \ L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 82, pi., xxxii.
fiff. 2, pis. XXXV., xxxvi. [Distorted fish ; British Museum.]
1842-44. Pal(jeorhynchu7n medium^, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 84, pl. xxxiii.
[Fragmentarj'^ fish ; Ziirich Museum.]
1886. Pakeorhynchus glaronensis, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Deukschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 73,
pi. ii. figs. 14-16.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*8. Complete
length of head with opercular apparatus little less than one half
that of the vertebral column ; maximum depth of trunk contained
about 14 times in total length of fish. Neural and haemal spines
of vertebrae straight and vertical in anterior part of caudal region.
Nearly 50 dorsal fin-spines, the length of the longest about equalling
that of 10 vertebrae ; 15 to 18 short divided rays in the hinder part
of the dorsal fin ; anal fin with about 35 spines and 32 divided rays,
the spines gradually increasing in length to the middle of the fin
where they are longer than the dorsal spines.
Almost all the known fossilised examples of this species are con¬
siderably distorted, and it is difficult to determine the exact pro¬
portions of the fish. The accompanying restoration (fig. 17) seems
to be approximately correct. (lai
Form. Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 1713. Head with abdominal region, described and figured as
belonging to this species by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 81,
pi. xxxiv. fig. 1 ; Engi. Some of the elongated rays of
both pelvic fins are shown. Egerton Coll.
P, 603, P. 4123. Type specimen of the so-called Paloeorhynclium
latum., in counterpart, figured by Agassiz, tom. eit.
pi. xxxii. fig. 2 ; Engi. The skeleton, which is deepened
by distortion, is much obscured by matrix, the false
appearance of a large crest on the head in the figure being
due to this circumstance. A lithographed plate of this
specimen was published by the Earl of Enniskillen (when
Lord Cole) in 1820. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
41814. Fine specimen 0*8 in length, but a little elongated by
crushing ; Engi. There are remains both of pectoral and
pelvic fins ; and three of the pelvic fin-rays preserved
seem to bifurcate distally. The separation of the two
halves of the dorsal fin-spines is distinct.
Purchased, 1869.
^ These specific names were first published without definition in Egerton’s
Catal. Foss, Fish, 1837.
486
ACTI^"^OPTEKYGII.
P. 2070. Imperfect fish shortened and deepened h}’ distortion, also
showing the separation of the two halves of the dorsal
and anal fin-spines ; Engi. ^ Egerton Coll,
P. 4125. Another large distorted specimen, labelled P. glarisianum
bv Agassiz ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll,
P. 1715. Small fish labelled P. medium by Agassiz, apparently
noticed, tom. eit. p. 84 ; Engi. Egerton Coll,
36085. Remains of another small fish, in counterpart; Plattenberg,
Purchased, 1861
41815-16, -18. Imperfect small fish and two fragments, well dis¬
engaged from matrix, displaying parts of head, preopercula,
and median fins; Engi. Purchased, 1869.
P, 4523. Imperfect small slender specimen, labelled Pal ceorhyncl turn
gracile, Egerton ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.
42812. Another small imperfect specimen. Van Breda Coll.
P. 1714, P. 1716-17, P. 4126, P. 4307. Various fragments, some
labelled by Agassiz : Engi. Egerton Sj' Enniskillen Colls.
Palseorhynchus longirostris^ Agassiz.
1842-44. Palceorhynchum longirostre, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. i. p. 79, pi. xxxiv a. fig. 3.
1886. Palceorhynchus longirostris, A. Wettsteiu, Fischfaima Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.),p. 75.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The largest known species, attaining a length of about 1-5.
Skeleton stouter than in the type species ; neural and haemal spines
of vertebrae gently arched backwards in anterior part of caudal
region ; total number of vertebrae about 55.
Form. ^ Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 456, P. 4124. Type specimen, in counterpart, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
41817. Remains of head and abdominal region of larger fish ; Engi.
Purchased, 1869.
CLMjery y /^’ ^Xc^c<^^ ^.5 3. Cf^^^nz'
Cc - CA-/^ /Pcri^ ^0~ Cl y /9 ' f^' / 4
P\L^0RHYNCHIDJ5.
487
Palaeorhynchus zitteli (Kramberger).
1879. HemirhyncTius zitteli, D. G. Kramberger, Palaeontogr. vol. xxvi.
p. 59, pi, XV. fig. 1.
1886. Pal<eorhynchus zitteli, A. Wettstein, Fiscbfauna Tertiaer. Glar-
nerschief. p. 72.
1888. Palceorhynclius zitteli, K.. A.' von Zittel, Handb, Palseont. vol. iii.
p. 301, fig. 312.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.
An imperfectly known species closely resembling the type, but
apparently a little deeper in proportion to its length.
The type specimen is important as showing the laminar expan¬
sions of the vertebral arches and fin-supports.
Form. ^ Log. L^^r Galicia.
Not represented in the Collection. •
Fragmentary specimens of species not represented in the Collec¬
tion have also been described as follows : —
Palaeorhynchus descJimanni, D. G. Kramberger, Pad Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 41, pi. i., pi. iii. fig. 3, and
Soc. Hist. Nat. Croatiea, vol. i. (1886), p. 134. — Upper
Oligocene ; Sagor, Croatia. [Portion of trunk.]
Palceorhynclius giganteus, A. Wagner, Sitzungsb. k. bay. Akad.
Wiss. 1860, p. 52. — Upper Oligocene ; Siegsdorf, near
Traunstein, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.]
Palceorhynclius cfr. glaronensis , F. Bassani, Atti P. Accad. Sci.
Napoli [2] vol. iii. no. 6 (1889), p. 98, pi. xv. fig. 2. —
Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish ;
Piovene Collection, Lonedo.]
Palceorhynchus rieclli, D. G. Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 61, pi. xi. fig. 1. — Upper Oligocene ;
Trifail, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Zilli Museum.]
Palceorhynchus is also known from the Oligocene of Buchsweiler
and Froidefontaine in Alsace (F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. liv. pt. i. 1866, p. 150).
The following fragmentary specimens from the London Clay of
Sheppey closely resemble the corresponding parts of Palceorhynchus
and cannot yet be generically distinguished : —
P. 646-7. Two imperfect crania, one being 0-085 in length, labelled
by Egerton as intended to be the type specimens of Ptycho-
cephalus radiatus, Agassiz, recorded by name only in
488
ACTINOPTEETGII.
Poiss. Foss. Tol. V. pt. ii. (1844), p. 139, and Pep. Brit.
Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307. Egerton Coll.
P. 1741. Similar cranium with mandibular suspensorium, and frag¬
ments of mandible and opercular apparatus. Egerton Coll.
33136) 35693. Two imperfect crania. Purchased, 1858-59.
Genus HEMIRHYNCHUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 87.]
Syn. Homoi'hynchus, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. [21
vol. XXXV. 1873, p. 210.
Head as in Palceorhynchus, but slender rostrum about twice as
long as mandible. Vertebrae about 25 in the abdominal, 28 in the
caudal region. Pectoral fins small and delicate ; pelvic fins larger ;
dorsal fin extending almost the whole length of the back, its rays
about twice as numerous as the vertebrae ; anal fin also very ex¬
tensive, with rays much more numerous than the vertebrae ; caudal
fin forked. Dorsal and anal fin-supports as in Paloeorhynchus.
Hemirhynchus deshayesi, Agassiz.
1839. Histiophoi'us deshayes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pi. xxx.
1844. Hemirhynchus deshayes, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p, 88.
1852. Hemirhynchus deshayes, P. Gervais, Zool. & Pal. Fran^., Poiss.
Foss. p. 7, pi. Ixxi. figs. 2, 3.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*45. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about eight times in length from pectoral
arch to base of caudal fin.
Snout incomplete in known specimens.
Form. ^ Loc. Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) : Paris.
Not represented in the Collection.
Hemirhynchus colei (Agassiz).
1842-44. Pal(Eorhynchum egertonP, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. i. p. 80, pi. xxxiv a. fig. 1. [Imperfect fish ; British Museum.]
1842-44. Palceorhynchum colei L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 85, pi. xxxii.
fig. 1.
^ These specific names were first published without definition in Egertou’s
Catal. Foss. Fish, 1837.
v^^‘^*?fi*V i/“W^ V. J7, z6i^ .
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/
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PAL JEORH Y N CHID iE.
489
1842-44. Palceorhynchum microspondylum^ , L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 85,
pi. xxxiv a. fig. 2. [Distorted trunk ; British Museum.]
1886. Hemirhynchus colei, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.j, p. 78.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A species attaining a length of about 0-6. Head depressed, its
maximum depth about two thirds that of the trunk ; length from
end of snout to anterior border of orbit equalling nearly one quarter
of total length of fish to base of caudal fin ; mandible not quite half
as long as rostrum. Length of longest dorsal fin-spines less than
half as great as depth of trunk at their insertion ; soft dorsal fin
beginning at eleventh vertebra, soft anal at fourteenth vertebra
from caudal fin. ^
Form. ^ Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 4122. Type specimen described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ;
Engi. The skeleton is much obscured by matrix, and the
remains in the abdominal region cannot be satisfactorily
interpreted. The rays apparently of the pelvic fins are
inaccurately multiplied and extended in the drawing.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 455, P. 4120. Type specimen of the so-called Palceorhynchum
egertoni, in counterpart, described and figured by Agassiz,
loc. cit. ; Engi. The skeleton is much obscured by matrix,
and the so-called “ two singular plates of oval form ’’
supporting the caudal fin, are merely the artist’s interpre¬
tation of a film of slate. So far as the obscurity of the
specimen permits judgment, it seems that the soft dorsal
and anal fins had the same extent as in H. colei ; and
there is no evidence that the supports of the dorsal fin-
spines differed from those in this species.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 504, P. 4121. Type specimen of the so-called Palceorhynchum
microspondylum, in counterpart, described and figured by
Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. It is an imperfect trunk
shortened and deepened by distortion.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
33943-44. Imperfect trunk in counterpart ; Engi.
Presented by Miss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.
40178. Imperfect hinder portion of small trunk; Engi.
Purchased, 1866.
490
ACTINOPTERYGII.
The end of the tail of an undetermined species of HemirJiynchus
has also been described as follows : —
Homorhynclius hruxelliensis, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Aead. Boy.
Belg. [2] vol. XXXV, (1873), p. 210, with plate. Palceo-
rhynchum hruxelliense^ H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss.
Tert. Belg. (1871), p. 14 (name only). — Middle Eocene
(Bruxellian) ; Brussels.
Family XIPHIIDiE.
Trunk fusiform, with much-contracted caudal pedicle and large,
forked caudal fin ; skeleton very robust. Premaxillae produced into
an elongated rostrum and fused together towards their anterior
extremity ; dentition feeble or absent. Vertebrae 24 to 26 in
number, about half being caudal .; the centra firmly united, and the
neural and baemal spines expanded into laminae. Pectoral fins of
moderate size ; pelvic fins with less than 5 articulated rays, or
entirely absent ; dorsal fin much extended, with few anterior spines,
a small posterior portion sometimes separated ; anal fin also ex¬
tended, sometimes with small separate posterior portion. Squama-
tion more or less discontinuous or absent. Air-bladder large.
“ Sword-fishes ” are common in all tropical and subtropical seas,
and three genera are distinguished as follows : —
Rostrum rounded in section ; teeth minute, persistent ;
pelvic fins with 2 or 3 rays.; dorsal fin much elevated,
undivided ; scales present . . Ilistiojyhoriis.
Rostrum rounded in section ; teeth minute, persistent ;
pelvic fins a single spine ; dorsal fin not deeper than
trunk, divided in adult; scales present . . , Tetrapturus,
Rostrum much depressed, a flattened blade ; teeth absent
in adult; pelvic fins absent; dorsal fin much elev^ated,
usually divided in adult ; scales absent in adult. . . . Xiphias.
The known fossils are too imperfect to be referred with certainty
to their respective genera. Most of them probably belong to
Histiojpliorus or Tatrajptuvus but at least one genus from the
Eocene is distinguished from the existing members of the family
by the form of the cranial roof and the duplication of each nutritive
canal in the premaxillae {Xiphiorhynchus).
Genus XIPHIORHYNCHUS, Van Beneden.
[Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. (2) vol. xxxi. 1871, p. 499.]
Syn. (?) Ommatolampes, G. Fischer de Waldheim, Ommatolampes et
Trachelacanthus, 1851, p. 4.
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XIPHIID-E.
491
Roof of cranium gently and regularly convex, the fossae for the
forward production of the lateral muscles of the trunk very slightly
extended over the occipital border ; rostrum rounded in section, and
each premaxilla traversed by two principal longitudinal nutritive
canals, one above the other. Teeth minute and clustered.
This genus is only definitely known by the skull, but typical
Xiphioid vertebrae occur in the same formations as the fossils
referred to it.
Xiphiorhynchus elegans. Van Bencden.
1871. Xiphiorhynchus elegans, P. J. Van Beneden, Bidl. Acad, Roy.
Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. p. 499, pi. ii. %s. 3, 4.
Type. Rostrum ; Abbey of Afi[iigem, Melle, near Ghent.
The type species, known only by the rostrum, about 0'2 in length
by 0*03 in width at the base. Rostrum rather depressed, twice as
broad as deep near the base.
Form. Log. M^le; E^cnnc (Bru^llian-) :^Belgium.
Xot represented in the Collection.
Xiphiorhynchus prisons (Agassiz).
[Plate XIX. figs. 1, 2. Text-figure 18, no. 1.]
(?) 1829. Chelonia radiata, G. Fischer, Xouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. i. p. 297, pi. xx. fig. 2. [Portion of skull ; Geological
Museum, University of Moscow.]
1834. Tetrapturus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 303.
1839-44. Tetrapterus priscus^ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt, i.
p. 91, pi. xxxi.
(?) 1851. Ommatolampes eichwaldi, G. Fischer de TS'aldheim, Omma-
tolampes et Trachelacantlius, p. 3, pL i. Chelonia radiata,
1829].
1869. Histiophorus prlscus, E. B. Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. xii. p. 310.
Type. Imperfect skull ; Museum of Natural History, Paris.
Rather larger than the type species, with a less depressed rostrum,
W'hich is always more than half as deep as broad.
In physical characters the type specimen of the so-called Omma¬
tolampes is identical with the fossils from the London Clay of
Sheppey. It is said to have been obtained from Siberia, but in the
original description (1829) the exact locality and circumstances of
its discovery are stated to be unknown.
Form. Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
492
ACTINOPTEETGII.
28711. Imperfect anterior portion of cranium, wanting rostrum,
shown of the natural size from the upper and left lateral
aspects in PI. XIX. figs. 1, I a ; Shepp^y. The bones
exhibit a coarsely fibrous texture. The greater portion of
the left frontal (/r.) is seen, with a fragment of that of
the right side. In front of these there occurs a median
element {eth.\ which seems to be a membrane-bone on
the ethmoidal region rather than the mesethmoid itself.
Another median pair of bones, evidently long and narrow,
quite at the base of the rostrum, are doubtless to be
interpreted as nasals (na.). The position of the orbit is
marked by remains of the ossified sclerotic {sd.). Shortly
in advance of this a trace of the prefrontal (ectethmoid)
projects through the matrix on the left side (pr./.), while
its fellow is still better exposed on the right. The
maxilla {mx.) is preserved on both sides, and its upper
expansion is articulated with the antero-external border
of the frontal, besides being almost or quite in contact
with the ethmoidal plate, and distinctly in contact with
the hinder part of the outer border of the nasal. The
rod-like backward extension of the maxilla beneath the
orbit is shown on the right side, though it is broken away
from the main part of the bone. Remains of the pre¬
maxilla, which is much smoother than the other bones,
are seen on both sides. Part of this element occurs in its
natural position on the left {pmx.') ; while the fragments
on the right show that it bore clustered minute teeth
(fig. 1 h) and completely excluded the maxilla from the
gape. Purchased, 1853.
32387. Hinder half of cranium in hard nodule, exposing the cranial
roof, which is shown of the natural size in PI. XIX.
fig. 2 ; Sheppey. The two pairs of fossae for the forward
extension of the lateral muscles of the trunk are very
small and restricted to the occipital border. The roof is
gently and regularly convex. The supraoccipital {s.occ.)
is large and extends forwards to the frontals ; it is a little
expanded in front, and bears a small median vertical crest
behind. Its postero-external angle is in contact with the
epiotic {ep.o.), which is large and prominent but onlj^
preserved on the right side. The parietals (pa.) are long
and narrow bones extending nearly as far forwards as the
supraoccipital ; they are fianked by an equally long and
narrow pair of squamosals (s^'.). The otic region beneath
XIPHlIDjE,
493
the latter is evidently well ossified, and the postfrontal or
sphenotic (pt.f.) is seen on both sides. The frontal hones
(/r.) are incomplete anteriorly. All the bones have the
peculiar squamous and radiating texture, well represented
in the figure. Purchased, 1857.
36133. Two imperfect rostra, one shown in outline in fig. 18, no. 1
(p. 496), the other in three transverse sections, fig. 18,
nos. 1 a,h. Cl Sheppey. The proximal transverse section
of the second specimen (no. la) exhibits incomplete
fusion of the premaxillse, and a large median cavity with
which the upper pair of premaxillary canals are confluent.
The next transverse section (no. 1 h), which corresponds
approximately with the line marked h in no. 1, shows the
premaxillse fused and the central cavity small, with two
pairs of nutritive premaxillary canals. The third trans¬
verse section (no. 1 c) has the canals, but not the central
cavity. Purchased, 1861.
38921. Small hinder portion of cranium, doubtfully referred to
young of this species ; Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
The following Xiphioid vertebral centra probably belong to this
genus, some perhaps to this species : —
38887-88. Tour specimens ; London Clay, Sheppey.
Boiverhank Coll.
P. 4301. Two large abdominal vertebral centra associated in matrix ;
Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.
39444. Three imperfect large caudals, associated in matrix ;
Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 165. Small abdominal vertebral centrum ; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1880
«
30530. Small caudal ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1855.
32389. Two very small centra ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1857.
P. 5441 a. Imperfect caudal centrum ; Bracklesham Beds, Brackles-
ham, Sussex. Presented hy P. E. Coombe, Esq., 1888.
The following imperfect Xiphioid rostra are not generically
determined : —
P. 1765. Portion of depressed and much-elongated rostrum, showing
one central canal ; London Clay, Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
494
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
P. 4300. Another slender flattened rostrum, smaller and showing
two longitudinal canals ; London Clay, Sheppey.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 9483. Acuminate end of flattened rostrum ; London Clay,
Sheppey. History unknown.
Genus ACESTRUS, novum.
[CoV Agassi25 MS., Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308.]
A genus known only by the hinder portion of the cranium,
considered by Agassiz to belong to a fish of the family Xiphiidse.
Cranium flattened and depressed, the sides of the roof slightly
sloping downwards and outwards ; the three pairs of fossm for the
forward production of the lateral muscles of the trunk extending to
the frontals, which are large and ornamented with conspicuous
radiating smooth ridges.
Acestrus ornatuS) sp. nov,
[Plate XIX. fig. 3.J
1845. Acestrus ornatus, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. p. 308 (name only).
Type. Hinder fragment of cranium ; British Museum.
The type species, with cranium as much as 0*075 in diameter at
occiput. Special characters of roof shown in the figure.
Form. ^ Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) r. London Basin.
P. 627. Abraded fragment of hinder part of cranium, labelled by
Agassiz and marked by Egerton as interrded to be the
type specimen ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 1739. Larger specimen, well preserved but partly pyritised,
shown from above of the natural size in PI. XIX. fig. 3 ;
Sheppey. The epiotics {ep.o.) are relatively large and
prominent ; the exposed ornamented portions of the
supraoccipital (s. occ.), parietals (p«.), and squamosals
{sq.) are comparatively small. The ornamentation of the
large frontals (/r.) is well shown. The postfrontal or
sphenotic projects outwards a little on each side.
Egerton Coll.
P. 1739 a. Imperfect hinder half of very small skull; Sheppey.
Egerton Coll.
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XIPHIID^.
495
Genus HISTIOPHORUS, LacepMe.
[Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. iii. 1802, p. 874 {Istiophorus).']
The fossils provisionally ascribed to this genus are fragments of
rostrum, named only for convenience of reference. Each pre¬
maxilla is traversed by on-e principal longitudinal nutritive canal,
which disappears towards the extremity of the bone.
Histiophoxnis eocsenicus, sp. nov.
[Text-figure 18, no. 2.]
Type, nostrum ; British Museum.
Rostrum rather short and stout, depressed oval in transverse
section, its outlines shown in fig. 18, no. 2. Premaxillae firmly
fused distally and nutritive canals soon obliterated.
Form. Loc. Middle Eocene : Brackleshara Bay.
25744. Type specimen, vertically crushed in its anterior half; its
outline shown from above and in transverse section of one
third nat. size in fig. 18, nos. 2, 2a. The nasal bones are
large, and the rostrum is already quite solid at the point
marked u, where the transverse section 2a has been cut.
The surface of the bone seems to have been quite smooth..
Dixon ColL
Histiophorus rotmidus, sp. nov.
[Text-figure 18, no. 3.]
Type. Rostrum ; British Museum.
Rostrum very short and stout, not much depressed, its outlines
shown in fig. 18, no. 3.
Form. Loc. Tertiary Phosphate Beds : South Carolina, TJ.S.A.
P. 8799. Type specimen, shown in outline from above and in-
transverse section, of one third nat. size, in fig. 18, nos.
3, 3a; Cooper River, Charleston. The premaxillse are
completely fused together, and the outer face, as preserved,
is rugose. Presented hy Thomas Royle^ Fsq., 1898.
Fossil rostra have also been ascribed to this genus under the
following names : —
Histiopkorus antiquus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. xii. (1869), p. 310. Xiphias antiquus^ J. Leidy,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii. (1856), p. 397. —
Eocene Greensand ; Burlington Co., New Jersey.
Histiophorus parvulus, 0. C. Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
1869 (1870), p. 227. — Eocene ; New Jersey.
ACTINOPTERYGir.
496
Fig. 18.
Outlines of Eostra of Extinct Xiphiidae.
1. Xiphiorhynchus 'priscus^ upper aspect and transverse sections (1 a-c),
one half nat. size. — London Clay ; Sheppey.
2. Histiophorus eoccBniciis ; upper aspect and transverse section (2 a), one third
nat. size. — Middle Eocene ; Bracklesham.
3. Histiophorus rotundus ; upper aspect and transverse section, one third nat.
size. — Tertiary Phosphates ; South Carolina.
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XIPHIID^.
497
^ Histiophorus rohustus,'^. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1869, p. 310. Xiphias
rohustus, J. Leidy, in F. S. Holmes, Post-Plioc. Foss.
S. Carolina (1860), p. 119, pi. xxvii. figs. 3-5. — Tertiary
Phosphate Beds ; South Carolina. 'XLc /
Histiop)liorus homalorhamphus, E. D. Cope, Proc. Boston Soc. Xat.
Hist. vol. xii. (1869), p. 310. — Eocene ; Squankum, X. J.
The fossil rostra described as follows are not clearly distinguish¬
able from those of Histiopjhorus : —
BracTiyrhynchus solidus, P. J. Tan Beneden, Bull. Acad. Boy.
Belg. [2] vol. x:^.^1871), p. 498, pi. ii. figs.
— Middle Eocene (Bpuxelliany; Ghent, Belgium. [Abbey
of Affigem, Alelle, near Ghent.]
BracTiyrhynchus teretirostris, P. J. Van Beneden, ihid. p. 495,
pi. i., pi. ii. figs. 1, 2 ; (?) G. Capellini, Alem. Accad. Sci.
Istit. Bologna [3] vol. ix. (1878), p. 255, pi. iii. figs. 9,
10. Encheiziphius teretirostris, L. Biitimeyer, Yerhandl.
naturf. Ges. Basel, pt. 1 (1857), p. 561. — Pliocene; Mont¬
pellier, Southern France, and Antwerp, Belgium. (?) Mio¬
cene ; Lecce, Italy. [Type species. Natural History
Museum, Soleure.]
Brachyrhynchus van-henedensis, B. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci,
etc., CoUine Toscane (1876), p. 70. — Lower Pliocene;
Orciano, Tuscany.
Emhalorhynchus Tcinnei, 0. C. Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. 1869 (1870), p. 228. — Eocene; Squankum, N. J.
The base of a rostrum, not yet described, from the Lower Plio¬
cene of Orciano, Tuscany, is named Xiphias delfortriei by B. Lawley,
op. cit. 1876, p. 67. ^ ^ ^
Division C. PEECIFOEMES.
A’ */ ^ - < - <. >c/. Iff oo, /. r<^o.
‘ectoral fins with hourglass-shaped basals, which are longer than
broad ; pelvic fins thoracic, with one spine and four or five articulated
rays. Dorsal fin-rays well-developed, and anal usually with two
or more powerful spines. No bony stay between circumorbital
ring and preoperculum.
Synopsis of Families represented hy Extinct Genera or Species.
I. Lower pharyngeal bones very rarely fused
together.
Teeth small and conical, some on inner
bones ; spinous dorsal usually as much
PAET IV. 2 K
498
ACTINOPTERYGir.
extended as articulated dorsal ; anal
usually with 1. to 3, rarely with 5 to 7
spines .
As Percidae, but only marginal cutting-
teeth, and anal with 6 or 7 spines ....
As Percid80, but marginal teeth prehensile or
cutting and molariform .
Teeth conical and only marginal ; spinous
dorsal much less extended than articu¬
lated dorsal, which is longer than anal ;
anal with 1 or 2 spines .
II. Lower pharyngeal bones fused together
[Pharyngognathi).
N ostril double on each side ; vertebrae with¬
out transverse processes .
Nostril single on each side; most abdominal
vertebrae with transverse processes. . . .
Percid^ (p. 498).
Teuthidid^ (p. 523).
Sparid^ (p. 524).
Sclenid^ (p. 538).
Labrid.® (p. 539).
OHROMIDiE (p. 554).
Family PERCID^.
Teeth small and conical, usually extending over inner bones of
mouth ; preoperculum serrated. Lower pharyngeal bones nearly
always separate. Spinous portion of dorsal fin usually at least as
much extended as articulated portion; anal fin usually with 1
to 3, rarely 5 to 7 spines, nearly equal and opposite to the hinder
dorsal fin.
Marine and freshwater fishes universally distributed in temperate
and tropical regions.
For figures of skulls and notes on the osteology of the Percidm,
see G. A. Bouleuger, Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum, ed. 2, vol. i. (1895).
Synojpsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented hy Extinct
Species in the Collection.
I. Three anal fin-spines.
Vertebras 10 -j- 14 ; dorsal fin continuous,
the two parts nearly equal ; caudal
rounded . Prelates (p. 499).
Vertebrae 10 13 ; dorsal fin continuous,
hinder part comparatively small ;
caudal slightly forked . Acanus (p. 500).
Vertebrae 12 + 13 ; spine at angle of pre¬
operculum ; one spine at hinder edge of
operculum ; two dorsal fins ; caudal
rounded or slightly forked . Lates (p. 502).
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PEECIDiE.
490
. As Lates, but no preopercular spine .
Vertebrae 10 + 14 ; no preopercular spine
two dorsal fins ; caudal forked .
Vertebrae 12 + 13 ; no preopercular spine ;
two feeble spines at hinder edge of
operculum j two dorsal fins ; caudal
truncated or slightly forked .
Vertebrae 14 or 15 + 18 to 20; no pre¬
opercular spine ; one opercular spine ;
two dorsal fins ; caudal truncated or
slightly forked . .
Vertebrae 10 to 12 + 16 to 18 ; no pre¬
opercular spine ; two dorsal fins ;
caudal forked .
II. Two anal fin-spines ; two dorsal fins.
Vertebrae 10 or 11 -f 14 or 15 ; operculum
rounded .
Vertebrae 21+20 or 21 j one spine at hinder
edge of operculum .
Cyclopona (p. 504).
Smerdis (p. 506).
Labrax (p. 509).
Fercichthys (p. 514).
Properca (p. 514).
Mioplosus (p. 517).
Ferca (p. 518).
Genus PROLATSSj Priem.
[Bull. Soc. Geol. Prance, (3) vol. xxvii. 1899, p. 252.]
Syn. Fseudolates, P. Priem {non Macleay, 1877), loc. cit. vol. xxvi.
1898, p. 408.
Trunk laterally compressed and deeply fusiform. Articulation
of mandible not behind middle of orbit ; anterior suborbital
with deep pectinations ; ascending limb of preoperculum with
fine pectinations, lower limb with larger, spaced, slender spines,
all retrorse ; operculum with one spine. Vertebrae 10 or 11
in abdominal, 14 in caudal region. Dorsal fin apparently
continuous, with 8 or 9 smooth spines and about 10 articulated
rays ; anal fin with 3 stout spines and about 7 articulated rays ;
caudal fin rounded. Scales small and very finely serrated ; lateral
line conspicuous and arched like the back.
An extinct Cretaceous genus.
Prelates heberti (Gervais).
1852. Ledes heberti, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Prau9., Poiss. Poss. p. 3.
1883. Fates heberti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. Prance [3] vol.
xi. p. 481, pi. xiii. fig. 2.
1890. Fates heberti, A. Gaudry, Enchainem. Monde Animal, Poss.
Second, p. 162, fig. 260.
1898. Fseudolates heberti, F. Priem, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol.
xxvi. p. 405, pi. X. figs. 7, 8, pi. xi. fig. 1.
1899. ProJates heberti, P. Priem, loc, cit. vol. xxvii. p, 252.
2x2
500
ACTINOPTERTGIl.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0T5. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling about three quarters of
the maximum depth of the trunk and one third of the total length
of the fish to the base of the caudal fin. Pourth to sixth dorsal
spines longest ; second anal spine largest and stoutest, equalling
the third dorsal spine.
Form. ^ Log. Tipper Cretaceous (Montian) : Mont Aime, Marne.
28291. About 15 specimens, large and small, showing all the
principal characters of the genus and species.
Purchased, 1851.
P. 1914. Fine small specimen, displaying the serration of the
anterior suborbital and preoperculum, also the delicate
pectoral fin. . Eyerton Coll.
Genus ACAIMUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 4h]
Trunk laterally compressed and deeply fusiform. Articulation
of mandible not behind middle of orbit ; preoperculum finely
pectinated. Yertebrm 10 in the abdominal, 13 in the caudal
region. Dorsal fin continuous, with 10 very large ribbed spines
and about 12 comparatively small articulated rays ; anal fin with
3 large ribbed spines and about 13 articulated rays ; caudal fin
truncated or slightly forked. [Scales unknown.]
An extinct Oligocene genus.
Acanus spinOsas (Blainville).
1818. Zeus spinosus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Yat. vol.
xxvii. p. 317.
1838-39. Acanus ovalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 5, 124,
pi. xvi. fig. 1 . [Imperfect distorted fish : Carlsruhe Museum.]
(?) 1838-39. Acanus minor, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 5, 127, pi. xvi. fig. 4.
[Fragmentary fish ; Berne Museum.]
1886^^ Acanus longispma, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 65, pi. iii.
figs. 1, 2, 3, 9. ,
Type. Imperfect distorted fish.
Tv.
, ^ - r>
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-5. Depth of ^
trunk at end of abdominal region about equal to length of caudal
vertebrae. Of the dorsal fin-spines only the two foremost smaller y>
/
^ This name first appeared without definition in Neues Jahrb. 1834, p. 305.
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501
than the others, which are nearly equal in size ; pelvic and third
anal fin-spines as long as the hindermost dorsal spine.
Form. Sc Log. Oligocene i Canton Glams, Switzerland.
P. 1956, P. 3934. Fragmentary fish in counterpart, displaying the
characteristic anal fin-spines, erroneously labelled Acanus
ohlongus by Agassiz and apparently noticed tom. cit.
p. 126 ; Engi. Fgerion ERniskillen Colls.
Acanus regleysianus (Blainville).
1818. Zeus regleysianus^ H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 316.
1818. Zeus platessa, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 317. [Imperfect fish ;
olim Brongniart Collection.]
1838-39. Acanus regley, L, Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 5, 125,
pi. xvi. fig. 2.
1838-39. Acanus ohlongus, L. Agassiz, ihid. pp. 5, 126, pi. xvi. fig. 3.
[Imperfect fish ; Neuchatel Museum.]
1838-39. Acanus arcuatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 5, 127. [Imperfect
fish ; British Museum.]
1886. Acanus regley, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer. Glarner-
schief. p. 65, pi. iii. figs. 4, 7.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; olim Begley Collection.
Usually smaller than the type species, with relatively deeper
trunk and smaller spines. The three foremost dorsal fin-spines
shorter than those following ; pelvic and anal spines shorter than
those of the dorsal fin.
Form. 4' Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 3933. Type specimen of so-called Acanus arcuatus, briefl}"
described by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 127 ; Engi.
Emnislcillen Coll.
33966. Imperfect deepened trunk, displa3dng large pelvic fin-spine ;
Engi, Presented by Miss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.
P. 3935. Imperfect deepened specimen ; Engi. EnnisTcillen Coll.
P. 4950. Another deepened specimen ; Plattenberg.
Presented by John Edward Lee, Esg., 1885.
The following species have also been recognised, but are not
represented in the Collection : —
(?) Acanm cequispina, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (1886), p. 67. Acanus oblongus, G. vom
Rath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xi. (1859),
502
ACTINOPTEETGII.
p. Ill, pi. iii. fig. 1 (? errore).— Oligocene ; Canton Glarus,
Switzerland. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Uni¬
versity of Bonn.]
Acanus gracilis, G. vom Bath, loc. cit. 1859, p. 112, pi. iii. fig. 2 ;
A. Wettstein, loc. cit. 1886, p. 66, pi. viii. fig. 9. — Ibid.
[Ditto.]
(t' Genus LATES, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
[Hist. Hat. Poissons, vol. ii. 1828, p. 88.]
Head and trunk laterally compressed. Mouth large and protrac¬
tile, with bands of villiform teeth on the premaxilla, dentary,
vomer, palatine, and ectopterygoid ; supramaxillapresent; suborbitals
reduced and serrated. Upper limb of preoperculum serrated, lower
limb with few large spines (some antrorse), and angle with a strong
spine ; operculum with one spine behind ; seven branchiostegal
rays. Vertebrae 12 in the abdominal, 13 in the caudal region ;
some hinder ribs borne by transverse processes. Two dorsal fins
subequal in extent and connected at the base, the anterior with 7
or 8 spines, the posterior with one spine and 10 to 12 articulated
rays ; anal fin small, with 3 spines and 8 or 9 articulated rays ;
caudal fin rounded or slightly forked. Scales large or of moderate
size, finely denticulated, extending partly over the head, also partly
ensheathing the dorsal and anal fins. Lateral line complete, ex¬
tending over the caudal fin.
The existing species of Lates inhabit the freshwaters of tropical
Africa, and the mouths of rivers and coasts of south-eastern Asia
and northern Australia.
Lates gracilis, Agassiz.
1796. Holocentrm calcarifer, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixxxii.
pi. xvii. fig. 3 {errore).
1796. Lutianus ephipphim, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxxxv. pi. Ivi. fig. 4
(errore).
1833-34. Lates gracilis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 25, pi. iii.
1833-34. Lates gibhus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 27, pi. iv. [Distorted fish,]
1833-34. Lates noixeus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 29, pi. v. [Imperfect dis¬
torted fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
1876. Lates gracilis, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Hat.
vol. iii. p. 174.
1876. Lates gibhus, V. Bassani, ibid. p. 174.
Type. "Well-preserved fish ; Paris Museum of Hatural Histor}'.
A species attaining a length of about 0-25. Length of head
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PERCIDiE.
503
with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of the
trunk, which slightly exceeds one third the total length to the base
of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 spines, posterior dorsal
with 1 spine and 12 articulated rays, the third spine being stoutest
and longest, its length somewhat exceeding half the depth of the
trunk at its insertion; anal fin with 3 spines and 8 articulated
rays, the spines being relatively short, the second stouter than the
third but of equal length.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, N. Italy.
P. 3918. Well-preserved fish labelled by Agassiz, displaying all the
fins except the pectorals. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 2095, P. 3918 a. More imperfect larger specimen, in counter¬
part, showing serrated suborhital plate.
Egerton EnniskiUen Colls.
19007. Imperfect distorted large specimen. Purchased, 1845.
P. 1913. Imperfect fish displaying fins, preopercular spines, and
seven branchiostegal rays. Egerton Coll.
P. 9461. Smaller specimen, in counterpart.
Presented hy the Earl of Aylesford, 1847.
P. 1913 a, P. 3918 h. Imperfect fish deepened by distortion,
labelled “ Lates gracilis, Ag.” by Agassiz.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
37225. More imperfect small specimen, similarly distorted.
Purchased, 1863.
P. 1913 b, P. 3918 C. Fragmentary remains of fish about 0*12 in
length, in counterpart. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,
have also been referred to this genus : —
Lates macropterus, F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol.
L id P* P^- — Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect trunk; Zigno Collection,
y'.ii University Geological Museum, Padua.]
Lates macirurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1833-34), p. 29,
— Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) ; Sevres, Paris,
fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Lates partschi, I. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
L naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), pt. i. p. 265, pi. xv. fig. 1. —
ftvs Miocene; Breitenbrunn, Vienna. [Fragmentary
sjiAziCj if.ji fish; Court Museum, Vienna.]
504
ACTIXOPTEETGTI.
Genus CYCLOPOMA, A gassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. Yol. iv. 1833, p. 17.]
Scarcely distinguisliable from Lates, but preoperculum Tvithout
spine at angle, its serrations gradually increasing in size downwards
and the lowest and largest directed forwards.
The species of this supposed extinct genus are referred to Lates
by P. Sleeker, Archiv. l^eerland. vol. xi. (1876), p. 263.
Cyclop oma gigas, Agassiz.
1796. XaJrws G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccii. pi. xlix.
{errore).
1796. Scorpcena, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. Ixxiv.
1833. Cyclopoma gigas, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 18, pi. ii.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of IX'atural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0’5. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to maximum depth of
trunk and contained four times in total length of fish. Posterior
dorsal fin with 1 spine and 10 articulated rays, anal fin with 3
spines and 8 articulated rays.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, H. Italy.
P. 9462. Very large specimen, in fragments, in counterpart.
History unknown.
P. 2093, P. 4278. More fragmentary specimen, 0*40 in length, in
counterpart. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
A stouter fish, with larger head, not represented in the Collection,
has also been described as follows : —
Cyclopoma spinosum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1833),
p. 20, pi. i. Scorpcena scrofa, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit.
Veronese (1796), p. cxlv. pi. xxxiv. (errore). — Upper
Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum
of Hatural History.]
Cyclopoma (?) micracanthum (Agassiz).
1796. Holocentrus macidatus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxxxiv.
pi. Ivi. fig. 3 (errore).
1796. Amia indica, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxlix. pi. xxxv. fig. 4 (errors).
1818. Amia indica^ H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol.
xxvii. p. 347.
1835. Smerdis micracantJms, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 33,
pi. viii. figs. 1, 2.
/k^Ov:u^ ^ C^cJU^^i^ ^ i Sc^<^' ^
j1-€^fZ,'^^ n7i^ Mt^. ^us- l^c^c,^ 7^^' ^
(^ • ^'^1 ^ /- .
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.
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PERCID^.
505
1836. Dules medms, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 93, pi. xiii. fig. 4. [Imperfect
fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
Ty^e. Imperfect fi.sh ; olim Hartmann Coll., Goppingen.
A verj? small species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk and slightly exceeding one third of the total length to
the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 or 8 spines,
posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 8 or 9 articulated rays, the anterior
origin as far from the occiput as the termination from the caudal
fin ; the second to fourth dorsal spines about equal in size, their
length not exceeding one half the depth of the trunk at their
insertion, and scarcely exceeding that of some of the divided rays.
Anal fin with 3 spines and 6 articulated rays, less than the posterior
dorsal in extent ; the second anal spine stoutest, but not longer than
the third.
Several examples of this species show the preoperculum charac¬
teristic of Cyclopoma, quite different from that of Smerdis.
Form, Loc, Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
P. 1924, P. 3917. Imperfect large fish, in counterpart, labelled
Buies medius by Egerton. Egerton Ennislcillen Colls,
36202. Slightly smaller imperfect specimen, deepened by distortion.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 1926, s^. 3903-04. Eive good specimens, most of them labelled
by Agassiz, two in counterpart.
Egerton ^ Ennislcillen Colls,
P. 8955. Eine specimen 0’063 in length, in counterpart.
Castelli Coll,
13466. Two similar specimens, in counterpart
Purchased.
The following specimens from Monte Bolca seem to be immature
individuals of this species, but are regarded as a distinct form,/Smm?f5
gjygmceus, by Agassiz, tom. cit. 1836, p. 53, pi. viii. figs. 3, 4 : —
P. 1927 a, b. The two type specimens of E. pygmceus, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. Egerton Coll.
P. 1927, P. 3905. Five specimens, two being labelled by Agassiz.
Egerton Ennislcillen Colls.
37222-24. Three specimens. Purchased, 1863.
P. 290. Specimen in counterpart.
Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.
506
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Genus SlVUiRDIS, Agassiz. z7<rK
< J. <1^ ik ,^o
[Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. 1833, p. 32.J ^ ^
An extinct genus closely resembling Lates^ but with two or three
fewer divided rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and the caudal fin
forked. Preoperculum with gently rounded angle ; its serrations
largest at the angle, rapidly decreasing both upwards and forwards,
and all retrorse on the lower limb. Yertebrge 10 in the abdominal.
14 in the caudal region.
Smerdis minutus (Blainville) .
1818. Perea minuta, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 370.
1836. Sinerdis minutus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 39, 54,
pi. viii. figs. 5, 6.
Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*07. Length of
head with opercular apparatus somewhat less than the maximum
depth of the trunk, which equals about one third of the total length
to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 spines,
posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 9 articulated rays, its termi¬
nation further from the caudal fin than its origin from the occiput ;
the second dorsal spine much the largest, its length nearly equal¬
ling the depth of the trunk at its insertion, the following five
spines gradually decreasing in length. Anal fin with 3 spines and
7 articulated rays, about equal to the posterior dorsal in extent ;
the second anal spine much stouter and slightly longer than the
third. Caudal fin considerably forked.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.^
21529. Three specimens, one distorted. Purchased, 1847.
28401-03. Three fine specimens. Mantell Coll.
P. 1929-30. Three distorted typical specimens, and three immature
fishes. One shows the small retrorse serrations on the
lower limb of the preoperculum. Egerton Coll.
^ Distorted fragmentary specimens from the Lower Miocene of Unterkirchberg
near Ulm, Wiirtemberg, are referred to this species by H. von Meyer,
Palaontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 109, pi. xvi. figs. 1-4. It is also recorded from
the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, N. Italy, by J. J. Heckel (Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xi. 1854, p. 327), and F. Bassani (Atti B. Accad.
Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. 1889, no. 6, p. 55).
.- ^ ^ J'-e^-cyi ck. c^ , s^6-.^c
-OLj^
JO02.
^2r-tA^<r-v^, <^2</^/^. Sc^ . r3^ 4?^
Su.M^. 8C^e-^, :ZA^.y‘o^ ^475^/./«-<</5’.
^fi;. ^’■7^,
^ ' /i^'^ f i .
/^ 0^^^ G^ ''To^ e^ CVlXx/V''-^-'-^ ^e^. c5^, ^'(^ .
'•y<p~^. XX-0 ‘>^. S'O^ /<^ //. ^'p<f. ^’- /3^ Jif. i^*^.
/^. yd, /\y!/'d ‘ 5^Ar.x2-4^,
y=>. /3^ /^/,?.
/^3D^.
/fi/"
^/ j, •
'f -
/frC-
✓
PERCID^.
507
P. -3907. Five specimens, four being labelled by Agassiz.
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 9463. Fine specimen 0*045 in length. Purchased.
8064. Fish deepened by distortion. History unknown.
43437, -a. Five specimens, the largest especially well preserved.
Ko. 43437 a exhibits the characteristic preoperculum.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison.^ Esq..^ 1872.
21419 a-c. Three small specimens. Purchased.^ 1847.
32486-88. Three small specimens. Tesson Coll.
Smerdis formosus, Meyer.
1848. Smerdis for7nosus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb, p. 783.
1851, S^nerdis formosus, H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii. p. 110,
pi, xvi. fig. 5.
Type. Imperfect fishes.
An imperfectly known small species, about 0*05 in length. Closely
resembling S. minutus, but with length of head and opercular
apparatus slightly exceeding maximum depth of trunk, which is
comparatively slender ; second anal spine not much larger than the
third.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Miocene : Wiirtemberg.
35510-11. Two fine specimens ; Unterkirchberg, near Ulm. The
second shows small retrorse serrations on the lower limb
of the preoperculum. Purchased., 1860.
P. 3908-09. Four specimens ; Unterkirchberg. Enniskillen Coll.
35512, 35519. Two imperfect immature specimens ; Unterkirchberg.
Piurliased., 1860.
Smerdis macrurus^ Agassiz.
1835. Smei'dis mact'urus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 57, pi. vii.
1880. Smerdis macrurus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. viii. p, 441, pi. xii. figs. 4, 5.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The largest known species, comparatively slender, attaining a
length of about 0*2. Length of head with opercular apparatus
slightly exceeding the maximum depth of the trunk, which is
contained between three and four times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 7 spines, posterior
508
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
dorsal with 1 spine and 9 articulated rays, its anterior origin about
as far from the occiput as its termination from the caudal fin ; the
second to seventh dorsal spines gradually diminishing in size back-
w^ards and the length of the second considerably less than the
depth of the trunk at its insertion. Anal fin with 3 spines and
7 articulated rays, its extent slightly less than that of the posterior
dorsal ; second anal spine very little exceeding the third in size.
Caudal fin considerably forked. •
Form. ^ Log. Lower Miocene and Upper Oligocene : France^ ^
P. 6005-06. Two large specimens, 0’175 and 0T3 in length
respectively ; Les Yacheres, Basses Alpes.
Purchased., 1889.
P. 313-14. Numerous specimens, variously imperfect and distorted,
the largest about 0*2 in length ; Cereste, Basses Alpes.
Purchased, 1881.
28496. Seven imperfect specimens ; Apt, Yaucluse. Bravard Coll.
21529 a. Imperfect small fish ; Apt. Purchased, 1847.
P. 294. Small specimen ; St. Saturnin, Apt.
Transferred from Mus. Practical Geology, 1880.
The following species have also been referred to this genus, but
are not represented in the Collection : —
Bmerdis aduncus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 326 ; F. Bassani, Atti B,
Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 54, pi. v.
fig. 1. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, N. Italy. [Imperfect
fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Smerdis analis, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. (1854), p. 325 ; F. Bassani,
loc. cit. (1889), p. 54. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Smerdis budensis, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
.. V naturw,^!. vol. xi. pt. i. (1856), p. 264, pi. xi. figs. 16,
^ ^ • — -Miocen^; Blocksberg, Buda-Pesth.^ [Ditto.]
Smerdis elongatus,^. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p. 110,
pi. xvi. fig. 6. — Lower Miocene ; Unterkirchberg, near
Ulm, Wlirtemberg. [Imperfect small fish.]
Smerdis latior, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836), p. 59,
- The fish from the Cretaceous of Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon, now in the
Tubingen Museum, referred to this species by Quenstedt (Handb. Petrefakt.
ed. 3, 1883, p. 378, pi. xxx. fig. 1 ), seems to the present writer to be a Pycnosterinx.
S ej-ra/yu^ 27a.^j /2 , ^ ^ ^j././.^- //. /. 5-. //y. 4. ..4^j
X^-ex-^v J/' /kc^., S’ 'P/c^^oJ^% /^CLM.c.e^ ^ /’cuA-ceH^
5“!/ hih^^S~l ):)l vi j6,/iafiy^ ff^'i,
^ g^'*'%
c^x ', ^ Cgj,
'I'^cr^’ X.y^ f ■^XiC'i^, ^ — S^-
Y ^
I
1
1
\ x^/ / 1^. /. 7^. /-^r
J/77G^c/r'^
* /‘ f/l . ^ >^/i^A.>. /7ti^, /%-'J^J
S'^yW^s (^fj /x/y: yUa/^^, //<a^, /^yj,^ ^s.^
■'^t^ /S^ ^ ^Ki. . /3<X*» , SL^J
/9 (y/& ti/o. 6^ A y: de^ .yt-*rv. tf/«^7^'<twcy<i^7lc^ ;>» *, /< TctA^t'
ScLt. /U js^^o ^ /35‘ * /^c<. .
«
PEECIDJE.
509
pi. viii. fig. 8. — Form. & loc. unknown. [Indeterminable
distorted specimen.]
Smerdis rhoensis, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
(1880), p. 92, pi. iii. figs. 5, 6. — Lower Miocene (Lignite) ;
Bboen. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Univ.
Wiirzburg.]
Smerdis sandhergeri^ T. C. Winkler, loc. cit. (1880), p. 89, pi. iii.
figs. 1, 2. — Middle Oligocene (Lignite); Sieblos and
Eisgraben, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish; Geological Museum,
Univ. Wiirzburg.]
Smerdis sauvagei, C. Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie [3]
vol. iv. (1880), p. 356, pi. iii. Smerdis sp., H. E. Sauvage,
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, vol. viii. (1874), p. 186,
pi. i. figs. 2, 3. — Lower Miocene (Lignite) ; Menat, Puy-de-
Home. [Imperfect fish, referred to S. aduncus by E.
Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli (2) vol. iii. 1889, no. 6,
p. 54.]
Smerdis siehlosensis, T. C. Winkler, loc. cit. (1880), p. 91, pi. iii.
figs. 3, 4. — Middle Oligocene (Lignite) ; Sieblos, Bavaria.
[Imperfect fish; Geological Museum, Univ. Wiirzburg.]
Smerdis taramellii, E. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 56, j)!. v. figs. 2, 3. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Collection,
Univ. Padua.]
Smerdis ventralis., L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836), p. 58,
pi. viii. fig. 7. Cyprinodon'l G. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ed. 2,
vol. iii. (1822), p. 346, pi. Ixxvi. fig. 14. Perea cyprino-
don ?, H. D.de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.Nat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 375. — Upper Eocene (Gypsum) ; Montmartre,
Paris.
Indeterminable fragments of a small fish from the Lower Eocene
of Belgium are also named Smerdis Jieersensis by T. C. Winkler,
Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. ii. (1869), p. 301, pi. xxxviii. figs. 3-7.
Genus LABRAX, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
[Hist. Nat. Poissons, vol. ii. 1828, p. 55.]
Syn. Platacanthus, G. Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat.
Moscou, vol. xxiii. 1850, pt. i. p. 286,
Supramaxilla absent ; suborbitals not serrated ; preoperculum
merely serrated without spine at angle, and operculum with two
feeble spines behind. Vertebrae 12 in abdominal, 13 in caudal
510
ACTINOPTERYGII.
region. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 to 10 spines, posterior dorsal
with 1 spine and 11 to 14 articulated rays ; anal fin with 3 spines
and 8 to 12 articulated rays ; caudal fin more or less forked.
The existing species of Lahraoo occur on the coasts of the i^orth
AtJ antic and Mediterranean, and in the fresh waters of l^orth
America.
Labrax ubinoi (Pischer de Waldheim).
1850. Platacanthus uhinoi^ G. Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat. Moscou, vol. xxiii. pt. i. p. 286, pi. vi.
1863. Labrax heckelii, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsh. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. p. 140, pi. iii. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.]
Tyi^e. Fragmentary head, &c.
The type species of the so-called Platacanthus, attaining a length
of about 0*45. Length of head with opercular apparatus equalling
maximum depth of trunk and contained about three and a half times
in the total length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal
fin with 9 spines, posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 13 articulated
rays, the fifth dorsal spine being the longest ; anal fin probably
with 3 spines and 12 articulated rays, the second anal spine being
shorter but stouter than the third.
Form. ^ Log. Tertiary : Euboea, Greece.
P. 8948. Fine specimen about 0*42 in length, fractured across the
anterior abdominal region. Purchased, 1898.
P. 3911. Another fine large specimen, wanting the caudal fin,
bearing the MS. name “ Perea Forhesi, Ag.”
Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1921-22. Two more imperfect specimens, the second showing the
hinder part of the cranial roof. Egerton Coll.
P. 2018. Impression of skeleton probably of this species, obtained
by Bear- Admiral T. Spratt “ from a freshwater deposit
at Koumi, Euboea. Apparently the specimen referred to
by Spratt, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. (1847), p. 69.
Egerton Coll.
Labrax schizurus, Agassiz.
1836. Labrax schizurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 89, pi. xiii.
figs. 2, 3.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
rfsy.
/. f***" SL<y
sk^ *'/^‘/i^rA. ^,», Jh^k^jf ^ y^-JLf , ^ ,
aty\/^^ ^ft ^^"hyy/^^
rS/ac^. /^O ^, /. y //. X //V.y^. '^'■-^ iy(. 9tAA, rd^v^ y
<^o*"^iK '^rf^ ^r\A f 7^f
PEECID^.
511
A slender species, attaining a length of about 0-15. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth
of the trunk, which is contained four times in the total length to the
base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 9 spines, posterior
dorsal with 1 spine and 11 articulated rays, its anterior origin
slightly nearer to the occiput than its termination to the base of the
caudal fin ; dorsal spines slender, the fourth the longest. Anal fin
with 3 spines and 12 articulated rays opposed to the posterior dorsal,
and its spines very slender. Caudal fin considerably forked.
Form. ^ Log. Lpper Eocene : Monte Bolca, Italy.
P. 3895. Imperfect large specimen, labelled by Agassiz.
Enniskillen Coll.
21407. Slab with four specimens about 0*09 in length.
Purchased, 1847.
P. 9479. Fish 0*08 in length, in counterpart. Dixon Coll.
44875. Fine specimen 0*095 in length, in counterpart.
Presented hy Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
P. 1912. Two small specimens labelled by Agassiz. Egerton Coll.
Labrax oeningensis^ nom. nov.
1823. Perea lucioperca, J. F. Kriiger, Gesch. d. Urwelt, vol. ii. p. 648
{ert'ore).
1832. Perea lepidota, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 136.
1836. Perea lepidota, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 75, pi. x.
1880. Properea lepidota, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. viii. p. 452.
1895. Properea lepidota, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. vii. no. 7, p. 2, tig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Carlsruhe and British Museums.
A robust species, attaining a length of about 0*5. Length of head
with opercular apparatus about equal to the maximum depth of
the trunk, which is contained a little more than three times in the
length to the base of the caudal fin. Anterior dorsal fin with
9 spines, posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 14 articulated rays, the
third to fifth spines being longest and thickest ; anal fin with
3 spines and 9 articulated rays, the second spine as stout as the
third but slightly shorter.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Miocene ; Oeningen, Baden ; Murlo, Prov.
Siena, Italy.
512
ACTINOPTERYGII.
P. 2005. Counterpart of type specimen, described by Agassiz, loc.
cit. There is no clear evidence of more than 3 anal spines.
Egerton Coll.
P. 9464. Imperfect larger fish in counterpart, deepened by distortion
in the abdominal region. The vertebral column is shown
to have comprised not more than 25 vertebrae, of which 13
or 14 are caudal. Purchased.
The so-called Perea moguntina (H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1846,
p. 476, and Palseontogr. vol. vii. 1859, p. 22, pi. hi. figs. 2-13),
known only by detached bones from the freshwater Upper Oligocene
of the Mayen ce Basffi^hs probably also referable to Lahrax, and is
represented in the Collection by the following fragments : —
P. 1919, P. 3914. Two small slabs with detached bones, including
the operculum; Mayence. Egerton ^ EnnisTcillen Colls.
The following extinct species have also been referred to Labrax,
but are not represented in the Collection : —
Lahrax hosniensis, F. Siebenrock, Wissensch. Mitth. Bosn. u.
Hercegov. vol. vii. (1900), p. 687, pi. xii. fig. 2. — Upper
Tertiary ; near Sarajevo, Bosnia. [Imperfect fish ;
Sarajevo Museum.]
Lahrax delheidi, B. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. vii. (1893)^
Mem. p. 170, pi. vii. — Middle Oligocene; Steendorp, near
Buppelmonde, Belgium. [Portion of trunk ; Delheid
Collection.]
Lahrax elongatus, U. G. Kramberger, Yerhandl. k. k. geol. Eeichs-
anst. 1882, p. 28 (name only), and Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 74, pi. V. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Oligocene ;
Trifail, Styria. [Imperfect fish ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Yienna.]
Lahrax intermedius, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii (1882), p. 100, pi. xxii. fig. 6. Perea (cf.
angusta, Ag.), F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. vii. (1880), p. 88. — Upper Miocene; Badoboj,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Yienna.]
Lahrax latus, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 71, pi. iv. fig. 1. — Upper Oligocene ; Fohnsdorf,
Styria. [Imperfect fish.]
Lahrax (?) lepidotus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836), p. 85,
pi. xiii. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Fragmen¬
tary fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
/?7 ^ * j
£2 /^y?^ c-o^. .z;^
>X/.-'/^. 9lu:cfX£yv*J^ ; 9lUr>^^ ^t(-6x,’o.
C^ ; cS*. %(“ ^nr^^/vy^cji ^
PERCID^.
513
Lahrax longicej)s, F. Siebenrock, loc. cit. 1900, p. 685, pi. xii.
fig. 1. — Upper Tertiary ; near Sarajevo. [Imperfect fish ;
Sarajevo Museum.]
Lahrax major, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. iv. p. 87, pi. xii. ; P. Ger-
vais, Zool. et Pal. Frang. (1852), Poiss. Foss. p. 7, pi. Ixxi.
fig. 1. — Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) ; Passy, Paris.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Lahrax mojsisovicsi, D. G. Kramberger, Had Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 73, pi. iv. fig. 2. — Upper Oligocene ;
Trifail, Styria. [Fragmentary fish ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]
Lahrax multipinnatusjD. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 99, pi. xxiii. fig. 2. — Upper
Miocene ; Nedelja, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, Agram.]
Lahrax neumayri, D. G. Kramberger, ibid. (1882), p. 97, pi. xxii.
fig. 5. — Upper Miocene; Dolje, Croatia.^ [Imperfect fish ;
Geological Museum, Agram.]
Lahrax sagorensis, D. G. Kramberger, Had Jugoslav. Akad. vol.
cvi. (1891), p. 77, pi. iv. figs. 3, 4. Lates sagorensis, F.
Siebenrock, loc. cit. 1900, p. 685. — Upper Oligocene ;
Sagor, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Vienna.]
Lahrax steinclachneri, F. Siebenrock, loc. cit. 1900, p. 689,pl. xiii.
fig. 3. — Upper Tertiary ; near Sarajevo. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.]
Lahrax stiriacus, D. G. Kramberger, Verhandl. k. k. geol. Heichs-
• anst. 1882, p. 28, and Had Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 77. Serranus (jl) stiriacus,Y. Holle, Sitzungsb.
k. Akad. AViss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxx. (1858), p. 21,
pi. i. fig. 1. — Upper Oligocene ; Sagor, Croatia. [Imper¬
fect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Vienna.]
The imperfect trunk described as follows, also probably belongs
to a species of Lahrax : —
Perea alsheimensis, H. von Meyer, Palteontogr. vol. vii. (1859)»
p. 19, pi. iii. fig. 1. — Upper Oligocene ; Alsheim, near
Mayence.
^ Somewhat similar fish from Lower Miocene of Chiavon, Vicentin, also
described by F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6,
p. 52, pi. V. fig. 6.
2 L
PART IV.
514
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Genus PERCICHTHYS, Girard.
[Proc. Acad. N’at. Sci. Philad. 1854, p. 197.]
Head and trunk laterally compressed. Houth protractile, with
minute teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, and palatine ; supra-
maxilla present. Preoperculum with serrations, those on lower
limb antrorse ; operculum with one spine behind ; six or seven
hranchiostegal rays. Vertebrae 14 or 15 in the abdominal, 18 to'20
in the caudal region. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with 8 to 11
spines, the posterior with 1 or 2 spines and 10 to 13 articulated
rays ; anal fin with 3 spines and 8 to 10 articulated rays ; caudal
fin truncate or slightly forked. Lateral line complete.
A South-American freshwater genus found in Ghili and
Argentina.
Perciehthys antiquus^ A. S. Woodward.,
1898. Percichthys antiquus, A. S. Woodward, Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol.
iii. p. 68, figs. 6, 7.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Senckenherg Museum, Prankfurt.
A species attaining a. length of about 0*12. Maximum depth of
trunk about equalling length of head with opercular apparatus,
which is contained three and a half times in total length of fish.
Dorsal fins with 11 spines and 9 or 10 articulated rays ; anal fin
with 3 spines and 8 or 9 articulated rays.
Form. 4* Log. Tertiary Lignite : Taubate,. Province of San Paulo,
Brazil.
P. 9011. Dorsal portion of trunk, described and figured, loc. ciU
p., 68, fig. 7. By exchange, 1898.
Genus PROPERCA, Sauvage.
[Bull. Soc. Geol. France (3) vol. viii. (1880), p. 452.]
Head and trunk laterally compressed. Mouth large, and all
teeth minute. Preoperculum gently rounded and serrated, without
spine at angle. Vertebrae 10 to 12 in the abdominal, 16 to 18 in
the caudal region. Anterior dorsal fin more extended than the
posterior dorsal, the two probably connected at the base ; anterior
dorsal with 9 spines, posterior dorsal with 1 spine and 9 to 12 arti¬
culated rays; anal fin small, with 3- spines and 8 to 10' articulated
rays ; caudal fin forked. Scales large or of moderate size, finely
denticulated.
5’. SaXm^c.^ y.
.5^. ^ fc?<try7 y»* *3 ^9^* >iV»^~^*l> D'^
/^-wCrf /^
7?:^^
Wyv
&CA-*^
^1hw4^- />t4,W' /UvV ^ ^
2,^ .?i-i 4 . tfi /\i ii?^ ,
, fo ‘itf ^
/fj2. ^ cf. /TZumc*^ £^Krf. /yr^’/,S\
(X- ^ Cj*s^^ /?^m-». /t*<^ /V ^ 11^.
M-lt-
Jf//203. Z^'
/5^S*i
/ f J'^* "
/>.<i2 ^ /. *^//»
/\f. /^cn^^»^L
'>Ze-*N«
2yy^. c5^-
c^ a--wclax^ -ir'<^. 'X.'X f. ^h^Qyx>%>^. •5'^? ^. //^ />^- fff- y^. V: p^-^-3,
,/^ 5 3. a^c^s/^ ^ /^. ///fcn^^c^J
^ '• *< ^'C/Z-zS.
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/P/.
r/ij?
^ A. r
/Jo. Af Zd ^ J yO-
0^ C<juA^a/\/A
PERCID^.
olo
Properca augusta (Agassiz).
1834. Perea elongata, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 383.
1836. Perea angusta^ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 79, pi. xi.
1874. Perea angusta, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse,
vol. yiii. p. 183.
1880. Properca angusta, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. 'v’iii. p. 452.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olini Brongniart Collection.
The type- species, attaining a length of about 0*2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus much exceeding the maximum depth
of the trunk, which is contained nearly four times in the total length
to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal spines gradually increasing in
length to the fourth, thence diminishing; but the length, of the
longest spine considerably less than the depth of the trunk at its
insertion and less than the length of the longest divided rav of the
posterior dorsal fin. Anal spines very stout ; the second not much
larger than the third, but all considerably shorter than the succeeding
divided rays.
Fol'm. Loc. Lower Miocene (Lignite): Puy-de-D6me, France k
27736. Fine specimen OH 75 in length, and five fragments Menat.
Croizet CoU.
P. 1920, P. 3913. Portions of two larger specimens ; Menat.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls
27736 a. Six immature specimens ; Menat. Croizet Coll.
P. 1918. Immature specimen ; Menat. Egerton Coll.
Properca beaumonti (Agassiz).
1834. Perea beaumonti, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 383.
1836. Perea heaumontii, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 81, pl. xi a.
1873. Perea {Pereiehtkys) beaumonti, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol.
France [3] vol. i. p. 388.
1880. Properea beaumontii, H. E. Sauvage, Bull, Soc. Geok France [3]
vol. viii. p. 452.
Type. Imperfect fish ; School of Mines, Paris.
A comparatively robust species, attaining a length of about 0'2.
Length of head with opercular apparatus not exceeding the maximum
depth of the trunk, which is contained about three times in the total
length to the base of the caudal fin.
1 This species is also recorded from the Fpper Miocene of Badoboj, Croatia,
by F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. (1880), p. 88.
2l 2
516
ACTINOPTERTGII.
Form. Log. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence.
P. 1916. Small imperfect fish, labelled by Agassiz as belonging to
this species. Egerton Coll.
Properca (?) prisca (Agassiz).
1844. Zeus prisms, L. Agassiz, Poiss, Foss. vol. v. pt. i. p. 32, pi. xlviii.
fig. 4. [Imperfect trunk ; Breslau Museum.]
1844. Perea uraseJiista, A. E. Beuss, Geogn. Skizzen aus Bohmen,
vol. ii. p. 259.
1851. Perea uraseJiista, II. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol.ii. p. 57, pi. xu
figs. 1-3.
1885. Plectropoma uraseJiista, D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. p. 33, pi. ii. fig. 1, pi. v. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Boyal Lokemian Mus^m, Prague.
A comparatively robust small species, attaining a length of about
0*15. Length of head with opercular apparatus slightly less than
maximum depth of trunk, which considerably exceeds one third the
length of fish to base of caudal fin. Fourth dorsal fin-spine longest,
the third twice as long as the first.
The two dorsal fins are not so clearly separated in this species as
in the typical P. angusta, and the tenth or hindermost spine has not
been observed.
Form. Log. Lower Miocene (Semi-opal) : Bohemia.
21412 b. Distorted head and trunk, wanting end of caudal region,
in counterpart ; Eutschlin. ParGliased, 1847.
P. 1917. Imperfect trunk; labelled as from Luschitz.
Egerton Coll.
The following specimen probably represents an undetermined
species of Properoa : —
?. 3910. Bobust fish about 0*05 in length, somewhat distorted ;
Middle Oligocene (Lignite), Sieblos, Bavaria.
EnnisJcillen Coll.
The following are undetermined Percoids with three anal
spines ; —
P.1928, P.3906. Slender fish 0*07 in length, in counter23art ;
Upper Eocene, Monte Bolca. The preoperculum has
antrorse serrations on the lower limb. Vertebrae appa¬
rently 10-1-14. Anterior dorsal fin with 9 spines,
the third especially elevated and those behind rapidly
/^g^etca /X ^auca, /<fS9a^^ />. zirOTt^^^,
^^Tt^^a^rCk . ^^sA: /q//. ($eid7.Suru'. ^9^3 ^ p.
.#
*■*•>
PEECID^.
517
decreasing in length ; posterior dorsal relatively low, with
short spine and 8 articulated rays ; anal with 3 short
spines and 7 articulated rays ; eaudal fin forked. Scales
very small. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
P. 3912. Nearly similar Percoid 0'105 in length, with 11 articulated
rays in posterior dorsal and 8 articulated rays in anal
fin, and caudal fin rounded; Lower Oligocene, Aix-en-
Provence. Enniskillen Coll.
Genus MIOPLOSUS, Cope.
[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. hi. 1877, p. 813.]
Trunk laterally compressed and elongate-fusiform. Articulation
of mandible beneath hinder border of orbit, and all teeth very
small ; ascending limb of preoperculum smooth, lower limb coarsely
serrated; operculum rounded, without spines. Yertebrac 10 or 11
in abdominal, 14 or 15 in caudal region. Two dorsal fins, the
anterior with 9 spines, the posterior with 1 spine and 12 to 14
articulated rays ; anal fin with 2 spines and 10 to 14 articulated
rays ; caudal fin slightly forked. Scales finely serrated.
An extinct North-American freshwater Eocene genus.
Mioplosus labracoides, Cope.
1877. Mioplosus labracoides, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. hi. p. 814.
1884. Mioplosus labracoides, E. D. Cope, Yert. Tert. Form. West,
Book I. (Hep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. hi.), p. 89, pi. xii.
%. 1.
'k'ype. Nearly complete fish ; National Museum, Y ashington.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*35. Maximum depth
of trunk about equalling length of head with opercular apparatus,
and contained four times in total length of fish. Third dorsal fin-
spine longest ; 12 articulated rays in dorsal, 14 in anal fin.
Fo'i^i. ^ Log. Eocene (Green Biver Shales) : Y^yoming, U.S. A.
P. 5217. Slightly distorted specimen 0*25 in length.
Presented by Lord Avebury, 1886.
P. 7492. Larger, more distorted specimen. Purchased, 1895.
«
The following species, all except the fourth from the Green Eiver
Shales of Wyoming, have also been distinguished, but only differ
very slightly from the type species : —
51«
ACTJNOPIERTGIT.
Mioplosus ahhreviatus^ E. D. Cope, Joe. cit. 1877, p. 814, and
0^9. cit. 1884, p. 88.
Mioplosus Joeani, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 816, and op. dt.
1884, p. 91, pi. xii. fig. 2.
Mioplosus longus, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1877, p. 815, and op>. cit,
1884, p. 90, pi. xii, fig. 3. ■
Mioplosus multidentatus, E. D Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxv. (1891),
p. 657. — Lower Tertiary (?) ; Bee Hills, South Dakota.
Mioplosus sauvogeanus, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1884, p. 92,
Genus PCRCA (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 289.] *
Trunk laterally compressed and elongate-fusiform. Mouth large
and protractile, and all teeth very small ; preoperculum with
serrations, those of lower limb antrorse ; operculum with one spine ;
seven branchiostegal rays. Yertebrae 21 in the abdominal, 20 or
21 in the caudal region. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with 12 to
16 spines, the posterior with 2 or 3 spines and 12 to 15 articulated
rays ; anal fin with 2 spines and 8 to 10 articulated rays ; caudal
fin slightly forked. Scales small and lateral line complete.
Existing in the freshwaters of the Northern hemisphere, and not
known to be represented by any extinct species.
The following specimens are referable to the typical Perea ^
fiwiatiUs, linn. H
P. 8738. Preoperculum described and figured by E. T. Newton,
Yert. Eorest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882), p. 120,
pi. xviii. fig. 1 ; Eorest Bed Series (Upper Ereshwater
Bed), West Bunton, Norfolk, Savin Coll.
P. 8734-35. Maxillae and scales ; West Bunton. Savin Coll.
The fishes described as follows are not represented in the Col¬
lection, and their systematic position is uncertain ^ —
Perea (^Smerdis'l) lorenti, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. 1845,
p. 456, and Palaeontogr. vol. i. (1847), p. 105, pi. xii.
fig. 3. (?) TcJitliy elites , Sir P. Egerton. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. X. (1854), p. 374, pi. xiii. — Lower Tertiary ;
Mokattam Hills, Cairo, Egypt. [Imperfect fish ; Mann¬
heim Museum.]
Perea macvacantha., T. C. Yunkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. v.
(1880), p. 94, pi. iii. figs. 7, 8. — Middle Oligocene;
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519
Sieblos, Bavaria. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Wiirzburg.]
The following indeterminable fragmentary remains from the Lower
Eocene (London Clay) of Sheppey, Kent, also seem to belong to
genera of the family Percidce : —
P. 642. Hinder half of cranium labelled by Agassiz as intended to
be the type specimen of Coeloperca latifrons, recorded by
name only in Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307.
Egerton Coll.
P. 648. Three fragmentary small heads labelled by Agassiz as
intended to be the type specimens of Fodocephalus nitidus^
recorded by name only, loc. cit. p. 307. Egerton Coll.
P. 1743, P. 3920. Four fragmentary specimens ascribed to Podo-
cephaliis by Egerton. Egerton EnnisJcillen Colls.
P. 643. Imperfect head labelled by Agassiz as intended to be the
type specimen of Brachygnathus tenuiceps, recorded by
name only, loc. cit. p. 307. Egerton Coll.
36135. Similar head, better preserved. This fossil appears to be
generically and specifically identical with that in the
Boyal College of Surgeons named Ecicenurus longior by
R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces, Mus. Roy. Coll.
Surg. (1854), p. 171, no. 683. Purchased.^ 1861.
P. 1698 b. Fragmentary smaller head, &c. Egerton Coll.
P. 639. Fragmentary remains of head labelled by Agassiz as
intended to be the type specimen of Percostoma angusta,
recorded by name only, loc. cit. p. 307. Egerton Coll.
32388. Head of the same form as that in the Royal College of
Surgeons named Planesox vorax by Owen, Catal. Foss.
Rept. & Pisces, Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. (1854), p. 169,
no. 678. Purchased, 1857.
41319. Imperfect smaller nearly similar head. Purchased, 1869.
P. 1698 X. Hinder portion of nearly similar head. Egerton Coll.
The following genera and species, not represented in the Col¬
lection, are too imperfectly known for discussion, but most of them
seem to represent extinct Percoids : —
Oligoplarchus sguamiplnnis, E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxv.
520
ACTIls^OPTERTGII.
(1891), p. 656. — Lower Tertiar}’ (?) ; Ree Hills, South
Dakota, U.S.A. [Imperfect fish.]
Facliygaster polyspondylus, C. G. Giebel, Fauna cler Yorw., Fische
(1848), p. 22. — Oligocene ; Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
[Distorted fish.]
Facliygaster spinosus^ C. G. Giebel, Neues Jahrb. 1847, p. 667,
i and op. cit. p. 22. — Ibid. [Type species. Ditto.]
Faralates hleicheri, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [8]
V- Yol. xi. (1883), p. 485, pi. xi. figs. 1, 2. — Oligocene;
Rouff’ach, Alsace. [Imperfect fish.] -
Faraperca provincialise H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. [3] vol. iii. (1875),
p. 639, pi. xxiii. fig. 2. — Lower Oligocene; Aix-en-
Provence. [Imperfect fish, perhaps Cottoid ; Paris
Museum of Natural History.]
Ferca {Sandroserrus) rebouliie P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang.
(1852), Poiss. Foss. p. 8, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 1. — Pliocene ;
Pezenas, Herault. [Imperfect fish; University of Mont¬
pellier.]
Flatylates rupeliensis, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. i.
(1887), Mem. p. Ill, pi. vi. — Middle Oligocene (Rupe-
lian) ; Rumpst, near Boom, Antwerp. [Imperfect trunk ;
Brussels Museum.] / /-
Flioplarclius septemspinosuse E. D. Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxiii.
(1889), p. 626. — Tertiary ; John Day River, Oregon.
[Imperfect fish.]
Flioplarclius seirspinosus, E. D. Cope, Amer. Journ. Sci. [3]
vol. XXV. (1883), p. 416, and Yert. Tert. Form. West,
Book I. (Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1884),
p. 729. — Tertiary ; W. Dakota. [Imperfect trunk.]
Flioplarchus whiteie E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 1883, p. 414, and op. cit.
1884, p. 728, pi. xxiv o. fig. 1. — Ibid. [The type species.
Imperfect fish.]
Fodocys minutuSe L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1838-39),
pp. 5, 135, pi. xvi. fig. 5; A. Y'ettstein, Fischfauna
V Tertiaer. Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont.
Ges. vol. xiii. 1886), p. 69, pi. viii. fig. 8. — Oligocene;
Canton Glarus, Switzerland. [Imperfect fish ; Zurich
Museum.]
The following extinct species have also been referred to existing
genera of Percidae, but are not represented in the Collection : —
Antliias hassanii, D. G. Kramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi.
(1891), p. 77. Antliias cfr. stiriacus, F. Bassani, Atti
v^r^. 'j^\f f Lf^ , ^, /^/ t>^ ^
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521
R. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. id. (1889), no. 6, p. 61,
pi. vi. fig. 1. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Piovene Coll., Lonedo.]
■Apocjon Icmmhergeri^ F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 59, pi. v. fig. 4.
— Ibid. [Ditto.]
Apocjon macrolepis, R. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. yol. x.
(1897), Mem. p. 220, pi. v. figs. 3-7. — Upper Eocene;
^Vemmel and Neder-over-Heembeek, Brussels. [Im¬
perfect head and remains of trunk.]
Apogon spinosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1836-3 1),^ ^
p. 65, pi. ix. figs. 2-^ Holocentrus Janceolafus, G. S.
Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese (1796), p. ccxxxii. pi. Ivi. fig. 2
{errore). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect
fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Bides temnopterus, L. Agassiz, to7n. cit. 1834-36, p. 91, pi. xxi. ;
F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. iii.
(1876), p. 175. Sciena plumierii, G. S. Yolta, op. cit.
1796, p. clxxxy. pi. xlv. fig. 2 (er7'ore), — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Enoplosus pygopterus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1836-37, p. 62, pi. ix.
fig. 1 ; F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1876, p. 175. Scomber
ignohilis, G. S. Yolta, op. cit. 1796, pi. xiv. fig. 1 (eri'Oi'e').
—Ibid. [Ditto.]
Lucioperca sJco^pili, D. G. Eramberger, Rad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 125, pi. viii. figs. 4-8. — Pleistocene (?);
Sofia, Bulgaria. [Detached bones.]
Serranus altus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 101, pi. xxiii. fig. 1. — Upper
Miocene ; Agram, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, Univ. Agram.]
Sei'ranus clubius, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 103,
pi. xxviii. fig. 5. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia.
[Fragment ; Geological Museum, Univ. Agram.]
Serranus gracilispinis , F. Siebenrock, AYissensch. Mitth. Bosn. u.
Hercegov. vol. vii. (1900), p. 691, pi. xiii. fig. 4. — Upper
Tertiary; near Sarajevo, Bosnia. [Imperfect fish; Sara¬
jevo Museum.]
Sey'ranus pentacantlius., J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Miss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xix. pt. i. (1861), p. 68, pi. viii.
fig. 8. — ^[iddle Miocene ; Margarethen, Yienna. [Frag¬
ment of head, &c.]
Serranus rudis, F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 63, pi. vi. fig. 2. —
Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Coll.]
1 Acx**
S^rcr r)u.S ^ s., A/./^ctucci . /92.?a. ^ 3/. — ’
, /^ctlca^cc fvTc*. . P Co//. (yetr/Sc^rv.
^ S^rrc^^S ^/<r>v y ^ ZUj ^ ^ /y / r/ 2. 9 oA P- 3 —
— << y. _ ^ V. "" ■ ““ - «*_ ^ yi •* y ' . ^ y . / _ J ytyi
= S. Cue/ejys/S (^ v.p.sc
L / 9
522
» l~^A /Iri* — « ^i/o% , p^-j' il'fft'
■4 px^ atm, i 4 itrv-ir
/f3/'. *?
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
Serranus rugosus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 137. Founded on Serranus
ventralis^ Agassiz (in part), Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. xxiii h.
(upper fig.). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect
fish.]
Serranus stiriacus, U. G. Kramberger, Ujela Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. xvi. (1895), p. 60, pi. x. fig. 3. — Upper Oligocene ;
TiifFer, Steiermark. [Imperfect trunk.]
Serranus validus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1895, p. 59, pi. x.
fig. 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Serranus wemmeliensis^ P. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Geol. vol. x.
(1897), Mem. p. 210, pi. v. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Eocene ;
Neder-over-Heembeek, Brussels. [Head, &c.]
Otoliths from the Oligocene and Miocene of Germany have also
been referred to Percoid fishes under the names of Otolithus
(Serranus) noetlingi, 0. (Serranus) distinctus^ 0. (Perc^arum)
vaHans^ 0. (P.) plebejus, 0. (P.) freguens^ 0. ( P. Y ^equ^is^ and
(P.) moguntinus (E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xliii. 1891, pp. 124-128, pi. viii. figs. 1, 4, pi. x. figs. 1, 2).
An otolith from the Forest Bed, West Bunton, Norfolk, now in
the Museum of Practical Geology, is supposed to belong to the
existing Acerina vulgaris (E. T. Newton, Yert. Forest Bed — Mem.
Geol. Surv. 1882 — p. 121, pi. xviii. fig. 9). ^ 9 ^
- — ^ The following extinct species, imperfectly defined and not repre¬
sented in the Collection, are referred chiefly to existing genera
intermediate between the Percidae and Sparidse : —
I
Ctenodentex laekeniensis^ E. Storms, Bull. Soc. Beige Ge'ol. vol. x.
(1896), Mem. p. 199, pi. iii., pi. iv. figs. 3-6. — Dentex
laekeniensis^ P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Eoy. Belg.
[2] vol. xxxiv. (1872), p. 423, with plate. — Upper Eocene
(Wemmelian) ; Belgium. [Type species of Ctenodentex.
Imperfect fish ; Brussels Museum.]
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839),
p. j-^/. — upper jiiocene ; Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
O4 [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
■^Dentex faujasi, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 150. Coryphoenay
Nv - i Faujas St. Fond, Ann. Museum, vol. i. (1802), p. 355.
hS .'iY
3<
\ ^ •
^ ^ ^^entex crassispinus, L. Agassiz,
\ ^ C X P' — Upper Eocene ;
I
-Middle Eocene (Calcaire Grossier) ; Nanterre,
[Fragmentary fish.]
Paris.
^^entex leptacanthus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 144, pi. xxvi.
— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Paris
Museum of Natural History.]
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iL C ^ microdon^ L, Agassiz, tom. cit, 1839, p. 146, pi. xxvii.
523
V
>5.
§
K
V
^ '^'5 fig. 2. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish
H u ^ ^ ^ Palgeontological Museum, Munich.]
bentex muensten.^ G. Meneghini, xlnn. Univ. Tosc. vol. viii. pt. ii.
(1866), p. 19, with plate. — Lower Pliocene; Volterrano,
^ Tuscany. [Jaws, &c. ; University of Pisa.] ^
Dentex sardiniensis, D. Lovisato, Pendic. E. Accad. Lincei [5]
vol. v. pt. ii. (1896), p. 78 (name only). — Miocene; Sar¬
dinia. [Teeth ; University of Cagliari.]
TDentex ventralis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 150. — Upper
Eocene ; Monte Polca. [Imperfect fish ; olim Hibbert
1 Collection.]
y Otolithiis (Dentex) nohilis, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
^ * vol. xliii. (1891), p. 124, pi. viii. fig. 8. — Upper Oligocene ;
Germany. [Otolith.] a ^ (B. s. ,
Oet'i'es massalon^or, tT. J. Heckel, Sitzungsh. k. Akad. Wiss.,
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 327 ; E. Bassani, Atti^^A.-*^.
E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 58,
^ .'J r\ pi. xiii. fig. .2. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin.
[Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Pelates quindecimalis, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1834-36, p. 95,
pi. xxii. ; F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. (1876), p. 175. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Pristipoma furcatum, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. 1839, p. 177, pi. xxxix.
fig. 1.— Ibid^ ^Ditto.]
Sparoboma ^Sr-Hr Sauvage] Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. xi. (1883), p. 487, pi. xiii. fig. 3. — Lower Oligocene ;
Aix-en-Provence. [Type species of Sparosoma, Sauvage*
1883, non Sparisoma, Swainson, 1839. Imperfect fish ;
School of Mines, Paris.]
fir-rt.
- ' // - y.o / /
//.-z. ^
Family TEUTHIDID^.
As Percidae, but only cutting teeth on margin of jaw.; each pelvic
fin with an outer and inner spine ; anal fin with 6 or 7 spines.
One genus {Teuthis, Linn.) with numerous species in the Indo-
Pacific Ocean, and an allied extinct genus with one species which is
not represented in the Collection ; —
^ Two fragments of mandible and two vertebrae from the Lower Pliocene of
Orciano, may perhaps represent this species (47031. Purchased, 1875). .2^.
CL. ... ^ J tZ <QC IT
^ <Z3(r'CC. X \rfi/ ^
<jZs \
/?^^o A, / Zc'. i'
524
ACTINOPTERYGII.
ArclicEOteuihis glaronensis, A. Wetfcstein, Pischfaima Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. xiii.
1886), p. 67, pi. viii. fig. 11. — Oligocene ; Canton Glarus,
Switzerland. [Imperfect fish with 12 dorsal and 6 anal
fin-spines; Basle Musenm.]
Family SPARID^.
As Percidge, but dentition of premaxilla and dentary specialised,
so that there is either a sharply cutting margin or a prehensile Or
cutting margin with inner molariform teeth ; palate toothless or
with rudimentary dentition.
In the existing fauna, these are marine fishes found on all
temperate and tropical coasts.
Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented
hy Extinct Species.
Single series of stout, ohtusely-conical teeth,
with minute similar teeth within . Sparnodus (p. 524).
Incisiform front teeth, and two or more series
of molariform hinder teeth . Sargiis (p. 529).
Very broad incisiform teeth in front . Triyonodon (p. 531).
Minute clustered front teeth, with few enlarged
canines, and two or more series of molari-
^ form hinder teeth . Pagellus (p. 532).
Conical prehensile front teeth, and two series of
molariform hinder teeth . Pagrus (p. 533),
As Pagrus, but three or more series of molari¬
form hinder teeth, usually irregular . Chrysophrys (p. 534).
Genus SPARNODUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 10.]
Syn. Scicsma'us, L. Agassiz, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 295.
A single series of stout obtiisely-conical teeth on the margin of
the jaws, longest at the symphysis, gradually becoming very short
behind; a few irregular, minute, obtusely- conical teeth within.
Preoperculum pectinated and very finely serrated. Dorsal fin with
10 spines, anal fin with 3 spines. Scales large or of moderate size,
not serrated but very finely rugose in their exposed portion, ex¬
tending over the operculum and cheek, and forming a sheath at the
base of the dorsal and anal fins.
An Upper Eocene and Lower Miocene genus.
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LUT/AN/O/E.
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SPARID^,
525
Sparnodus macr^pnthalmus, Agassiz.
1796. Spams macrophthalmus, G, S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxlvii.
pi. lx. fig. 2 (err ore).
1796. Cyprimis, G. S. Volta, ibid. pi. Ixxiii.
1796. Spa7'iLS dentex^ G. S. Volta, ibid. p. Ixii. pi. xiii. fig. 1 {errm'e).
1796. Spams sargus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. Ixxyi. pi. xvii. fig. 1 {errore).
1796. Spams erythrinus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxlix. pi. lx. fig. 3
{errore).
1818. Spams vulgai'is^ H. D. de Blainxille, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Xat.
Yol. xxvii. p. 349.
1835. Sparnodus maa'ophthalmus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 300
(name only).
1835. Sparnodus ovalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).
1835. Sparnodus altivelis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).
1835. Sparnodus micr acanthus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).
1839. Sparnodus macrophthalmus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. \\.
p. 158, pi. xxTiii. fig. 3.
1839. Sparnodus ovalis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 161, pi. xxix. fig. 2. [Im¬
perfect fist ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
1839. Sparnodus altivelis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 162, pi. xxix. fig. 3.
[Ditto.]
1839. Sparnodus micr acanthus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 164, pi. xxviii. fig, 2,
pi. xxix. fig. 1. [Ditto.]
1886. Sparnodus lethriniformis, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-
przyr. AFad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. p. 106, pJ. i. fig. 1. [Im¬
perfect fisli : University Geological Museum, Cracow.]
1876. oi'a/fs, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Xat.
vol. iii. p. 177.
1876. Sparnodus micracanthus, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 177.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Xatural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0'3. Trunk very-
stout, its maximum depth equalling three times that of the caudal
pedicle and exceeding the length of the head with opercular
apparatus, which occupies slightly more than one third of the total
length to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 10, anal fin
with 8 or 9 articulated rays.
Form. ^ Loo. Upper Eocene ; ilonte Bolca, near Verona.
44867, 44870-72. Three specimens in counterpart, the second
measuring 0*27 in length, and the third shortened and
deepened by distortion. Xo. 44867 displays the fine
serrations of the preoperculum, and shows the scales
extending over the cheek.
Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
526
ACTINOPTERYGII.
P. 1963. Fine specimen 0*24 in length, labelled by Agassiz and
apparently referred to in Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 160.
Egei'ton Coil.
21394. Fine specimen 0*22 in length, in counterpart.
Purchased, 1847.
13448,-50,. 19944, 21426,. 21529 a. Four smaller specimens, three
being in counterpart. Purchased.
P. 1936, P. 1965, P. 2090, P. 3898-99, P. 3928-29, P. 4235.
Eight small specimens, three being in counterpart.
Egerton Ennislillen Colls.
Sparnodtis elongatus, Agassiz.
1796. Perea radula ?, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxxxiv. pi. xxxi.
fig. 1 {err ore).
1796. Sparus chromis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. cxxxviii. pi. xxxii. fig. 1
{erro7'e).
1796. Spai'us salpa, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. ccxxx. pi. Ivi. fig. 1 (errore).
1835. Sparnodus elongatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 300 (name
only).
1835. Serranus ventralis, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 293 ("name only).
1839. Sei'ranus ventralis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yoI. iv. p. 104,
pi. xxiii b. (lower figure). [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of
Natural History.]
1839. Spai'nodus elo7igatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 165, pi. xxviii. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
Trunk somewhat less deepened and head relatively smaller than
in the type species, otherwise similar.
Eorm. ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.
P. 1900, P. 3901. Fine specimen about 0*2 in length, in counter¬
part. Egerton ^ EnnisTcillen Colls.
P. 1937-38, P. 2091, P. 3897, P. 3900, P. 3926. Four specimens
in counterpart, the largest 0*22 in length and labelled by
Agassiz. Egerton EnnisTcillen Colls.
37220. Imperfect fish in counterpart, about 0*21 in length.
Purchased, 1863.
P. 6855. Imperfect smaller fish, in counterpart. Purchased, 1893.
I
V-
i
SPAKIDJE.
527
Sparnodus microstomus (Agassiz).
1796., Spams hrama, G. S.. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. clxxxvii. pi. xlv.
3 {err ore).
1818. Sparushrama — Sparus vulgaris.,1^. . de Blainville, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxv-ii. p. 350.
1835. Serranus microstomus^ L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 299 (name
only).
1835. Serranus occipitalis, L. Agassiz, ihid. p. 300 (name only).
1835. Dentex hreviceps, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 300 (name only).
1839. Serranus microstomus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 100,
pi. xxiii a.
1839. Serranus occipitalis, L. Agassiz, ihid. p. 102, pi. xxiii. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
1839. Dentex hreviceps, L. Agassiz, ihid. p. 149, pi. xxvii. figs. 3, 4.
[Imperfect fish ; Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A smaller species than the type, of similar general proportions,
hut frontal profile apparently steeper, scales smaller, articulated
dorsal fin-rays 12, articulated anal fin-rays 10 in number.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.
13452-53, 21425, 21529. Three specimens in counterpart, the first
very imperfect. Furcha&ecl.
P. 1935. Two small specimens. Egerton Coll.
P. 3898, P. 3902. Two small specimens, the first labelled Serranus
microstomus, the second Dentex hreviceps by Agassiz.
EnnisTcillen Coll..
P. 1966. Imperfect fish 0-175 in length, doubtfully of this species.
Egerton Coll.
Sparnodus bowerbanki (Agassiz).
1845. Scicenurus bowerbanki, L. Agassiz, Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1844,
p. 295, pi. xl.
1845. Scieenurus crassior, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 307 (name only).
(?) 1854. Scicenurus brevior, R. Owen, Catal. Foss. Rept. & Pisces,
Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. p. 171, no. 681. [Fragmentary head.]
Type. Fragment of head and trunk; British Museum.
The type species of the so-called Scicenurus, known only by
fragments. Larger than the preceding species, with the anterior
suborbital and preoperculum more coarsely and prominently
crimped.
528
A.CTINOPTERTGII.
In the restoration published by Agassiz, the pelvic and anal fins
are too far forwards.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
P. 650. Four fragmentary examples of head and trunk, labelled by
Agassiz andEgertonas intended to be the type specimens ;
Bheppey. Egerton Coll.
23404. Large portion of head and trunk, much pyritised ; Sheppey.
Purchased^ 1849.
3^? .,^303^2^, 39441, 39768. Three imperfect heads with anterior squa-
mation ; Sheppey. In the first specimen the oral face of
the premaxilla displays the bases of attachment for one
row of large marginal teeth and two or three irregular
rows of minute inner teeth. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 9465. Similar specimen, displaying the preoperculum with its
characteristic plication and very fine serration ; Sheppey.
The base of the right pectoral fin is preserved.
Purchased.
5073 C. Eemains of head ; Sheppey.
25707. Another head ; Sheppey. Dixon ColL
28713. Another head ; Sheppey. Purchased,^ 1853.
P. 649. Imperfect head labelled as intended to be the type specimen
of Scicenurus crassior, Agassiz ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
P. 4515. Heads and other fragments, one labelled Ecicenurus
crassior by Agassiz. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 9466. Fragment showing some anterior vertebral centra ;
Sheppey. Purchased.
The following species have also been ascribed to this genus, but
are not represented in the Collection : —
E])arnodus injiatus^ H. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 80, pi. v. fig. 4. — Upper Oligocene ;
Trifail, Styria. [Imperfect trunk ; Imperial Geological
Survey, Vienna.]
Sparnodus intermedins, F. Bassani, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli
[2] vol. iii. (1889 j, no. 6, p. 67, pi. vii. fig. 2. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Collection, Lonedo.]
Sparnodus moloni, F. Bassani, ibid. p. 66, pi. vii. fig. 1. — Ibid.
[Ditto.]
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530
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
Sargus aquitanicus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxix. (1873), p. 85, pi. i. fig. 8. — Miocene ; Dept.
Gironde.
Sargus armatus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Prang. (1852), Poiss.
Loss. p. 5, pi. Ixix. figs. 1-8, 11-13. — Eocene; Dept.
Aude. 5 vz, ,
Sargus heberti, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. IS’at.
Yol. vi. (1879), p. 50, pi. Y. fig. 15. — Middle Miocene ;
Galiard, Ille-et- Yilaine.
7 Sargus mcisivus, P. GerYais, op. cit. p. 5, pi. Ixix. figs. 14, 16 ;
. ^ / . E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. yoI. Yi.
. / p. 48, pi. Y. figs. 9-12 ; H. E. SauYage, Mem. Soc.
■ Sci. Nat. Saone-et-Loire, yoI. iv. (1882), p. 64, pi. i.
7-9; G. de Alessandri, Mem. E. Accad. Sci. Torino
J Yol. xlv. (1896), p. 289, pi. i. fig. 28 ; L. Seguenza,
hjw^e^'rv-Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. yoI. xix. (1900), p. 515, pi yI.
^ f 4 ^ figs. 38, 39. Sca^'us haltringensis^ J. Probst, YMrtt.
VI XXX. (1874), p. 282 (in part), pi. iii.
figs. 8, 9 {non figs. 7, 10, 11). {^) Splicer odus lejeanianus,
M. Bouanlt, Comptes Eendus, Yol. xlvii. (1858), p. 100. —
Miocene ; France, 'VYiirtemberg, Italy, and Sicily.
Sargus jomnitanus^ A. Yalenciennes, Ann. Sci. Nat. [3] yoI. i.
(1844), p. 103, pi. i. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene; Algeria.
Sargus rusuccuritanus^ A. Yalenciennes-, ibid. p. 103, pi. i.
figs. 2, 3. — Ibid.
Sargus sitifensis, A. Yalenciennes, ibid. p. 103, pi. i. fig. 4, —
Ibid.
The fossils named as follows are not generically determinable : —
Sargus antliroqwdon, H. Le Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tert. Belg.
(1871), p. 14 (name only). — Eocene; Belgium.
Sargus baraldii, E. Lawley, NuoyI Studi Pesci etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 57. — Pliocene; Tuscany. [Imperfect
jaw.]
Sargus cavannai, E. Lawley, ibid. p. 57, pi. y. fig. 1. — Ibid.
[Ditto.]
Sargus cuvieri^ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. yoI. ir. (1839), p. 168
[no fig. published]. Sparus, G. CuYier, Ossem. Foss,
ed. 2 (1822), yoI. iii. p. 338, pi. IxxyI. figs. 16, 17. —
Upper Eocene (Gypsum) ; Montmartre, Paris. [Frag¬
ment of trunk.]
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Genus TRIGONODON, Sismonda.
[Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino (2) vol. x. 1849, p. 25.]
A genus known only by the front teeth, which are trenchant like
those of Sargus but much broader and perhaps only in one pair.
Trigonodon oweni, Sismonda.
1849. Trigonodon oweni, E. Sismonda, loc. cit. p. 25, pi. i. figs. 14 -16.
1858. Sargus sioni, M. Rouault, Comptes Rendus, Yol. xlvii. p. 100.
1874. Scarus baltringensis, J. Probst, AYiirtt. Jahresh. yoI. xxx. p. 282
(in part), pi. iii. figs. 10, 11 {non figs. 7-9).
1875. Sargus sioni, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. G60I. France [3] vol. iii.
p. 632, pi. xxii. figs. 3, 4.
1879. Sargus sioni, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Yeneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vi.
p. 49, pi. Y. figs. 13, 14.
1882. Sai'gus sioni, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Scione-et-Loire,
Yol. iv. p. 63.
1890. Scarus oiveni, F. Sacco, Bell. Soc. GeoL Ital. vol. ix. p. 296.
1895. Sargus {Trigonodon') oiceni, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci,
Napoli [2] vol. vii. no. 7, p. 6, fig. 3.
1896. Sargus oweni, G. de Alessandri, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino [2]
vol. xlv. p. 289, pi. i. fig. 27.
1897. Trigonodon oweni, G. de Alessandri, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.
n. s. vol. vi. no. 1, p. 25.
Type. \Yorn tooth.
The type species, with a rather wstout cutting-tooth, which is high
in front, becoming rapidly low behind, and not serrated or crimped
on the trenchant border, but sometimes with slight vertical folds at
the base of its inner face.
Form. ^ Loc. Mioeene : Italy, \Yiirtemberg, and Brittany.. ^ ,
Pliocene: Tuscany. /y^eu^cu^ . u/ ,
F. 9467. Tooth 0*017 in length, not much worn ; locality unknown.
History unlcnoiun.
P. 5525. Plaster casts of two teeth ; Pliocene, Tuscany.
Presented hy Prof. G. Cajoellhii, 1888. ^
fidou - oL't^ : S' 7 /So/c^tojp- ry>
/TO- Trigonodon serratus (Gervais). ^
1852. Sargus? serratus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Fran9., Poiss. Foss,
p. 2, pi. Ixvii. fig. 7 {non fig. 8).
1891. Trigonodon serratus, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag. [31 vol. viii.
p. 109, pi. iii. fig. 6.
Type. Anterior tooth.
/fit 6ti d
532
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Trenchant border of crown nearly parallel to basal margin,
prominently and delicately crimped when unworn. A smaller and
much thinner tooth than that of the type speeies.
Form. Log. Lower Eocene : Erance. Middle Eocene : Belgium.
c-t *
P. 5926 a. Partially abraded tooth, figured by A. S. Woodward,
loc. cit. ; Bruxellian, Woluwe St. Lambert, Brussels.
Presented hy Monsieur A. Houzeau de Lehaie., 1889.
P. 5926. Larger, more worn specimen ; Woluwe St. Lambert.
Presented hy Monsieur A. Houzeau de Leliaie, 1889.
Another form of tooth, apparently of this genus, from the Eocene
of the Punjab, has been named Capitodus indicus by B. Lydekker,
Ptec. Geol. Surv. India, vol.xiii. (1880), p. 61, and Palseont. Indica,
ser. X. vol. iii, (1886), p. 245, pi. xxxv. fig. 11.
Stouter teeth, more deeply crimped but otherwise much
resembling those named Trigonodon, have also been described as
follows : —
StejjJuinodussplendens, E. A. von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vol. iii. •
(1888), p. 298, fig. 31^ — Tipper Cretaceous; Dachel
Oasis, Sahara. [Type species of Step>hanodus., Zittel,
non Stejohanodon^ Meyer, 1847. Tooth ; Palaeontological
Museum, Munich.] -
(TXo^
<jenus
PAGELLUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes.
[Hist. Hat. Poiss. vol. vi. 1830, p. 169.]
Anterior teeth acutely conical, minute and clustered, with few
large canines ; hinder teeth rounded and molariform, in two or
more series. Preoperculum fimbriated, not serrated. Dorsal fin
with 11 to 13 spines. Scales of moderate size, finely serrated, ex¬
tending over the operculum and cheek, and forming a sheath at the
base of the dorsal fin.
Existing in the Mediterranean and on the eastern shores of the
Atlantic.
There are no fossils in the Collection certainly referable to this
genus, and those described as follows are not generically determin¬
able : —
Otolithus (Pagelli) elegantuJus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 279, pi. xvii. figs. 5, 6. — Lower
Tertiary ; Jackson Biver, Mississippi. [Otolith.]
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533
PagsUiiS acjuitanicus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxix. (1873), p. 84, pi. i. fig. 7. — Miocene; Dept.
Gironde. [Teeth.]
Pagelliis lejptosteus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Loss. toI. iv. (1839), p. 154
(no fig.); Pictet & Humbert, Xouv. Pech. Poiss. Loss.
Mt. Liban (1866), p. 50. — Form. & loe. unknown. [Im¬
perfect fish ; olim Zurich Museum.]
Pagellus microdon, L. Agassiz, l^^eues Jahrb. 1835, p. 300 (name
only), and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 152, pi. xxvii.
fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Yerona. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Paris Museum' of Natural History.]
PageUp stenoura, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 118, figs. 15, 15 a:. — U’pper Miocene ; Lieata,
8icily. [Imperfect trunk; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
Pagellus de stefanii and Pagelliis peruzzii are undefined names
given to fishes from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro, Tuscany
(de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tose. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-Verb. vol. i. 1878,
p. xix).
Genus PAGRUS, Cuvier.
[Pegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 272,]
Stout conical prehensile teeth at the symphysis of the jaws, and
two series of large rounded molariform teeth behind. Preoperculum
not serrated. Dorsal fin with 12 (rarely 11) spines. Scales of
moderate size, very finely serrated, extending over the operculum
and cheek, and forming a sheath at the base of the dorsal fin.
Almost cosmopolitan on existing coasts.
There do not appear to be any recognisable remains of extinct
forms of this genus in the Collection, but various fossils have been
described as follows : —
Pag'j'us menegliinii, F. Bassani, Atti E, Accad, Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 69, pi. xv. fig. 1. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Collection, Lonedo.]
Pag rus oudrianus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,
vol. xxix. (1873), p. 83, pi. i. fig. 5. — Pliocene; Dept.
Gironde. [Portion of jaw.]
Pagrus pileatus, P. J. Yan Beueden, Bull. Acad. Poy. Belg.
[3] vol. i. (1881), p. 125. — Pliocene Crag ; Antwerp.
[Hj'perostoses.] ydi^cn
Pagrus priscus, P. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. AYiss., math.-naturw.
534
ACTIXOPTERTGIT.
Cl. vol. xlv. pt. i. (1862), p. 495, pi. ii. =fig. 3. — Middle
Miocene; Margarethen, Vienna. [Dorsal half of trunk;
Court Museum, Vienna.]
Pagrus torus, P. J. Van Eeneden, loc. cit. 1881, p. 125. — Pliocene
Crag ; Antwerp. [Hyperostoses.]
Pagrus sp., W. Dames, Sitzungsb. Ges. Haturf. Freunde, Berlin,
1890, p. 162, woodc. — Eecent Deposit ; Melbourne,
Australia. [Skull; Geological Museum, Univ. Breslau.]
Genus CHRYSOPHRYS^ Cuvier.
3 ■
P" ^ '
, [Eegne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 181.]
As Pagrus, but molariform teeth in three or more series, usually
irregular.
Almost cosmopolitan on existing coasts.
This genus is not represented in the Collection by any specifically
determinable fossil remains, and the extinct forms described as
follows are not very satisfactorily determined : —
Chrysoplirys hrusinai, D. G. Eramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 107, pi. xxii fig. 7. — Upper
Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Agram.]
Chrysoplirys hertlei, D. G. Krambeiger, Verhandl. k. k. geol.
Eeichsanst. 1882, p. 29 (name only), and Ead Jugoslav.
Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 81, pi. vii. fig. 1. — Upper
Oligoeene ; Trifail, Styria. [Fragment of head and trunk ;
Imperial Geological Survey, Aienna.]
Clirysoplirys lawleyi, P, Gervais, Journ. de Zool. vol. iv. (1875),
^cr{P. p. 517, ph xvii.^ Splicerodus cinctus, E. Lawley (errore),
Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Eat. vol. ii. (1876), p. 61, pi. ii.
(reprinted by Gervais, loc. cit.). — Plioeene ; Yolterrano,
x/x.^7^, Tuscany. [Associated upper and lower jaws.]
^ 7' ' Clirysoplirys scaccliii, F. Bassani, Atti E. Aecad. Sci. Eapoli [2]
vol. hi. (1889), no. 6, p. 72, pi. xii. — Lower Mioeene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Eearly eomplete fish ; Piovene Col¬
lection, Lonedo.]
Clirysophrys zignoi,^. Bassani, ibid. p. 71, pi. viii. figs. 1, 2, and
Atti E. Istit. V^eneto [7] vol. hi, (1S92), p. 1032. — Ibid.
[Imperfect small fish ; Zigno Collection, Univ. Padua.]
Most of the following detached teeth probably belong to Chryso-
plirys, but some may be referable to other genera of the family ; —
'4
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SPARID^.
535
P. 8720. Three molariform teeth ; Weybourn Crag, East Eiinton.
Savin Coll.
46968. Prehensile tooth ; Eed Crag, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
Purchased^ 1876.
P. 7098. Two prehensile teeth and fragment of jaw ; Ped Crag,
Boyton, Suffolk. Purchased, 1894.
P. 8988. Four prehensile teeth ; Bed Crag, Waldringfield, Suffolk.
These and the preceding specimens resemble teeth from
the Crag referred to an undetermined species of Chry-
sopJirys by E. T. i^ewton, Vert. Pliocene Dep. Britain
(Mem. Geol. Surv. 1891), p. 88, pi. x. figs. 1-3.
Pr'esented hy Lady Prestwich, 1896.
34194. Numerous teeth of the form named Sjphcerodus cinctus hy
Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 214,
^ ; Miocene, Las Palmas, Grand
'csented hy Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.
36816. Similar molariform teeth ; Miocene, Isle of Gozo.
Presented hy Prof. A. Leith Adams, 1862.
P. 1693. Similar teeth; Miocene, Malta. Egerton Coll.
28385. Similar teeth, like those ascribed to Chrysophrys cincta by
Sauvage, loc. cit., and apparently of the form named
Sphcerodus kergomardiushy M. Bouault, Comptes Bendus,
Tol. xlvii. (1858), p. 100 ; Middle Miocene, St. Juvat,
near Dinan. Purchased, 1853.
P. 9468. Similar but larger molariform tooth, labelled by Miinster
as being Sphcerodus annularis, Ag., from Ceylon.
Ennishillen Coll.
P. 9469. Numerous teeth of the form named Sphcerodus cingidatus
by Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 3; Middle
Miocene, Neudorfl-a.-d.-March, Vienna. Purchased.
P. 1681-82, P. 4663. Similar teeth ; Neudorfl.
Egerton Emiishillen Colls.
P. 1690. Two minute molariform teeth, of the form named Sphce¬
rodus pygmcjeus by Munster, op, cit. pt. v. (1842), p. 65,
pi. vi. fig. 4 ; Tertiary, Vienna. Egerton Coll.
^ Chrysophrys cincta, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et- Loire,
vol. iv. (1882), p. 61, pi. i. figs, 1-6, See especially F, Bassani, Atti E, Accad,
Sci, Napoli [2] vol, iv. (1891), no. 3, p. 49, pi. ii. figs. 2-9. ^
lx:mi. figs. .68-70,
Canary. P.
536
^CTINOPTEEYGII.
P. 1695. Two minute prehensile teeth of the form named Capitodus
angustus by Munster, op. cit. pt. v. (1842), p. 68, pi. xv.
fig. 8 ; Tertiary, Vienna. Egerton Coll.
P. 1684, P. 1694. Prehensile teeth of the form named Capitodus
truncatus by Mlinster, op. cit. pt. y. (1842), p. 67, pi. vi.
figs. 13, 14; Middle Miocene, Keudorfl. Egerton Coll.
P. 1683. Prehensile tooth of the form named JSphcerodiis suh-
truncatus by Miinster, op. cit. pt. vii. (1846), p. d, pi. ii.
fig. 0 ; Tertiary, Vienna. Egerton Coll.
P. 1685. Two molariform teeth of the form named Sphcerodiis
depressus by Agassiz, op. cit. yoI. h. pt. ii. (1839-44),
p. 213, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 3-10 ; Miocene, Salzburg, Austria.
Egerton Coll.
P. 9470. Molariform teeth of the form named Sparoides molassicus
by F. A. Quenstedt, Handb. Petrefact. (1852), p. 248,
pi. xix. figs. 7-14, and J. Probst, Wlirtt. .Tahresh. yoI. xxx.
(1874), p. 289, pi. iii. figs. 12-15 ; Middle Miocene
(Molasse), Paltringen, Wiirtemberg. Purchased.
35828. Similar teeth and prehensile teeth. Purchased^ 1860.
P. 1689. Small teeth of the form named Sphceroduslens by Agassiz,
op. cit.Yol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 212, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 22-
61 ; Oligocene, Osnabriick. Egerton Coll.
P. 1688, P. 4664. Four imperfect molariform teeth of the form
named Sphcerodus discus by Agassiz, op>. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii.
(1839-44), p. 214, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 62-67; Tertiary,
Algarves, Portugal. Egerton EnnisJcillen Colls.
The following indeterminable specimen is supposed to represent a
Sparoid fish : —
P. 645. Fragmentary and partly pyritised head with abdominal
region, labelled by Agassiz as intended to be the type
specimen of Calopomus porosus, recorded by name only in
Pep. Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 307; London Clay,
Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
Various indeterminable fossil teeth have also been referred to
Sparidae under the following names : —
Asima jugleri, C. G. Giebel, Fauna d. Vorw., Fische (1848),
p. 184. Radamas jugleri , G. von Miinster, Beitr. Petrefact.
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537
pt. vii. (1846), pp. 11, 28, pi. i. fig. 6. — Middle Miocene ;
Xeudorfl-a.-d. -March, Vienna. [The type species of
Asima.J
Boops gigaspB. Lawiey, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline Toscane
(1876), p. 54. — Pliocene ; Tuscany.
Cantliarus urcianensis^ R. Lawle}", ibid. p. 54, pi. i. fig. 6. —
Pliocehe ; Orciano, Tuscany.
Capitodus dubius, G. von Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846),
p. 17, pi. ii. figs. 10-16. — Tertiary ; Vienna Basin.
Capitodus (?) interruptus^ G. von Miinster, ibid. p. 16, pi. i. fig. 3.
—Ibid.
Clirysophrys agassizi, E. Sismonda, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino,
. 7^ Acce^A.
[2] vol. X. (1849), p. 15, pi. ii. figs. 44-4^ — Pliocene;
Astigiano. /3 f ^
ChrysopJirys ai'smaritana, A. Valenciennes, Ann. Sci. Rat.
vol. i. (1844), p. 103, pi. i. fig. 6. — Upper Miocene ;
Algeria.
Clirysophrys liennii.^ P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.
[2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 503. — Pliocene ; Antwerp.
Clirysophrys miocenica, E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Rat. vol. vi. (1879), p. 47, pi. v. figs. 1-8. — Middle
Miocene ; Gahard, Ille-et-Vilaine.
Lobodus pedemontanus, 0. G. Costa, Ann. Accad. Aspir. Rat. [3]
vol. V. (1866), p. 81, pi. i. figs. 1-5; E. Bassani, Atti
R. Accad. Sci. Rapoli [2] vol. ix. (1899), no. 13, p. 41,
•4
pi. iii. figs. 42-53. — Upper Eocene ; Gassino, Piedmont.
Sparoides robustus, i . Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx., (1874),
p. 294, pi. iii. figs. 22-25. — Middle Miocene ; Baltringen,
Wiirtemberg.
Sparoides sjohcericus, J. Probst, ibid. p. 295, pi. iii. figs. 26-31. —
Ibid.
Sparoides tenuis^ J. Probst, ibid. p. 292, pi. iii. figs. 20, 21. —
Ibid.
Sparoides urnbonatus, J. Probst, ibid. p. 291, pi. iii. figs. 16-19,
— Ibid.
Sphcerodus conicus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-
44), p. 215, pi. Ixiii. fig. 82. — Tertiary ; Ceylon.
Sphcerodus insignis., P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.
[2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 503. — Pliocene ; Antwerp.
Sphcerodus intermedins, G. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia
Sci. Rat. [2] vol. xiii. (1857), p. 291, pi. i. fig. 2. —
Pliocene ; Prov. Caltanisetta, Sicily.
Sphcerodus oeulus-serpentis, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii.
538
ACTING PTEKrGir.
(1839-44), p. 215, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 20, 21. — Form, and loc.
unknown.
Sj^lmrodus parvus, L. Agassiz, op. cit. yoI. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44),
p. 213, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 11-18. — Oligoceue ; Cassel and
Weinlieim.
Sphoerodus truncatus, L. Agassiz, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. ii. (1839-44),
p. 215, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 19. — Oligocene ; Osnabriick.
Splioerodus ivieclimanni, T. C. Winkler, Archiv Yereins Fr. Yatur-
gesch. Mecklenburg, vol. xxix. (1875), p. 121, p]. iii.
figs. 13-16. —Upper Oligocene; Sternberg, Mecklenburg.
Otoliths from the Oligocene of Germany have been referred to
undetermined genera of this family under the names of OtoUthus
{Sparidarum) (jregarlfhs and 0. (S.) soellmgensis (E. Koken, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. 1884, p. 556, pi. xii. fig. 11, and
loc. cit. vol. xliii. 1891, pp. 128, 144, pi. vii. figs. 7, 8). Another
form from the Lower Tertiary of the Jackson Eiver, Mississippi,
is named 0. (G.) insuetus (E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. 1888, p. 280,
pi. xvii. fig. 9).
/Ac/. i- Family SCItENID/E.
Head-bones more or less hollowed for well-developed slime-canal
system ; teeth conical and only on margin of jaws ; lower
pharyngeal bones usually separate. Spinous portion of dorsal fin
much less extended than articulated portion ; anal fin short-based,
with 1 or 2 spines.
Littoral fishes of tropical and sub-tropical regions, sometimes
entering freshwaters. Kot satisfactorily known among fossils, but
supposed to be represented by the following extinct species, of
which there are no remains in the Collection : —
Pogonias multidentatus, H Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
vol. xii. (1869^ p. 310. — Miocene; Westmoreland Co,,
Virginia. [Uj^er pharyngeal.]
pecchiolii, 11. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. CoUiue
Toscane (1876), p. 78, pi. v. fig. 5.— Lower Pliocene;
Tuscany. [Otoliths and teeth.]
OtoUthus {Scicenidarum) clayhoniensis, decipiens, eporrectus,
‘ ^ gemma, intemnedius, radians, and similis, E. Kokei],
Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xl. (1888), pp. 280-286,
pi. xviii. figs. 16, 17, pi. xix. figs. 1-11, 13, 14. — Lower
Tertiary ; Alabama and Mississippi. [Otoliths.]
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c ^ 'T/'dA , <7-xa~^ ^XJLA. ^ ^ ■«5V^ . ^ *^ — ' .
tjt ^7 <7"^ f ^ f f^- f^- ^ ^ ^ 'f^Y' ^ ^(Ttt'v^ - •^^-tn.z- «-
SCI^XIDTK. - LABRID.?;. 539
Otolithus (Corvina) gibheruTus ; OtoUthus (Scicetia) ampins, liol~
saticus, irregularis, Jcirchbergensis, mer'idionalis, obtiisus,
Sind speeiosus; Ofolifhiis {Scicenidarum) elongatus, insignis,
and ovatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. (1884), pp. 554,
555, pi. xi. fig. 7, pi. xii. figs. 6-8, and vol. xliii. (1891),
• f^oh"
pp. 107-112, with figs. — Oligocene and Miocene; Germany. .
. . Otoliths.1 r,
^ -Sf. <7. trt^. K! ( -^7
Family LABRID^F,
!N’arial opening double on each side. Marginal teeth prehensile ;
vomer and palatines toothless ; lower pharyngeal bones (rarely also
upper pharyngeals) fused together. Spinous portion of dorsal fin
at least as much extended as articulated portion ; anal fin with 2
to 6 spines, nearly equal to and opposite to the hinder dorsal fin.
Scales usually cycloid, rarely feebly ctenoid.
Littoral marine fishes with thick lips, almost universally
distributed.
Sgnopsis of Extinct Genera Genera represented
by Extinct Species.
Lower pharyngeal triangular, with tritoral
teeth having onlv one successor at a
time beneath each .
Pharyngeal teeth small, not tritoral .
Lower pharyngeal as in Labrus, but pile
of successional teeth beneath each
functional tooth .
Lower pharyngeal leaf-shaped, with large
tritoral teeth, middle the largest, each
with pile of successional teeth .
As Phyllodus, but pharyngeal teeth nearly
uniform .
Pharyngeals with layer of ganodentine,
no teeth .
Pharyngeals with large ovoid teeth of
coarse vasodentine .
Lahriis (p. 539).
Julis (p. 541).
Lahrodon (p. 541 j,
Phyllodus (p. 546).
Egertonia (p. 550).
PlcdylcBinus (p. 551).
Pseuiosphcerodon (p. 552).
Genus LABRUS (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 282.]
Snout pointed ; trunk oblong and laterally compressed. Marginal
teeth conical and in single series ; pharyngeal teeth tritoral and
closely arranged, each with one successor at a time beneath it ; lower
540
ACTINOPTERTGII.
pharyngeal bone triangular, and upper pharyngeals not fused
together. Preoperculum serrated in young, smooth in adult.
Vertebrae about 35 to 40 in number, nearly half being abdominal.
Dorsal fin much extended, with more than 20 rays, of "which at
least 13 are spinous ; anal fin with 3 spines ; caudal fin rounded.
Scales of moderate size, not serrated, extending over the opercular
apparatus and cheek.
Existing species range along the coasts of the temperate regions
of Europe and Africa. The only fossil in the Collection referable to
this genus is the following : —
P. 5526. Imperfect lou er pharyngeal bone, rather large and
massive, recorded by Woodward & Sherborn, Catal. Prit.
Eoss. Vert. (1890), p. 108 ; Red Crag, Suffolk.
Purchased, 1888.
The following imperfectl}' known extinct species have been
referred to this genus and to Creyiilahrus, but the systematic
position of all except the first is very doubtful : —
Lahrus agassizi, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. pt. i. (1856), p 268, pi. xv. figs. 2-4 ;
F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2] vol. hi. (1889),
no. 6, p. 47, pi. iv. fig. 2. Notceus agassizii, G. von
Munster, Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 27, pi. hi.
fig. 2. Julis ayassizii or Jidis micensteri, R. Kner,
Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. pt. i.
(1862), p. 487. — Middle Miocene ; Margarethen, Vienna.
Lower Miocene; Chiavon, Vicentin, N. Italy. [Imperfect
fish ; Pal£eontological Museum, Munich.]
Lahrus ihhetsoni, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. (1844),
p. 116 (undescribed). — Miocene (Molasse) ; Switzerland.
[Lower pharyngeal.]
Lahrus jparvulus, J. J. Heckel, loc. cit. 1856, pv 271, pi. xv. fig. 5. —
Middle Miocene ; Margarethen, Vienna. [Imperfect
small fish, probably not Labroid (R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. voL xlv. pt. i. 1862,
p. 487).]
Lahrus p7'iscus, R. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 71. — Lower Pliocene ; Spedaletto,
Tuscany. [Upper pharyngeal.]
Lahrus valenciennesi, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 293,
and Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. (1839-44), p. 116, pi. xxxix.
fig. 2 (lettered Lahrus microdon). Lahrus mei'ula, G. S.
C^\ -7^1^.
x7\r(}} ^ /,
^//V'-y'. /P. TeM,/l, /n./e,f:^/x£ ,
-LTtr^. >< X w//’^ ^7. ^3 ^ X. f^’^‘ ^
'iTtJ^/V^ ) (?^ C^^Ov'*-#. yC^^T^-t/v / y^^t/ix^.
C^. e^oCBn/Cu^^ Ir^iu Ca (^*jJ)
^yrS"-0-c/ur^t~<7^ ^ C^^arht^nru/t^^ /<>2'l ^ /S7 XVH ^\. i^a/r- Scxle/^ Ora^
/-2
I'^sJ^sm^
'^^CXjl. ^ tX/- ^ <A. J! W^, l^jOZ^^ ^
'ircr^. V/ f /^' '^•3^ xTv'^.
X^-7-^ 'ITtr^, yCIvt f f.y^y. -^T
labridj:.
541
Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. civ. pi. xxxvii.
{errore). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Verona.
[Imperfect fish, not Labrus according to Heckel, loc. cit.
p. 269 ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Labrus (Crenilabriis) ivoodwardi, D. G. Kramberger, Pad
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 119, pi. ii. fig. 4. — ■
Upper Miocene; Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish; Geo¬
logical Museum, University of Agram.]
^ Crenilabriis szajnocJice, A. de Zigno, Mem. P. Istit. Veneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 17, fig. 3. — Upper Eocene; Monte
Polca. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., University of Padua.]
Genus JULiIS^ Cuvier.
[Pegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 261.]
Much resembling Labrus, but fewer vertebrae, only eight dorsal
fin-spines, and scales scarcely if at all extending over opercular
apparatus and cheek. Pharyngeal teeth not tritoral.
Existing in Mediterranean and warmer seas. Supposed to be
represented by the following extinct species, of which there are no
specimens in the Collection : —
Jidis sigismundi, P. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. AViss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlv. pt. i. (1862), p. 488, pi. i. fig. 1. —
Middle Miocene (Leithakalk) ; Margarethen, Vienna.
[Imperfect fish ; University Geological Museum, Vienna.]
Genus LABRODON', Gervais.
[Mem. Acad. Montpellier, Sect. Sci. vol. hi. 1857, p. 515.]
Syn. Nummopalatus, M. Pouault, Comptes Pendus, vol. xlvii. 1858,
p. 101. ^ - Oo/x^T/^ys)
Leth. G^gu. 1863
Pharyngodopilns, I. Cocchi, Ann. P. Miis. Fis. Firenze [2] voh i.
1866, p. 123 h
An extinct genus, known only by the pharyngeals, which
resemble those of Labrus, but exhibit a pile of successional teeth
beneath each functional tooth.
^ Separate copies of the memoir by Cocchi, entitled “Monografia dei Pharyngo-
dopilidte,” were distributed by the author iu 1864.
542
ACTIXOPIERTGII.
Labrodon superbus (Cocclii).
18G6. Pharyngodopilus supei'hus, I. Cocclii, Ann. R. Mus, Fis. Firenze
[2] vol. i. p. 136, pi. iv. lig. 16.
Type. Lower pharyngeal dentition. ^
Lower pharyngeal dentition nearly twice as broad as long^
produced to a sharp median point in front ; teeth rounded, none
elongated. Width of lower pharyngeal dentition about 0-06.
Form. Log. Lower Pliocene : Tuscany.
P. 8968. Upper pharyngeal dentition, probably of this species ;
Orciano. Castelli Coll.
Labrodon canariensis (Cocchi).
1806. Pharyngodopilus canariensis^ 1. Cocchi, he. cit. p. 134, pi. iv.
%• 6. _
1866. Pharyngodopilus africanus, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 132, pi. iv.
figs. 7, 8. [Pharyngeal dentition ; British Museum.]
1882. Labrodon africanus, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-
et-Loire, vol. iv. p. 74.
1891. Nvmmopalatus africanus, Rothpletz & Simonelli, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xlii. p. 726.
Type. Upper pharyngeal dentition ; British Museum.
Very small ; upper pharyngeal dentition with only one relatively
large inner tooth, bounded by small teeth ; lower pharyngeal
dentition about 0-015 to 0-02 in width, with posterior row of teeth
relatively largest and antero -posteriorly elongated.
Form. Log. Miocene : Grand Canary.
P. 9471. Type specimen ; probably from Las Palmas.
History uiiTcnown.
P. 9172. Type specimens of so-called P. africanus, being upper and
lower pharyngeal dentition, described and figured loc. cit. ;
said to be from West coast of Africa, but probably from
Las Palmas. History unknoivn.
P. 9473. Slightly larger lower pharyngeal dentition, probably from
Las Palmas, noticed by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 134.
History unknown.
The following specimens are not specifically determined : —
40339. Fragment of small dentition ; Lower Eocene, Dulwich,
London. Far chased, 1867.
7^^X?CV/>y. ^3:z, aJ^ \fv^.
^ «S^'. ^anrCry^o^
/S‘.X/0^ /9^/fy, /^g^- 9 '9^ -
? ^(f75. /^//*Z^Xc/»y^ ^/s<iA^ , . cr^/S-^ //^l/J.-fexf. /^./>- 6t;^,
f' /O ^
ca, l^J '^f^-
X/v//^//^^ Jt./Z6~^^t ui.^ /if.. ^Cr^f^eJ
S /:<3Z^<^^a^ T^ p!^. S- V/ot^.
/t.s f^^/A>S ^y9 K/] J^^'s Jay 'uA/'a.*^ } /^Ay€otjl^oL^ i/j'ot ^
} /.. ypA^^y/L^ ecf,/^' /[Tau^' ./yit^. Pc •
>Ca,7r^^^-
^fn-~ ^:>r’>^.Ay^ p r 4f ±tZ^
^ /^,S ■
P:u. • S . ^/' <-/ XXL /■‘^'^r/^ '^'
fy'7- /.
'T^f.^ Pc'o^mX^. }
^<r-^. iSwww/ . diyjU - 'J^-7 / /. iZ»^, /X-/- ^ <<- r
j 3 4n=. c*^ /94tv>
y T'rys^
A
LABRID^.
P. 2312. Prag ment of larger dentition; Otatara Formation, ^sew
Zealand. By exchange, 1876,
48995. Lower pharyngeal dentition ; Tertiary, Coquimbo, Chili.
Presented hy C. J. Lambert, Esq., 1878.
The following species, not represented in the Collection, have
also been recognised : —
Lahrodon hazini, H. E. Sanvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Xat. Saone-et-
Loire, vol. iv. (1882), p. 75. Kummopalatus hazini, H.
E. SauTage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol. iii. (1875),
p. 625, pi. xxii. fig. 16.-— Miocene ; Q,uiou, near Eennes.
[Upper pharyngeal.]
Lahrodon helgiciis : Nummo^alatus helgicus, A. Eaimeries, Ann.
Soc. Boy. Malacol. Belg. [4] vol. vii. (1892), Bull. p. xv. —
Upper Eocene (Laekenian) ; St. Gilles, Brussels.
Lahrodon hourgeoisi, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 76.
PharyngodojnJus hourgeoisi, I. Cocchi, Ann. B. Mus. Fis.
Firenze [2] vol. i. (1866), p. 135, pi. iv. fig. 5. Kummo-
jpalatus hourgeoisi, H. E. Sauvage, Joe. cit. 1875, p. 626,
pi. xxii. fig. 18, pi. xxiii. fig. 6. Pharyngodopilus ahhas,
I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866, p. 136, pi. iv. fig. 4. Nummo-
palatus ahhas, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 627.
■ — Miocene ; Touraine and Maine-et-Loire. [Upper pha¬
ryngeal.]
Lahrodon hritannus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 72. Kummo-
palatus hritannus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 627,
pi. xxiii. fig. 11. — Miocene; Brittany. [Lower pharyn¬
geal.]
Lahrod^ carolinensis : Odax caroUnensis, J. Leidv, Proc. Acad.
Eat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii. 1856, p. 396. Pliaryngodopilus
lijH '^1*’ carolinensis, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Eat. Sci. Philad. [2]
c4^
vol. viii. (1877), p. 256, pi. xxxiv. figs. 19-24. — Tertiary
Phosphate Beds ; Ashley Biver, South Carolina. [Lower
pharyngeal.]
Lahrodon chantrei, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 68, pi. ii. fig. 6.
Nummopalatus chantrei, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875,
p. 618, pi. xxiii. fig. 1 0. — Miocene ; Bordeaux and Bennes.
[Lower pharjmgeal ; Lyons Museum.]
Lahrodon cocchii, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 75. Nummo-
palatus cocchii, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 623,
pi. xxii. fig. 10. — Miocene ; La Chausserie, near Bennes.
[Upper pharyngeal.]
544
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
Lahrodon crassus: Pharyngodopilus crassus, I. Cocchi, loc. cit ,
1866, p. 143, pi. iv. fig. 14, pi. v. fig. 5, pi. vi. fig. 5. —
Pliocene ; Tuscan3^ [Lower pharyngeal ; Pisa Museum.]
Lahrodon dilatatus : Pharyngodopilus dilatatus, I. Cocchi,
loc. cit. 1866, p. 141, pi. V. figs. 1, 2, 8, pi. vi. fig. 4. —
Ibid. [Ditto.]
Lahrodon edwardsi : Nimimopalatus edwardsius, M. Douault,
Comptes Eendus, vol. xlvii. (1858), p. 101. — Miocene;
Brittany. [Type species of Nununopalatus.^
Lahrodon gaudryi : Numniopalatus gaudryi., H. E. Sauvage,
loc. cit. 1875, p. 619, pi. xxii. figs. 5, 6. — Miocene; Dax,
Gironde. [Lower pharyngeal ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
Lahrodon haueri, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 66, pi. ii.
figs. 7, 8; L. Seguenza, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. xix. (1900),
p. 512, pL vi. fig. 9. Phyllodus haueri, G. von Munster,
Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 6, pi. i. fig. 1.
Numniopalatus haueri, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 621,
pi. xxii. fig. 19, pi. xxiii. figs. 4, 5. — Miocene ; V^ienna
Basin, Italy, Sicily, and Brittany. [Upper pharyngeal ;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich.]
Lahrodon heterodon, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 73.
Numniopalatus heterodon, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875,
p. 629, pi. xxii. figs. 11-13, pi. xxiii. figs. 7, 8. — Miocene ;
near Rennes, and Dax, Gironde. [Upper pharjmgeal.]
Lahrodon multidens, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 74 ;
/.
( 7 - »• « /• -* '
If.i. w
P ' f I 'f
L. Seguenza, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. xix. (1900), p. 513,
pi. vi. fig. 8. Phyllodus nndtidens, G. von Munster,
Beitr. Petrefact. pt. vii. (1846), p. 7, pi. i. fig. 5.
Phyllodus suhdepressus, G. von Munster, ihid. p. 9, pi. i.
f - ■ fig. 7. Pharyngodopilus nndtidens, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866,
JD. 127, pi. iv. figs. 9-12. Numniopalatus nndtidens, H.
E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 629, pi. xxiii. fig. 9; K. A.
von Zittel, Handb. Palaeont. vol. iii. (1888), p. 289,
fig. 299. — Miocene ; Yienna Basin, Brittany, Turin and
* Sicily. ^ [Lower pharyngeal ; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]
J Lahrodon pavimentatum^ P. Gervais, Mem. Acad. Montpellier,
Sect. Sci. vol. iii. (1857), p. 515, pi. v. fig. 6, and Zool.
et Pal. Franc, ed. 2 (1859), p. 512, with woodc. ; H. E.
Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 69, pi. ii. fig. 5. Nummo-
palatus pavimentatus, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 617,
pi. xxiii. fig. 3. Pharyngodopilus alsinensis, I. Cocchi,
<^C* /^' ^'j^‘ ^
iX. .
''>uO. ^
Vr.^'lOL - ^(r^^J\A. 'd^Ui^ ^Vu//^ .
x^y. ^3.
^ c-'C^. C^^nc, ^€<7-^- t^cc^. n/'cf^
S^ICLf l^f.. V*/ . ^ Stcx.
^ <Sex. «.Sc<. tA^^i
V(r^ x7/ ( ^^0^),^. ,y/. 'xiiy^. /a /Lvw^;
ifcof^(rpC«ry^ . 'VWV. ^P^^J^^ZlLL f y^^exz^ex)^
(^. ^/i^ceo-cA. c5«'. u^Tri/vu6^ '-i/*<^. 7i j*- f-/ '
3 — ^Adaxjuv^ y ^C0t'?^o^cx ^
/^(rfC. CtCt. ^0c/. -t^(f^. yiiyc O^Jf^o),
j-),^ 13, jf. V! , ^ 5
y:?/ 1^- /<
•C
^c5
ypf, y7fiy\.< ^y^'i^. <S^^7t . ^7^0^".
y/cnr^T., 1^0^. >c>!:;>c\/^^^^^ y^ 3*/^ ^ -^^e.
xx.y^, 3, /^, /67- (i<f(^r l-^^ ■
^^AjZr ^ f /C * S^tSL^Ae* 0C.C. f /3</7y. Sc/Z"^ //ol/* ^o/ Jt/^
/f:Lj^/?22^p^/^ 20r,/>/. // y
S?. ^ /^auL^^. /V. e_^ ^
/> 'Z-^' 2 ^iT'A"'/-
Ct ir-^ cr/<r>x. G^o / ^ ^ " Sc^/t ^CGC ^ /^d//- ^<rc. pf>€}^- //»/,
/x-zr^^ AV^’ /*p 2Z^ ^^2 yo/./A^ /OffO&^,^t>*-'^'>-
^Adt/iy/x ^ea./ ^ycs>^'a~c: .
^ /. / V'i''’ y ^ O ' ^ ^ ^*'**.*-^ .‘
Ct^/sA ■C</tM»^^^
r^ /$^o/r A j<7
/ ^
. T z' ^
/*
/i«rU-
IfLabrodon stromeri sp. n. Eocene
S.W. Africa, B5hm Die Diamanten-
wiiste Siidwest-Afrikas 2 p. 82 pi. xxxiii
fig. 6 text-fig. B. 19. -
f
, \fcT . ^/er^.
tvt^ye.r<'ft< [ fcjos), /j.X^-A-/^. vl.-^-f„.-S-6, [^/,w*< 00%^ ^
/'yt.
Yfn\ ■:? 3,^9*. y.- s ^ ‘WK^
LABEID^.
545
loc. cit. 1866, p. 138, pi. iv. fig. 15, pi. t. figs. 3, 4, 9, 10 ;
P. Yinassa de Hegny, Eivista Ital. Paleont. vol. y. (1899),
p. 84, pi. ii. fig. 19. Lahrodon cdsinensis, H. E. Sauvage,
loc. cit. 1882, p. 70, pi. ii. figs. 2—4. — Pliocene ; Herault
and Tuscany. Miocene ; La Chaiisserie, near Eennes.
FThe type species. Lower pharyng.^! ; Lniversky ^ ^ a-<?'
Museum, Montpellier. j ^‘2r •
Lahrodon ^olyodon^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 74.
Nummopalatus folyodon^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875,
p. 629. Sphcerodus polyodon, E. Sismonda, Mem. E.
Accad. Sci. Torino [2] vol. x. (1846), p. 19, pi. i. figs. 5-7.
Pharyngodopilus polyodon, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866, p. 125,
pi. iv. fig. 3. — Miocene ; Turin and Erittany. [Type
Lahrodon pienstedti : JSummopalatus quenstedti, H. E. Sauvage,
loc. cit. 1875, p. 623. Pharyngodopilus guenstedti,
L Probst, "Wlirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx. (1874), p. 278,
pi. iii. figs. 1, 2. Pharyngodopilus haueri., I. Cocchi,
loc. cit. 1866, p. 131, pi. iv. fig. 13 (errore). — Miocene;
Vienna Easin, Yuirtemberg, and Erittany. [Lower
pharyngeal.]
Lahrodon rhcdonum.^ H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 75. Nummo-
palatus rhedonum, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 624,
pi. xxii. fig. 17. — Miocene; Erittany. [Upper pharyngeal.]
Lahrodon sacheri, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1882, p. 72. Nummo-
palatus sacheri, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. 1875, p. 624,
pi. xxii. figs. 7-9. — Miocene ; near Eennes. [Upper
pharyngeal.]
Lahrodon sauvagei : Nummopalatas sauvagei,L^. HrLeriche, Ann.
__ Soc. Geol. Kord, vol. xxix. (1901), p. 177, pi. i. fig. 2. —
Lower Eocene ; Cuis, Epernay, Marne. [Upper pharyn¬
geal ; University of Lille.]
Lahrodon sellce: Pharyngodopilus sellce, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866,
p. 145, pi. V. fig. 11. — Miocene ; Pianosa. [Lower
pharyngeal ; Florence Museum.]
Lahrodon soldanii : Pharyngodopilus soldanii^ I. Cocchi, loc. cit.
1866, p. 146, pi. V. fig. 6, pi. vi. fig. 6. Sphcerodus
aradasii.^(ji. G. Gemmellaro, Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci. Eat.
[2] vol. xiii. (1857), p. 289, pi. i. fig. 1, pi. vi. fig. 1.
Pliocene ; Tuscany and Sicily. [Upper pharyngeal,]
Lahrodon trapezoidalis '. Nummopalatas trapezoidalis., C.— H.
Leriche, loc. cit. 19E1, p. 178, pi. i. figs. 3-5. — Lower
PAET IT. 2 N
546
ACTIXOPTERYGII.
^ S‘c^CLfUj»l
y/ Eocene ; Ciiis. [Epper pharyngeal ; Eniversity of
/' ( Lille.]
jLahrodon trigoneHa : Diaphyodus trigonella, E. E. Schafliautl,
Siid-bayerns Lett. Geogn. (1863), p. 246, pi. Ixv c.
fig. 15. — Lpper ^Eocene ; Bavaria. [The type species of
j. The tooth from the Epper Eocene of Bavaria named Diajdiyodus
H' ovalis by Schafhautl {op. cit. p. 247, pi. ixiv. fig. 3), seems to belong
^ to Phyllodvs.
\
\V~*
Diaphyodus. Epper pharyngeal dentition.]
Genns PHYLLODUS, Agassiz h
i/ [Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 238.]
An extinct genus, known only by the pharyngeal dentition, which
is compact, tritoral, and leaf-shaped, and exhibits a pile of
successional teeth beneath each functional tooth ; middle teeth
much larger than marginal teeth. Epper pharyngeal bones
apparently fused together like the lower pharyngeals.
Phyllodns toliapicus, Agassiz.
1839-44. Phyllodus toliapicus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol, ii. pt, ii.
p. 239, pi. Ixix a. figs. 1-3.
1841. Phyllodus toliapicus, R. Owen, Odontogr. p. 138, pi. xliv. fig. 2.
1866. Phyllodus toliapicus, I. Cocchi, Ann. R. Mus. Fis. Firenze [2]
vol. i. p. 104, pi. ii. figs. 8, 9, 15.
Type. Convex (upper) pharyngeal plate ; Oxford Museum.
The type species, with pharyngeal dental plate attaining an
antero-posterior length of about 0*045. Four principal median
teeth not much broader than long; surrounding teeth small and
numerous.
Form. Loc. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : London Basin.
21618. Fine convex (upper) plate; Sheppey. Purchased, 1850.
38815. More imperfect specimen, noticed by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 105 ;
Sheppey. Boiverhank Coll.
P. 3931-62. Four imperfect specimens, one (of concave or lower
plate) described and figured by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 106,
pi. ii. fig. 9 ; Sheppey. EnnisTcillen Coll.
The subgeneric name Paraphyllod,ush?iS, been proposed for those pharyngeal
plates of this genus in which the rather small median teeth are surrounded bv
numerous rows of lateral teeth (H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
Tol. iii. 1875, p. 615).
fuj -ir^. / fr^o/), / /(^ iy, —
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LABEIDJE.
547
P. 1907. Portion of concave (lower) plate ; Sheppey.
Egerton Coll.
P. 169. Fragment; Sheppey. Purchased, 1880.
27614. Fragment provisionally referred to this species by Cocchi,
loc. cit. pi. ii. fig. 15; Ked Crag, Suffolk (derived from
London Clay). Purchased, 1852.
The pharyngeal dental plates of Phyllodus occurring in the
London Clay are very variable in the relative proportions of the
teeth, and have received many specific names. The following is an
illustrative series : —
P. 590. Imperfect convex (upper) pharyngeal plate, resembling the
specimen in the Oxford Museum which is described and
figured as Phyllodus planus by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii.
pt. ii. (1839-44), p. 239, pi. Ixix a. figs. 4, 5 ; Sheppey.
This specimen is described and figured by Cocchi, Ann. R.
Mas. Fis. Firenze [2] vol. i. (1866), p. 95, pi. i. fig. 4.
Egerton Coll.
41720. Xearly similar specimen ; Sheppey. Toidmin Smith Coll.
38816. Fine convex (upper) plate, noticed by Agassiz, tom. cit.
p. 240, as belonging to the same species as a specimen in
Fis:. 19.
c?
Phyllodus polyodus ; upper pharyngeal dentition, nat. size.
the Oxford Museum described and figured as Phyllodus
polyodus, Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 240, pi. Ixix a. figs. 6, 7 ;
Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 591. Larger, narrower specimen referred to P. polyodus by Cocchi,
loc cit. p. 107, pi. iii. fig. 8 ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
2x 2
548
ACTINOPTERTGII.
35770 -a. Two similar specimens, the first shown of nat. size in
accompanying fig. 19 ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1860.
P. 1909. Half of nearly similar plate; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
43104. Small but nearly similar plate ; Sheppey. Weiherell Coll.
P. 3164. Imperfect concave (lower) plate described and figured by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 99, pi. ii. fig. 1, and referred to
Phyllodas marginalis, Agassiz {tom. cit. p. 240, pi. Ixix a.
. figs. 8, 9), which is founded on a specimen in the Oxford
Museum ; Sheppey. Ennishillen Coll.
P. 589. Imperfect convex (upper) plate described and figured by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 112, pi. iii. fig. 7, as the type specimen
of Pliyllodus irregularis, which is mentioned by Agassiz,
tom. cit. p. 241 (name only) ; Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
33820. Fragment referred to the same species hy Cocchi, loc. cit.
p. 112 : Sheppey. Bowevhank Coll.
P. 3968. Imperfect concave (lower) plate, the t3^pe specimen named
Pliyllodus medius by Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 241, described
and figured by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 114, pi. ii. fig. 10 ;
Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.
38810. Imperfect upper (convex) plate referred to P. medius by
Cocchi, loc. cit. pi. ii. fig. 14 ; Sheppey. Boiuerhank Coll.
P. 3989. Another specimen referred to P. medius by Cocchi, loc. cit.
p. 115, pi. ii. fig. 11 ; Sheppey. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1908. Portion of upper (convex) plate described and figured as-
P. medius by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 115, pi. ii. fig. 12 ; Sheppey.
Egerton Coll^
41719. More nearly complete similar plate ; Sheppey.
Toulmin Smith ColL
38807. Fine convex (upper) plate described and figured by Cocchi,
loc. cit. p. 109, pi. iii. fig. 2, and referred to Phyllodus
joetiolatus, Owen (Catal. Foss. Kept. & Pisces, Mus. Hoy.
Coll. Surg. 1854, no. 675), which is founded on a speci¬
men in the Eoyal College of Surgeons (also figured in
Owen’s Odontogr. 1841, pi. xlvii. figs. 1, 2) ; Sheppey.
Bowerhank Coll.
38813. Smaller specimen of same form described and figured by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 109, pi. iii, fig. 5 ; Sheppey.
B&werhank Coll.
549
LABRID^].
P. 3960. Another specimen described and figured as belonging to
the same species by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 109, pi. hi. fig. 0 ;
Sheppey, Ennislcillen Coll.
P. 3963. Imperfect convex (upper) plate, the type specimen of
Phyllodus colei, Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 91, pi. i. fig. 1 ; Sheppey.
Enniskillen Coll.
24618 a. Middle of plate, the type specimen of Phyllodus hexa-
gonalis, Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 92, pi. i. fig. 3 ; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1850.
P. 588. Frag ment referred to same species by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 92,
pi. i. fig. 2 ; Red Crag, Suffolk (derived from London Clay).
Egerton Coll.
P. 9474. Convex (upper) plate, the type specimen of Phyllodus
speciosus, Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 96, pi. i. fig. 6 ; Sheppey.
History unknown.
P. 3965. Concave (lower) plate referred to the same species by
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 97, pi. i. fig. 7 ; Red Crag, Sufi'olk
(derived from Loudon Clay). Einiskillen Coll
27614 a, 30538. Two imperfect specimens referred to the same
species by Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 97, pi. i. fig. 8, pi. ii. fig. 6 ;
Red Crag, Sutton, Suffolk (derived from London Clay).
Purchased, 1852.
38818-19. Two imperfect large specimens, nearly similar to P.
speciosus ; Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
36565. Half another nearly similar plate; Red Crag, Sutton, Suffolk
(derived from London Clay). Purchased, 1853.
38808-09. Imperfect convex (upper) and concave (lower) plates,
the type specimens of Phyllodus howerhanki, Cocchi, loc.
cit. p. 100, pi. ii. figs. 2, 3 ; Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
38812. Imperfect plate, the type specimen of Phyllodus secundarius,
Cocchi, loc. cit. p. 102, pi. ii. fig. 7 ; Sheppey.
Bowerhank Coll.
41903. Another specimen referred to the same species by Cocchi,
loc. cit. p. 103, pi. vi. fig. 3 ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1870.
38811. Imperfect concave (lower) plate, the type specimen of
Phyllodus suhmedius, Cocchi, loc. cit.'g. 118, pi. ii. fig. 13 ;
Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll.
550
ACTINOPTEPvYGII.
P. 3966. Two fragments of the same form, one noticed by Cocchi
loc. cit. p. 119 ; Sheppey. Ennislcillen Coll.
P. 3967. Pine concave (lower) dental plate of the same form ;
Sheppey. Enhiskillen Coll,
33304. Imperfect convex (upper) plate ; Sheppey.
Purchased, 1858.
The following species have also been named, but are not repre¬
sented in the Collection : —
Phyllodus curvidens, 0. C. Marsh, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
' ^ 1869 (1870), p. 229. — Miocene ; Shiloh, Cumberland Co.,
l^.J. [Portion of pharyngeal dentition.]
^'Phyllodus deborrei, T. C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iv.
(1876), p. 28, pi. ii. figs. 14-18. — Middle Eocene ;
Brussels. [Eragments ; Teyler Museum, Haarlem.]
Phyllodus elegans, 0. C. Marsh, loc. cit. 1870, p. 22^(^Eocene
Greensand; Earmingdale, N.J. [Pharyngeal dentition;
Yale University Museum.] ' j/>v
Phyllodus gervaisi, I. Cocchi, loc. cit. 1866, p. 121. Phyllodus,
P. Gervais, Zool. et. Pal. Erang. (1852), Poiss. Eoss. p. 5,
pi. Ixviii. figs. 30, 31. — Lower Eocene; Paris Basin.
[Imperfect pharyngeal dentition.]
The so-called Phyllodus ci'etaceus (A. E. Beuss, Geogn. Skizze
aus Bohmen, vol. ii. 1844, p. 222, and Yerstein. bohm. Kreideform.
1846, p. 11, pi. iv. figs. 62, 63, pi. xii. fig. 16), from the Upper
Cretaceous of Bohemia, Phyllodus umbonatus (Munster, Beitr.
Petrefact. pt. vii. 1846, p. 10, pi. i. fig. 8), and Phyllodus
de^ressus (Munster, ibid. p. 10), from the Miocene of Vienna, are
founded on generically indeterminable teeth, probably not referable
to Labridse.
The following are merely names for fossils from the Lower
Eocene of Cuise-Lamotte, Oise : — Phyllodus duvali, P. inconstayis,
P. latidens, and P. levesquei (Pomel, in L. Graves, Essai Topogr.
geognost. Oise, 1847, p. 588).
Genus EGERTONIA, Cocchi.
[Ann. B. Mus. Eis. Eirenze (2) vol. i. 1866, p. 121.]
A genus known only by the pharyngeal dentition, which re¬
sembles that of Phyllodus but has the middle teeth scarcely if at all
larger than the marginal teeth.
^ ^ 'u^. j^//4^//)^ /SJ^^ 7^^'
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LABFvlD^.
551
Egertonia isodonta^ Cocchi.
1866. Egertonia isodonta, I. Cocchi, loc, cit. p. 122, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2.
Type. Convex (upper) pharyngeal dentition ; British Museum.
The type species, with all pharyngeal teeth hemispherical, and
the dental plate measuring as much as 0'025 antero-posteriorly.
Form. ^ Loc. Lower Eocene (Loudon Clay) ; London Basin.
38814. Type specimen, figured loc. cit. pi. iv. fig. 2 ; Sheppey.
BowerhanTc Coll.
P. 587. Concave (lower) pharyngeal dental plate, described and
figured loc. cit. p. 123, pi. iv. fig. 1 ; Sheppey.
Egerton Coll.
28713 a. More imperfect specimen ; Sheppey. Purchased, 1853.
The following species has also been described, but is not repre¬
sented in the Collection : —
Egertonia gosseleti,-^?^. Leriche, Ann. Soc. Geol. ]N[ord, vol. xxix.
(1901), p. 175, pi. i. fig. 1. — Lower Eocene ; Cuis, Epernay,
Marne. [Upper pharyngeal dentition ; University of
Lille.]
Genus PLATYLiEMUS, Dixon.
[Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 205.]
An extinct genus, known only by the pharyngeals, each nearly
or completely covered by a crushing plate, which consists of coarse
vascular dentine invested with a very thin layer of ganodentine.
Upper pharyngeal bones separate.
Platyleemus colei, Dixon.
1850. Platulcemus colei, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 205, pi. xii. figs.
11-13, pi. X. fig. 23.
Fjpe. Lower pharyngeal ; British Museum.
The type species, with triangular lower pharyngeal somewhat
more than two thirds as long as broad. Upper pharyngeal dental
plate slightly concave.
Form. ^ Loc. Middle Eocene : Sussex.
25692. Lower pharyngeal dental plate, figured by Dixon, op. cit.
pi. xii. fig. 12, to be regarded as the type specimen ;
Bracklesham Beds, Bracklesham, Sussex. Lixon Coll.
552
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
25693, 25718. Lower pharyngeal and left upper pharyngeal, figured
ibid. figs. 13, 11; Bracklesham. Diocon Coll.
38821-23. Three abraded upper pharyngeal teeth, the first figured
ibid. pi. X. fig. 23 ; Bracklesham. ^ BowerbanJc Coll.
25694. Pragments ; Bracklesham. Dixon Coll.
P. 1772, P. 3970. Fragments; Bracklesham.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
Genus PSEUDOSPH-SESRODOW, Noetling.
[Abh. geol. Specialk. Preussen u. Thliring. Staaten, vol. vi.
pt. iii. 1885, p. 102.]
An extinct genus, possibly Labroid, known only by remains of
the pharyngeal dentition. Pharyngeals hearing one or few large,
rounded or irregularly ovoid, crushing teeth, which consist of coarse
vasodentine invested with a thin layer of ganodentine. Upper
pharyngeal bones separate.
Pseudosphaerodon hilgendorfi, Hoetling.
1885. Pseudosphcerodon hilgendorji, F. Noetling, he. cit. p. 104, pi. xi.
figs. 1-8.
Type. Pharyngeal teeth; Prussian Geological Survey, Berlin.
The type species, known only by irregularly ovoid, sometimes
nearly triangular teeth, which are smooth and tumid, often slightly
jfiicated at the sides.
Form. Log. Middle Eocene: Samland, Prussia; Hampshire Basin.
P. 3752. Bight upper pharyngeal, bearing one tooth ; Bracklesham
Beds, Bracklesham, Sussex. Enniskillen Coll.
30888. Large worn tooth, measuring 0’038 in longest diameter, and
showing successional tooth directly beneath it ; Bramshaw,
Wiltshire. Purchased, 1856.
The following indeterminable specimen is supposed to represent
an extinct genus and species of this family : —
P. 626. Fragment of hinder portion of cranium labelled by Agassiz
as intended to be the type specimen of Auchenilabrus
frontalis, recorded by name only in Bep. Brit. Assoc.
1844 (1845), p. 308 ; London Clay, Sheppey.
Egerton Coll.
97^C^,
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LABKID^.
553
Portions of dentition, apparently Labroid but not represented in
the Collection, have also been described as follows : —
Crommyodus irregxdaris^ E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
A ,, vol. xi. (1870), p. 243. Phacodus irregidaris, E. D. Cope,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. (1869), p. 311. —
Miocene ; Shiloh, Cumberland Co., New Jersey, E.S.A.
[Type species ; also of Phacodus, Cope non Dixon.]
Protciutoga conidens, J. Leidj", Contrib. Extinct Tert. Eauna W.
Territ. (Kep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. i. 1873), p. 346,
pi. xxxii. figs. 56, 57. Tautoga (Protaiitoga) conidens^
J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1873, p. 15. —
Miocene; Eichmond, Virginia. [The type species. Pre¬
maxilla.]
Protautoga longidens^ G. de Alessandri, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Torino,
vol. xxxi. (1896), p. 729, pi. i. fig. 11. — Upper Tertiary ;
Parana, Argentine Eepublic. [Tooth ; Geological Museum,
Turin.]
Stylodus lehescontei, H. E. Sauvage, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Saone-et-
Loire, vol. iv. (1882), p. 77, pi. ii. fig. 12. — Miocene ;
Brittany. [The type species, founded on upper pharyngeal.]
Taurinichthys miocenicus, I. Cocchi, Ann. E. Mus. Fis. Firenze
[2] vol. i. (1866), p. 152, pi. vi. fig. 10. Scaxnis miocenicus,
G. Michelotti, Eev. et Mag. Zool. vol. xiii. (1861), p. 355,
pi. X. fig. 3. — Miocene ; Turin. [The type species, founded
on lower pharyngeal.] y9co^ y
TaurinichiJiys sacheri, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3]
vol. iii. (1875), p. 631, pi. xxii. fig. 20, and loc. cii. 1882,
p. 79, pi. ii. figs. 10, 11. — Miocene ; Brittany. [Portion
of upper pharyngeal.]
Also an unnamed pharyngeal from the Miocene of Brittany (H.
E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France [3] vol. xi. 1883, p. 490, pi. xii.
%
fig. 15).
The fragment of jaw described as follows may perhaps represent
the existing genus Scams : —
Scams suevicus, J. Probst, Wiirtt. Jahresh. vol. xxx. (1874),
p. 281, pi. iii. fig. 6. — Miocene ; Baltringen, Wiirtemberg'
Nothing is known of the so-called Scams tetrodon, Pomel (L
Graves, Essai Topogr. geognost. Oise, 1847, p. 586), from Lower
Eocene, Cuise-Lamotte, Oise.
m
- ^ - f
554 ACTINOPTERTGII.
Family CHROMID^.
Narial opening single on each side, and scales usually ctenoid,
otherwise as Labridag.
Tropical and subtropical freshwater fishes, very numerous and
varied in the existing fauna but scarcely known among fossils.
Only one extinct genus is recognised.
Genus PRISCACARA, Cope.
[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii. 1877, p. 816.]
Teeth on margin of jaws minute and simply conical; similar
teeth on vomer ; upper and lower pharyngeal bones closely studded
with short, sessile, conical teeth. Preoperculum serrated ; apparently
'J
/S~
\A*.
eight branchiostegal rays. Spinous portion of dorsal fin more
extended than soft portion ; anal fin with three spines ; caudal fin
rounded. Scales ctenoid, and lateral line conspicuous.
An Eocene American freshwater genus, differing from all existing
genera (according to Cope) in the possession of vomerine teeth.
Priscacara serrata, Cope.
1877. Priscacara serrata, E. D, Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iii. p. 816.
1884. Priscacara serrata, B. Cope, Vert. Tert. Form. West, Book. 1.
(Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol. iii.), p. 93, pi. xiii. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; National Museum, Washington.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*25. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained about three times, maxi¬
mum depth of trunk about twice in total length of fish to base of
caudal fin. Vertebrae 9 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region.
Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 11 or 12 articulated rays, anal with
3 spines and 10 articulated rays.
Form. Sf Loc. Eocene (Green River Shales): Twin Creek,
Wyoming, U.S. A.
P. 5927, P. 6022. Two good specimens.
Presented hy T. A. Rickard, Esq., 1889.
P. 1915. Imperfect fish, probably of this species. Eyerton Coll.
Priscacara clivosa. Cope.
18/8. Priscacara E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.#
vol. iv. p. 76.
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CIIKOJUID^.
OOO
1884. Priscacara clivosa, E. D. Cope, ^ ert. Tert. Form. est, Book 1.
p. 96, pi. xiii. fig. 3.
Type. Imperfect fish; National Museum, Washington.
More elongated than the type species, maximum depth of trunk
contained somewhat more than twice in total length to base of
caudal fin. Profile very steep in front of origin of dorsal fin.
The specimens enumerated below as probably referable to this
species, seem to exhibit 9 vertebrae in the abdominal, 15 in the
caudal region.
Form. Log. Eocene (Green River Shales) : Twin Creek, W^yoming,
E.S.A.
P. 5928. Imperfect specimen apparently of this species, with incom¬
plete soft dorsal and anal fins.
Presented hy T. A. Riclcarcl, Esp, 1889.
P. 6187, P. 7494. Two fine specimens. Purchased, 1890, 1895.
P. 7493. Two small specimens on one slab. Purchased, 1895.
The following species have also been distinguished, but are not
represented in the Collection : —
Priscacara cypha, E. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ. vol.iii.
(1877), p. 817, and Vert. Tert. Eorm.W^est, Book I. (1884),
p. 94, pi. xiii. fig. 2.— Eocene (Green River Shales);
yVyoming, E.S.A. [^Imperfect fish; National Museun^,
Washington.]
Fa<Joe^ e ^ yPrisco^ra Hops, E. D. Cope, loc. cit. 18 / /, p. 818, and op>. cit.
^ Priscacara oxyprion, E. B. Cope, Bull. E.S. Geol. Surv. Territ.
vol. iv. (1878), p. 74, and op. cit. 1884, p. 94, pi. xiv.
fig. 5. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Priscacara peadei, E. D. Cope, ioc. cit. 18/8, p. /5, and op. cit.
1884, p. 96, pi. viii. fig. 4, pi. xiv. fig. 4. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Priscacara testudinama, E. D. Cope, op. cit. 1884, p. 98, pi.
fig, 7. — Lower Eocene; Manti, Etah. [Portion of trun^
Remains apparently of the existing tropical American genus
Acara have been recorded from a freshwater Tertiary Lignite at
Taubate, in the Province of San Paulo, Brazil, by A. S. W oodward, .
Rev. Mus. Paulista, vol. iii. (1898), p. 69.
The marine family of Pomacexteid^, with skeleton not distin¬
guishable from that of the Chromidse, is supposed to be represented
556
ACTINOPTERTGir.
by the extinct genus Odonteus with the following species, of which
there are no remains in the Collection : —
Odonteus pygmcBUs, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Veneto, vol. xviii.
(1874), p. 291, pi. X. fig. 1 ; r. Bassani, Palaeont. Italica,
vol. iii. (1898), p. 83, pi. ix. fig. 5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca, near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., Uni¬
versity of Padua.]
Odonteus sparoides, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. iv. (1839), p. 178,
pi. xxxix. fig. 2; E. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent.
8ci. jVat. vol. iii. (1876), p. 176. Odonteus sparoides, var.
depressus, E. Bassani, Palseont. Italica, vol. iii. (1898),
p. 83, pi. viii. fig. 2. — Ibid. [The type species. Imper¬
fect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Odonteus aff. sparoides, E. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. ISTapoli
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 94, pi. xiii. fig. 3. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Coll., Lonedo.l
Division D. CH-ETODONTIFOEMES.
As Perciformes, but brain-case very short, and facial region of
shull much produced, with terminal small mouth. Specialisation
resulting in degeneration of fins and shortening of vertebral axis.
Synopsis of Families represented hy Extinct Genera or Species.
I. Eins normal, the dorsal spines well-developed.
Maxilla separate from premaxilla .... Ch^todontio^ (p. 556).
Maxilla fused with premaxiUa . Acronurid^e (p. 562).
II. Fins reduced, the dorsal spines rarely more than 3, usually absent
{Plectognathi).
Maxilla fused with premaxilla, but
marginal teeth distinct . BALisxiDiE (p. 565).
Maxilla fused with premaxilla, and no
distinct marginal teeth . . Gymnodontid^ (p. 570).
Family CH^TODONTID^.
Trunk deepened, with scales more or less densely covering arti¬
culated portions of median fins. Maxilla separate from premaxilla ;
teeth minute and clustered. Vertebrae 9 or 10 in abdominal, 13 or
14 in caudal region. Anal fin with 3 or 4 spines. Scales small or
minute, more or less ctenoid.
Carnivorous fishes chiefly occurring in tropical seas in the neigh-
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CH^TODONTID^.
557
boiirhood of coral reefs. A few genera seem to date back to the
early part of the Tertiary period, when they ranged further north
than at the present day. Only two extinct genera, Pygoeus and
Proantigonia, are provisionally placed here.
Genus PYG.ffiUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 16.]
An imperfectly known extinct genus, with spinous portion both
of dorsal and anal fin as much extended as articulated portion.
Dorsal fin continuous and occupying nearly the whole of the back,
gently rising in front, as gently falling behind ; anal fin with 8 or
9 spines, similar to dorsal but less extended.
The genus is supposed to be related to the Aphredoderidae by
Cope (Vert. Tert. Form. West, 1884, p. 85), but no known speci¬
men clearly exhibits more than 5 articulated rays in the pelvic
fins.
Pygseus coleanuS} Agassiz.
1838-42. Pygceus coleanus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 16
256, pi. xliv. fig. 5.
1838-42. Pygceus egertoiti, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 257. [Imperfect fish ;
British Museum.]
1838-42. Pygceus gibhus, L. Agassiz, ibid. p. 257. [Distorted fish j
British Museum.]
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A small species about 0'04 in length. Maximum depth of trunk
somewhat less than its length from pectoral arch to base of caudal
fin ; length of head with opercular apparatus contained twice in
same length of trunk. Dorsal fin with 14 spines and 15 articu¬
lated rays, the latter not longer than the former ; anal fin with
9 spines and 11 articulated rays.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.^
P. 551 X, P. 3921. Type specimen in counterpart, exhibiting all the
' characters mentioned in the specific diagnosis.
Egerton Ennishillen Colls.
P. 3923. Smaller well-preserved fish. Ennislcillen Coll.
P. 1978. Type specimen of so-called Pygceus egertoni, apparently
differing from the preceding specimens only in its state of
preservation. Egerton Coll.
^ An allied species from the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, Vicentin, is de¬
scribed by F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci, Napoli [2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6,
p. 90, pi. xiv. figs. 1, 2.
558
ACTINOPTEKTGII.
41994. Imperfect small fish. Purchased, 1870.
P. 498, P. 3922. Imperfect fish in counterpart, shortened by dis¬
tortion, described by Agassiz as the type specimen of the
so-called Pygaeus gihbus. Egerton EnnisJciUen Colls.
The following species, which are not represented in the Collection,
have also been ascribed to this genus, but they are very imperfectly
known : —
Pygceus dorsalis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 302, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1838-42), pp. 16^, 255, pi. xliv.
fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ;
Palaeontological Museum, Munich,]
Pygaeus gigas, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 302, and tom. cit.
<>^'1838-44, pp. 16, 252, pi. xx. Sjoarus holcanus, G. S.
Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. ccxliii. pi. lix, Lahrus
'punctatus, G. S. Volta, ihiP. clxxxix. pi. xlvi. (errore).
Lahrus rectifrons and L. punctatus, H. D. de Blainville,
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 351. — Ibid.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Pygceus nohilis, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 302, and tom. cit.
1833-42, pp. 17, 253, pi. xliv. figs. 6, 7. Choetodon
canus, G. S. Volta, op. cit. 1796, p. cclxx. pi. Ixv. fig. 1
{errore'). — Ibid. [Imperfect fish; Palaeontological Museum,
Munich.]
Pygceus nuchalis, L. Agassiz, loc. cit. 1835, p. 302, and tom. cit.
1838-44, j)p. 16*, 255, pi. xliv. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Pygceus ohlongus, L. Agassiz, t077i. cit. 1838-44, pp. 16*, 254,
pi. xliv. figs. 3, 4. — Ibid. [Imperfect fish.]
Pygceus zignoi, F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. hi. (1889), no. 6, p. 93, pi. xvii. — Lower Miocene ;
Chiavon, Vicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., Uni¬
versity of Padua.]
Genus PROANTIGONIA, Eramberger.
[Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. ii. 1882, p. 130.]
Syn. Metoponichthys, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 104.
An imperfectly known extinct genus comprising small species
with large head and snout not much produced. Preoperculum
with small spines at angle, and supraclavicle serrated. Spinous
portion of dorsal fin much more elevated and extended than
articulated portion ; pelvic fin-spine very large, accompanied by 5
articulated rays. Scales thin, bearing few spinous tubercles.
*v.
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CHJLTODONTIDiE.
559
The following species have been described but are not repre¬
sented in the Collection : —
Proantigonia longirostra^ D. G. Kmmberger, Ead Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 110^ Metoponichtliys longirostris^
D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-Ungarns,
vol. ii. (1882), p. 104, pi. xxiv. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ;
Dolje, Croatia. [Type species of Metojponichthys. Jm-iq
perfect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Agram.] p/ ^
Proantigonia octacanilia, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1891, p. Ill,
pi. ii. fig. 1. MetoponicJithys octacanthus, D. G. Kram-
Ibid.
berger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 106, pi. xxiv. fig. 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Proa7itigonia radobojana, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 131,
pi. xxvii. figs. 5, 6. — Upper Miocene ; Eadoboj, Croatia.
[Type species. Ditto.] a gP’ C
Proantigonia steindaclinein., D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882,
p. 132, pi. xxvii. fig. 7, and loc. cit. 1891, p. Ill, pi. ii.
fig. 2 (scale only). — Ibid. [Ditto.] = C<xf?njr%
Genus EPHIPPUS, Cuvier.
[Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 335.]
Snout short, with upper profile parabolic owing to hyperostosis
of cranial roof ; no palatine or vomerine teeth ; preoperculum finely
serrated but without spine. Pectoral fins small, not falciform ;
dorsal fin deeply notched between spinous and articulated portions,
the former not scaly but comprising 8 or 9 spines, of which the
middle are the longest ; 3 anal fin-spines ; caudal fin truncate or
slightly emarginate. Scales small and regularly arranged.
Existing in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Ephippus rhombus (Blainville).
1796. ChcBtodon mesoleucus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xli. pi. x,
fig. 1 {errore).
1796. Chcetodon chirurgus, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. clxxTii. pi. xliii.
(errore) .
1818. ClKstodon chirurgus, Jl. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 353.
1818. Chcetodon rhombus, H. D. de Blainville, ibid. p. 353.
1823. Chcetodon rhomboides, J. F. Kruger, Gesch. Urwelt, pt. iil
p. 671.
1842-44. Ephippus longipennis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 15,
225, pi. xl. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
1859. Ephippus longipennis, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Pliotogr.
Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 34, pi. ix.
560
ACTINOPTEKYGII.
1876. Ephippus longipennis, F. Bassani^ Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci,
Nat. vol. iii. p. 179.
1886. Ephippus longipennis, W. Szajnocliaj Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-=
przyr. Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. p. 108, pis, ii., iii.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A species attaining a length of about 0*25. Maximum depth of
trunk about equal to length from pectoral arch to base of caudal
fin. Anterior dorsal fin with 8 spines, the fifth to seventh longest,
all more slender at apex than in recent species ; posterior dorsal
with 1 spine and 18 to 20 articulated rays ; anal fin with 16 arti¬
culated rays in addition to the 3 spines.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene: Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
P. 2092, P. 3925. Fine specimen, in counterpart, showing ova in
abdominal cavity as noticed by Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v.
pt. ii. p. 76. Egerton ^ Ennishillen Colls.
P. 9475. Smaller, more imperfect specimen, in counterpart.
History v.nTcnown.
The following extinct species have also been described but are
not represented in the Co’llection : —
Ephippus nicolisi, F. Bassani, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. vol. vii.
(1888), p. 279, wdth plate. — Middle Eocene; Yal Sor-
dina, near Lonigo, Yerona. [Imperfect fish ; Nicolis Coll.,
Yerona.]
Ephippus ohlongus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-44), pp. 15, 228, pi. xxxix.
fig. 3. Chcetodon asper, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese
(1796), p. xc. pi. XX. fig. 1. Chcetodon substriatus, H. D.
de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. (1818),
p. 352. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [Imperfect fish ;
Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Extinct species, not represented in the Collection, have also been
referred to existing genera of Chaetodontidse as follows : —
Chcetodon hoeferi, D. G.Kramberger, Djela Jugoslav. Akad. vol. xvi.
(1895), p. 60, and Soc. Hist. Nat. Croatica, vol. x.
(1898), p. 30, pi. ii. fig. 2, pi. iii. — Upper Oligoeene ;
Tiiffer, Steiermark. [Imperfect fish ; Academy of Mines,
Leoben.]
Chcetodon pseudorhomhus, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Frang. (1852),
Poiss. Foss. p. 9, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 2 {Chcetodon rhombus on
plate). — Pliocene ; Montpellier. [Generically indetermin¬
able imperfect trunk.]
,.-w
t.- ■ :y, •*'
i
/ V‘ J^- 3^0^ X C //, ’ 3-^ •
9u^. -T/Wf Vf. J^. 33^, y^7w, 4
^. /?, l^it , me tyy,^ Cc*^t-jky-iC /Vt-^S . /Vj
(^Xiy^iy^CrrL ^’c^ec^Tj ^ ^ ^ /9'2p>^ /y. /ir4^
y^ ^ * ^C,X. {/"/// . .S^Cl, / Oc. C>*^ ‘ ^/~ A-fc. ^ ^C if .
t‘ >,
,y
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CH^TODONTID^.
561
Holacanthus microcejphalus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-
42), p. 243, pi. xxxi. figs. 1, 2.7^Middle Eocene ; Chatil-
lon, near Bagneux. [Generically indeterminable imperfect
fish ; School of Mines, Paris.]
Holacanthus piovenorum, E. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 89, pi. xviii. fig. 2. — Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Coll., Lonedo.]
Pomacanthus suharcuatus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 291,,
and Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1842-44), p. 241, pi. xix. fig. 2.
Chcetodon arcuatus, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese (1796),
p. xxxi. pi. viii. fig. 1 (errore). Glioetodon suharcuatus^
H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.
(1818), p. 352. — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Scato^hagus affinis, F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 88, pi. xvi.
fig. 3, and Atti E. Istit. Yeneto [7] vol. iii. (1892),
p. 1035. — Lower Miocene ; Chiavon. [Imperfect fish ;
Piovene Coll., Lonedo.]
Scatophagus cagiellinii^ F. Bassani, loc. cit. 1889, p. 86, pi. xvi..
figs. 1, 2. — Ibid. [Ditto.]
Scatophagus frontalis, L. Agassiz, Neues lahrb. 1835, p. 291, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-42), p. 231, pi. xxxix. fig. 4;
A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim. Foss. Agr,
Yeron. (1859), p. 32, pi. viii. Chcetodon argus, G. S.
Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese (1796), p. xliv. pi. x. fig. 2
(errore)', Cuvier & Yalenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. vii.^
(1831 ), p. 145 (errore). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Toxotes antiguus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 302, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1835-42), pp. 16^, 264, pi. xliii.
Scicena jaculatrix, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese (1796),
p. clxxxiii. pi. xlv. fig. 1 (errore). Lutjanus ephippium,
H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.-
(1818), p. 347 (errore). — Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
The following imperfectly known extinct genus and species is
also sometimes placed here, but its systematic position is quite
uncertain : —
Macrostoma cdtum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1839-44),
pp. 15, 260, pi. XXX. — Middle Eocene ; Hauterive, Paris.
[Imperfect fish ; olim Eegley Collection.]
PAKT IV.
2o
<562 ACTINOrTEETGII.
Family ACRONFTn^D^.^
Trunk deepened. Maxilla fused with premaxilla; incisiform
teeth in single series. Vertebrae 9 or 10 m abdominal, 13 or 14
in caudal region. Pelvic bones firmly united ; anal fin with 2 or 3
spines. Scales minute, more or less ctenoid or spinous.
Herbivorous, perhaps partly carnivorous, fishes common in tropical
seas in the neighbourhood of coral reefs. Three extinct genera
probably belong to this family, while the existing Acantliurus and
Naseus seem to date back to the Eocene period, when they ranged
far north into the present temperate zone.
Si/nojysis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented by
Extinct Species.
I, No lateral caudal spines; spinous portion
of dorsal fin more developed than articu¬
lated portion.
Scales stellate .
Scales with thickened hinder border bear¬
ing few stout spines .
II. Lateral caudal spines ; spinous portion of
dorsal fin less developed than articulated
portion.
One erectile caudal spine .
One to three (usually two) non-erectile
caudal spines . .
Genus AULORHAMPHUS, A. de Zigno.
[Mem. H. Istit. Yeneto, vol. xxiii. 1887, p. 19.]
Syn. Calamostoma, F. Steindachner {non Agassiz, 1833), Sitzungsb. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. 1863, pt. i. p. 133.
An extinct genus comprising small species with much-produced
snout. Spinous portion of dorsal fin much more developed than
articulated' portion. Scales stellate ; no caudal spines.
The following species have been described but are not repre¬
sented in the Collection : —
Aulorhamphus holcensis, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Yeneto,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 20, fig. 4. Calamostoma holcensis^
F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Y^iss., math.-naturw.
Cl. vol. xlvii. (1863), pt. i. p. 133, pi. i. figs. 2, 3. — Upper
Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Yerona. [The type species.
Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Aidorliamphus (p. 562)
Aijostasis (p. 563).
Acanthurus (p. 563).
Naseus (p. 564).
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ACKONTJEID^
563
AulorhampTius canossce ; Acanthurus canossce, J. J. Heckel,
Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl, vol. xi. pt. i.
(1856), p. 258, pi. xii. figs. 6, 7 ; A. B. Massalongo, ,
Specimen Pliotogr. Anim. Foss. Agr. Veron. (1859), p. 25,
pi. vii. fig. 2. Calamostoma canossce, F. Steindachner,
loc. cit. 1863, p. 133. — Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Court
Museum, Vienna.]
Aulorhamphus capellinii, A. de Zigno, loc. cit. 1887, p. 23, fig. 5.
— Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., University of
Padua.]
Genus APOSTASIS. Kramberger. . v
[Pad Jugoslav. Akad. vol. cvi. 1891, p. 104.]
An imperfectly known extinct genus, comprising small species
with snout not much produced and teeth simply conical. Pre-
operculum serrated. Spinous portion of dorsal fin more developed
than articulated portion. Scales with thickened hinder border
bearing few stout spines ; no caudal spines.
The following species have been described but are not represented
in the Collection : —
Apostasis croatica, D. G. Kramberger, Pad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. cvi. (1891), p. 106, pi. iii. fig. 1. Acanus croaticm,
D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 60.-^ —
Upper Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia. [The type species,
supposed to have 6 or 7 articulated rays in pelvic fins but
uncertain. Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, Univer¬
sity of Agram.]
Apostasis sturi, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 106.
Acanus sturi, D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k. k. geol. Peichs-
anst. vol. XXX. (1880), p. 566, pi. viii. fig. I,- — Middle
Oligocene ; Wurzenegg, near Prassberg, Steiermark.
: " n-TX
Genus ACANTHURUS, Forskll.
[Descr. Anim. 1775, p. 59.]
/
Teeth lobate and denticulated. Spinous portion of dorsal fin less
■extended than articulated portion ; anal fin with 3 spines. All
scales minute and ctenoid, sometimes spiny; one erectile spine on
each side of the caudal pedicle.
The skeleton of Acanthurus triostegus is described by A. Gunther, ^
Catal. Fishes B. M. vol. iii. (1861), p. 327.
2o 2
564
ACTTlfOPTEETGII.
There do not appear to be any fossil remains of species referable
to this existing genus in the Collection, but the following have been
described : —
Acantliurus duvali, P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal. Prang. (1852), Poiss.
Poss. p. 8, pi. Ixxii. figs. 1, 2. — Middle Eocene (Calcaire
Grossier) : Paris. [Generically indeterminable imperfect
fish.]
Acanthurus liaueri, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1846, p. 471.
Iguana (?) liaueri, H. von Meyer, in Munster, Beitr.
Petrefact. pt. v. (1842), p. 33, pi. vi. fig. 12. — Tertiary ;
Yienna. [Teeth.]
Acanthurus ovalis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. (1838-44),.
pp. 13, 210, pi. xix. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca.
[Imperfect fish ; Bristol Museum.]
Acanthurus tenuis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 293, and
Poiss. Poss. vol. iv. (1838-42), pp. 13, 208, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 1. Chcetodon lineatus, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese
(1796), p. cxxxvi. pi. xxxi. fig. 2 {errore); H. D. de
Blainville, 17ouv. Diet. d’Hist. 17at. vol. xxvii. (1818),
p. 354. — Ibid. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
The so-called Acanthurus gaudryi (A. de Zigno, ^AtW B. Istit.
Yeneto, vol. xxiii. 1887, p. 14, fig. 2), and Acanthurus gazolce
(A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim. Poss. Agr. Yeron,
1859, p. 26, pi. vii. fig. 1) from Monte Bolca, do not belong to this
genus and are probably Chsetodontidae.
Genus INTASEUS (Commerson), Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 224.]
Teeth denticulated. Spinous portion of dorsal fin less extended
than articulated portion ; anal fin with 2 spines. Scales shagreen¬
like ; one to three (usually two) non-erectile spines on each side of
the caudal pedicle.
The skeleton of the existing Naseus hrevirostris is described by
A. Gunther, Catal. Pishes B. M. vol. iii. (1861), p. 349.
Naseus rectifrons, Agassiz.
1796. Chcetodon triostegus, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese, p. cxliii.
pi. xxxiii. {errore).
1818. Chcetodon triostegus, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist.-
Nat. vol. xxvii. p. 354.
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ACEON’UKID^. - BALISTID^.
565
1838-42. Naseus rectifrons, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp 13,
213, pi. xxxvi. fig. 3.
1859. Naseus rectifrons, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Pliotogr. Anim.
Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 22, pi. xii. fig. 1.
1876. Naseus rectifrons, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 178.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A species attaining a length of about 0*25. Maximum depth of
trunk not much less than length from pectoral arch to base of
caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 6 spines and 30 to 35 articulated rays ;
anal fin with about 24 articulated rays besides the two spines.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
41890. Imperfect fish, 0*2 in length. Purchased, 1870.
21393. Fragments of larger specimen. Purchased., 1847.
43490. Small specimen 0*05 in length, in counterpart, probably
young of this species.
Presented hy F. G. Bechford, Esq., 1872.
The following extinct species has also been described but is not
represented in the Collection : —
Naseus nuchcdis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292, and
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. (1838-42), pp. 13, 212, pi. xxxvi.
fig. 2. Ghcetodon nigricans, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese
(1796), p. c. pi. xxii. fig. 1. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural
History.]
Family BALISTID^.
Trunk deepened. Maxilla fused with premaxilla ; few large
incisiform teeth in single or double series. Vertebrae 7 to 9 in
abdominal, 10 to 14 in caudal region. Fins more or less reduced,
spines being always absent in the anal fin ; pelvic bones firmly
united. Skin with minute tubercles or bony plates.
Small littoral fishes, chiefly of tropical regions.
Synopsis of Extinct Genera and Genera represented hy
Extinct Sptecies.
I. With minute dermal tubercles.
Six or seven large dorsal spines ; pos¬
terior dorsal and anal small .... Spinacanthus (p. 566).
/V lpl.XCyl^.t,
566
ACTINOPTERTGII.
About four dorsal spines, tbe foremost
only large; posterior dorsal and
anal fins low but extended ; pair
of pelvic fin-spines . Acanthopleurus (p. 566).
About tliree dorsal spines, the foremost
only large ; posterior dorsal and
anal fins low but extended; no
pelvic fins . Acanthoderma (p. 568).
II. With polygonal dermal plates.
No spinous dorsal or pelvic fins ; der¬
mal plates forming rigid armour . Ostracion (p. 569).
Genus SPINACANTHUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 107.]
Syn. Protobalistum, A. de Zigno [ex Massalongo, MS.), Mem. Soc. Ital,
Sci. [3] vol. vi. no. 4,'1:885, p. 3.
Teeth very stout, apparently in single series. Pectoral fins
delicate ; [pelvic fins unknown ; ] six or seven very large dorsal
spines in spaced series extending from above the eye along more
than half of the dorsal border, gradually decreasing in size
backwards ; posterior dorsal and anal fins relatively small and
short-based ; caudal fin rounded. Dermal tubercles minute.
This extinct genus is known only by two imperfect specimens
from the Upper Eocene of Monte Bolca, near Yerona; the first
being in the Paris Museum of Natural History, described and
figured by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1839-44, p. 107,
pi. xxxix. fig. 1) under the name of Spinacanthiis hlennioides ; the
second in the Yerona Museum, described and figured by A. de
Zigno (Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. [3] vol. vi. no. 4, 1885, p. 4, figs. 1, 2)
under the name of Protohalistum imperiale. The first specimen
differs from the second in exhibiting serrations on the anterior
dorsal spine. It was originally ascribed in error to Blennius
ocellaris by G. S. Yolta (Ittiolit. Yeronese, 1796, p. Ixiv. pi. xiii.
fig. 2), and subsequently named Blennius cuneiformis by H. D. de
BlainviUe (Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii. 1818, p. 359),
The second specimen was originally recorded under the name of
Ostracion irnperialis by A. B. Massalongo (Neues Jahrb. 1857y
p. 775).
Genus ACANTHOPLEURUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 253.]
A supposed extinct genus, not yet clearly distinguished from the
Triacanthus. [Teeth unknown.] [Pectoral fins unknown ; ]
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jilT-f^t ^J' ^ fr^sS'^ £oUy^ , n‘^^-f C^^UyaLA< f'i-us
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BALISTID^.
567
pelvic fins represented by a pair of stout, moveable spines ; one
large dorsal spine, followed by about three very small and com¬
paratively slender spines ; posterior dorsal and anal fins low but
considerably extended; caudal fin rounded. Dermal tubercles small
and shagreen-like.
The name AcantJiopleurus was preoccupied by Acanthopleura^
Guilding, in 1829, but may be retained until the extinct species
placed here are satisfactorily known.
Acanthopleurus serratus^ Agassiz.
1812. Pleuracanthus sei'ratus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pi. Ixxv.
figs. 1, 2.
1814. Acanthopleurus serratus, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pt. ii. p. 253.
1811. Acanthopleurus brevis, L. Agassiz {ex Egerton, MS.), tom. cit.
pt. ii. p. 253 (name only).
1859. Acanthopleurus brevis, G. voni Path, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xi. p. 131, pi. V. fig. 1.
1859. Acanthopleurus serratus, G. vom Path, ibid. p. 132, pi. v. fig. 5.
1886. Acanthopleurus serratus, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna Tertiaer.
Glarnerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 47,
pi. viii. figs. 1-4.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*12. Maximum
depth of trunk contained about three times in length of vertebral
column, which comprises 19 vertebrae. Anterior dorsal spine
nearly straight, tuberculated, its length about equal to maximum
depth of trunk ; posterior dorsal fin arising at middle point of
back ; pelvic spines tuberculated, as long as anterior dorsal spine.
Form. 4'' Loc. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 454, P. 3974. Type specimen in counterpart, described and
figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. The fossil is much
elongated by distortion. Egerton ^ Einislcillen Colls.
P. 1893, P. 4522. Three imperfect specimens, one being in counter¬
part ; Engi. Egerton Ennislcillen Colls,
P. 1892. Imperfect impression of small fish, intended to be the
type specimen of A. brevis ; Engi. Egerton Coll.
524. Another imperfect impression. Purchased, 1837.
. . ... • .
The following extinct species, which is not represented in the
Collection, also appears to belong to Acanthopleurus : —
Protobalistum omboni, A. de Zigno, Mem. Soc. Ital. Sci. [3] vol.
568
ACTINOPTEETGII.
vi. no. 4 (1885), p. 5, figs. 3-5. — Upper Eocene ; Monte
Bolca. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University
of Padua.]
Genus ACAN’^HODERMA, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Poss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 251.]
A supposed extinct genus, not yet clearly distinguislied from the
existing Balistes. [Teeth unknown.] Pectoral fins very small ; large
pelvic bone without fins or spine ; one large dorsal spine, followed
by about two very small and comparatively slender spines ; posterior
dorsal and anal fins low and much extended ; caudal fin rounded.
Dorsal tubercles small and shagreen-like, apparently none en¬
larged.
The name Acanthoclerma was preoccupied by Cantraine in 1835,
but may be retained until the extinct species placed here is satis¬
factorily known.
Acanthoderma spinosum, Agassiz.
1842-44. Acanthoderma spinosum, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii.
p. 252, pi. Ixxv. fig. 4.
1842-44. Acanthoderrna ovale, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. pt. ii. p. 251,
pl. Isxv. fig. 3. [Distorted fish ; Neucbatel Museum.]
1879. Acanthoderma orbicidatum, 0. Heer, Urwelt d. Schweiz, ed. 2,
p. 257, with fig. [Distorted fish ; Glams Museum.]
1886. Acanthoderma spinosum, A. Wettstein, Fiscbfauna Tertiaer.
Glamerscbief. (Denkscbr. scbweiz. Palaeont. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 49.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-12. Maximum
depth of trunk equalling length of vertebral column, which seems
to comprise 17 vertebrae. Large dorsal spine with a row of large
tubercles along its anterior border, partly ribbed, partly tuberculated
on its sides. Posterior dorsal fin occupying half of back, with 20
to 25 rays ; anal fin shorter and apparently with fewer rays.
Form. ^ Log. Oligocene : Canton Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 500, P. 3973. Imperfect type specimen, in counterpart, de¬
scribed and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi. There are
indications of one or perhaps two very small spines
behind the large dorsal spine.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
Scattered but well-preserved remains of fish; Engi. A
// 9^ ^ / P ^ tSTv^
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4^/^ :iZ/ V pK^'ar^C^ ^
^''y^e^’z JPZe^ kJ^Ac'^*’^''*^^
;x^ v/*/'// /'f /•
^S Oi/ysJeS /:i^-oca.^y/sC-uS ,S-n. (2~ (^y<2fntrFUiy^/^'l'/’, ys.Xi'J,^. x//V^./,
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BALISTID^.
569
few short, delicate rays may perhaps represent the pec¬
toral fin ; while appearances suggest that there are two
short spines immediately behind the large dorsal spine.
Purchased, 1869.
Genus OSTRACIOINT^ Linmeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 330.]
Teeth much elongated, in single series. Yertehrae reduced to 14.
Pectoral fins small, and pelvic pair absent ; no dorsal spines, the
posterior dorsal and anal fins small and opposed ; caudal fin rounded.
Greater portion of trunk encased in firmly-united polygonal bony
plates.
The following small extinct species, not represented in the
Collection, seems to belong to this genus : —
Ostracion micrurus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. (1833-44),
j^.vwi<,pt. i. p. 17, pt. ii. p. 263, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 4, 5. Ostracion
V- G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796), p. clxxii.
^0, y- U Diw; pi. xlii. fi g. 1 {err ore). Cyclopterus lumpus, G. S. Volta,
P‘ P^* fig- 2 {errore). Balistes dubius,
fi® Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxvii.
P- 337.— Upper Eocene; Monte Bolca. [Im-
perfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
' ^ The so-called Ostracion ohlongus from Monte Bolca (A. de Zigno^
Mem. H. Istit. Veneto, vol. xviii. 1874, p. 294, pi. x. fig. 3) does
not appear to belong to this genus. ^ Ju. T- (913 ,
The following
Balistidse : —
'* y ^ ^ ii- b
teeth seem to belong to
a
ol _
member of
c.k&l\
P. 6316. Three stout incisiform teeth, bluntly pointed ; Tertiary,
St. Croix, Trinidad.
Presented hy P. J. Lechmere Guppy, Esq., 1891.
the
Jz
A more slender form of tooth, not represented in the Collection,
has been named thus : —
Balistes caifassii, B. Lawley, Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 76, pi. i. fig. 7. — Lower Pliocene;
Orciano, Tuscany. =
The following undetermined teeth have been compared with
the pharyngeal teeth of Balistes hy W. Dames (Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xxxv. 1883, p. 660), who has also described nearty
similar teeth from the Oligocene of the Vicentin, Italy, under the
570
ACTINOPTERTGII.
name of Ancistrodon vicentinus {loc. cit. 1883, p. 667, pi. xix.
fig. 10)^—
P. 5925. Pive teeth of the form named Coraoj Jissuratus hy T.
C. Winkler, Archiv. Mus. Teyler, vol. iii. (1874), p. 300,
pi. vii. fig. 4, and ibid. vol. iv. (1876), p. 27, pi. ii. figs. 11,
12 ; Middle Eocene, Woluwe St. Lambert, Brussels.
Noticed as Ancistrodon Jissuratus by A. S. Woodward,
Geol. Mag. [3] vol. viii. (1891), p. 108, and identified by
Dames with Sargus ? armatus (P. Gervais, Zool. et Pal.
Eranc. 1852, Poiss. Eoss. p. 5, pi. Ixix. figs. 9, 10) from
the Erench Eocene ; recorded by Dames (loc. cit. 1883,
p. 664, pi. xix. fig. 2) as Ancistrodon armatus.
Presented by Monsieur A. Houzeau de Leliaie^ 1889.
The name Glyptoceplialus radiatus is proposed by Agassiz (Poiss.
Eoss. vol. ii. pt. ii. 1844, p. 264) for the tuberculated skull of a
supposed member of the Balistidse from the London Clay of Sheppey,
said to have been placed in the British Museum by Konig and
labelled by him Ephippus oivenii. This is the head of a Siluroid
fish already described above (p. 330) as Bucklandium diluvii.
Family GYMNODONTIDJE.
Trunk deepened. Maxilla fused with premaxilla ; no separate
teeth, but often dental plates imbedded in the bone of the jaw,
these continually replaced by vertical successors. Vertebrae usually
much reduced. No spines in dorsal or anal fins. Skin usually
with small spines or spinous bony plates, sometimes naked.
Chiefly tropical and sub-tropical marine fishes, most of them
surface-dwellers and capable of inflating their body by filling the
distensible oesophagus with air. A few Tetrodonts live in large
rivers. No clearly recognisable extinct genera are known.
Synopsis of Genera represented by Extinct Species.
I. Caudal region normal.
Each jaw with median suture at sym¬
physis, and only marginal dental
plates ; small dermal spines without
expanded root . Tetrodon (p. 571).
Each jaw fused at symphysis ; marginal
and inner dental plates ; dermal
\
^ See also Part III, p. 283.
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GTilXODONTID^.
571
spines with two horizontally-ex¬
tended roots . Diodon (p. 571).
II. Caudal region aborted.
Both jaws fused at symphysis, and no
dental plates . Orthagoriscus (p. 576).
Genus TETRODOIV, Linnaeus.
[Syst. I^at. ed. 10, 1758, p. 332 {Tetraodon).']
Each jaw with median suture at symphysis, the sharp edge
strengthened with dental plates. Separate caudal fin. Dermal
spines small or absent, always without expanded root.
The following specimens seem to be jaws of undetermined species
of this genus : —
P. 6130. Imperfect ramus of jaw ; Miocene, Mt. San Giuseppe,
Cagliari, Sardinia.
Presented hy Prof. D. Lovisato, 1889.
47033. Two rami ; Lower Pliocene, Orciano, Tuscany.
' Purchased, 1875.
P. 5524. Plaster casts of two rami; Pliocene, 17. Italy.
Presented hy Prof. G. Capellini, 1888,
Extinct species, not represented in the Collection, have also been
described as follows : —
Tetrodon lawleyi, A. Carraroli, Eivista Ital. Paleont. Yol. iii.
(1897), fase. 3, p. 26, pi. i. figs. 6, 7. — Pliocene ; Piacentin.
[Jaws.]
^ 'pygmceus, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Yeneto, Yol. xxiii.
(1887), p. 27, fig. 8. — Epper Eocene; Monte Bolca.
^ [Eery small fish; Zigno Coll., LniYersity of Padua.]
’ Tetrodon scillce, E. Lawley, 17uoYi Studi Pesci, etc. Colline
Toscane (1876), p. 80, pi. iii. fig. 3 (wrongly identified
with Diodon scillce, Ag.). — Pliocene ; Tuscany. [Jaws.]
Genus DIODOBJ^ Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 331.]
V
Syn. Megalurites, O. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. yoI. y. 1850, p. 370,
Enneodon, J. J. Heckel (gion Prangner, 1845), Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
Mass., math.-naturw. Cl. yol. xi. 1854, p. 127.
Heptadiodon, H. G. Broun, Leth. Geogn. ed. 3, yoI. iii. 1855,
p. 677.
572
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Gymnodus, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxviii.
1871, p. 232.
Proyymnodon, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss.,
phys.-math. Cl. pt. i. 1883, p. 148.
Each jaw fused at symphysis ; each with small dental plates
round the margin and a symmetrical pair of more or less oblique
piles of plates closely pressed together within. Separate caudal
fin. Dermal spines erectile, each with two horizontally-extended
roots.
Diodon erinaceus, Agassiz.
1844. Diodon erinaceus^ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 274.
1859. Diodon erinaceus, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Foss. Agr. Veron. p. 21, pi. xii. fig. 2.
1876. Diodon erinaceus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 189.
Type. Imperfect fish ; British Museum.
A small species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Not precisely
definable, but dermal spines small and rather sparse, most com¬
paratively short and stout.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
P. 3873. Type specimen, exposed from ventral aspect. The den¬
tition is much obscured, and no fins are seen except part
of the caudal. The largest and most slender spines are
at the sides of the middle of the trunk.
EnnisTcillen Coll.
Diodon scillse^ Agassiz.
[Text-figure 20.]
1844. Diodon scillce, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 274.
1850. Megalurites nitidmn, 0. G. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan. vol. v.
p. 370, pi. X. figs. 1-4.
1873. Diodon scillce, G. Guiscardi, Atti B. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. v.
no. 16, with plate.
1879. Diodon, A. L. Adams, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxv.
p. 529.
1889. Diodon scillce, A. Portis, Boll. R. Comit. Geol. Ital. vol. xx.
p. 356.
Type. Inner dental plates ; British Museum.
A large species known only by the inner dental plates, w|igh are
of the form represented in the accompanying fig. 20. At least
20 plates in complete pile. Type species of so-called MegfShxrites,
K^K- /^aJU. /»^/. /^/. j^t/. />^— i /Lm y, J^,/y^
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GYllNODONTID^.
573
based on inner dental plates in Geological Museum, University of
IS’aples.
Form, Loc. Miocene : Italy, Sicily, and Malta.
Fig. 20.
Fiodon scill<s ; inner dental plates,
inner aspect, nat. size.
P. 3874. The type specimen labelled by Agassiz, being the inner
dental plates, shown of the natural size, from the inner
aspect, in fig. 20 ; Malta. FnnisJciUen Coll.
P. 3874 a. Two more imperfect specimens, one being only half the
pile of plates ; Malta. Enniskillen Coll.
36815. Fragments of larger dental plates, doubtfully of this species ;
Isle of Gozo. Presented hy Dr. A. Leith Adams, 1862,
Diodon sigma, Martin. Ty ^
1883. Diodon sigma, K. Martin, Samml, Geol. Eeichsmus. Leiden [1]
Tol. iii. p. 16, pi. i. fig. 5.
1891. Diodon sigma, Rothpletz & Simonelli, Zeitschr. deutsch. geoL
* Ges. vol. xhi. p. 726, pi. xxxvi. fig. 1.
Type. Inner dental plates ; Leyden Museum.
Inner dental plates much like those of D. scilloe, but inner face of
pile apparently less flattened, more rounded from side to side.
Form. Loc. Miocene : Java ; Canary Islands.
P. 9476. Well-preserved dental pile and a fragment; Las Palmas,
Grand Canary. Presented hy Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.
Diodon vetus, Leidy.
1855. Diodon veins, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. vii.
p. 397.
1875. Diodon antiquus, E. D. Cope, in W. C. Kerr, Rep. Geol. Surv.
N. Carolina, vol. i. Append, p. 31.
1877. Diodon vetus, J. Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. [2] vol. viii.
p. 255, pi. xxxiv. figs. 15-18.
Type. Imperfect jaw ; National Museum, AVashington.
574
ACTINOPTERTGII.
A small species known only by the jaw. klarginal dental plates
in contact, forming continuous series. About 10 superposed plates
in complete inner pile. . ^ ^ ^
jPorm. Aoc. Tertiary f^noiplEle Beds: South Carolina. Miocene:
l^orth Carolina.
P. 8607. Portion of inner dental plates ; Phosphate Beds, South
Carolina. Slatter Coll.
The following specimens referable to Dioclon are not specifically
determined : —
38819. Imperfect fish about 0*12 in length, with spines fewer and
larger than in D. erinaceus ; Upper Miocene, Oran,
Algeria. Purcluisedy 1853.
P. 1910-11. Imperfect inner dental plates ; Eocene, Clark Co.,
Alabama, U.S.A. Egerton Coll.
P. 4792. Base of very large inner pile of dental plates, which are
less broad in proportion to length than those of B. scillce ;
Miocene, Malta.
Presented hg Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., 1884.
The following extinct species have also been described on imperfect
evidence, but are not represented in the Collection: —
^iodon acanthodes, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
O (1870), art. no. 7, p. 4, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
P* ^^5 70-72. — Upper Miocene; Licata,
Cl o 1**^ *'*‘ Sicily. [Imperfect fish, including jaws.]
:^o corsicanus, A. Portis, Boll. B. Comit. Geol. Ital. vol. xx.
(1889), p. 379. Phyllodiis corsicanus, A. Locard, Eaune
Terr. Tert. Moy. Corse (1877), p. 11, pi. i. figs. 1, 2. —
Miocene; Corsica. [Dental plates.]
Dioclon foleyi, E. Lydekker, Eec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xiii.
(1880), p. 60, and Paleeont. Ind. ser. x. vol. iii. (1886),
p. 257, pi. XXXV. fig. 10. — Eocene ; Isle of Eamri, Arakan,
India. [Dental plates].
Dioclon gigantodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 358, pi. x. figs. 1, 2.
— Upper Eocene ; Castel Madama, near Tivoli. Cental
plates ; University of Borne.]
Dioclon heptadiodon, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 364. Enneodon
echinus, J. J. Heckel, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1854), p. 127, and Denkschr. k.
Akad. Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), p. 76,
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GTMNODONTID^.
57o
pi. viii. fig. 13. HejptadAodon echinus^ H. G. Bronn, Leth.
Geogn. ed. 3, yoI. iii. (1855), p. 677. — Upper Eocene ;
Monte Postale, Italy. [Type species of so-caUed
Enneodon or Heptadiodon, showing no clear differences
irom. Diodon. Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., University of
Padua.]
Diodon lieterodon, A. Portis, Joe. cit. 1889, p. 363. Gpnnodus
^diodon, E. Uelfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn, Bordeaux, vol.
xxviii. (1871), p. 233, pi, xii. fig. 54. Gymnodus
lieterodon^ E. Uelfortrie, ibid. p. 234, pi. xii. fig. 57. —
Upper Miocene ; Gironde, Erance. [Type species of so-
^ called Gymnodus. Jaw.]
Diodon hilgendorji.^ A. Portis, Toe. cit. 1889, p. 364. Progymnodon
hilgendorji, W. Dames, Sitzungsb. k. preuss. Akad. TTiss.,
phys.-math. Cl. pt. i. 1883, p. 148, pi. iii. fig. 13. —
Lower Tertiary ; Birket-el-Qurun, Egypt. [Type species
of so-called Progymnodon., with anterior dental plates in
close contact with inner plates. Dental plates ; Royal
Museum of jS’atural History, Berlin.]
Diodon incertus, F. Bassani, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Xapoli [2]
vol, ix. (1899), no. 13, p. 34, pi. iii. figs. 66-68. Pliyllodus
incertus., G. Michelotti, Rev. et Mag. Zool. vol. xiii.
(1861), p. 355. Diodon rovasendee, A. Portis, loc. cit.
1889, p. 371, pi. X. figs. 9-13. — Upper Eocene ; Pied¬
mont. [Dental plates,]
Diodon italicus., G. de Alessandri, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino [2]
^ ,vol. xlv. (1896), p. 286, pi. i. fig. 23, and Mem. Soc. Ital.
Sci. Hat. n. s. vol. vi. (1897), no. 1, p. 27, pi. i. fig-^ — ^
Middle Miocene; S. Bartolomeo, Piedmont. TDental _
plates ; Rovasenda Collection.] Tise.
Diodon meristodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. TS89, p. 36o, pi. x. dgs. - -
3, 4. — Upper Eocene ; Gassino, Piedmont. [Dental plates.]
^iodon monsegurensis, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 363. Gymno-
g^iis monsegurensis, E. Delfortrie, Actes Soc. Linn.
* Bordeaux, vol. xxviii. (1871), p. 236, pi. xii. fig. 64. —
Lower Miocene ; Gironde, Erance. [Imperfect jaw.]
O^^cDiodon pJatyodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 367, pi. x. figs. 5-8.
— Middle Oligocene ; Horth Italy. [Dental plates:
of Rome.]
Z 'd' ^,%JAiodon stenodus, A. Portis, loc. cit. 1889, p. 376, pi. x. figs. 14, 15.
— Lower Miocene ; Turin. [Ditto.] =
^ Diodon tenuispinus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Eoss. vol. ii. (1833-44),
pt. i. p. 17, pt. ii. p. 273, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 2, 3. Tetrodon
576
ACTIIfOPTEEYGIl.
hispiclus, G. S. Yolta, Ittiolit. Yeronese, 1796, p. xxxv.
pi. viii. fig. 3 {errore). Tetrodon lionckenii, G. S. Yolta,
ibid. p. xxxiii. pi. viii. fig. 2 {errore). — Tipper Eocene ;
Monte Bolca. [Imperfect small fish, probably not showing
pelvic fins ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Genus ORTHAGORISCUS, Bloch & Schneider.
[Syst. Ichthyol. 1801, p. 510 {Ortliragorisciis).']
Trunk much laterally compressed, truncate behind. Each jaw
fused at symphysis, without dental plates. Dorsal and anal fins
acuminate in front, meeting round the atrophied tail. No dermal
armour.
The species of this genus attain a very large size, and are
almost unknown among fossils.
The undescribed Ortliagoriscus chelonopsis (P. J.Yan Beneden, Bull.
Acad. Boy. Belg. [3] vol. vi. 1883, p. 133), from the Pliocene Crag
of Antwerp, is represented by large typical jaws in the Brussels
Museum. The so-called jaw of Ortliagoriscus recorded from the
Sussex Chalk by E. Dixon (Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. xiii. pi. xxxii.
figs. 3, 4) seems to be a Chelonian dentary bone (A. S. Woodward,
Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. x. 1888, p. 276).
The following specimen probably belongs to this genus : —
P.9088. Portion of typical jaw; Patagonian Eormation, Chubut,
Argentine Bepuhlic. Purchased, 1899.
Division E. SC0IlP.®NIF0IlMES.
Pectoral fins with much extended base on flank ; pelvic fins
thoracic, never with more than five articulated rays in addition to
the spine. One bone of the circumorbital ring modified into a bony
stay between it and the armoured preoperculum.
Synopsis of Families represented by Extinct Genera or Species.
I. Post-temporal hone free, and supraclavicle
normal.
Abdominal vertehrse with transverse processes
bearing ribs ; 3 anal fin-spines ; scaly or
naked . Scobp^nid.® (p. 577).
Yertebral transverse processes not bearing the
ribs ; no anal fin-spines ; scaly or naked . Cottid^ (p. 580).
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ILPSABETICAL IMDEX.
— Tl'.e iiuinbers of pages on which mere iiicidciiLai
are printed in italics.]
reference.'^ occur
Abramis. dlO.
• orama. dlU.
-icaurhias marcrinatus.
•_>o<
Acanthederma. 568.
oroscuiaann. .368.
ivaie. .'i')8.
^oiuosum. .)6)(8.
Acanriacmuiius. >16.
;=abe!i;e. 616.
Acantheneraopsis.
A-afi.
cauellinii. -±50.
Acantnenem-as. -idu.
berrr:indi. 446.
liiamentosus. -t40.
--ru ban reus. 449.
Acanthonotes. 4'^1.
aiatu.s, ^5l.
.irrQ'itus. -iSl.
acatac, 48-.
Acantnor!iicria, 388,
391.
iibaniea. 390.
AcantAopleums .566.
orevis. 5o7.
serratus, 367.
Acanihopsis, -3310.
acutus. 35.3.
antrustus. 321.
Ar-A..VTil0PTERY(;iii. 384.
Acaniniirias, 563.
canO':'a:. o63.
duvaa. ->64.
r iuar' i. -..fia.
cazone. 564.
i-aneri. .’64.
, vaiis. ._’64.
..'■uius. .’.64.
■ ri'.^S'.ecrus, ..od.
Acanus. 56h).
cequispina. 501.
arcuatus. 501.
croaticus. 563.
trraeilis. 502.
loiigispina. 500.
minor. 509.
obions'us. 501.
‘ ivaiis. 50<3.
regleysianus. 501.
^Ulnosus. -300.
sruri. 563.
Acara, 3,55.
Acerina, 322.
vuittaris. 522. _
Acesirus. 494.
(nmatus. 494.
Acinenser cretaceus. 234.
Acredontesaurus.
< .
garuueri. 40.
Acro^asier. 388.
orevicostatus. 389.
daviesi. -hOO.
heckeli. 399.
minuTus. 389.
oaiwus. 389.
Acrc^athus. 243.
hoops, 243.
libanicus. 244.
Ac r c gr amm at oiepis.
eiemiai. 58.
.if Roxurap-E. o62.
.Icropoma, 481,
dta. 48l.
Aipichthys uxun.'..
nucQaii.s. 429.
pretiosns. 427.
veiifer, 427.
Alausa iati.'sima. 156.
Albula. 60. ^
breds. 65. ' ' '
de zignii. 65. , o v
iata. 65.
oweni. 6' *.
Ai.bui.ip.e. 59.
Albiirniis. 319.
miocaeniens. 319. ■
steindacimeri, 319.
Alepisaurtis. i'^9. -
Alei’ocei’Iialid.e. j 5iA
Alcsa. 146. , ^ ^
Ooiiemicai. .j. >3. -
erassa. 151.^
, . , ■:J srC) c- - ■ -
eiongata. ...)!. ✓
nuaudiea. 132.
renoui. 152.
Aiosma, 1.39.~
saimonea. 159.
Amblypiiar^/ngo-
den, 304.
Ambivoterus
'a.
— i .
>liorsi.
Amia indica, 3ii4.
Amia iewesiensi.s. 217.
Amiurus. 328.
canoellatus. 32'^.
maeonneili. 32''. ^
-Ammedytes. .'134. ^ -
Cooianus. 3i)l.
\ .'.IMODYTID.I
*.Jt.
Aaonus, 3^7.
■irimas. 3>7.
Aipich.th.ys, 427.
aninor. 128.
Ampheristtis. 377.
:oiia])icus. 377-
Amphipiapa, .-I'b
bracuyptera. il6.
' - ' ■ri’ '^' '-' ■ '^ ••«' ■S^’ •'" ', >'' ■ - '* ’ .
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c.:x
4ni"Dh,ioii3.
iiiriv.
'■.4
.-Xja,f^,-^n r \.
lonsirosms.
.Imrjr.isti'OT
.>7P.
coz:i’.;inum.
dubium, 435.
longipenne, 435.
paraaosura, 434.
Amphodon, 474.
benedeni, 474.
nurvidens, 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 300.
commune, 300.
fusiforme. 300.
mentale, 300.
pandatum, 300.
An.\canthini, 597.
Anapterus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elonsatua. 257.
macrocephalus. 25S.
megistosoraa. 257.
siculus, 257.
sphekodea, 258.
toenia. 258.
Anarrhichas. 590.
lupus. 596.
Anchybopsis, 322.
latua. 322.
Ancistrodon. 570.
armatus, 570.
nsauratua. 570.
rieentinus. 570.
Ancylcstylos, 66.
^ibbus, 66.
Andreiopieura, 116.
esimia. 116.
retu.sriasima. 116.
Ansedopoe;on. 107.
tenuklens. 108.
Anenchelum. 477.
brevicauda. 480.
breviceps, 478.
dorsale. 478.
^Oiarisianum, 477.
heteropieurum. 47 S.
isopleui'um. 478.
latum. 478.
iongipenne, 478.
margfinatum. 228.
Angmila. 344.
branchiostegaiis. 345.
brevicula, 342.
elesran.s, 345.
hakeiensis, 210. 338.
interspinalis. 345.
latispina, 340.
lepropfera. 344.
muUiradiata, 345.
pachvura, 345.
to
co^r..
jaDLe:-ai;t.;c, 16
zenrraii?. o41.
"u;:iav;r. 346.
inogirtiUH, 71.
aratus. 72.
contractus. 71.
evolutus, 72, S86. :
faTirostris, 73.
polymicrodus. 72.
Anormunis. 275.
macrolepidotus, 277.
Antliias.^ 520.
bassanii. ,520. ■
stiriacus, 520. j
Apateodus. 258;
glyphodus. 258.
fanceolatus. 264
striatus. 260.
A’DateoTDh.clis,
233 '
laniariis. 232.
Aphrkdodf.rid.e. 416.
Apodes. 336.
Apcgon. .521.
krambergeri, 521.
macrolenis, 521.
spinosus. 521.4-^^.,^
Apostasis, 563.
Croat lea.
Cff ^ . .
229.
J .
Asinsops. 417.
paucirafliatus, 417.
?aaa,inirrons. 417.
r-iriaensk. 417
AopidciapiG, 5,9.
stein lai, 59.
Aspido-oleurus, 229,
230.
catapbractus, 230.
Aspiiis. 318.
brongniarti, 293.
column®. 319.
ecu o mi, 319.
elongatus. 160, 614.
furcatus, 160.
gracilis, 318.
minutus, 318.
Te\illifer, 319.
Astepilus, 329.
Atherina, 359.
raacrnceohala. 3-59.^^,,
ir.-
minutissima. .361. (
sarmatica, 360.
vardinis. 360.
XCV'
5turi, 563.
Apnopelix, o
sauriformis. 353.
. Arapaima, 74.
Archseogadtis, 212.
120.
guestphalicus, 220.
Arciiaeoides. 442.
longicostatus. 442.
longus. 44.3.
' macrurus. 442.
Archseoteuthis.
524.
glaronensis. 524.
Archaeus. 442.
-brevis. 443.
glarisianus. 442.
Ar^yreiosus, 450.
minutus. 450.
Anus, 330.
baron i. 334.
bartonensis. 333.
Atherinichthys, 361.
ArnEitiMiD.E. 3,58.
Atherinoides, 361.
" Atherinops, 361.
Athennopsis, 361.
563. .AuchencLS'Dis, Bleeker,
330.
5-x "^-4, ' Atichenilabrus, 552.
frontalis, 552.
Aucheno glanis,
' Auliscops, 372.
330.
crassus, .'>,32.
dutempiei, 616.
egertoni. 3.31.
germanicus. 334. ;
Jiieringi,
vangionis. 334... r
Asima , 536.
'Mgieri. 5361
Asineopid.e. 416.
suraatranus. 373.
Aulolepis. 126.
reussi, 59.
typus, 15. 16, 127.
Atilorhamphus, 562.
bolcensis. 562.
can OSS®, 56,3.
eapellinii. 563.
Aulorhyxchid.e. 371.
Aul0rh5m.ch.us, 372.
sumatrensis. 37‘>.
Aulostoma, 375.
bolcense. 375.
llC.at®, o i 6^ ,S7^
Auxis, 457, 463.^
croaticus, 465.
minor. 465.
propterygius. 464.
sarmaticus. 459.
stiriacus. 46,5.
thynnoides, 465
- rrabceensis. 465.
.7JI
Basarius. •jGo.
v;in-eili. .>26). -3.35,
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INDEX.
'i-^1 .
o
,S02.
Eagriis aar. >527.
Baiistes, dHS.
caira.sii. ^
dubiu?. ot)U.
j2Bali>tiu.e. 5ti5.
Sarbus, 301 . I
Tossiiis, 302.
ineoacepbalus. 302
steinneiiuensis
" vuigraris. 302.
Basiliclithys, 361.
BatJayscma, 440.
lutkeni. 440.
Baxhythnssa. 67,
Belone, 356.
acatu’ostris. 3-)(,35.'?.
daA'a. 357.
, tenuis. 3577“
.Beionostomus laniatu.s.
232.
BEIiYCID.E. 334.
Berycifor.me.s. 3S4.
Beryccpsis, 423.
elegrans. 423.
lindstromi, 425.
Beryx. 385.
a ter, 302.
dalmaticus, 386.
\ dinoiepidotus. 38i).
fjerniaiius. 421.
mscuiptus. 386.
>.*■ ^ lesinensis, 386.
raicrocepualus. 124.
muitidentatus, 386.
I
nisjer. 392.
ornatus, 30/ , 400.
ovaii', 121.
poiymicrodus. 72.
radiaus. 122 US. -r/
'^cnei. 406.
subovatus, 386.
suT^erbus. 403.
sYriacus. 40.5.
vaieuciennesi, 386.
vexiUifpiD 120.
zinpei. 5307.
Blexniid.e. 595.
Ble.nmiiformes. .301.
Biennius, 596.
cuneii'ormis. 566.
fossilis. ."'OO.
oceiiari.'. d66
Blociiiip-E. 7)01.
Blochius. 593.
iono'iro.sn’is. 503.
niacroprerus. 593.
Bcopf , 537.
j:i,!ias. .)53/ .
Boxiircsieus. 613.
nreviirons. 613.
latus. 613.
'■TO ‘i
3-'10.
3oth.rosteus ir-ont.').
tnuioi’, 611.
Braciiy^nathus, 510.
tenuiceps. 510.
Braciiyspcndylus,
cretaceus. 270.
indicua. 326.
saropterix. .32,3.
3rachyrh.3m.chus, _
497. -r T /
solidus, 40 7.
tererirostris, 407.
vanbenedensis. 407.- •
Brosmius, 602.,
eloneatus, 602.
fuchsianus. 602.
-• strossmayeri. 602
.susedanus. 602.
Brctula. 605.
Ion grip innata. 605
Brychastus, 76.
muellen. 76.
Bucklandium,
diluvii. 330. 570.
Butyrinus, 60.
Caeus, 57.
leopoidi. 57.
Calamopieurus.
an^iicus. 3.51.
Calamostoma.'’
Agas.U. 383.
brevicidum. 3S3.
Calamostcma. Stein-
dajhner, 383. 562.
bolcensis. 562.
canossie. 563.
Callionyrnus, 588.
inacrocephalus. 588.
vestenre. 448.
Callipter37X. 589.
rectioa Ildus. 580.
speciosus. 589.
Caiopomus, 536.
porosus. 536.
Cantharus, 537.
ureianensis. 537.
Capito. 305.
Capitcdus. 323.
angusuus. 536.
ilubius. 5.37.
'TTi. 'X*'* 1/
O - I
0. ) 1 .
Caran^opsis ('■ont-.).
bre\is. 4-16.
dorsalis. 447.
lanceoiaTus, 448.
latior, 446. . ~ ^
niaxinius, 448. '
Caranx. 441.^
carancropsis, 441.
<^racili3, 441.^
baueri, 441. 2t'ci
longipinnatus, 442. -1^^^//
oyads^ 442.^
rigidicaudus, 442.
Cariniceps, 458.
compressus. 458.
Catcstomus, 299
eristatus. 300.
sboshonensis. 300.
Cextki.scid.e. 377.
Centriscus. 377.
;icuieatu3. 378.
longiroscris, 370.
tom, 377.
veliraris, 370,
Chaetodon, 560.
arcuatus. 561.
arrrus, 561.
asper, 560.
aureus. 449.
canescen.-i. 45t).
caniLs. 558.
ehirurgus. 559.
hoeferi. 560.
lineacus. 564.
inesoieucus, 559.
nigricans. 565.
papiiio. 433.
oinnaiiformis, 4>3.3.
C 0-5
f
jo
indicus. 532.
interruptus
537.
subtruncatus. 323.
ti’uucatus. 536.
Oak.vx'Gid.e. 425.
Carangodes. 4.50.
cephaius, 450.
Carangopsis. 446.
annii.'. 4:45.
pinnarus,
pseudorbombus. 560.
5'Sh. rhomboides, 450,
559.
rhombus. 559. 560.
saxatilis. 412.
striatus, 415.
subarcuatus, 561,
subaureus, 449.
substriatus. 415. 560.
subvespertilio, 433.
triostegus, 564.
velicans, 431.
Teiirer. 430.
vespertilio. 433.
CH.ETOPOXTrD.E, 556.
Ch.etodontiformes. 556.
Chanoides. 63. _e/:>Cosirsc.
macropOLDa 63. -
Ghancs, 64.
brevis. 65.
tbrcipatus. 65,
/.if’^nii. 6.5.
t
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INDEX.
r>22
Characin'id.e. 297.
Charitoscmus, 271.
forraosus. 272.
bakeleusis, 274.
lineolatus. 274.
inajor, 272.
Chatcessus, l.')8.
brevis. Ib8.
huQiilis, 158.
tenuis, 158.
Chelonia radiata. 491.
ChimiBra furcata. 34.
Chirocentrites, 90.
cavoiini, 92.
coroninii. 91.
CTracilis, 91.
O ■r
libanicua, lOo.
vexillifer. 92.
CnraoCENTRiD-E. SO.
Chirocentrus. 88.
polyodon, 88.
Chircmystus. 89.
mawsoni, 90.
Chirostcma, 3C)1.
Chirotiird idjc. 279.
Chirothrix, 280.
guestt'alicus, 283.
levvisi, 283.
libauicus. 2.8<3.
Chondrosteus. 115.
Chondrostoma. 310.
bubalus. 310.
elongata, 310.
laticauda, (il5.
miuuturn. 318.
stephani. Ol.").
CiiROMrD.E. .554.
Chrysichthys. 327.
theobaidi. 327.
Chrysophrys, 534.
- ^ agassizi. 5.37.
v,/ j’jj^arsenaritana. oot.
' - brusiuai. 534.
) b .
‘Vrti
. i.
V;inoca. 535.
.537.
hertlei, 534.
...o lawlevi, 534.
niiocenica, oot .
seacehii. 534.
zinnoi. 534.
Cimolichthys,
an ceps. 203.
, contra crus, 228.
’ ' - . ^ * 224 gladiolus, 204.
! -lewesiensis, 221.
^^/■'**®^lisbonensis. 228.
^ ^ merrilii. 228.
^ nepieoiica. 22.5.
seinianceps, 22“^.
sulcarus. 225.
221.
10
.1 ^ '
Cladocyclus, 107.
gai'dneri. 108.
lewesiensis. 109.
occiden tails, 110.
strehlensis. 110.
sweeti. 11 l.JCl^^^
Clarias, 324.
f'alconeri.
Clinus, 597.
gracilis, 597.
Clupea, 140.
alta, Leidu, 145.
alta, Stein da chner. 157.
antiqua. 138.
arcuata, 154.
altenuaca. 19. /
beurarcli. 142.
bosniaskii. 154.
bott£B. 250.
breviceps. 154.
brevis. 270.
brevissima. 140
eaudata. 1.54.
catopygoptera. 148.
cepliuius. 158.
ciirysosoina. 153,
crenata. 15 1
curta, 22.
cypnnoides. 03. 450.
dentex. 154.
denticii’ormis. 154.
doijeana. 159.
dubia. 270-
ecnoini, 155. '
elongata, Davis. 55, !
elongata, ^'^temdachner. .
155, 46<3. :
ensrauliformis, 155. |
evoians. loo. 1
t’ontannesi. 155. ^
gaudryi, 138. w
gervaisi, 155. , i
gigantea.
^oidt'ussi, 158. {
gracilis, 150. !
gracillima. 155. |
srandisauama, 155. I
grandonii. 155.
gregana. 155.
sfuestohaiica. 237.
baidincferi, 155.
lieterocerca. 150. ,
humilis. Leidy, 144. ■
bumiiis. Meyer. 150.
inriata, l.'d). |
intermedia. 150.
I
lanceolata. 150. ;
lanen. 141.
lata. 10. 53.
iaticauda. 153. *
iarissiina, l.'O.
Clupea {cont.).
lawleyi, 158.
leptostea, 1.13.
lesinensis, 138.
lewisii, 17.
lorcae, 150.
lundgreni, 156.
maceki, 156.
inacrocerca. 156.
macrophtbalina. 135.
niacropoina, 63.
megaptera. 147.
megapteryx. 15().
melett£Eforniis. 150.
menegbinii, 158.
luicrocepbaia, 158.
inicrosoraa. 157.
minima, 245. 246.
minuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis, 157,
mucronata. 1.57.
murienoides. 63.
numidica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbtbaimica. 158.
opistboptervx, 157.
polyacbantbina. 155.
prtesardinites. 157.
pulcbra. 50.
pusilla. 144.
sagorensis. 1.54. 157.
sardinites, 152.5^,2®
sardinoides, 19.'
saulos. 1.57.
sauvagei, 158.
sebeuebzeri. 147., . ^
sinensis. 03. .
spbaerocephaia, 154.
.1
1^7'
sprattu.s. 153.
styriaca. 157.
tenuissima. 154.
tbeta. 140.
tbrissa, 63.
tbrissoides, 03.
triuacridis. 157.
vectensis, 146.
ventricosa, 150.
\illosa. 101.
Toirouensis. 138.
vukotinovici, 157.
xenopbanis. 158. . . _
zanciea. 158. o . .
Clupeid.e, 128.
Clupeops, 159.
insignis, 150.
Cobitis, 320.
angustus. 321.
bredai, 320.
centrochir. 320.
■ ■eplialotes, .'121.
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(f=* /T! / ry^S%.y£ . 32 J.
^T~^Orr''^<i*\^i ]Z2'
Cobitis {■'Ofir.).
ionjzicens.
feylei-i. 1.
Cobitcpsis. i.
acucus.
exilis. o.”>r).
Ccalocephains. 4.'>7.
jaimoneiis. 4'>7.
CcGiogaster, Ht‘>.
anaii^. IIG.
Cceloperca. .310.
I'ltir’rons. .310.
Cceiopcma. 47<>.
colei. 470.
curvatiiiu, 470
];evp. 470.
Cceiorhvnchus, .30;l.
Con«-er bre’^ior. 047.
Ccnosaurops. 010.
bowaiianni. tllO.
Gono3auriis. 0)12.
bo^vniaaai. 0)10.
( ‘orax iissuratu.s. .'i70.
Core^onus, lill.
lavarerus. 101.
CorA'ina gibberuius, .3o0.
Cottid.e. .340).
Cottus. 5.S.3.
aries. .330.
precis. 5''0, 534-
0*ryptotre!rms. .33.3.
flivaricatus. .335.
borridus, 533.
hypoceras. .335.
mulripinnarus, .344.
papyraceas. .3>3.
pont’fex. 333.
quauricornis. 333.
iLncinatus. 3>.3.
Creniiabrus.' .340.
^zainocuic. 341.
•yoodwarai. 541 .
Crcm:Tiycd.ii3. 35.3.
irrp<ruian.s. 53.3.
Cristiceps. 305.
oaracioxiis. 30.3.
0 IIOSSOGX \TH I D.C. 343.
Crcssc2:naih.iis. 343.
sauauaianiis. .340.
Ctencdenisx. 300.
iaeiieniensis. 300.
Ctenopcma. 370.
ieiaeika. 370.
Ctenoiliriosa. 100.
iiiuaa' •epiiaia. 1.24.
laudcins. il'O.
vpxiihr'ei’. 120.
C T !■; .V O T 1 1 li I [ D . E . i 1 0 .
Cyoinni. Til3, 400, 400.
. aiTonensp. 4'>7.
■)ipp Ec'i”. . 4'’>0).
I377bium ( cont.).
X, botcii. 470. ? 22i-
./duinouti. -i:7(l.
excelsutn. 407.
linjjiuacuiu. 400. -
inaiTopoinuin. 402.
raacuiatuni. 4')0.
parcsciii. 170.
proosti. -70. - rentraiis. o-o.
Dercettd-E. 171?
lent ex {cot/r. .
I'aujasi, 322.
laeKPuiensis. 3221
leptacauthu
laici’odon. .323.
rnuensteri
T'dC/' /,
■>22.
323.
aobiii;
323.
,o// c-CS/1 .
sarainiensis. .423.
speciosum. 400?
tenue. 470.
Cycicid.es. 30.
incu-^us. 30.
Cycloiepis. 50.
:iira=.sizi. .30.
Cyciopoma. 304. ' ^
.-'04
inicracanrhuin. 304.
suinosuin. .3U4.
Cvci.oi’Tiuau.E. 337.
Cj7clopterus. 337.
lump us. 50t). .3c 7.
Cj/ciotcmodcn. 43.
vairraiis. 4-3.
Cvciurus crassus. 303.
C'ycir.rus minor. .333.
CVcLiirus nemoDteiyx.
'oOS.
Cepiuxid-e. 200.
Crpruiocn)!! ievacus. 410.
Cvprixoddxtid.e, 2s0.
Cyprinns. 3iJi ».
bipuncratus. 313.
carpio. 301.
jeses.
minutus.'^ Oil),
papyraceus. .307.
priscus. 301.
squamosseus. 270.
Cyttid.e. 417.
Cyttcides. 417.
glaronensis, 417.
Dactylopoeion. 243.
grauclis, 240.
paryuius. 240.
Dactyiopterus, 330).
Diiocenieus, .3c0.
“oiiLans. 536.
Dapedogicsstis.
acurus. 7.3.
iequioinnis. 75.
encausrus. 70.
re.'tis. 75.
Dercetis,
eionsatus
172.
134.
limuamnensis. 173.
linguifer. 174.
reiis.si. 173.
scutatus. 172.
tenuis. 131.
"riqueter. 174.
Dernaatoptychus.
3/ )'
macrooutbaimus. 243.
Desmichthys, 4.30.
taubrei. 4.30.
Diaphyodus. 541, b”
Ou^j .
ovaiis. 540.
^ri^oneila. 540.
Diastichus, 322.
luacrodon. 322.
oarvicieus. 322.
stranijuiarus. -022
Dictycdus. 473.
erassideus. 47.3.
destructor. 474.
oriscus. 473.
•upeiiensis. 47"
LiO
- <> L>J
7 4.
Dincpteryx,
spiiiosus. 4iJ7. .
i.i.'iodon, 0) 1.
icantiiodes. 574.
autiquus. 573. ,
corsicauus. 574.
erinaceus. .
i(jlevi. t) j 4. — o
giganrodus. 574.
' *liepiadiodon. 574.
ueterodon. 575.
liilcrendorri. 575.
incertus. 575.
itaiicus, 57.5.
menstodus. 57.3.
monsesrurensis. .375,
21. J.
<>*
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^ n
Um/ iX UJ OXaX C4,
S. ill
broaciiieadi. 11.3
iiicerine'diu'. i i2.
phiebotoiuus. 112.
'antex. 522.
OreA’iceos. 5t;7.
•rc'Sisum us . .322,
platyodus. 57.3. i
rovasendm. 57./1
sciilm, 572.
<LSfina. 573.
?;enotius. 575.
'enuisoinus. .37.3.
vpcus. 573.
lipiomystns, 130,
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INDEX.
Diplcmystus icont.). |
anal is. (
birdi, 142. I
brevissimua, 140. _ !
•rP'/'/’ ^dental us,
hunnlis, I
' lougicostatus, 143. !
.'-^^a-pectorosus. 140.
tb tin , 140.
vectensis, 146.
Diplotomodon, 612.
borrificus, 612.
Dipnolepis, 234.
iabni, 234.
Ductor, 448.
lentosomuB, 448.
Dules, 521.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521.
Echeneis, 451.
glaronensis. 451. 1^*^.
Echenus, 61
politus, 613.
Echidnccephalus,
163.
tenuicaudus. 163.
troscbeli, 163.
Egertcnia, 550.
r O'
l3.
gauitina.
i O*
gosseieti. 551.?<iil:^
isodonta. 551.
Electrolepis, 415.
borrida. 415.
Elopidx. 7.
Elopides, 23.
couioni. 23.
Elcpcpsis. 8.
crassus, 10.
d'^ntex. 205.
feuzli, 9.
baueri, 219.
beckeli. 10.
inierodon. 9.
ziesleri, 10.
Enclielunis icont.).
syriaous, 165.
villosus, 164.
Enchelyopus, 343.
tigrinus, 343.
Excuodontid^. 189.
Enchodus, 190.^^
arnicrodus, 203.
auceps, 203.
annectens, 195.
bleekeri, 466.
calliodon, 203.
carinatus, 204.
corneti, 204.
dirus, 204.^‘*'^ <2,^^
dolichus, 204.
faujasi. 196.
f'erox, 204.
; 'gladiolus, 204.
gracilis, 201.
' , . balocyon, 191.
y^KK4'**^'‘^emonnieri, 198.
lewesiensis, 191, 123.
'dongidens, 199.
lycodou, 204.
luacropterus, 202.
major, 200.
inarcbesettii, 200.
oxytomus, 204.
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulcbellus, 193.
recurvus. 201.
seruistriatus. 205.
serratus, 203.
sbuinardi, 205.
subaequilateralis, 205.
tetrjficus, 205. ^
).
Engraulis, 133.
brevipinnis, 133.
evolans, 133, 287.
iongipinnis. 133.
tenuis. 230, 285.
Ermeodon, 571, olo
y rjjy* ,
tki - -</3
valdensis, 205.
Elops, 22.
Einbalorh3mchus,
497.
kinnei, 497.
Empo. 221.
coDcracta. 228.
lisbonensis. 2L'8.
merrilli. 228.
nepahoiica. 22,5.
semianceps, 228.
sulcata. 2l'5.
Encbeiziphius tereti-
rostri.s. 491
Snchelunis. 164.
angiicus. 167.
echinus. 574.
Enoplorihthalmus,
323.'
scblumbergeri, 323.
Snoplosus, 521.
pygopterus, 521.
Eocoelopoma, 470.
colei, 470.
curvatum, 472.
Eocotfus, 580.
veronensis, 581.'
Eomynis, 340.
doUoi. 340.
latispinus, 340.
rent rails. 341.
Eothynnus, 457.
salmoueus. 457.
Ephippites, 617.
peisscnbergensis, 617.
Ephippus, 559.
lougipennis, .5,59.
nicolisi, 560.
oblongus, 560.
oweni, 570.
rboinbus, 559.
Equula, 450.
scillte, 450. ^
Eiismatoptenis, 416.
endlicbi, 416.
levatus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.
Esocelops, 46.
caTifrons, 46.
Esocid.e, 287.
Ssox, 287.
belone, 375.
destructus, 615.
falcatus, 482.
lepidotus, 288.
lewesiensis, 191.
longirostris, 375.
lucius. 388, 289, 366.
macropterus, 89.
raouasteriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus. 288.
saurus, 361.
sphvrcena, 361,
366.
spret. 362. 366.
vulpes, 153.
waitscbanus. 289.
Eucynodus, 481.
bunteri, 481.
Eurygnathus,
Agassiz, 46.
cavifrons. 46.
Eurygnathus,
190.
ferox, 200.
marcbesettii, 200.
Eurypholis. 207.
boissien, 2u7.
f'reveri. 210.
V
longidens, 199.
major, 201.
suicidens. 207.
Exocetus evolans, 13.‘’>.
Exocetus exiliens. 133.
Exocoetoides. 286.
minor, 286.
tenuis. 285.
Fierasfer. 605.
362,
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;umnu^. tioo.
noscerus. iSOn.
Fisiuiaria, .'^74.
boicensis, -47- >.
^..Ic^hiuensis. •177».
^ *dubia. .776.
■j 1 ^
KoeniiTi, ot 4.'' '' ^
lonsirostris, -jT'k
llI DiiCcii’ia. .jib.
renuirostns. -u'k
FrsTui.AiiuD.E. .776.
Fiindnius, ddo.
.r
■ >1
(j-obius kcout. ).
bassuuii. 658.
brevi?. 632. -
couicus. .654.
elacus,
■ francorui’cauus. .658.
/£b'vW;^^‘lepco<umas, 688. -
u*uv^»,_r;_p b'
Kiacroactus. 588.
inaci’urus, 581.
maxim us, .688.
mifroceohalus, .683.
L
■ muiLiuinuatus. 684.
(tauid.e. 507.
Gaacpsis, 61.7.
brevieeos, 616.
Gadus, 609.,,^i^7nMu<.#(;^i'
.■t*trleiiaus. to/ ,
’ : eieirans. 6UU. 6 . ^
(jhloniTus. .684.
peruzzii;OS8^^^^.^^^.,’.„
puiius, .384^ .j’Sd
smyrnensis, 448.
veronensis, 531.
vicinaiis, .688.
Tienuensis. 584.
r'aba. ii()4. Gonio^nathus, 57
iarior. old. hat
\ f > -•
ttj t ,
iusciis. 1)00.
meriangfus. tiOu.
meriuccius. 689.
minutus. 601.
niorriuia. 601.
pollaciiius. 601.
poivnemus. 601.
pseuchmliiinus. 6()( )
simolex. 604.
speetabili.^. 604.
scoppanii. 601.
t-euius. 604.
tubercuiosLis. 604.
venuscus. 604.
Virens. 601.
Gastercnemus,
obiono-us, 446.
riiomoeus. 4.70.
Gepiiyriirl, 206.
.'‘oncencrica. _'06.
Geires, 52.7.
iiiassaiongoi. 527.
Gi5ant1ch.th.ys, !U2.
Diiarao. 612.
Giilicns, 00. 101.
arcuarus. 161.
noiymicroclus. 101.
Glossoaus, f. Kvier, 6)0.
heckeii. 77. — ^'*-<15 ■
Glyptccephalus. 670
raciiatus. 570.
Gobiid.e. 587.
64ob iiro rtME.‘<, 687.
Gcbic. 767.
anaiis. 704.
maior. 616.
vieinus. 616.
Gcbius. 538.
'arnaTUS. .681.
4AivT IV.
corypnreaoKtes, o 1 , .
maxiilaris. 577.
Goxoriivxciiid.e, 271.
Gcnornynchus, 271.
Areyi. 771.
G V .M X O D ( ) x T 1 1 ) . E . 5 7 0 .
Gymnodus. 572. .777.
ciiodon. 575.
heierudon. 575.
monse^urensis. 575.
V-I-Ieinirh7v’nchus( cut.).
desUavesi. 488.
zitteli. 4C7.
Hemisaurida. 27(1
neocomieiisis, 270.
. Hemithyrsitas, 481.
arnuicus. 4:81*.
elatus. 4c 1. , .
licaim, 482.
.<■ Hemitnchas. 72-7.
sciiisticoi.a, 327.
. Heptadiodcn, 671,
echinus, 574.
Heterobranchus,
72.6.
paheindicLis. 725,
Heterolepis. 612.
Heterctis. 74.
Hexapsephus. 722.
'iuencben. 722.
Histialosa. 5S.
thiolliei’i, 58.
Histiocepnalns. 670.
oassanii. .)/9.
Histicphorns. 406.
antiquus. 405.
Hacqnetia. 6)12.
boicensis. 612.
xialGC. 2 1 ~'/Oy
euptervgius. 217,
Auestoiiaiicus. 220.
haueri. 210.
laubei, 220.
microiepis. 2 IS.
'ternber^i. 212.
Halecopsis. 177.
insigni.'. 174.
Imvis, 174.
Hai.o.saurid.e, 162.
Haiosaurns, 162.
Haclomi. 1.
He.mibraxx’iiii, 76)0.
Hemicyclus. 50.
streulensis, 50.
Hemieiopcpsis, 68.
gibbus. .68.
■iracilis. 68.
suessi. 68.
HemiiaimDronites.
60.
steinlai.
.60.
Hemiramphus. 768.
pcuvardsi. 758.
Hemirhvnchus. 488.
CoiG. rXS.
t-/!.'
elesbuves. 4cS.
eocmnicu.s. 40.6_^^77.^5 9-:s*r/
homaiurnamnUus,
i. ’
407.
parvuius, 407.
priscus. 401.
robustus. 407.
rotundas. 405.
Histiothrissa, 171.
crassapiiina, 172.
macrodactvla. 171.
Histiurns. L70.
eiacus, 146.-' ^ ^ .
serioiuides, 146.
ventricosus, 146.
Hclacanthus. 561.
iiiicroceDhaius. 56)1.
piovenorum. 561.
Hcicodon. 100. I'G.
iesinaensis. 210.
Ivcodon. 204.
Holcoiepis, 11, 20.
creraceus. 20. .-’cGj..-
Hoiccentrum. 412.
caicariier. 502.
lanceoiatum. .621.
macrocepiiaium. 412.
macuiacum. .'iG.
meiiten.'e, -17.
p.vgmum, -il7.
pygmmum. 414.
soyo. 412.
Hoiosteus, 270, '
esocinus. 270. ^
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IXDEX.
Homonotus, 407.
dorsalis, 408.
“'r 'VxAidAAS. 592.
,.--^1Elomcrhynchus, 488.
bruxelliensis. 490.
Hoplopteryx, 596.
r , , antiquns, 596.
j'fC 496.'^wesiensi3. 397.
lewisi, 404.
^^undensis, 404.
minor. 406.
soblongus, 406.
j ^5’^ spinoius, 407.
stachei, 406.
• •• '' superbus, 403.
synacus, 40o.
zippei, 397.
Hcpicstethus, 414.
insens. 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawleyi, 414.
nettelbladti, 414. ’
o=tiolatus. 414.
pisanns. 414.
Hyperiophus, 139.
Hyrpscdon, 37. 92.
lewesiensis. S3. 40, 4.).
94, 9.5. 98, 109.
minor. 102.
oblongus, 26.
toiiapicus, 24.
Hypsospcndylus, 58.
bassanii. 58.
Hyptiu?, 58.
seoastiani. 58.
Iclithyodectes. 99.
acanthicus. 107.
anaides. 100.
arcuatus. iOl. 110.
cruentus. 107.
ctenodon. 100.
elegans. 103.
goodeanus. 107.
hamatus. 107.
'^^Tv^t^j/^dibanicus. 105.
7. .minor, 102.
' multidentatus. 107.
^ occidencalis. 101.
perniciosus. 107.
polyniicrodus, 101.
prosnatlius. 107.
^ serndens. 101.
r; tenuidens. 104.
Ichthyotringa, 265.
loo.
tenuirosrris. 259.
Iguana ( '.O haueri. 564.
Im chaster. 39 j .
auratus. 394. 1,10.
%
Ischyrhisa, 46.
antiqua. 45.^^
mira. 46.
radiata. 46. 614.
Ischyrrocephalus,
190.
Rtf'
catapbractus, 202.
gracilis, 201.
intermedius. 202.
niacropterus, 202.
Isodus, 190.
sulcatus. 199.
Istieus, 66.
^ gracilis, 70.
grandis. 67.
lebanonensis. 71.
macrocephalus. 07 , 70.
macrocoeiius, 67.
mesOsponclylus. 67.
microcephaius, 67.
spottii. 71.
Istiophorus, 495.
Isurichthys. 453.
raacrurus. 453.
orientaiis. 453.
Isuriis, Agassiz, 453.
macrurus, 453.
Julis. 541.
agassizii. 540.
muensteri, 540.
sigismundi, 541.
Kurtus Telifer, 430. 431.
Labeo cuvieri. 616,
Labidesthes, 361.
Labrax, 509.
bosniensis. 512.
delheidi, 512.
elongatus, 512.
beckeiii. 510.
intermedius, 512.
latus, 512.
lepidotus, 512.
longiceps, 513.
majoi*, 513.
moisisovicsi, 513.
muitipinnatus 513.
neumavri. 513.
oeningensis. 511.
sagorensis. 513.
sehizurus. 510.
steindaciineri, 513.
stiriacus, 513.
ubinoi. 510.
Labrid.e, 539.
Labrodon, 541.
ar'ricanus. 542.
alsinensis. 545.
bazmi. 543.
Labrodon icont.).
beigicus, 543.
bourseoisi, 543.
britannus, 543.
canariensis. 542.
carolinensis, 543.
chantrei, 543.
cocchii, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
edwardsi. 544.
saudryi, 544.
baueri. 544.
beterodon, 54-1.
nmltidens, 544.
pavimentatum, 544.
paijodqu- 545.
quenstedtrf.b^.p.
rhedouum. 545. ^ ^ ^
sacberi. 545.
sauvagei. 545.
sellae, 545. _ "
soldanii, 545,
siiperbus. 542; -r
trapezoidaiis. 545.
trigone] la. 516.
Labrophagus, 611.
esocinus. 611.
Labrns, 539.
asassizi. 540.
bifiisciatus. 464.“'
o 1
ibbetsoni, 540.
raalapterus, 595.
meruia. 54<J.
microdon. 540.
parvuius. 540.
priscus. 540.
punetatus, 558.
rectifrons. 558.
turdus, 504.
valenciennesi, 540
woodward! , 541.
Laparus, 596
alticens. 596.
Lates, 502.
gibbus. 502.
sraciiis. 502.
beberti. 499.
macropterus.
macrurus. 503.
notmus. 502.
partictii, 503.
sasorensis. 513.
Lebias.
ayinardi, 292.
cepbab^tes, 290.
ra’assicaudus, 295.
crassus. 296.
eissrabensis. 294.
furcatus, 291 .
■zaudrvi. 294.
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Lebias [l•oui. <.
■xobio, 1-04. _ ^ -
iiieyeri, _'04.
minimus. 204.
perpusiiius, 201.
reuuis. 204.
:d';iTioi. 204.
Lepidentercn. i.^5.
lonsiissiniuni. 1^5.
Lepidocoitus, Oil.
aries. 5i2.
brevis. .7;i2.
eiousacus. -354.
eiraciiis. i)17.
muitipinnatus. 054.
papx raceus. Oio.
Lepidopides. 477.
orevisnonuyius, 481.
Ombius. 481.
le’orosnonfiyius. 481.
Lepidopiis, t77.
uoyi. 480.
ansuis. 4-iO.
brevicauda. 480.
• carpatiiieus. 480.
ciubius. 481.
t .
ieorosnondyius. 481.
meneoyiinii. 481.
Lepiecodon. 2.>0.
_ _ _ . ) o
r0cr ^oo.
Leptichthys, 61G.
a"uis. 1)10.
ieUClSCPS
eecconii. 012.
cepiiaion. .'I'ld.
cepiiaius. .200.
coiei. 008.
dorsali.s. .411. 012.
duineriii. oil, -212.
eibisxvaicensis. OlO
eiegans. .215.
ervthropainalmus.
200. ^
eaiystomiis. 011.
fritscni. 615.
2iaobven.sis. 011.
gibbus. 01(1. ,
gracilis. 014.
hartmamd. 014.
beivedcus. .:-0.3.
hecerurus. OlO.
branrzi. 011.
larteti. oil.
lariuscuius. 00.5
ieptus. OOv*.
licacie. 011.
macrurus. 008.
medius. 010.
^oeningensis. 00.5.
papyraceus. 007.
piesionterus. Oil
polysareiis. -OH.
pneiiaris. Oil.
pusilius. Ooo.
racalmuci. Oil.
.• o
Lepiccepnalus, 040.
remocus. 01 i.
iraciiis. -240.
rutiius. OOO
medius. .247.
sauvaeei. 012.
titnia. 040.
sieanus. Oil. 1
LEPTO[.El>ID.n. 1.
stepuani. ..^II.
Leptesomus. 844.
tarsieer. 015.
crassicoscar US. 2-tb.
nirueri. Oil.
eiomtatus. 245.
vexilliier. Oil.
2uestnhaiicus. 245.
Leucus. 022.
^ f7.
>/ <
inacrourus. 245.
minimus. 24t'.
Leptotracnelus, 170.
armarus. i74.
f^iongacLis. ii4.
'jracilis. iiO.
liakeiensis. 184.
lonvipinnis. 1.^7.
sa^iaatus. i87.
'■'•muerer. 174. lo'O.
coiidoniauus. 022.
laLus. 022.
Leiiresthes. 001.
Lewisia. -i.
ovaii-s. 5-3.
Lichia, 445.
ail a. 440.
i 1 ' ’ ' 7.
- Liiciiib, ~X
lata. 445.
on sea. 'r44.
o.
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ajcpnius
patagoniLais. . 01.
piscariuau.s. 50 1.
Loricaria, 501.
'Plecostoinus. ./Ol.
Loxcsicmus, dll.
maiicus. 4)11.
Lacania, 80o.
Liicicperca. 521.
siiorpui. 521.
Lucius anteculuviauus.
Lutianus epbippium. , '
oOL 501.
Lutodeira, 0.4.
c cp Li:;i a* j. . ^
luacrornvnrna. 2.
middencLoriii. 2.
'inensis. .2. _
Lyrrzolepis.TTT;
ciucaaicus. 50.
T/Iacroiepis. 415.
"Uuniratus. 41.>.
IMacrcnes. -.,27.
aor. 087. 8-42^
rdacrcsicma, .'Oi.
aitum. .'01.
l-LxcariuD.E. i'.o.">.
Macrpr’Jis.
'.I'leeursor. ‘‘.ti.y.
ZflailctLiH, ir;i).
viiK.sus. 1’)!.
r^Iegaicdon. - .7. 02. /
lewesiensis. 0.5.
'auroides. 0.5.
-desaiclepis. 4i2. -Trd
- basciicaensis. -±i2.
latus. -t.82.
r'Iega,icps, 24.
lorcnDatus. 05.
obioiiLTus. 2b.
nriscus. 24.
Zlegalpnies. 571.
p.iddum. .572.
Llegapus. 2'0.
.■ue:?tt‘aiieus. 28.2.
r^62;isicpus, 88*
iiiesci'aiicus. 880.
-deieita. 140.
crenata. aOl.
doiieana. ^50.
“’riJful.atus. ..87.
>eeunda. ---0.
graciilima. 155.
,euciscps.
stonuiiuii. -40.
ara udisa ua ma . ^ 55
acro'jaster, OlU.
Lobedps. .'07.
aecxeii. 151.
lUibl.
'.:;edeu \ on ^ anus. .'..07 .
beierostoiaa. bJ)2.
bosniasxd. 010.
T T di r ■* *' Q _L
miermectia. 15'b
brevicaucta. Oil*.
;mcMnatu>. - 15.
l ;ne:imana. _51.
'■'i'eris, -21*'.
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^unmiis. , • [0.
O^lT^ *’7 c; ~ ' I
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Meletta {cant.).
sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzeri. 147.
styriac.a, 157. ^
Meiettina, 151.
Mene, 437.
oblongus, 440.
pusilia, 441. j
rhoiiibeus. 439. '
Memdia,-361. ,
Merlangtis, 600.
cognatus, 604. '
spatulatus. 604. j
suifolkensis, 600. |
vulgaris, 600. |
Merlinus, 603. I
cristatus, 603. !
Merluccius, 601 . ^ '
attenuatus. 604.
balticus, i)04. r**'**'*^?^^^
‘i'T'O- 1
INDEX.
Mugil,
brevis, 446.
cephalus, 364.
/ ! debilis, 36o.
.yj=f princeps, ob^.crr^i^
radobojanus, 365. j
Mugilid.e. 363. i
ir.T7^y, 4''' 5 .
bosniaskii, 601.
, emarginatus, 604.
. miocenicus. i)04.
* obtusus, 604.
Mesogaster, .361.
cretaceus, .362.
gracilis. 254.
sphyra?noides. 362.
Metope nichthys,
558.
longiro.stris, .559.
octacanthu.'. .559.
Microccelia, 2,52.
g ran u lata, 252.
libanica. 252.
51icrodou nucliali.s, 429.
5Iicrod()n pulchellus.
421.
Mioplcsus, 517.
abbreviatus. 518.
beani, 518.
labraeoides. 517.
lODgUS, .51C;.
murtidentatus. 518.
sauvageanus. -518.
Monocentris, 414.
hospes, 414.
' integer. 414.
subrotund us, 415.
5Ionopteros gigas, 89.
Morrh.ua, 599.
a'giennoides. 601.
e.vtensa. 601.
I’aba. 604.
lanceolata. 60l.
lata, 6<.'.5.
inaeropreiygia. 001.
minima. 001.
sueilingensis. 0)05.
'Zagadai en.=i>. 60 1 .
5Iosa.-;atirii5 g;*acids. 1.
■4 ..
Muriena cieca, .347.
51ur£ena conger, 344.
Munnna lewesiensis. 185.
^lunena inyrus. 341.
Murmna ophis. 347.
5IrR.ENiD.E, 3.36.
Mylccyprinus, 322.
inllexus. 322.
kingi, 323.
longidens, .323.
robustus. 322.
Mylcphar3mgcdon,
323.
Myripristis, 410.
lioinopterygius, 411.
lentacanrhus, 410.
4 , i I
Nummopalatus, 541,
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
bazini, 54*3.
belgicus, ,54.3.
bourgeois!, 543.
britannus. 543.
chantrei, 543.
cocebii, 543.
edwardsius. 544.
gaudryi, 544,
bauen. .544.
beterodon, 544.
multidens, ,544.
paviinentatus, 544.
polyodon. 545.
quenstedti, ,545.
rhedonum. 545.
sacbeYi, 545.
sauvagei, .545.
trapezoidalis, 545.
toliapicus. 41
Myrus, 340.
vulgaris, 341.
Naseus, 564.
brevirostris, 564.
nucbalis. 565.
recti Irons, 564.
Naupygus, 611.
bucklandi. 611.
Nemachilus, 320.
bredai, 320.
centroebir, 320.
cepbalotes, 321.
3*0
tener, (U5.
teyleri, 321.''>^
Nematenotus, 249.
bi'>ttm. 250.
Nemepteryx, 598. * •
^j;^»^rassus. .598.
elougatus, 598.^uV<^V
troscbeli. 598.
troscueu.
Nettastoma, 346
bolcense. 346.
Notao.^ntiiid.e. 168.
Notacanthus, 169.
Is'oticu.s agassizii. 540.
Notelops, 27.
braina. 27-
Nctogoneus, 275.
cuvien, 277. 615.
longiceus, 278,
osculus. 111.).
scpiaino.'seus, 270>,
Is'oTorTKRin.i:. ^5.
Notopterus, ''b
Ijriniao u.s. >0).
'•4i-
Odnx carolineiisis, 543.
Odonteus, ,5,56.
depress us, ,556.
pygmasus, 5,56.
sparoides, 556.
Odontostomus, 189.
Oligobelus, 323.
uroiferus. 323.
lauiinatus. 323.
Oligoplarchus, ,519.
^quaIuipinnis, 519.
Omiodon, 270.
caba.ssii, 270.
Ommatolampes,
490.
eicbwaldi. 491 .
Omosoma, 419.
intermedium. 420.
monasteri, 421.
pulcbellum. 421.
sabel-almm, 419.
Omosudis, 189.
Oncolepis, 595.
isseii, .597.
OniiDiiD.E. 605. ^o-
Ophidium, 60.5, c/a
barbatuin. ,343. 347./‘’"^ ' ^
voitianum. 605.
(5imiiocei>ii.\lid-e, 3(>9.
Ophiocephalus, 369,
striatus, 464.
Opliisurus acuticaudus.
••’47.
Opisthomyzon, 451.
Opisthopteryx, 253.
'•uit.us. 2, *4.
gracilis. 254.
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DKX.
/
Orc^jntis. 454.
Etciithpis • ynr.
koinnoscni. 450.
a-auaiis. 52''. /'
lanceoiurus, 450.
auiericanus. -.0
bitior. 45i). ^ i
ainniu.s.
iuedius. 45i‘).
approxiinatus. i
scaldi.sii. 455;
aitenuatus. O1IJ4.
Oricardinus. -iti.
laitieus. 054.
tortus. 40.
ba various. 000,
Orthagcxisctis, 570.
biscissu.". 550.
i-neiononsi.^. .570.
sboertgeri. tii.ib.
Osmercides. 11.
''brenor. 547.
aicenuattis. j.5.
olaybornensis. 7
beigieus. 22.
eognatus. 004.-"'
brevis. 10.
cur. ,jQi . _
rrassus. 10.
crassus, 552. 5.5
cretaceus. 20.
danicus. 554. -2
d ivaricat us. 22.
Eervcidaruui)
dubius. 10.
415.
pvOiUtus. 72.
(lilugiildaruiu )
giarisianu=. 2p5.
-50.).
gratni-is. I'j.
decioiens. .poS.
graiuuacus. 215.
diiibraiis. t‘.05.
insigni.-. 1-54.
aispar, 5oi.
lacus, it).
disnnetus. 522.
Levis. 15.
eiegaiis. tiOO, a/
lewesiensis. 11, 145.
eiegantuius. 55l.
lewisi. 17.
eievacus. 005.
Tuauteilii. 12.
eiiinricus. .5;?7.
auixiuius. i".
eiungatus. 555. ■
tuegapterus. 4-/ .1 a.55.
eiiiarginatus. 4<_
'uicroeennuius. 257.
enorrecrus. ...5S,
uiinur, 152.
Luba. 054.
niuna^cerii. i:57. 2-5S.
Iranoui’ui'tauiis.
peeiiiioirois. 22.
rreni’.ens. 5'"'.
i^uiyiniL-rodus. 72.
.remina. . 5S.
sarciinioides. 15.
■geriuauiciis.
vinare ?i5. 21.
geron. ^15.
Osmerciepis. 55.
giobonuus. .'55
.•etiouiata. 55.
giaber. 00.).^^^
Osmerus, ii-i'.
greg’inus. .5.53.
aibvi. iii2.
guesrralicus. 01
•.•oraiern 247.
hdgendorn. 0'55
d'acidartii. l^rj.
;iO.;acious. . -.jO.
giarisianus. 2.35.
llOdO^S. xrixt.
duaeti. 102.
by bridus. ‘ittO,
prontervgui;. l02.
in gens. 414.
searabeiiii. i02.
insignis. .;.55.
'tdop.o.= . 102.
insLietus. 55g.
{O- l'AUlpPHY.-I, 450.
integer. 414.
( JsT KOO LO>.Sir>.E, 7 5.
iiiterniecdus. 55
Osteosicsstim. 74.
irregularis. 455
■‘ueaustinn. lu.
gironbergeu:^ s.
_ a-
: /a
Qstracicn,
.-'it').
■ iirritus. ;m)U,
Otoiitnus. ^
:.c;i:i!nuU!i>. Mil.
'L-'. . I .
^7^-
4.
debiiis.
)4.
■*. ^
•>4;
volithus
■.uiocenicus. i)U4.
•!\()';runciuu=.
iuuL-rionatus, '>IJ4.
muuxoilis. bilO.
neiriect-us. 415.
iietteibladti. 414.
iiobiiis. 525.
noeLlinsifi. 522,
iiunnus. 555.
oborrerus. G05.
{ jleriucci us ) '/ot iisus,
6U4.
' Scijuiia) obtusiis, 555.
uceuitus, bU5.
osrioiatus. 414.
■jvatiis. 555
’oai’vuius
■ 7:1 .
'}isaiuis, 414.
rbanus. *;04._ c^Tl/^s
uiebejus. 522.
Duiiuerosus, b54.
;)u.=;r,era5. bU5.
)iaci.-ursor. tiUb.
41o. ' ^
’.)ersf)uatus.
A iJT~7. '.
y-:lC///S
,5.
i
'oninas. 5>7
radians. 55>. r ^
. Eeryeidaruiu ) rlic-
' 2ianus. 415.
: E-hdiiibus) rneiianur.
i it 14.
saxonicais. tit 15.
secuoi*. btj'J.
repbuitiicn.s, 555.
1 Morriiua) .-'jeiiin-
uensis. tjtJb.
1 4 ( 1 a r i d a r I p. u ) r o e 1 1 i n -
jensi>. 5;;>,
snnili:;. 53s.
siinpiex. 304. ‘
sinsuiaias, bUG.
spatuiaLus. iJ54.
soeciosus, 555.
sDeccabiiis. bU4^
.'Uleatus. 5>5. _
'iinroTundiis. sri-n
= uiiuixensis. bbiO.
- unracreraceus, -i i 5 .
renuis. 'H H.
testis. 154.
•svr/>/.
laciuiatas. -14.
aavi'jurus. 555.
latiSLueatu^, OtiTi.
• ■ . - -w .
' Ajo. ^
-.iwLevi. 4^14.
ieucieuiaris. -0 [.
■nai'C.;ir:i>. '■ii3_
a!PfK;;i :]ia ds. 5.15.
tt;;
thynnuides. 4:'2.
Mioercuiusus, P>j4.
7cing:ioiiis. 554. "
)• >
i»04.
V,* <
vat’ians. 522.
venusru
•_V
'!cinaiis.
•■ulitaris. 45t.i.
reriis. 550.
Pach.vc3-cj
taiuo.
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INDEX.
'■r
Pach^&S^ter,
poiysi^dylus, jJ
~ spinosus. 520.
3 0 0)0 ,2.0 ^ - Pachy lebias, 294.
ocal'OntvvH ,3" crassicaudus, 295.
Pachyrhizodus, 37.
basaiis, 37.
oaninus, 44.
curvatus, 44.
dibleyi, 38.
gardneri, 40.
glyphodus, 258.
gracilis, 45.
kins:ii. 42.
latiuienturn, 42.
leptognatbus, 45.
, leptopsis. 45.
sheareri. 45.
subuiidens, 43.
velox. 45.
Pachvstetus gregatus,
292.
Pagellus, 532.
aquicanicus, 533.
d^jfde stefanii. 533.
elegantulus. 532.
leptosteus. .333.
libanicus, 390.
microdon, 533.
peruzzii, -333. ^
stenoura, 5-33.
Pagms, 533.
luenegninii. .333.
oudrianus. 533.
pileatus, 533.
pnscus. 533.
torus. 534.
Palaeobrosmius, 598.
elongarus, 598.
.4-^4^7;2j^.Palaeogadus. 598.
troscheiii, 598.
Palaeolycns. 211.
dregmen.sis, 211.
P A L .E 0 R 11 Y X C 1 1 [ D . E , 4 8 2 .
PalaBorhynchtis, 4S3.
bruxeiliensis, 490.
colei. 488.
descbinanni. 487.
egerconi, 488.
giganieiis. 487.
glarisianus. 483, 4<5’7.
gracilis, 486.
latus. 485.
lonsrirosLi’is. 486.
tnedius. 485.
microspondylus, 489.
riedli. 487.
zitteii. 487.
Palanarrhichas. 597.
crasius. 597.
Palimphemus, 270.
anceps. 270.
Palimphyes, 460.
brevis, 460. cAaJi*
crassus, 460.
elongatus, 460.
glaronensis, 460.
grai-ilis. 460.
latus, 460.
longus, 460.
Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.
Paralates, 520.
tyvtCJi**’
Percichthys, 514.
antiquus, 514. t
beaumouti. 515.
Percid.e, 498.
Percifor.mes, 497.
Percostoma. 519.
angustum, 519.
Peristedion, 5^6.
personatus, 587.
urcianens’s. 586.
Phacodus. Cope. 553. tp
irregularis, 553.
Phacolepis = Phacolepis.
r
ho /Ji.
bleieheri, 520. 458.
Paralepis. 257. cybioides. 458.
Paraleuciscus, 312. / 'Phareodus, 74, 76.
T7 ' -
312.
Paranguilla,
Pegasus
ecnomi.
343.
tigriua. 343.
Paraperca, 520.
provincialis, 520.
Paraphyllodus,
546.
Parascopeius, 256.
lacertosus, 256.
Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.
lesiniformis,
269.
Pegasus natans. 383.
Pelamys, 482.
adunca, 482.
robusta, 482.
Pelargorhynclius,
188.
blochiiformis, 188.
dercetiformis. 188.
Pelates, 523.
quindecimaiis. 523.
Pelycorapis, 354.
berycinus, 354.
varius, 354.
Perea, 518.
alsheimensis. 513.
beaumouti, 515.' ,
cyprinodon. '
elougata, 510.' <• 7-
tluviatilis, 518.
acutus, 76.
sericeus, 76. _ _
Pharyngodopilus,
.541, J45.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis. 544.
bourgeois!, 543.
canariensis, 542.
carolinensis, 540.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
haueri, 545.
I multidens, .544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, 545.
selhe, 545.
soldanii, .545.
superbus, 542.
Phasganodus, 190.
anceps. 203.
australis, 615.
carinatus. 204.
dirus, 204.
gentry!, 615.
gladiolus, 204.
semistriatus, 205.
Phasganus, 613.
declivis, 613.
Pholidophorus macro-
rbynchi
^hycis, 602.
lus. 2.
forbesi. 510. . * suessi, 602.
formosa, 410. Pliylactocephalus,
’ ' 212,275.
microiepis, 218.
Phyilodus, 546.
bowerbanki, 549.
colei. 549.
corsicanus, 574.
cretaceus, 550.
curvidetis. 550.
deborrei. .556.
depressus. 550,
duvaii. 550.
lepidota. 511.;
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantba. 518.
jninuta. 506.
uioguntina. 512.
punctata. 366.
rad Lila, 526.
reboulii. 520.
urasebista. 516.
Pekcesoces. •_'4(.
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Platyccrmus [conf.).
Portheus ico/ir. ).
eiesar.-s.
iibbusus. 423.
lesrno. 97.
gervaiai. 550.
i.'biona'us. 422.
lowi. 97.
haueri, 544.
Platygenys, 613.
manteili, 95.
liexasonaiis. 540.
ru'j'osa.s. 1)1.4.
jiioiossus. 92.
hipparionvx. lUT.
Platyisemus, 551.
mudaei. 97. '^7--.
incertU3, 575.
:oiei. 551.
thaumas. 97.^
inconstans,. 550.
Platylates, 520.
Prionoiepis, 229,
irreguiai’is. 54S.
rupeiien.sis. 7)20.
aiitrusrus, 230.
latidens, 550.
Plertronoma ura.^chista.
catapnracrus. 230.
levesquei, 550.
516, 616.
laniacus. 232.
inar^inalis. 548.
Pleionemus, 442.
Priscacara, 5.34. ‘
meciiu?, 548.
:nacrosoondyius. 442.
clivosa, .).')4.
muitidens, 544.
Plethodus cO.
cypha. 1)1)0^
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exoansus. Cl.
liups, 555.
piauus. -547. '
.ureatus, c4. y \
oxyprion. 555.
polyodus, 547.
oblonsrus. 83.
pealei, 555.
secuudarius. 549.
pentaiTon. S3.
serrata. 554.
■speciosas. 549.
Pleuraeanthus serratus.
restudinaria. 55,3.
subdepress us. .544.
567.
Pristigenys. 415. .
submedius, 549.
Pieuronectes. 608.
mai.Topnthaimus. 415.
toiianicus. 54(5.
nlacessa. .^61. liUU.
Pristipoma. 523.
umbonatus. 550.
quadra talus. 6<l7.
i urea rum, 523.
Pimeiodus. 3i’S.
PLi:L'RONECTIU.E. 606.
Prcantigonia.
aaciquus. 329.
Plinthophorus, 221.
iontnrostra. 559.*
aor. 327.
robustus. 229.
octacantha. 559.
sadlen, 335.
Pliopiarchus, 520.
rad obo.i ana.
Piscdus. dO. 61.
septemsoinosus. 520.
steindachneri. 559.
ibueardi. 73.
sexspinosus, 520.
Probailostomus, 296.
oweni. 30.
v.-hit?i. 520.
lontriuLis, 296.
Plagycdus, 189.
Pcdccephalus, 519.
Prcchanos. u.3.
Planesox, 519.
nitidus. 519.
recti irons. i)5.
Torax, 519.
Pcdocys, 520.
Progymnodon, 572,
Plat acanthus,, 509.
minutus. 520.
'-/ / c) ,
ubiaoi. 510.
Pcdopteryx, 557.
bilgendorn. 575.
Platax. 432.
aibyi, 557.
Prelates, 499.
aiiissimus. 43-3.
bosuiaski. 557.
beberti. 499.
Proiebias, 290.
brevis. 429.
Pcecilia iametherii. 615.
eolcbicus. 434.
Pceciiia oenintrensis. 582.
bron^niarti. 293.
eostatus. 433.
Pcaciiops, 296.
cepnaiotes. 290.
cuneus. 433.
oreviceps. 296.
crassicaudus, 295.
macropterygius. 433.
Posomas mukidentatus.
davidi. 4.
minor. 227. 428.
538.
e^eranus. 615.
nuchaiis. 429.
Polynemus, 445.
furcatus. 291.
papilio. 43.3.
quinquarius. 411,446.
scaudryi. 294.
physeteroide. 433.
' Pcmacanthus. 561.
gooio, 294.
pileum, 433.
subarcuatu.s, 56 1 .
goreti. 293.
pinnaiiformis. 433.
POM.ICEXTRIDSE. 555.
pres'atus, 292.
piinianus. 433.
Pcmaphractus. 76.
meven. 294.
subvespertilio. 4-33.
-eertoni, 76, 50.
minimus. 294,
■vToodwardi. 432.
Pcmognathus, 212,
oustaieti. 293. - ^ .
Platessa, dU8.
-error. b09.
1.0 ^
euoreryzius, 213.
pernusiilus. 291.
puicneiius. ol.j.
stenoLira, 292.
Platinx, 59.
Portheus. 92.
catuilii. cr9.
.msuiatus, 95.
Pronot acanthus, 169.
eioniratus. 89.
arcuatus. 101.
-anei-aimte. 169.
si^as. *9.
1.1 5 L L Cli.lp* iJ 1 •
Properca. 514.
Platcps, 76.
bracuYirnatlius. 97. '
anousra. 515.
suDuiidens, 76).
-UIY16.S1, cO.
beaumonti. 515.
Platyccrmus. -21.
.'auitinus, 05. '
leniQOta. 511. _
_3'erraauus, 421.
jiaaius. 9c.
prisca. Jib,
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P'rotaulopsis. "71.
bolcensis. 371.
Protautoga, .5.53.
coniclens. 5.5.3.
longiclens. 553.
Protelops, 56.
arifflicus, 57. '
geinitzi, 57.
Proth.3nTiallTis, 614.
lusatus, 614.
princeps. 614.
r^Protobalistum, ,:66.
j imperiaie. 566.
omboni. 567.
Prctocatcstomus,
consul blei. 'Jio.
Protosphvntna aibensis,
115.
Protosphvriieria innesa.
115.
P r ot o S37T1. gnat h.us,
391.
.7
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372.
.<a^'
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suuiati’ensis. 373.
Pr5nimetes, 116.
loiii^iventer. 116.
Pseudentropius, 326,
verbeeki. -326.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottac, 22-9. 130.
grandis. 130.
Lonsispina. 250.
svriaeus. 129.
Pseudoeleginus, .591.
aibyi, ,591. " .i
incermeclius, .591.
jonas, ,591.
inajori. .*’91.
Pseudolates, 499. :>*|^
iieberti, 499.
Pseudosphaerodon,
552.
hilseudurn. .552.
Pseudosyngnathus,
.381.
opisthoprerus, 381
T>5DEX. ,
CA. OK.'r'fAA ct-S,
Pycnosterinx,
daviesi, 39lJr
discoides, .393.
dorsalis, 392, 393.
dubius. 39.5.
elongatus, 395.
gracilis, 394.
heckeli, 390.
latus, 395.
lewisi. 404.
nisfer, 392.
russeggeri, 392.
Pygacanthus, 61
altus, 61.3.
Pygaeus, 557.
coleanus, 557.
dorsalis. 558.
egertoni, 557.
gibbus. 557.
gigas, 558.
jemelka, 579.
nobilis. 5.58.
nuchalis, 553.
oblongus. 5.58.
r<?<4.
269.
<j.
zignoi, 558.
ly^eUJ^
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Radamas, 536.
jugleri, 536.
Raniceps, 603.
Rhineastes (com.').
rad ulus, 3.30.
rhieas. 329.
smith! , 330.
Rlainellus, 265, 269^ .
curtirostris.
dainoni, 268.
ferox, 267.
furcatus, 236.
laniatus, 232.
longirostris, 232.
nasaiis, 269.
robiistus, 268.
schilli, 269.
tenuirostris, 269.
Rliinocephaius, 603
planiceps, 603.
Rhipidolepis, 613.
elegans, 613.
Rhodens, 316.
edwardsi, 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus, 317.
latior, 317-
magnus, 317.
oligactinius, 316.
Rhombus, 606.
abroptervx. 608.
bassanianus. 608.
latisulcatus, 603.^^^^</5i^^^ caudatus. 608
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4o.
tuberculosLis. 604.
Raphicsaurns,
lucius. 43.
2/ subul ideas, 43.
Rhabdofario, 160.
lacustris, 160.
’Rhabdolepis, Marck,
11.
I cretaceus. 20.
Rhacolepis, 29.
brama, 28.
latus, 32. n. fT
olfersii. 28.
' Rhamnhcgnathus.
36 i‘
cutrensis, 608.
fitzir geri, 608.
gentiluonioi, 607.
heckeli, 608.
kircbbergarius. 609.
ligusticus, 608.
minimus. 607.
minutus 608.
nardii, 668.
parvulus, 60S.
rbenanus, 608.
ricbiardii, 608.
sauvagei, 608.
Rhonchus, 458.
ca ran guides. 458.
Rhynchorhinus,
1- ^
42.
Pseudothiyptodus,
paraiepoides. 361,
brancbialis. 342.
85. ;
pompilius, 361.
j major, 343.
intermedins, 85.
sphyrmnoides. 362.
! Rita, 328.
Pseudovomer, 4,50. '
' Terneuili. 362.
i grandiscutata, 32f
minutus. 4.5<1.
Ptericephaiina, 146,
153.
elongata. 158.
macrograscrina, 153.
Pterothrissus, 67.
Pterygocephalus,
595.
paradoxus. 595.
Ptychocephalus. 487.
radiaui.s. .
329.
Rhamphornimia,
269.
rhinelloides, 269.
Rhamphosus, 377
aculeaius, 377.
biserratus. 378. ''
Rhineastes. 329.
arcuatus. 329.
calvus, 329. 9*^
pectinatus
peiratus. 329
'P.
'
Salmo, 159.
cyprinoides. 456. c\«*'3
immigratus, 160.
lewesiensis. 11,
marjena, 63.
‘ teplitiensis, 614.
S.4.LiIOXID.E, 159.
Saudroserrus reboulii,
520.
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Sardinioides. 230#
'.imblyostoma. 303.
^ attenuacu.s. 211.
:rassicaudu3. 23S.
inacro'Dteryguis. 242.
inesanterus. 239.
microceohaius. 237.
minutus. 242.
^monasteri. 11, 237.
pusiiiu?. 240.
renuicaucius. 242.
Sardinius. :-47.
blaoiibiirnii. 24S.
erassapinna. 132.
^oordieri. 247.
lineacus. 248.
ruacrodactyius. 131.
nasutulus. 248.
oercrassus. 248.
VODUSCUS, 131.
Sargus. 529.
anthropodon. .330.
aquicauicus. 530.
armatus. 530, 570.
baraidii. 530.
eavaimai. 530.
ouvieri. .330, bl7.
lieberci. .330.
incisivus. 530.
'omuicanus. 530.
lariconus, 529.
^jranensis. 539.
oweni. 531.
resiiccuriranus, 530.
ierracus. 531.
?ioni. 531.
siiii'ensis. 530.
Saiirocephaius.
1 T .■» ”
. io.
aibensii. 114.
ara-Dahdvius. 114.
3aurcdon, ill.
amais. 113.
broadheacu. 113.
couoideus. 113.
ferox. 113.
iiiLerraedius, 112.
lanciiormis. 11-3.
leanu.?. Ill, JOl.
marainacus, 229.
pblebotomus. 112.
pygmiBus. 113.
— ^->xipuiro3tris, 11.3.
Saurorh.am'Dh.us. 207.
JlO.
freyeri. 210.
■'Sauropsidium, 58.
' gracilicauda. 58.
I lajTissimum, 58.
' Scardinius dumeriii. 311.
.. 8cardiaiu3 sicanus. 311.
Scams, 553.
baiii’insensi'. 5.30, 531.
!uioeeni.c-us. 553.
uweni. 531.
iuevicus. 553.
retrodon. 553. '
Scatophagus. 561.
ainnis. 561.
caueilinii, 561.
rrontaiis. 561.
Scizsna. 539.
ani'oius. 539.
Iioisaticus. 539.
irresruiaris. 539.
iaciuacrix. 561.
o
xireubereensis, 539.
meridionaiis. 539.
ODtuSll.S. .1.j9. cyd~
piumierii. 521'. -
speciosus, 539.
undeciinads, 447.
Scomber {cont.).
iDeeiosLis, 466.
stemdacuneri. 459.
sujeaanu3. 459.
thynnus. 455, 457.
trachurus. 464.‘V-'7v o i
Sccmberodon, -^65. ^
dumonci. Tt70.
Scombrampiiodon.
474.
benedeni. 474.
erassidens. 475.
eurvidens. 474.
8combresocid.s:. 356.
Scombresox, 357.
licaiiB, 358.
obtusiroscris. 357.
SC0MBR[D.E, 451. T 3 /•>'
8co.mbriformes. 418.
Scombrmns, 461.
macroDomus. 4(32.
Mucbaiis. 461.
Scombroclupea. 135.
gaudryi. 138.
inacropbtaaima, 135.
j6D'
pinuuiata. 135.
SCOPELID.E. 235.
SccTDeloides. 254.
^jfiarisianus. 255.
nicoiisi, 256.
Scoweius iacercosns, 256
Scorpoena. 577.
minuna. 579. ^
piiari. 579. _ _
prior, 579.
seroi'a. 504.
tessieri. 579.
ScORP.EX[D.E. 577.
ScORP.ENTFORMES. 57i>.
Scor-paanoides. 580.
■- s
audas. 92.
broadiieadi. 113.
dematiis. 114.
dispar. 115.
fajumensis, 115.
inipquaiis, 115.
iiinexus. 115.
inrermedias. 112.
laiicirbrmis. 113.
’eanu3. ill.
iycodon. 204.
marirmatus. 228
ijCI.EN'IDJi;. ooC.
Scisnums, 524. 537.
boweroanxi. 527.
brevior, 527.
crassior, 527.
loiigior. 519.
3cierogiiaih.iis, 300.
Sccmoer. ^59.
auuunsa, 456.
^antiquus. 459.^'^"
''bordyia, 445.
iTiaucus. 448
■ t
DODOvieii, 580.
SccrpEenopteriis,
560.
siiuridens, 580.
ScvpiioPiiORr. 1.
Sebastodes, 579. ^ '
rosip. 579. .\:2. -i-
Semiopiicms, 430.
si gas. 430.
ma-ssalongianns. 431.
4r^Sparvuius. 431.
Eionascerii. 115.
isnoDiiis. ..'Ji.'y
,._o veiicaus. 431.
oblebocomus. 112.
orcvniis. 456.
vebi'er. 4.30.
picned. 115.
reiasicus. -±44. -
Semotiius, 32!
prosnacbiis. 107.
■peiamis. 464.
bairdi. 323.
striatus. 260. 264.
pianovanis, 459.
OOSCICU3. -323.
SLiDstriatua. 115.
priscus. 459.
Sencla. 444.
thaumas, 98.
l acinbeiis. 439.
anads. 445.
'vooowarai. 114.
s.iacaricus, 459.
beaumoiici. 44i
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INDEX,
Sericla {cont.).
l;Ua. 145.
prisca. 444^
-.-i
^'ijf^'-'^'Serranus, 521.
. r"'? <-*-N ^52./•(Jjs^iQet^g_ 522. 9
.'SV n U- ^01
« ' dubiu.s, o21.
gracilispinis, 521.
microstomus. 527.
noetiin^i, 522.
occipicaiis. 527.
pentacanthus, .521.
rudis. 521.
rugo.sus, 522.
stiriacus. 513, 522.
s
-■y/i
‘AS ili'/
'r ’Ti CX ‘
cc -: Y" I cc^,o
validus. 522.
ventraiis, 522. 52(5.
•wemmeliensis, 522.
SlLURID.£, 324.
Silums, 325.
ascira, 359.
bagres. 362.
cataphractus. 359.
cat us. 13.3.
egertoni. 331.
.^i^gaudryi, (516.
r^-^erdicensis. 326.
Siphcnostoma, .-iS2.
aibvi. 382.
casteilii. 3S2.
S'^erdis, 506.
ad uncus. .508.
anaiis. 508.
budensis, 508,
elongatus. 508.
formosus. 507.
lieersensis. 509.
isabeiLu, 616.
latior. 508.
lorenti, 518.
raacrurus. .507.
micracanthus, 504.
minutus. 506.
pvgmffius, 5(J5.
rhoensis, 509.
sandbersferi. 509.
.sauvagei, 509.
sieblosensis. 509.
taramellii. 509.
^ ventraiis, 509, 616.
, Solea. 609.
' antiqua. 610.
approximata. 610.
''glaber. 610.
guestialica. 611.
kircubersfana. 609.
lenticularis. 611.
proTiuciaiis. 611.
.'auvauei. 611.
Solencdcn. 190
le.suiaensis. 219.
Solenodon (cont.).
lobopterygius, 219.
neocomiensis, 204.
Soleno^athus, Pic¬
tet ^ Humbert. 271,
ers.
lineolatus, 274.
Solenorhynchus, 380.
eleijans, 380.
SOLENOSTOJI.4TID.£. 379.
Scricidens, 323.
baueri. 323.
Spanicdon, 48.
blondeii. 48.
brevis, 53.
electus, -18.
elongatus. 51.
hakeiensis, 274.
latus. 53.
lepturus. 54.
simus, 53.
Sparid.e. 524.
Sparisoma, 523.
Sparnodus. 524.
aiti veils. 525.
bowerbanki, 527.
elongatus. 526.
indatus. 528.
01.
interinedius. 52S.
letbriniformis. 525.
maerophtbalmus. 525.
micracanthus. 525.
microstomus. 527-
moloni, 528
ovaiis. 525. ^
Sparoides. 537.
moiassicus. 536.
robusrus, 537.
spbtericus. 537-
tenuis. 537.
umbonatus. 537.
Sparcsoma, 523.
ovaiis. 523.
Sparus brama. 527.
Sparus bulcanus. 556.^^
Sparus cbromis. 526.
Sparus dentex, 525.
Sparus ervtbrinus. 525.
Spams maerophtbalmus.
525.
Sparus salna, 526.
Sparus sargus. 525.
Sparus vulgaris. 525,
527.
Spathcdactylus, 98.
neocomiensis. 98.
Sphaerodus. 537.
annidaris. 535.
aradasii, 545.
cinctus. 531. ,535.
ciuguiatus. 535.
Sphaerodus (conz.i
conicus, 537.
depressus, .536.
discus, 536.
insignis, 5.S7.
intermedins, .537.
kergomardius, bob.
lejeaiiianus, 530.
lens. 5.36.
oculus-serpeutis, 537.
parvus, 538.
polyodon, 545.
pygmteus, 535.
subtruncatus, 536.
truncatus, 538.
wieebmanni, 538.
Spiiaeebranclius.
347.
formosissimus, 347.
Sphenocephalus,
Oo —
I .
cataphractus. 388.
lissieaudus. 387.
Sphenoiepis, Agassic,
275.
cuvieri. 277.
squamosseus. 276.
Sph.37Taena, 366.
amici 369.
bolcensis, .366. /
carmata, 204. ,
croatica, 368.
gracilis. 366.
intermedia, 367. ,
mai or. 6\ >8 .
maxima. 366.
speciosa, 368, 616.
sternbergensis, 369.
suessi. 368. , i-»5.
tvrolensis, 616.
viennensis, obb.'^ ■
winkleri. 369.
Sphye.exidje, 365.
Sphy rasnodus, 473. i. , ■
bottii. 470. , —
^ conoideus, 476. 2^'”^ ^
crassidens, 47-5.
gracilis, 469. '
lingulatus. 467. . " ' ‘
priscus. 473.
siiovianus. 616.
speciosus. 616.
tenuis, -169.
Spinacanthus, 566.
blenuioides. 566.
Spinacites. 415.
radiatus, 415.
Sninax marginatus, 228.
Sqtiaiitis. 323.
arcir'erus. .323.
bairdi. 323.
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INDEX
Sanairas {covr ).
Tetra^oncDteriis,
Tinea (coni.).
i;iiuii:aLus. -J^S.
208.
inaca'opcerygia, 615.
iR-au'o, ,^Li.
avus. 298.
magna, 312.
po^cieiR. 1)23.
liiiniticus. 298.
micropygopreva, 314.
readinei. 323.
Tet rap turns, -90.
obrruncata, .316.
Stencstcma. 423.
lElilUl', 116.
tarsiger, 315.
puiciieiia. 4Ey.
priicus, 491.
Taldarnensis, 31 5.
Stephancdus, o32.^,.
Tetrcdcn, 571.
vuio-aris. 31.5.
si)iei'iueiis. 532.
hispidus. 576.
Titanich.th.ys, Dames.
Stsrecdus, 476.
houcEenii. 576.
612.
meiitensis. -76.
lawieyi, 571.
pbarao. 612.
otratcdus. iSS.
pygmoius. 571.
Tomodon, 612.
aiiirliens. .57.
571.
hoiTiEc as. 612.
apicaiis. 189.
Tel'tiiipid.e. 523.
Temo^nathns, 116.
oxyposfon. 1^9.
Teuthis. 523.
mordax, 117.
Strinsia, 662.
ThaiimatEirns. 160.
leiudus. 117.
aiata. 662.
cieichinaelieri. i)i4.
Toxopoma, 613.
■^TRO-M VTE[J).£. 410.
diungaius. 614.
pulicum. 61.3.
Styiodiis. .5.53.
du’catus. 160. 614.
- Texetes, 561.
lebescoiitei. .55..'>.
disaais. 160. 614.„~
aptiquus. 561.
Sudis, 2.' 7.
Thrisscpater, 32'.'-'^'--
Trachixid.e. 589.
Syil30inus. 3.50.
R.a'SElR. .33.
Trachincpiis, 591.
anaiicus. 3.51.
laeeaiups. 3.5.
iberica. 591.
latifi’Oiis. 351. (>14.
;;iimoueus. 33.
Trachinus, 590.
> Y >: G N A T 1 1 1 D - E . .3 > 1 5 .
Thias^ops ETac-iiis, OJ.
draciineuius. 590.
SynanariiELS. d
vexillifer. 02.
L;.Evi.g;an_is. 506.
aiunis. .-..-'j. y
Thrisscptercides. 54.
uiuiaoiiis. 596.
, .albyi. 3.S2.
eioua'atas. 54.
seeiandiciis. 590.
d^/boicensis, 383.
iuuennedius. 55.
verus. 596.
bi'evicuius. 383.
Trachynctns, 450.
lieoEeii, .J>3.
'luciier, .ji).
reau’ceps. ■±b^j.
heiiiRi. 383.
Riiuiceps. 5.5.
Triacanthus. 566.
' ■'Pisihontenis. .381.
Thxisscpteriis. oO.
Trisnaspis, i7.3. 187.
rvphle. 3''!.
•aiuiii!. ^9.
virofuiiitus. 187.
Svncdciitis. .624.
Thryptcdus. 8,?, 83,
Trichiurichthys, 482.
Syncpnrys, 613.
"5.
incertus. 482.
iiopei. 61-3.
Rvtundii?. 85.
Trichiuridesj 229_^e c ^
Syniesmcdus. 84.
zitieii. r-A.
inarginutus. 229. .
Tiiynnichthys. 303.
■ aioiyoscoma. 363.
mioOLEaUS. :r8l. ■'
Trichophanes. 416."'^''^*'’''^
TliV^^nns. 454.
eopei. 416.
Tachynectes, e76.
.^.I'-wuscatus. 457.
r'oliarum. 416.
laMcuTEceryfriiis.
boiceusis. -ib i .
Liians, 416.
•-76.*
■ .aiiCeoiati'iS. -r;>o.
Trivia, 586.
loiiEipes. 876.
■'AiaEuvacus. 459.
aciiuncta. 587.
ui a e r od a c.* t y ill 5 . _ 7 0 .
■proptei'vg’us. -64. j
uor. 587.
Tarsicathys. 312.
".roximus. 457. '
dllipdca. .587.
eieEaci. 31.5.
icaidisi. 45.5. ’ j
irii'ausca. .556.
Pii'siser. .115.
rhvnnus. 455. i
licaue. 5S6.
Taurinichtliys, 553.
TOiiapicus. 458. i
ivra. 5c9.
lEioeeiuciis. 553.
vaio’aris. 4.5.5. :
naraii. 586. ^
i'-lfEd!.’!,
Tliyrsites. 481.
simonejiii. 586,
l.aii.Oii'a do’.iidfr.s.
Oa'ISUlOI. 481.
Triglid.e. 58.5.
*^0l 0"^^ Oils. ’
Tlayrsitcce-oliaius.
Triaioides. .556.
.ajEucepiiaius. 804.
' 476.
■aiata. .,'86.
ilauCdiiaaLUi. 2;5.
aiPinii^. 4(7. j
deiarciini. 5.'-6. 366.
rAiiuis. ’J:^.5.
J. iiica . ..yi 2.
iiisiirnis. 5c6
TaraiicntiiY^s,
.l-ancomi’tana. 316.
Tan oenedensis, 580.
araioiuracis. -46.
lurcara. 312.
Trigonoden. .5..1. -
Taihsc diis. 100.
..-t.EosjUia, 313.
■Rveni. 531.
■^dY'iirecio. 8Uy.
YEiiica. 615.
^di-rarus. 5-31.
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INDEX.
Tydeiis, '257.
aibyi, 257.
eiongatus, 257.
mesistosoma, '25 1 .
spliekodes, 258.
Umbrina. 538.
peccbioiii. 538.
Uranoscspus, 590.
peruzzii, .)90.
rastrum, 377.
Urenclieiys, 337.
ansiiicus. 339.
N avus, 337.
vK b k e 1 6 n s 1 s , ^ o 8 .
Uropterina, 146.
platyrachis, 158.
Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistuiaris, 376.
Vomer longispinus, 436.
1 Vomer parvulus, 451. }
Vomer priscus, 442.
Vomeropsis, 435.
eLonsratus, 437. '
lon^ispinus. 436.
^ienciennesi, 437. ;
Xiphactinus, 92.
audas, 92, 98.
bracbygnatbus, 97. j
lestrio, 97. '
Xiphias, 490. _ i
acutirostris, 357.
anciquus. 495.
delfortriei, 497. \
j robustus, 49/ . ;
X1PHI1D.E, 490. !
Xiphopterus, 482.
falcatiis. 482. |
Xipliiorhynchus, |
490. '
elegans. 491.
Xiphiorhynchus
{cont, ).
priscus, 491. . -t.
-V-#
Zancius, 450.
brevirostris, 450.
eoccenus, 450.
Zeus, 417.
benoisti, 417.
gallu3, 449. ,
hoernesi, 417.^
lewesiensis, 397.
licatJB, 418.
platessa, .501.
pliocenicus, 418.
priscus, olt).
regieysianus, 501.
rbombeus, 439.
robastus, 418.
spinosus, 500.
triurus. 436.
vomer, 436.
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S. i- U i.J-
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
OP
GENERA AND SPECIES
DESCRIBED IN PART IT.
Order ACTINOPTEE.YGII (continued) .... i
Suborder lY. ISOSPOISfDYLI (continued) .... 1
Family LEPTOLEPID.^ (continued) . 1
Lycoptera . 1
- middendorffi . 2
- sinensis . 3
Family ELOPIDaE . 7
Elopopsis . 8
- fenzli . 9
- microdon . 9
- - heckeli . 9
- crassus . 10
Osmeroides . 11
- lewesiensis . 11
- levis . 15
- gracilis . . 16
- lewisi . 17
- attenuatus . 19
PART IV, h
XVlll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family ELOPID^ (continued).
Osmeroides sardinioides
- cretacens ....
Flops .
Megalops .
- priscus .
- oblongus ....
Xotelops . .
- brama .
Ebacolepis .
- biiccalis ....
♦
- latus .
Thrissopater .
- salmoneus ....
- magnus ....
- (?) megalops .
Pacbvrbizodus . . . .
- basalis .....
- dibleyi .
• - gardneri . ■. . .
- latimentum ...
- subulidens . .
Esocelops . . . . . .
- cavifrons . . . .
Spaniodon . .
- blondeli . . .
- elongatus . . . .
- latus . . . . .
Thrissopteroides . . . .
- elongatus . . .
- latus .
- intermedius .
- tenuiceps . . . .
- pulcher . . . .
Protelops ... . . .
- geinitzi . . . .
- anglicus . . . .
19
20
99
24
24
26
27
27
29
30
32
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
40
42
43
46
46
48
48
51
53
54
54
54
55
55
56
56
57
57
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XIX
Page
Pamily ALBULID^ . 59
Albula . 60
- oweni . 60
Chanoides . 63
- macropoma . 63
Chanos . 64
Prochanos . . , 65
- rectifrons . 65
Ancylostylos . 66
- gibbus . . 66
Istieus . 66
- grandis . 67
- macrocephalus . 70
- lebanonensis ........ 71
Anogmius . 71
- polymicrodus . 72
Family OSTEOGLOSSIDiE
Eapedoglossus
- testis . .
- sequipinnis
Brychsetus
- muelleri
Incertae sedis
Plethodus
— ^ — expansus .
- pentagon .
- oblongus .
Thryptodus .
73
74
75
75
76
76
80
80
81
83
83
85
Family NOTOPTEEID^ . 85
l^’otopterus . . 86
- primaevns . . 86
h 2
sx
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Eamily CHIEOCEOTRID.^
Chirocentrus .
- ^ (?) polyodon
Platinx
Chiromystus . .
- mawsoni . >
Chirocentrites
- coroninii
Portheus . .
- molossus .
Page
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
- mantelli
- daviesi .
- gaultinus .
Spathodactylus .
- neocomiensis
Ichthyodectes
- — ctenodon .
- aiiaides .
— - arciiatus
- serridens .
- minor .
- elegans . ,
- tenuidens . .
- libanicns .
Cladocyclus .
- gardneri
- lewesiensis
Saurodon . .
- leanus .
- phlebotomus
- intermedius
Saurocephalus
- lanciformis
- woodward!
Incertae sedis
Tompgnathus
- mordax .
95
95
95
98
98
99
100
100
101
101
102
103
101
105
107
108
109
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
116.
116
117
SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xxi
Page
Pamily CTENOTHHISSID^ . 119
Ctenothrissa . 120
- yexillifer . . . . . 120
- radians . 122
- microcephala . 124
Aulolepis . 126
- typus . . . 127
Paraily CLUPEIDAE . 128
Pseudoberyx . 129
- syriacus . . 129
- bottae . . 130
- grandis . 130
Histiothrissa . 131
- macrodactyla . 131
- crassapinna . 132
Engraulis . -- 133
Halecopsis . . 133
- insignis . 134
Scombroclupea . I 135
- rnacrophthalma . 135
- gaudryi . 138
_ 9
Diplomystus . . 139
- dentatns . 139
- brevissimus . 140
- birdi . 142
\ - longicostatus . . 143
- humilis . 144
- altus . 145
- vectensis . 146
Clupea . 146
- scheuchzeri . 147
- catopygoptera . 148
- humilis . 150
- crenata . 151
- numidica . 151
■ - sardinites . 152
- sprattus . 153
XXll
SrSTEilATIC INDEX
Pamily SALIIOMD^ .
Salmo ....
Mallotus .
- villosus .
Family HALOSAPEIDAE.
Echidnocephalus
- troscheli
Enchelunis
- villosus .
- syriacus
- anglicus
Family A^OTACAA'THIDFE
Pronotacanthus .
- sahel-almcB
Family DERCETID^
Dercetis . .
- scutatus
Leptotrachelus .
- armatus
- triqueter . .
- gracilis
- hakelensis .
- elongatus .
Pelargorhyuchus
- dercetiformis
Family EA^CHODOA'TIDAE
Enchodus .
- lewesiensis
- pulchellus .
- anuecteus .
- faujasi .
- lemonnieri
- longidens .
Page
. 159
. 159
. 160
. 161
. 162
. 163
. 163
. 164
. 164
. 165
. 167
.' 168
. 169
. 169
. 171
' 172
. 172
. 173
. 174
. 174
'. 180
. 184
. 184
. 188
. 188
. 189
. 190
. 191
. 193
. 195
. 196
. 198
. 199
SYSTEZyiATIC IXDEX. Xxili
Family ENCHODOIN^TID^ (continued).
Page
Enrhodus major . 200
- gracilis . 201
- macropterus . 202
Eiirypholis . . 207
- boissieri . 207
- freyeri . 210
Palseolycus . . 211
- dreginensis . 211
Halec . 212
- sternbergi . 212
- eupterj^gius . 213
- microlepis . 218
- haueri . 219
Cimolichthys . 221
- lewesiensis . 221
- oepseolica . 225
Prionolepis . 229
- angustus . . , . . . . . . 230
- catapbractus . . 230
- laniatus . . 232
Leptecodon . 233
- rectus . ' . 233
Pantopholis . ' . 234
Family SCOPELID^ . 235
Sardinioides . 236
- monasteri . . 237
- crassicaudus . 238
- megapterus . 239
- pusillus . 240
- attenuatus . 241
Acrognathus . 243
— — boops . . 243
- libanicus . 244
Leptosomus . 244
— ^ — guestphalicus . 245
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family SCOPELID-^ (continued).
Leptosomus elongatus .
- macrourus .
- minimus
Sardinius .
- cordieri . .
Dactylopogon
- grandis ....
T^ematonotus ....
- bottas ....
Micro coelia ....
- granulata .
- libanica
Opisthopteryx . . .
- gracilis ....
Scopeloides ....
- glarisianus
Paras cop elus . . .
- lacertosus . . - .
Anapterus . . . .
- megistosoma .
Apateodus ....
- glyphodus . . .
- striatiis . . . .
- lanceolatus
Rhinellus . . . .
- furcatus . . .
- ferox . . .
- damoni ....
Family GONOEHYJ^CHID.^ .
, Charitosomus
- formosus .
- major . . . .
- lineolatus . . .
- bakelensis . . .
Yotogoneus . . . .
xxiv
Page
245
245
246
247
247
248
249
249
250
252
252
252
253
254
254
255
256
256
257
257
258
258
260
264
265
266
267
268
271
271
272
272
274
274
275
SYSTEMATIC IJIDEX. XXV
Family GONORHYNCHID^ (^continued).
Page
FTotogoneus osculiis . 275
- squamossens . 276
- cuvieri ' . 277
- longiceps . . 278
Family CHIEOTHFICID^ . 279
Chirothrix . 280
- libanicus . 280
- lewisi . 283
- guestfalicus . 283
Telepbolis . 284
- acrocephalus . 284
- (?) tenuis . 285
Exocoetoides . 286
- minor . . 286
Family ESOCID.E .
V
....... 287
Esox ......
. 287
- lepidotus .
...... 288
Family CYPEIYODONTIEJE .
. 289
Prolebias .....
. 290
- cephalotes .
. 290
- furcatus '. .
. 291
- gregatus . .
. 292
- sienoura
. .292
- goreti ....
. 293
- brongniarti
. .293
Pachylebias ....
...... 294
- crassicaudus .
Suborder Y. OSTARIOPHYSI .
. 296
Family CHAEACIYID^E] . . .
. 297
Tetragonopterus
. 298
- avus ....
...... 298
- ligniticus . .
. 298
XXYl
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family CYPKIXID.^ . .
Catostomus .
Amyzon
Cyprinus .
- priscTis .
Barbus
- megacephalus
Th\Tinichthvs
- amblyostoma
Gobio ....
- analis .
Amblypharyngodou
Leuciscus .
- oeningensis
papyraceus
colei
macrurus
leptus .
Tinea
furcata .
leptosoma
micropygoptera
tarsiger
Ebodeus
elongatus
- latior
Aspius . . .
- gracilis .
- minutus
Cobitis . .■
- centrochir
- angustus
- cepbalotes
Hexapsephus .
- guentheri
Page
. 299
. 299
. 300
. 300
. 301
. 301
. 302
. 303
. 303
. 303
. 304
. 304
. 305
. 305
. 307
. 308
. 308
. 309
. 312
. 312
, 313
. 314
. 315
. "316
. 316
. 317
. 318
. 318
. 318
320
. 320
. 321
. . 321
. 322
. 322
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXVll
Family SILUEID.^ . .
Clarias ....
- falconeri
Heterobranchus .
- palaeindiciis
Silurus . . .
Pseudeutropius .
- Yerbeeki .
Macron es . . .
- aor . . .
Pita ....
A mi urns . . .
Ehineastes
Bucklandium
- diluYii . . ^
Arms ....
- egertoni
- crassus . .
- (?) bartonensis
- iheringi
Bagarius . ‘ . .
- gigas . .
Page
. 324
. 324
. 324
. 325
. 325
. 325
. 326
. 326
, 327
. 327
. 328
. 328
. 329
. 330
. 330
. 330
. 331
. 332
. 333
. 333
. 335
. 335
Suborder Yl. APODES . . 336
Family MUE^l^IDAE . . 330
Urenchelys . . 337
- avus . 337
- hakelensis . . 333
- anglicus . . . 339
Eomyrus ........... 340
— dolloi . 340
- latispinus ......... 340
- ventralis . . 344
Ehynchorhinus . 342
- branchialis . 342
- major . 343
XXYlll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Family (continued).
Paranguilla ....
- tigrina ....
Anguilla .
- leptoptera .
- elegans ....
jS’ettastoma ....
- bolcense
Suborder YII. PERCESOCES .
Family CFOSSOGNATHIDiE
Crossognatbus
- sabaudianus .
Syllaemus . . . .
- latifrons
- anglicus
Family AMMODYTID^ . .
Cobitopsis
- - acutiis' .
Family SCOMBRESOCID^ .
V, Belone . ,
” - tenuis . . . .
Scorn bresox .
- obtiisirostris .
Hemiramphus
Family ATHEEINIDAE . .
Atherina . . . .
- macrocephala .
- sarmatica .
- vardinis . .
Ehamphognathus
- paralepoides .
- sphyraenoides .
■A
■it
Page V
343 j
343 -
344 ^
344
345
346
346
347
348
348
349
350
351
351
354
354
355
356
356
357
357
357
358
358
359
359
360
360
361
361
362
.'-a
is
1
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXIX
Page
Family MUGILID^ . . 363
Mngil . . . 363
- priuceps . 364
- radobojaniis . . 365
Family SPHYK^IsHD^ . 365
SphyrsBna . 366
- bolcensis . . . 366
- mtermedia . 367
- suessi . 368
Suborder YIII. HEMIBRANCHII . 369
Family AULOFHYYCHID^ ....... 371
Protaulopsis . 371
- bolcensis . 371
Aulorhvnchus . . 372
- sumatrensis . 373
Family FISTULARIID^ . . . 373
«/
Fistnlaria . . . . , . . 374
- koenigi . 374
- longirostris . 375
' ^ ^Aiilostoma . . ^ . . . . . . 375
^ - bolcense . . . . . . , > 375
Urosphen . 376
- - dubia . 376
Family CEYTEISCID^ . 377
Ehampbosus . 377
- aculeatns . 377
- biserratus . 378
Amphisile . 378
- heinricni . 379
Family SOLEYOSTOMATID.^ . 379
Solenorbynchus . 380
- elegans . 380
XXX
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
. Family SYNGITATHID^
Pseudosyngnathus
- opisthopterus
Siphonostoma
- albyi . .
Syngnathus .
Calamostoma .
- breviculum
Suborder IX. ACANTHOPTERYGII
Division A. Beryciformes . . .
Family BEPYCID^ ....
Beryx . .
Sphenocephalus . .
- fissicaudus . • .
- cataphractus' . .
Acrogaster ....
- parvus . ...
- * - brevicostatus . .
- heckeli . . . ._
- daviesi ....
Pycnosterinx ....
- russeggeri . . .
- discoides . . .
- gracilis ....
- dubius ....
Hoplopteryx ....
- antiquus . . .
- zippei ....
- lewesiensis
- - superbus . . .
- lundensis . . .
- lewisi ... .
- syriacus . . .
- stachei ....
Page
. . 380
. . 381
. . 381
. . 382
. . 382
. . 382
. . 383
. . 383
. 384
. 384
. 384
. 385
. 387
. 387
. 388
, . 388
. 389
. 389
. 390
. 390
. 391
. 392
. 393
. 394
. 395
. 396
. 396
. 397
. 397
. 403
. 404
. 404
. 405
. 406
SYSTEMATIC I2IDEX.
xxxi
Pamily BEPYCID^ (continued).
Page
Dinopteryx .
..... 406
- spinosus ....
. 407
Homonotus .
..... 407
- dorsalis .
. 408
Myripristis .
. 410
- leptacanthus .
..... 410
- homopterygius
. 411
Holocentrum .
. 412
- macrocephalum . .
. 412
- melitense ....
. 413
Family APHEEDODERIDiE . .
. 416
Pamilv CYTTIDEE ......
Division B. Scombriformes ....
. 418
FamUy STROMATEID^ . . . .
. 419
Omosoma ......
. 419
- sahel-almae . . .
. 419
- intermedium . . .
..... 420
- pulchellum . . .
. ... . . 421
Platycormus ... . . .
. . . . . 421
- germanus . ...
. 421
Berycopsis .....
. 423
- - elegans .....
. 423
Family CAEANGID^ .....
..... 425
Aipichthys • . - . . . .
..... 427
- pretiosus ....
. . . . . 427
- velifer .
. 427
- - minor .
. 428
- - nuchalis ....
. .... 429
Semiophoms .
. .... 430
- velifer ... . .
. 430
- velicans ....
. 431
Platax .
. 432
XXXll
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family CAEANGIDJii {continued).
Platax woodward! . .
Amphistiiim ....
- paradoxam
Yomeropsis ....
- longispinus
- eloDgatus .
- valenciennesi .
Alene .
- rhombeus .
- oblongus .
Caranx .
Arcbceus .
- glarisianus .
Seriola .
- prise a ....
■ lafca .....
- analis ....
Carangopsis ....
- brevis ....
- - dorsalis
Ductor .
— — leptosomus . . •
Family SCOMJBRIDAE ....
Isuricbtbvs ....
- macrarus .
' - orientalis .
Tbynnas .
- thvnnas
V
- - scaldisi ....
- lanceolatas
Eotbynnas ....
- salmoneas .
Scomber .
Palimphyes ....
- elongatas .
Page
. 432
. 434
. 434
. 435
. 436
. 437
. 437
. 437
. 439
. 440
. 441
. 442
. 442
. 444
. 445
. 445
. 446
. 446
. 447
. 448
. 448
. 451
. 453
. 453
. 453
. 454
. 455
. 455
. 456
. 457
. 457
. 459
. 460
. 460
systematic t^^dex. xxxiil
Family SCOMBRID^ {continued).
Page
Scombri nus . 461
- uuchalis . ,.461
- macropomus 462
Auxis . 463
- (?) propterygius . 464
Cybium . i . . . 465
- speciosum . . , 466
- bleekeri ... ...... 466
- excelsum . 467
- bartoneose . 467
- lingulatum . . 469
Eocoeloporaa . . 470
- colei . . 470
- curvatum . . 472
Sphyraenodus . . 473
- prisons . . 473
Scombramphodon . 474
- benedeni . . 474
- curvidens .......... 474
- crassidens . . 475
Thyrsitocephnlus . 476
- alpimis . ' . . . 477
Lepidopus . 477
- glarisianus . 477
- brevicauda ........ 480
- albyi . . 480
Family PAL^OEHYNCHID^ . 482
Palaeorhyncbus . 4g3
- glarisianus . 483
- longirostris . . 486
- zitleli .......... 487
Hemirhynchns . 488
- deshayesi . 488
- colei . 488
PART lY.
C
XXXIY
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
Family XIPHIID^
Xiphiorhynchus
- elegans .
- priscus .
Acestrns .
- ornatus
Histiophorus .
- eoccenicus
- rotuDdus
Page
490
490
491
491
494
494
495
495
495
Division C. Perciformes . -197
Family PERCIDAE . d-98
Prelates . . . 499
- heberti . 499
Acanns . 500
- spinosus . 500
- regleysianus . . 501
Dates . 502
- gracilis . 502
Cyclopoma . 504
- gigas . 504
- (?) micracanthum . . . . . . 504
Smerdis . . . . . . . ' 506
- minntus . 506
- formosus . '. 507
- macrurus . 507
Labrax . 509
- ubinoi . . . . ' 510
- sebizurus . ".510
- oeningensis . 511
Percichthys . 514
- antiquus . . 514
Properca . 514
- angnsta . 515
- beaumonti . 515
- (?) prison . 516
V
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXXT
Pamily PEPCIDS {continued).
Mioplosus .
- labracoides
Perea ....
Family TEPTHIDID^ .
Page
517
517
518
523
Pamily SPAPID^E . . 524
Sparnoflus . . 524
- macrophthalmus ....... 525
- elongatus . 526
- microstomiis . 527
- bowerbanki . . 527
Sargus . 529
- oranensis . 529
- laticoniis ......... 529
Trigonodoii . 531
- oweni ' . 531
- serratus ......... 531
PageUus . 532
Pagrus . 533
Chrysophrys . 534
Pamily SCI^?TIDAE . .
Pamily LABRIDJE . , .
Labriis . . . .
Julis . . . .
Labrodon .
- superbus .
- canariensis
PhvUodus . . .
- toliapicus .
Egertonia
- isodonta
Platvlaemus .
%/
- colei
Pseudosphserodon
- hilgendorfi
. 538
. 539
. 539
. 541
. 541
. 542
. 542
. 546
. 546
. 550
. 551
. 551
. 551
. 552
. 552
XXXVl
SYSTEMATIC IXDEX
Pamily CHROMID^ .
Priscacara
- serrata .
- cUvosa .
Division D. Chsetodontiformes
Family CH^ETODONTIDJE
Pygaeus . . .
- coleanus .
Proantigonia .
Ephippus .
- rhombus .
Family ACRONDRID-E .
Aulorhamphus .
Apostasis . . .
Acanthurus . .
Naseus ....
- - rectifrons .
Family BALISTIDiE . .
Spinacanthus
Acanthopleurus .
- serratus
Acanthoderma .
- spinosum .
Ostracion . .
Family GYMNODONTID^
Tetrodon . . . ^
Diodon . . ...
- erinaceiis .
- scillae .
- sigma . .
- vetus
Orthagoriscus
Page
554
554
554
554
556
556
557
J:
557
558
559
559
562
3
562
563
563
564
%
- TV
564
'A
565
-566*
566
"is
vV
567
568
568
’ 1
569
-- 'A<
: ■ -TM
33
570
-
571
571
572
572
573
sk
573
576
SrSTEilATIC IXDEX.
Division E. Scorpaeniformes . . . .
Eamilv SCOE-P^DNID^E .
Ampheristus .
- toliapicus .
Eamilv COTTID^ .
Eocottus .
- veronensis .
Lepidocottus .
- aries .
- brevis ......
- papyraceus ....
- multipinnatus
Cottus .
Family TEIGLID^ . .
Division F. Gobiiformes .
FamUy GOBIIDiE ...... A
Family TEACHINID^ .
Callipteryx .
- speciosus .
- recticaudus ....
Division G. Blemuiformes .
Family BLOCHIIDAE . . . .
Blochius .
- longirostris ....
Family BLEA'XIID^ .
Pterygocephalus .
- paradoxus .
SCORP.ENIDJE.
577
II. Post-temporal almost or completely fused
with cranial roof, and supraclavicle dis¬
placed backwards so that post-temporal
and clavicle are in contact.
Vertebral transverse processes short or absent;
no anal fin-spines ; scaly or only with
bony plates along lateral line. ......... TaiGLiDiE (p. 585).
Family SCORP^NIDiE.
Head more or less armed with spines ; mouth large and terminal,
with minute teeth. Vertebrae 24 to 31 in total number, those of
abdominal region with transverse processes supporting ribs. Post¬
temporal bone free from cranium, and supraclavicle normal.
Large pectoral fins with pelvic fins directly beneath ; dorsal fin
much extended, with 8 to 16 strong spines ; anal fin with 3 spines.
Trunk covered with a regular squamation or naked.
These are marine fishes of wide distribution and varied habit.
Five supposed extinct genera are known by unsatisfactory frag¬
ments, but only one of them is represented in the Collection.
A figure of the skeleton of the existing Sco7'poena is given by
Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. L, fig. 2.
Genus AMPHERISTUS, Konig.
[leones Foss. Sect. 1825, pi. xv. fig. 190 (undefined).]
Syn. Goniognathus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i. 1844, p. 63
(name only).
An apparently extinct genus, known only by remains of the
head, vertebral column, and scales. Orbit very large ; interorbital
portion of cranial roof concave, with a pair of small prominences
above the hinder part of the orbital rim ; only two pairs of short
longitudinal ridges on the postorbital portion of the frontal region,
forming an incomplete W ; lower border of mandible sharply bent
inwards. Preoperculum with 5 broad spines ; suborbital stay
probably very stout. Vertebrse probably about 24 in total number.
Ampheristus toliapicus, Konig.
[Text-figure 21.]
1825. Ampheristus toliapicus, C. Konig, op. cit. pi. xv. fig. 190,
1844. Goniognathus maxillaris^ L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
p. 63 (name only).
1844. Goniognathus corypheenoides, L. Agassiz, tom. cit. p. 63 (name
only).
PART IV. 2 p
578
ACTINOPTEETQII.
Type. Hinder half of cranium ; British Museum.
The type species, with skull about 0*1 in length and 0'05 in
maximum width. Two upper preopercular spines inconspicuous.
Form. ^ Log. Lower Eocene (London Clay) : Sheppey, Kent.
P. 9432. Well-preserved postorbital portion of cranium, the type
specimen figured by Konig. The two median frontal
ridges are shown. Old Collection.
35719. Eemains of head displaying the right preoperculum, which
is shown, nat. size, in the accompanying fig. 21 a. The
Pig. 21.
Ampheristus toliapicu&\ right preoperciiluin, outer aspect (A), and hinder
portion of cranium, upper aspect (B). nat. size, e'po., epiotic ; facettes ;
/r., frontal; orh., orbit; pto., pterotic; s.occ., supraoccipital ; x., squa¬
mosal (?) ; 1-4, ridges.
lowermost spine is broken, and the upper end of the bone
is incomplete. A ridge and facette (/) indicate the
attachment of the bony suborbital stay. Purchased, 1860.
P. 630. Fragmentary head and three anterior vertebrae, labelled by
Agassiz and Egerton as intended to be the type specimen
of Gonioynathus coryiphaenoides. Egerton Coll.
35718. Imperfect head. Purchased, 1860.
P. 9433-35. Three imperfect heads, one showing 8 pairs of
branchiostegal rays. History unknown.
38899. Eemains of head. Bowerhank Coll.
P. 4143, P. 4540. Five imperfect specimens, the first showing the
frontal ridges, as represented in the accompanying
^ o sy/7artce/CL. ^ rs.^K, f. /^^6> j-». .
/>/.K/y. y/AA^^: /S^^,
Sc A ^zrgc^^. /7. /^- ^9f , 3cpr j<p v-/// ^ ^
y5>/, 7^4 SaAc^'af^;<:y^<zu. . ^f At>^.
'^S^Zyi^Sf' '^* “^v S.C7r'a^^rzr^<r^^y^^y<> pi.,
XJc:>C(U y. X:jcXir//l ■/
Sho;yy^a^e£7A ^ Aj S^ A/y /- 3 ,
Cy^^^zA. ^eir^. /AAxi^. i/'</P. s/'if. ^A. i.
//p^),/,. a*4 y^.x. f. /,^. — /%« >C^/MJf; sI^L CCty^ef. ^
^ ^ f~A*^'Z'^r**.^ -*.e«^. 3/^,
<3t^<r.
/’^c*^A^-n<3 >x.
/t? J*
X, twT xx/^^- ^-^'T 4^-^^
CQ,^^/4. 9'y%-'l/L^. Slry..^, "S^,
SCORP^NIDJE.
579
fig. 21b. The extended low supraoccipitai spine is seen
behind, and the supraoccipitai (s,occ.) is observed to extend
forwards between the hinder ends of the frontals (fr.).
The incomplete W formed by the postorbital frontal ridges
(2, 3) is distinct ; and the small supraorbital prominence
(4) is seen on the left side. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 1698, P. 1759. Three imperfect specimens. Egerton Coll.
38912. Portion of skull and greater part of vertebral column. The
hinder abdominal vertebrae bear large, laminar, down¬
wardly-directed transverse processes. Bowerhank Coll.
The following supposed extinct species of this family, not repre¬
sented in the Collection, have been referred to existing genera: —
ScorpcBna minima, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 110, pi. xxii. fig. 2. — Upper
Miocene ; Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological
Museum, University of Agram.]
^ Scorjocena jpilari, I). G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1882, p. 109, pi. xxii.
fig. 1. — Upper Miocene ; Kadoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect
Geological Survey, Tieana.]
poena, prior, I. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), pt. i. p. 72, pi. x. fig. 10. —
Middle Miocene (Leithakalk) ; Vienna. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.]
Scorpcena tessieri, H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 114, fig. 69. — Upper Miocene ; Oran, Algeria.
[Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
Sebastodes (?) rosoe, C. H. Eigenmann, Zoe, vol. i. (1890), p. 16,
with fig. — Tertiary ; Port Harford, California. [Pre-
j. . ^erculumj « .’-o
The following extinct genera and species, which are not repre- / .. n
sented in the Collection, are supposed to be related to Scorpcena
Ctenopoma jemelka, I. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
i 3,
7 /_
naturw. Cl. vol. xi. (1856), pt. i. p. 272, pi. xv. figs. 6-9.
Pygoeus jemelka, J. J. Heckel, Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 500
(name only). — Middle Miocene ; near Oedenburg, Vienna.
- [The type species. Imperfect fish; olim Jemelka Coll.,
^,1^’ Histiocephalus bassanii, A. de Zigno, Mem. H. Istit. Venetn,
vol. xxiii. (1887), p. 31, fig. 9.— Upper Eocene ; Monte
X.cn^.
qjP
/^z6 L/<
580
ACTI^fOPTEl^TGII.
Bolca, near Verona. [Imperfect fish ; Zigno Coll., Uni¬
versity of Padua.]
P ''4 Scorpcenoides popovicii, F. Priem, Bull. Soc. Geol. Francje [3]
P ^ol. xxvii. (ISOO^ p. 248, pi. ii. figs. 27-30. — Eocene;
^ Yalea Caselor, Jalomitza, Boumania. [Imperfect fish.]
Scorpcenopterus siluridens, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxxvii. (1859), p. 694,
pis. ii.-iv., pi. V. fig. I. — Upper Miocene; Hernals,
Vienna. [The type species. Detached bones ; Court
Museum, Vienna."!
/i-/
Family OOTTIDAl.
Head usually broad and depressed, with narrow interorbital
region; mouth terminal, with minute teeth. Vertebrae 24 to 50
in total number, most of those of abdominal region with small
transverse processes, but ribs attached to centra behind these.
Post-temporal bone free from cranium, and supraclavicle normal.
Large pectoral fins, with pelvic fins directly beneath ; extended
dorsal fin usually subdivided into two parts, the anterior consisting
of 6 to 18 slender spines ; anal fin without spines. Trunk covered
with a regular squamation or small prickles or naked.
Small littoral fishes, almost universally distributed, sometimes
occurring in freshwater. The only two known extinct genera have
a regular squamation.
Descriptions and figures of the skeleton of existing Cottidae are
given by C. Girard, ‘A Monograph of the Cottoids,’ Smithson.
Contrib. vol. hi. art. no. 3 (1850).
Genus EOCOTTUS, novum.
Preoperculum with large antrorse spines on lower limb. Vertebrae
about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Pectoral fins
very delicate ; pelvic fins relatively large, with one slender spine
and 5 articulated rays ; dorsal fins continuous, the anterior portion
comprising about 8 relatively short spines ; anal fin with 8 to 10
rays ; caudal fin rounded. Small scales completely covering trunk.
An extinct genus known only by one species from the marine
Upper Eocene of Italy. According to Heckel (Sitzungsb. k. Akad.
AY iss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. ii. 1850, p. 148), this species is
closely related to Callipteryx ; but it is distinguished from that
genus by the presence of scales and the short and stout form of
the neural arches in the abdominal region.
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^ ^ A>^AvzayyAl^>y.J ^/inr. /7er>*yAt^.^ AAsX S /^Ay T V.A ^
I X. ^ <Xry£t<»(yc*^ 4A^AAd>yriy 'A^/-Ay>% />*<^ -
iXyt^XX, . ^S€r> /oA^ ^/^S'eyi^k9AA^/‘f2i')/9$<^^'^^j^
, ^^yA. J^'-y.y^-sy.a:^ -
\ .y^yy. ly/^y? yyj^yyy^y /=.n-
KTff^, /V. 3 P^7 y^. X c/x . 7^ . /.
v~ x/. /. /^/.
COTTIDJE.
581
Bocottus veronensis (Volta).
1796. Gobius barhatus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. xlviii. pi. xi.
%• 1-
1796. Gobius veronensis, G. S. Volta, ibid. p. li, pi. xi. fig. 2.
1818. Gobius veronensis, H. D. de Blainville, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii, p. 358.
1835. Gobius macrourus, L. Agassiz, Ne les Jahrb. p. 291 (name only).
1838-39, Gobius maa'urus, L. Agassiz, PoisvS. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 12, 203,
pL xxxiv. figs. 3, 4.
1876. Gobius macrurus, F, Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat.
vol. iii. p. 180.
Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus contained slightly more than three
times, maximum depth of trunk about five times in total length to
base of caudal fin. Posterior portion of dorsal fin with about 10
articulated rays ; anal fin directly opposed to latter, with 8 or 9
articulated rays ; caudal fin sharply rounded, about twice as long
as deep.
Form, ^ Loc. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 1968, P. 3947. Fine specimen, in counterpart. The head is
much crushed, but the inferior spines of the preoperculum
are well shown. There are clearly only 10 abdominal
and 14 caudal vertebrae ; the former with very short and
stout neural arches and with robust transverse processes
overlapped by short and stout ribs. There are traces of
the delicate pectorals, and all the other fins are well
preserved. The caudal fin is supported by five expanded
haemal arches, the uppermost the largest. The scales are
seen and exhibit fine radiating markings in their covered
portion, but their hinder margin is not clearly observable.
The lateral line is conspicuous.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls,
Genus BEPIDOCOTTUS, Sauvage.
[Bull. Soc. Geol. France (3) vol. iii. 1875, p. 637.]
As Coitus^ but with fewer vertebrae, and trunk regularly covered
with ctenoid scales.
An Oligocene and Miocene European genus, probably freshwater.
582
ACTIJ!fOPTERYGlT.
laepidocottiis aries (Agassiz).
1839. Coitus aries, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss, vol. iv. p. 186.
1875. Lepidocottus aries, H. E. Sauvage, loc. cit. p. 637, pi. xxiii.
fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0T2. Length of
head with opercular apparatus equalling half that of the trunk
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Preoperculura
with 4 subequal spines ; 5 branchiostegal rays. Yertebrse 10 in
the abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Dorsal spines 6, articulated
rays 9 in number ; anal fin with 11 rays, arising slightly in advance
of the posterior dorsal.
Form. ^ Loc. Lower Oligocene : Aix-en-Provence, France L
P. 1971« Fine specimen OTl in length, depressed in front half, side
view in caudal region. The two foremost rays of the anal
fin are obscured or wanting. The ctenoid scales, with
radiating markings on their covered portion, are well
shown. Egerton Coll.
43439, Four small specimens.
Presented hy Kenneth Murchison, Esq., 1872i.
Lepidocottus brevis (Agassiz).
1832. Coitus orevis, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 1.37.
1839. Coitus brevis, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 185, pi. xxxii.
figs. 2-4.
1861. Poecilia oeningensis, T. C. Winkler, Descript. Poiss. Foss.
d’Oeningen (Natuurk. Verhandl. Holland. Maatsch. [2] vol. xiv.
no. 2), p. 51, pi. iv. fig. 16. [Imperfect fish ; British Museum.]
(?)1891. Gobius brevis, D. G. Kramberger, Pad Jugoslav. Akad. vol.
cvi. p. 95, pi. vii. fig. 3.
1898. Poecilia oeningensis= Coitus brevis, A. S. Woodward, Geol. Mag.
[4] vol. V. p. 392.
Type. Imperfect fish : olim Lavater Coll., Ziirieh,
A slender species attaining a length of about 0*06, possibly
sometimes much larger. Length of head with opercular apparatus
equalling nearly twice maximum depth of trunk and half its length
from pectoral arch to base of caudal fin. Yertebrse 12 in the
abdominal, 16 in the caudal region. Dorsal spines 6, articulated
^ Imperfect fishes from the Lower Miocene of Chiavon, Vicentin, have also
been referred to this species by F. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli [2]
vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 49, pi. iv. figs. 3, 4.
^I/aaIat. (A/t^), /. &6'^ Jir. y<.?^ X f . '^’^. ^ ,
\
! ■■
‘ -v '.- .- ^
s ^ i . ,
’ >
s ■■. •■._
Vu' n , -N '^Slf
V
V. -'.’ ♦x’
X
/• /'’w
%i!^^c “-J* ^ */ ■/^‘"^irt w^i
«
/t-<-AH-.^lJ«» ^Z I
COTTTI)^.
583
rays 12 in number ; anal fin with. 9 rays, arising slightly behind
origin of posterior dorsal.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Miocene : Oeningen, Baden. (?) Lower
Miocene : Eibiswald, Styria.
42779. Type specimen of so-called Poecilia oeningensis in counter¬
part, described by A. S. Woodward, Joe. dt.
Van Breda Coll.
42778, 42780-81. Three good specimens, the first being in counter¬
part, noticed by A. S. Woodward, loc. cit.
Van Breda Coll.
P. 1972, P. 4533. Imperfect small specimens labelled by Agassiz,
and described by him, tom. cit. p. 186.
Egerton EnnisTcillen Colls.
35529, 36119. Three imperfect small specimens. Purchased., 1859.
42802. Imperfect small specimen, in counterpart. Van Breda Coll.
The following specimen seems to be the caudal region of a large
scaly Cottoid, and it may possibly represent a gigantic individual of
Lepidocottus hrevis : —
P. 3871. Type specimen of Cyclurus minor., Agassiz, described and
figured in Poiss. Boss. vol. v. pt. ii. (1839), p. 45, pi. liii.
fig. 1 ; Upper Miocene, Oeningen. The median fins are
distorted hy crushing, and the articulations of the rays
seem to be closer together than in the normal small
specimens of L. hrevis. Ennisleillen Coll.
Lepidocottus papyraceus (Agassiz).
1832. Coitus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 137.
1839. Coitus papyraceus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 187,
pi. xxxii. fig. 1.
1875. Lepidocottus papyraceus, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France,
[3] vol. iii. p. 637.
Type. Imperfect fish ; olim Bronn Coll., Heidelberg.
A stouter species than the preceding, attaining a length of about
0-07. Vertebrae 8 in the abdominal, 18 in the caudal region.
Dorsal spines 6, articulated rays 10 in number ; anal fin with
9 rays.
Form. Loc. Upper Oligocene : Monte Viale, near Vicenza. Also
recorded by Agassiz from Upper Miocene of Sinigaglia and Melilli.
584
ACTINOPTERTGII.
'38148-49. Two distorted specimens, the first showing vertebrae and
median fins, the second scales ; Lignite, Monte Yiale.
Purchased, 1864.
49336* Impression of skeleton ; Lignite, Monte Viale.
Presented by A. W. Waters, Esq., 1878.
P. 1973, P. 4534. Two imperfect distorted specimens ; Lignite,
Monte Yiale. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
Lepidocottus multipinuatns (Meyer).
1848. Gohius multipinnatus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 783.
(.P) 1851. Gohius (?) conicus, H. von Meyer, Iseues Jahrb. p. 80.
1851. Coitus (?) multipinnatus, H. von Meyer, Palaeontogr. vol. ii.
p. 106, pi. xvii. fig. 1.
1851. Cottus brevis H. von Meyer, loc^cit. vol. ii. p. 107, pi. xvi.
figs. 7-10.
1856. Gohius (?), H. von Meyer, he. cit. vol. vi. p. 2 7, pi. i. fig. 6.
Type. Imperfect fish.
Much resembling L. brevis, but dorsal fin with 13 or 14 articu¬
lated rays and anal fin with 12 rays.
Form. Loc. Lower Miocene : Wiirtemberg..
35513-14, 35518. Three specimens, one being depressed and dis¬
torted ; Unterkirchberg, near Llm. Purchased, 1860.
35752-53. Two fragmentary specimens ; Unterkirchberg.
Purchased, 1860.
The following species has also been described, but is not repre¬
sented in the Collection : —
Lepidocottus elongatus, P. Bassani, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli,
[2] vol. iii. (1889), no. 6, p. 50, pi. v. fig. 5.— Lower
Miocene ; Chiavon, Yicentin. [Imperfect fish ; Piovene
Coll., Lonedo.]
Some other small Tertiary fishes referred to Gobius probably
■^ong to Lepidocottus. Among these may be mentioned the so-
osAod^obius elatus^oMongus, and viennensis from the Upper Miocene
of Eernals, Yienna (P. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xl. I860, pp. 561-565, pi. i. figs. 2-4, pi. ii!
fig. I); also Gobius pullus from the Upper Miocene of Dolje and
Podsused, Croatia (D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. PaJaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. 1882, p. 133, pi. xxv. figs. 2, 2 a).
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COTTID^. - TRIGLID^.
585
Genus COTTX7S (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 264.]
Head feebly armed ; preoperculum more or less spiny ; 6
branchiostegal rays. Vertebrae about 30 to 35 in number, more
than half being caudal. Pelvic fins with one small spine and four
articulated rays ; dorsal fins separate, the first with 6 to 10 slender
spines ; anal fin with 9 to 20 rays ; caudal fin rounded. Scales
absent, but minute prickles sometimes present.
Characteristic of the freshwaters and shores of northern tem¬
perate regions.
There do not appear to be any fossils in the Collection referable-
to this genus. Kemains of the existing Arctic species, Coitus
uncinatus, Eeinhardt, have been recorded from nodules in Pleisto¬
cene Clay, Green’s Creek, Ottawa, Canada (J.. W. Dawson, Canad.
llecord Sci. vol, iv. 1890, p. 86). Detached bones of the existing
Coitus quadricornis^ Linn., var. relicta, Lilljeborg, have also been
identified from the Pleistocene of Skattmanso, Upland, Sweden
(A. G. Nathorst, Geol. Poren. Stockholm Porhandl. vol. xv. 1893,
p. 569, figs. 8, 9, 12, 13).
The names Coitus cry piotr emus, divaricatus, hypoceras, and?
pontifex are given to preopercula supposed to represent four extinct
species from Preshwater Tertiary deposits in Idaho and Oregon,
U.S.A. (E. D. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1883, pp. 162-164).
Nothing is known of the undescribed Coitus horridus (J. J. Heckel,
Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 499) from Wieliczka, Galicia.
An otolith from the Lower Tertiary of the Jackson Diver,
Mississippi, has been referred to a member of this family under the
name of Otolithus {Cottidarum) sulcatus (E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xl. 1888, p. 287, pi. xviii. fig. 12).
Family TRIGLID^.
Suborbitals enlarged and covering cheek ; mouth terminal, with
minute teeth. Abdominal vertebrae with transverse processes very
short or absent. Post-temporal bone fused with cranium, and supra-
clavicle displaced backwards so that the post-temporal and clavicle
are in contact. Pectoral fins laterally placed and expanded, with
pelvic fins directly beneath ; spinous dorsal less extended than soft
dorsal, which is similar to the spineless anal. Squamation regular,
and no bony scutes except along lateral line.
586
ACTIXOPTERTGir.
Widely distributed mariue fishes, almost unknown among fossils.
A figure of the skeleton of the existing Trigla is given by Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pi. F.
There appear to be no remains of members of this family among
the fossils in the Collection, but various fragments of supposed
extinct species of Trigla have been named as follows : —
Trigla infausta, J. J. Heckel, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), pt. i. p. 70, pi. ix. fig. 9. —
Middle Miocene (Leithakalk) ; Vienna. [Imperfect head
and abdominal region.]
Trigla licatce^ H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Xat. [5] vol. xiv. (1870),
art. no. 7, p. 12, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. Ill, fig. 1, and ibid. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 21, fig. 8. — Upper Miocene ; Licata. [Im¬
perfect fish.]
Trigla nardii, de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. jS'at. — Proc.-Yerb.
i. (1878), p. xix (name only). — Upper Miocene;
Tuscany.
75** ^ 7”^^ Tidgla sirtionellii^ I. Bonomi, Bivista Ital. Paleont. vol. ii. (1896),
p. 234, pi. V. fig. 10. — Upper Miocene ; Mondaino, Prov.
Forli, Italy. [Fragmentary small fish, indeterminable.]
Fragments of ornamented bones more or less resembling those of
Triglidae have also received the following names : —
Dactylopterus pliocenicus, B. Lawley, N'uovi Studi Pesci, etc.,
CoBine Toscane (1876), p. 61. — Lower Pliocene; Orciano,
Tuscany. [Undescribed, but bones said to be perfectly
identical with those of existing D. volitansJ]
Peristedion urcianensis^ B. Lawley, ibid. p. 63. — Ibid,
Trigloides alata, B. Lawley, ibid. p. 63. — Upper Miocene ;
Gabbro, Tuscany.
Trigloides dejardini, P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Boy. Belg.
[2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 501, pi. ii. figs. 9, 11 {non
fig. 13) ; B. Lawley, op. cit. 1876, p. 62^- Lower Plio¬
cene ; Belgium and Tuscany. [Type species of so-called
Trigloides.^
Trigloides insignis, B. Lawley, op. cit. 1876, p. 62. — Lower
Pliocene ; Volterrano, Tuscany.
Trigloides van benedensis^ B. Lawley, ibid. p. 62. — Lower
Pliocene ; S. Luce, near Orciano.
Otoliths from the Lower Tertiary of the Jackson Biver, Missis-
G
^ <7 /f ^ sy>. 3^,^/. >^.y / . C77^'^c/ier,e ;
(T^^£-'^A£^ />-n ^ /3 <»<a>/ m . — /VA>yi .y«v^ lrzri</^ <S/^*‘'c:?^>tAc*-® / ,
Ty/jla /'CA e^Sc/tm^cA/h/S 7 , f:/2, , /9^py
yi , /S^J X:>co(/x, ^2-3.- Sci^Ae^‘oi'yK,^(^ci^/x , J'prtxfrr^. A^c^oL r/^^cyt/ry.
(pe<r^- ^^4^. VI>^. Vff.
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Jlrx^.T^ecr^. (/ff-^. 'a.wj /(CJ /Cf^^
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/^/^ ^ e^2u^C<s«-*^ '
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/A7 ^ ^rA~A ^ arouiA
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rfxy J xjA _ _
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TEIGLTD^. — GOBIID^.
587
sippi, have been named OtoUthus {Triylce) cor (E. Koken, Zeitschr.
deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xl. 1888, p. 287, pi. xviii, fig. 10). Others
from the Oligocene of Germany have been named Otoliihus (Trigla)
ellipticus^ 0. {Trigla) adjunctus^ 0. {Peristedion) personatus, and
0. {‘I Agonus) primas (E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. 1891, pp. 130-^,:^^?:^
132, pi, X. figs. 6, 9 ; also loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. 1884, p. 555, pi. xii.'
figs. 9, 10). '
The following extinct genera and species, not represented in the
Collection, have been compared with Triglidae, but are too imper¬
fectly known for systematic determination : — _
I'. //??“/ t' 'j 'j"
Podopteryx alhyi, H. E. oauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi. (1880),
art. no. 3, p. 17, figs. 5, 6. — Upper Miocene ; Licata,
^cily. [The type species. Imperfect fish.]> —
Podopteryx hosniaslci, H. E. Saiivage, ibid. p. 19, fig. 7. — Ibid.
(^Imperfect fish.^ — /37vy^ct<°ey~<ys
.5/.- S’, ^ o ^
Ko extinct members of the aberrant family of Cyclopterib^ are
S'-
known, but remains of the existing Cyclopterus lumpus^ Linn.,
have been found in nodules in Glacial Clay in Green’s Creek, \
Ottawa, Canada (J. AY. Dawson, Canad. Kat. n. s. vol. vi. 1872,-^^* V»
p. 403). kP
X
Division F. GOBIIFOKMES.
Pectoral fins with much extended base on flank ; pelvic fins
thoracic or jugular, never with more than five articulated rays in
addition to the spine, often modified. Dorsal fin-spines few, usually
flexible, sometimes absent ; anal fin with one or two feeble spines
or none. No bony stay between circumorbital ring and preoper¬
culum.
Synopsis of P amities represented by Extinct Genera or Species. •
All abdominal vertebrae with large transverse
processes supporting ribs . GoBiiDiE (p. 587).
Abdominal vertebrae without transverse pro¬
cesses . TuACHINIDiE (p. 589).
Family GOBIIDiE.
Elongated fishes with stout caudal pedicle. Gill-opening
reduced. All abdominal vertebrae with large transverse processes
supporting ribs. Pelvic fins variously modified, often united into a
588
ACTINOPTERYGIT.
disk ; posterior dorsal and anal fins equal and opposite, more
extended than the anterior spinous dorsal.
Small fishes almost universally distributed on the coasts of
temperate and tropical seas, sometimes occurring also in freshwater.
There appear to be no fossil remains in the Collection referable to
this family, and very little evidence of extinct species has been
discovered. Imperfect fossils have been described as follows : —
Callionymus macj'ocephahis, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Pal^nt.
Oesterr.-Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. 134, pi. xxv. fig. 3. —
Upper Miocene ; Badoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish
exhibiting the characteristic branched preopercular spine of
the existing Callionymus University Geological Museum,
Agram.]
OtolitJius (Gohiida'rum) dispar, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 133, pi. x. fig. 12. — Miocene ;
Erankfurt. [Otolith.]
. . Otolithus (Gohius) francofurtanus, ^dken, ihid. 132, pi. vi,
, fig. 7. — Lower Miocene ; Erankfurt, Eckenheim, Ginheim,
^ ' and Bornheim. Middle Miocene ; Portsteich. [Otolith.]
Otolithus (Gobius) vicinalis, E. Koken, ibid. p. 133, fig. 21. —
Miocene; Unterfeld and Oberfeld. [Otolith.] /y7<o^rne:
merely names for undetermined fishes from the Upper Miocene of
Gabbro, Tuscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Kat. — Proc.-
Yerb. vol. i. 1878-79, pp. xix, Iv). ^
The so-QSiU3d Gobius leptosou/^uhT^a macroactus (D. G. Kram¬
berger, Palaeontogr. vol. xxvi. 1879, pp. 63-65, pi. xvi. figs. 4, 5),
from the Lower Oligocene of Galicia, are too imperfectly known
I for certain reference to this systematic position. The same remark
applies to Gobius microcephalus, which was only doubtfully placed
here by Agassiz (Poiss. Loss. vol. iv. 1839, p. 204, pi. xxxiv. fig. 2),
and is probably a Blennioid though not satisfactorily determinable.
The last species is represented in the Collection by the following
specimen : —
44873. Typical specimen of the so-called Gobius mierocephalus,
Agassiz, in counterpart ; Upper Eocene, Monte Bolca,
near Verona. The dorsal fin is continuous, with about
18 rays. The pelvic fins are rather large.
Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.
-Z^rrre.
iny€. v
Gobius bassanii, G. lobini, G. maximus, and G. peruzzii are
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TRACHINID^.
589
Family TRACHINIDJ?!.
As Gobiidse, but gill-opening wide, pelvic fins never united, and
most of the abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes.
Small fishes living at the bottom on nearly all coasts, some¬
times ranging into the deep sea. There are no extinct genera of
importance.
Genus CALLIPTERYX, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1838, p. 12.]
Eye apparently lateral ; teeth minute and clustered. Vertebrae
10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Dorsal fins con¬
tinuous, the anterior portion comprising about 9 very short spines ;
anal fin less extended than posterior dorsal ; caudal fin rounded.
Scales very small or absent.
An extinct genus known only by two species from the marine
Tipper Eocene of Italy.
Callipteryx speciosus, Agassiz.
1796. Gadus merluecius, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. Ixxii. pi. xv.
{errore) .
1835. Callipteryx speciosm, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 293 (name only).
1838-42. Callipteryx speciosus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 12,
196, pi xxxiii. fig. 1.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0-7. Maximum
depth of trunk much exceeding half length of head with opercular
apparatus, which is contained less than four times in the total
length of the fish to the base of the caudal fin.
Form. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
Not represented in the Collection.
Callipteryx recticaudus, Agassiz.
1796. Trigla lyra, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cxxxi. pi. xxx.
[en'ore).
1835. Callipteryx recticaudus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 300 (name
only).
1838-42. Callipteryx recticaudus. L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 12,
198, pL xxxiii. fig. 2.
Type. Imperfect distorted fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
A smaller and more slender species than the type, attaining a
590
ACTINOPTERYGII.
length of about 0*45. Maximum depth of trunk about half the
length of the head with opercular apparatus, which is contained
between three and a half and four times in the total length of the
hsh to the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 8 very short and
stout, finely striated spines, then a more slender and slightly longer
spine, then 30 articulated and divided rays, most of which are at
least twice as long as the spines ; anal fin with one or two feeble
small spines and 20 articulated and divided rays, the fin terminating
behind opposite the end of the dorsal.
Form. ^ Loe. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca.
P. 9477. Eine specimen 0*25 in length, in counterpart, with crushed
and imperfect head but otherwise displaying all the
principal generic and specific characters.
History unknown.
The following extinct species have been ascribed to the existing
genus Trachinus^ but are not represented in the Collection : —
Trachinus dracunculus, J. J. Heekel, Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 500
(name only) ; D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
Ungarns, vol. ii. (1882), p. Ill, pi. xxii. figs. 3, 4. —
Upper Miocene; Radoboj, Croatia. [Imperfect fish;
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]
Oiolithus {TracJiini) Icevigatus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xl. (1888), p. 286, pi. xviii. figs. 13, 14. — Lower
Tertiary ; Jackson Biver, Mississippi. [Otolith.]
— {Trachini) mutahilis, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891),-
\ p. 112y^ Otolitlius biscissus, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi.
(1884) p. 553, pi. xi. fig. 9. — Middle and Upper Oligocene;
Germany. [Otolith.]
Otolithus {TracJiini') seelanclicus, E. Koken, Abh. phys. Cl. k. Ges.
Wiss. Gottingen, vol. xxxii. (1885), p. 115, pi. v. fig. 25,
and Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 113, j
figs. 8, 9. — Lower Eocene ; Copenhagen. [Otolith.]
Otolithus {Trachini) verus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 113, pi. x.
figs. 13, 14. — Upper Oligocene; Cassel. [Otolith.]
Supposed fragments of skull of the existing genus Uranoscopus,
from the Lower Pliocene of Orciano, Tuscany, are named Uranoscopus
peruzzii by B. Lawley, Kuovi Studi Pesci, etc., Colline Toscane
(1876), p. 64.
The following imperfectly known extinct genera and species have
also been referred to the Trachinidae, but are not represented in the
Collection : —
1
y/^c/9.^ /ie/^ . /9^ ^ p- ^•
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7^.
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y^vh'K ♦
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\/e^v^. J58S^ ^h^tiju'^ ^/Cr^
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y^ ^3-2^//' y^- ^ ’ - S’^»-4tf>/^'<3^^’
'\0(^o^torhytis gen. n. pappenheimi
sp. n. Eocene S.W. Africa, jBohm Die
Diamantenwuste Siidwest-Afrikas 2 p.
S4 pi. xxxi fig. 17a. }«,A \icV '
i
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TEACHINID^.— BLOCHIID
DM.
^ 691
Pseudoelegiriusalhyi^ H. E. Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. 1, p. 164, fig. 13. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily.
[Imperfect fish.] “
/>
J 5 “^ ^
y
Trachinopsis iherica, H. E. Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Geol. France
y vol. iii. (1875), p. 641, pi. xxiv.— Lower Pliocene (?)
/fm.
T r^TTiO "Vln-rma ft-rkOTT^ I Ttvi •r\CkY’'fi:knf -fioVi "1
Lorca, Murcia, Spain. [Imperfect fish.]
^^ac/Uo /?.
_ _ . . _ _
Pseudo eleginus intermedius'^P. jonas'^dTidL P. majori are merely'
names for undetermined fishes from the Upper Miocene of Gabbro,
Tuscany (de Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-Yerb. vol.
1878, p. xix).
pf-fVi
^ h
1.
The aberrant family of Lophitd^ seems to date back to the
Eocene period, but is not represented by any fossils in the Collection.
The extinct species described as follows seems to be rightly placed
here : —
Ldphius hrachysomus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 292,
and Poiss. Eoss. vol. v. pt. i. (1839-44), p. 114, pi. xl.
Loj)hius piscatorius, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese (1796),
pi. xlii. tig. 3 (errore). Loricaria plecostomus, G. S. Volta,
ihid. pi. XX. fig. 4 {err ore). — Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca,
[Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.]
The name Lopliius patagonicus has been given to undescribed
teeth from the supposed Cretaceous of Patagonia (F. Ameghino,
Sinops. Geol.-Paleont. — Suplem. 1899, p. 10).
^4- / Division G. BLENNIIFORMES.
Pectoral fins with much extended base on flank ; pelvic fins j iigular,
reduced or absent. Dorsal fin-spines numerous but usually flexible.
No bony stay between circumorbital ring and preoperculum.
Synopsis of Families represented hy Extinct Genera.
Bony scutes on trunk ; snout produced . Blochied^ (p. 591).
No bony scutes; snout not produced . Blennhd^ (p. 595).
Family BLOCHIIDHl.
Elongated fishes with slender caudal pedicle ; snout much pro¬
duced; mandibular suspensorium nearly vertical and gape very
wide. Abdominal vertebrae without transverse processes, but
bearing small ribs. Dorsal fin consisting only of flexible spines
and occupying nearly the whole of the back ; anal fin also much
extended ; caudal fin more or less expanded. A covering of bony
scutes.
Known only by one genus of Eocene age.
Blochms longirostris ; restoration of skeleton, about one sixth nat. size, with (A) portion of squamatiou, nat. size.
592
ACTINOPTERYGII
h-* •
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593
BLOCHIID^.
Genus BLOCHIUS, Volta.
[Ittiolit. Veronese, 1796, p. liii.]
Eostrum very slender, projecting far in advance of the mandible^
which articulates beneath the hinder end of the cranium ; rami of
mandible probably fused at symphysis ; teeth minute or absent.
Vertebrae about 12 in the abdominal, 12 in the caudal region ; the
centra much elongated and constricted, imperfectly ossified. Pectoral
fins small ; [pelvic pair supposed to be present, but, if so, relatively
small and jugular] ; caudal fin slightly forked. Bony scutes
diamond-shaped, slightly overlapping, completely and regularly
covering the trunk and partly extending over the opercular appa¬
ratus and cheeks ; two longitudinal series of scutes somewhat
enlarged on each flank.
So far as can be determined from the fractured specimens in the-
Collection, the remarkably elongated rostrum of this genus bears
much resemblance to the supposed dermal spines from the Upper
Eocene named Coeloi'hynclms (see Part II. p. 120). When suflci-
ently well-preserved rostra of the typical Blocliiiis are available for
microscopical examination, it will be interesting to compare the
structure with that of Coelorhynchus, and also with that of the
apparently Chimseroid spines from the Cretaceous which commonly
bear the same name.
Blochius longirostris^ Volta.
[Text-figure 22.]
1796, Blochius longirostrisy G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese,, p. liii.
pis. xii., Ixx.
1843-44. Blochius longirosti'is, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. ii. pt. ii.
p. 255, pi. xliv.
1887. Blochius macroj^tei'us, A. de Zigno, Mem. E. Istit. Veneto, vol,
xxiii. p. 25, fig. 7. [Imperfect fish with incomplete rostrum ; Zigno
Coll., University of Padua.]
Type. Imperfect fish; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about a metre. Length of
head with opercular apparatus about equal to that of the vertebral
column ; maximum depth of trunk contained about nine times in
the same measurement. Dorsal fin-spines about 50 in number,
the length of the longest apparently not exceeding the maximum
depth of trunk ; anal fin with about 25 rays, arising slightly nearer
to the caudal fin than to the pectoral pair. Dermal scutes very
PAKT IV. 2 Q
594
ACTINOPXERYGII.
feebly crimped or smooth, the upper enlarged flank-series smaller
than the lower enlarged flank-series.
Form.. ^ Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Verona.
P. 4141. Eine specimen about 0*77 in length, deepened by distor¬
tion at the back of the head, which is figured by Agassiz,
tom. Git. pi. xliv. fig. 1. The hinder part of the cranium
is crushed upwards, while the mandible is displaced
downwards, so that both its slender rami are seen from
beneath. The mandible does not appear to have extended
much further forwards than the base of the rostrum.
Small scutes are seen to extend over the opercular appa¬
ratus ; and the ossified sclerotic is partly preserved. The
pectoral fins are displaced but both shown as indicated in
Agassiz’s figure ; the lowermost exhibiting three of its basal
bones in position. Comparatively small and delicate rays
in front of the pectorals may represent pelvic fins, but it
is uncertain whether these are not merely branchiostegal
rays. The dorsal fin-spines have the appearance of
extending forwards over the head merely in consequence
of the displacement of parts just described. The depth of
the abdominal region in the fossil must also be less than
was actually the case during life. Enniskillen Coll.
P. 4142. More imperfect and distorted larger specimen, showing the
mandible as before, and the parts of the cranium much
scattered. Immediately in front of the frontals, the
fractured base of the rostrum seems to consist of a pair of
tubes pressed together like those of the so-called Coelo-
rhy7iGhus. A longitudinal series of rather large perforations
penetrating the dense armour of the hinder part of the tail,
appears to mark the course of the lateral line.
Enniskillen Coll.
19940. Eine small fish, distorted like the preceding specimens at
the back of the head and in the abdominal region. The
slender mandible is seen to extend not much further
forwards than the base of the rostrum ; and the delicate
suspensorium is displaced between it and the cranium.
Small scutes extend over the triangular operculum and
perhaps over part of the cheek. The haemal arches of most
of the vertebrae are observable, and used in the accom¬
panying restoration (fig. 22). The median fins and dermal
scutes are also well preserved ; the enlarged flank-scutes
1?^. X v///
f~ i^d J7^ 7~' C&'\JCy' f^'X~)^ O^c ■ f&^.^^jtiA • ^iy‘''>^- A//^ / f .
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BLOCHIID^. - BLENNIID^.
595
of the upper series being slightly smaller than those of
the lower series. Purchased^ 1846.
P
. 2089. Caudal region and other fragments of a small specimen.
There are traces of scutes on the cheek. Egerton Coll.
I V
Family BLENNIID^.
%/
Elongated fishes with stout caudal pedicle ; snout not produced.
Most of the abdominal vertebrse with downwardly directed transverse
processes bearing the small ribs. Dorsal fin occupying nearly the
whole of tbe back, often subdivided ; anal fin also much extended ;
caudal fin rounded or tapering. Scales small or absent, and no bony
scutes.
Marine fishes living at the bottom near almost all coasts, and a
few freshwater species. Scarcely known among fossils, but repre¬
sented by at least one extinct genus allied to Cristicejgs^ and perhaps
by another {Oncolepis) of doubtful affinities.
•
Genus PTERYGOCEPHALUS, Agassiz.
[Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. 1839, p. 190.]
Head short and orbit very large ; mouth small, with conical teeth.
Vertebrae about 10 in the abdominal, 14 in the caudal region. Dorsal
fin very deep, the foremost large spine displaced forwards above the
head but the fin otherwise continuous. Squamation well developed
and continuous, each scale with a longitudinal keel, and the keels
forming regular lines along the trunk.
An Eocene genus, erroneously identified with Cristiceps ^ by
J. Muller, Neues Jahrb. 1853, p. 123.
Pterygocephalus paradoxus^ Agassiz.
1796. Labrus malapterus, G. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. ccxxviii.
pi. Iv. fig. 3 {errore).
1818. Lahrus malapterus^ H. D. de Blainville, Xouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat.
vol. xxvii. p. 351.
1836. Pterygocephalus paradoxus, L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 295
(name only).
1839. Pterygocephalus paradoxus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv.
p. 191, pi. xxxii. figs. 5, 6.
1876. Cristiceps paradoxus, F. Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci.
Nat. vol. iii. p. 178.
’ Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vol. xi. (1836), p. 402.
2q2
596
ACTlNOPTEEYGll.
Type. Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of Natural History.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*05. Length of head
with opercular apparatus equalling maximum depth of trunk and
somewhat less than one third total length of fish to base of caudal
fin. Separate dorsal fin-spine about twice as long as the next, the
length of which slightly exceeds depth of trunk at its insertion ;
continuous dorsal fin with 9 spines and 9 articulated rays ; anal fin
with 3 spines and 7 articulated rays.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
P. 653. Fine specimen 0-025 in length, noticed by Agassiz, op. cit.
vol. iv. p. 192. Egerton Coll.
P. 652, P. 3948. More imperfect larger specimen, in counterpart,,
showing characteristic squamation.
Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
As noticed by Agassiz, the following fragmentary specimens bear
some resemblance to the skull of the existing genus Anarrliiclias, but
they exhibit too many differences to be definitely ascribed to the
family Blenniidae : —
P. 820. Imperfect occipital portion of cranium, with remains of
- opercular apparatus, mandibular suspensorium, and arti-
^ ^ cular end of mandible, intended to be the type specimen of
^ Laparus alticeps, Agassiz, recorded by name onl}^ in Bep.
Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308 ; London Clay, Sheppey,
The hinder portion of the dentary bone shows the bases of
a single close series of very small teeth. Egerton Coll.
P. 6479. Less incomplete head of larger fish apparently of same
species ; London Clay, Sheppey. The jaws are imperfect,
and the dentition is not seen. The opercular apparatus is
much larger than in AnarrhicJias. Beckles Coll.
P. 9478. Occipital portions of two nearly similar crania ; London
Clay, Sheppey. Egerton Coll.
A tooth apparently of the existing AnarrhicJias lupus., from the
Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, Suffolk (Museum of Practical Geology) ^
is described by E. T. Newton, Yert. Pliocene Hep. Britain (Mem.
Geol. Surv. 1891), p. 91, pi. x. fig. 4.
The following extinct species, not represented in the Collection,,
have been referred to existing genera of this family : —
Blennius fossilis, D. G. Kramberger, Piad Jugoslav. Akad. vol.
Anabuhichadidab.^^^
iParanarrhichas damesi sp, n.^Eocene
S.W. Africa, JBWM Die
wiiste Sudwest-i^ikas 2 p. 84 fig. B. 20.
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BLENNIID^. - GADID^.
597
cvi. (1891), p. 113, pi. ill. fig. 3. — Upper Miocene ; Dolje,
Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum, University
of Agram.]
Climis graciUs, F. Steindachner, Sitzungsb.k. Akad.-Wiss,, math.-
naturw. Ch vol. xxxvii. (1859), p. 675, pi. i. figs.’ 1-3.—
Upper Miocene ; Hernals, Vienna. [Imperfect fish ;
Court Museum, Vienna.] ’
The following extinct genus and species, which is not represented
m the Collection, probably belongs to the Blenniidm, but is too
imperfectly known for exact determination : _
Oncole_pis isseli, P. Passani, Palaeont. Italica, vol. iii. (1898), p 79
pi. IX. figs. 1, 2. — Fpper Eocene ; Monte Polca. [Imper¬
fect fish ; Geological Museum, University of Genoa.]
Nothing is known of the undescribed teeth from the Pliocene of
Belgium, recorded under the name of Falanarrhichas crassus, H. Le
Hon, Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tert. Belg. (1871), p. 10.
0
Suborder X. ANACANTHINI.
Vertebral centra always complete constricted cylinders, none
coalesced. Supraoccipital extending forwards between the reduced
parietals , S(][uamosal rudimentary and fused with the large pterotic j
mandible simple, each ramus consisting only of two elements
(dentary and articulo-angular). Xo spinous fin-rays. Pectoral arch
suspended from the cranium ; precoracoid arch absent ; infra-
clavicular plates absent ; pectoral fin with not more than four or
five basals. Pelvic fins, when present, thoracic or jugular. In the
living forms : — air-bladder, when present, not connected with the
oesophagus by a duct in the adult (physoclistous) j optic nerves
decussating ’ intestine without spiral valve ^ reproductive organs
with efferent ducts.
Xo important extinct representatives of this suborder are known.
All are normal members of the existing families, Gadidse and
Pleuronectidse.
Family GADID^.
Prunk more or less elongate, and head bilaterally symmetrical.
Mouth large and terminal; premaxiUa excluding maxilla from
gape ; cheek-plates much reduced ; gill-openings very wide. Ab¬
dominal vertebrae with transverse processes ; ribs comparatively
598
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
small. Both paired fins present, usually well-developed. Dorsal
fin occupying nearly the whole of the back, simple or more or less
subdivided into two or three parts ; one or two anal fins ; caudal
fin separate, or if united with other median fins, the dorsal with a
separate anterior portion. Scales small and cycloid. In the recent
forms : — air-bladder and pyloric appendages usually present ; pseudo-
branchise absent, or glandular and rudimentary.
This family dates back to the Upper Eocene, but only one extinct
genus is recognisable. The “ cod-fishes ” and their allies of the
present day chiefly inhabit the seas of the north temperate and
arctic regions, often descending to great depths. Only one genus
{Lota, Cuvier) occurs in freshwaters.
A figure of the skeleton of Lota is published by Agassiz, Poiss.
Boss. vol. V. pi. H. A detailed description of the osteology of Gaclus
a^glejlnus is given by H. St. John Brooks, Proc. Boy. Dublin Soc.
n. s. vol. iv. (1884), pp. 166-196, pis. v.-ix.
Genus NEMOPTERYX, Agassiz, f ( i
[Poiss. Boss. vol. V. pt. i. 1844, p. 75.]
Syn. Palceogadus, G. vom Batb, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xi
1859, p. 126. ^5-7^
Trunk elongal& and laterally compressed, slightly tapering
behind. Margin of jaws with a single spaced series of large,
recurved, pointed teeth. Pectoral fins much enlarged ; pelvic fins
small. Dorsal fin almost or completely subdivided into three
acuminate portions, anal fin into two similar portions ; caudal fin
ro
separate, truncated or rounded behind.
Nem^teryx tro^<fheli (vom Bath).
1836. Cyclurus crassus, P. M. G. Egerton, Phil. Mag. vol. viii. p. 368
(name only).
1836. Cyclurus nemopteryx, P. M. G. Egerton, ibid. p. 368 (name only),
1842-43. Nemopteryx o'assus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. v. pt. i.
pp. 6, 75, pi. xxii. [Distorted fish ; British Museum.]
1842-43. Nemopteryx elongatus, L. Agassiz, ibid. pp. 6, 76, pi. xxi a.
[Distorted fish ; British Museum.]
1859. Palceogadus troschelii, G. vom Bath, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges,
vol. xi. p. 126, pi. V. fig. 3.
1859. Palceohrosmius elongatus, G. vom Bath, ibid. p. 130.
1886. Nemopteryx troscheli, A. Wettstein, Fischfauna d. Tertiaer. Glar-
nerschief. (Denkschr. schweiz. Pal. Ges. vol. xiii.), p. 59, pi. iv.
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GADID^,
599
Type. Slightly distorted fish ; Geological Museum, University
of Bonn.
The type species, attaining a length of about 0*45. Length of
head with opercular apparatus probably exceeding twice the maxi¬
mum depth of the trunk and contained about tvfice in the length
from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin. Yertebrm
approximately 45 in number. Pectoral fins with about 17 rays.
Anterior portion of dorsal fin with about 13 rays, the middle
portion with 16 more closely arranged rays ; anterior portion of
anal fin with 18 rays. ^ ^
Form. ^ Log. Oligocene : Glarus, Switzerland.
P. 457, P. 2987. Type specimen of Nemopteryx crassus, in counter¬
part, described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. ; Engi.
Egerton Enniskillen Colls.
P. 468-9, P. 3989. Type specimens of Nemopteryx elongatus, one
in counterpart, described and figured by Agassiz, loc. cit. :
Engi. Egerton ^ Enniskillen Colls.
P. 2988. Eine specimen, bent at the end of the abdominal region
but not much distorted ; Engi. Enniskillen Coll.
33952-53. Imperfect elongate specimen, in counterpart ; Engi.
Presented hy Miss Elizabeth Warne, 1859.
P. 9428. Immature fish, probably of this species, in counterpart.
History nnknown.
Genus GADUS (Artedi), Linneeus.
[Syst, Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 251.]
Syn. Morrhia, L. Oken, Isis, 1817, p. 1182.
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, tapering behind.
Margin of jaws and vomer with small clustered teeth, not varying
much in size ; palatine toothless. Chin with barbel. Paired fins of
moderate size. Dorsal fin completely subdivided into three portions,
anal fin into two portions ; caudal fin separate, truncated or
slightly excavated behind. Scales very small and dense.
The following fossils belong to existing or unsatisfactorily defined
species : —
P. 5255. Nodule containing very small fish ; Glacial or Post-
Glacial Clay, Bindalen, Norway.
Presented hy Henry Try on, Esq., 1887.
ACTINOPTEEYGII.
t)00
P. 8724-25. Maxilla and parasphenoid noticed by E. T. Newton,
Yert. Eorest Bed (Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882), p. 128 ;
Eorest Bed, Overstrand and Mnndesley. Savin Coll.
P. 8722-23, P. 8726. Various fragments; Eorest Bed Series, near
Cromer. Savin Coll.
P. 9485. Various fragments, noticed by E. T. Newton, ojy. cit. p. 127 ;
Eorest Bed, Bacton. Green Coll.
39171. Imperfect otolith of the form named Gadiis pseuclceglifinu^
by E. T. Newton, Vert. Pliocene Eep. Brit. (Mem. Geol.V"
Surv. 1891), p. 94, pi. x. figs. 6, 7, the type specimen
being in the Museum of Practical Geology; Bed Crag,
"Walton- on-the-Naze, Essex. Bowerhank Coll.
403^7. Similar otoliths ; Coralline Crag, Sudbourn, Suffolk.
Daniels Coll.
P. 9231. Imperfect similar otolith ; Coralline Crag, Broom Hill,
near Orford, Suffolk.
Presented hy H. IT. Burrows, Esq., 1898.
P. 9232. Otolith apparently of Gadus luscus, l!mn., as described by
E. T. Newton, oq:). cit. 1 891, p. 94, pi. x. fig. 8 ; Coralline
Crag, Broom Hill.
Presented hy H. W. Burrows, Esq., 1898.
P. 9233. Similar otoliths ; Suffolk Crag. John Brown Coll.
P. 9234. Three otoliths apparently of a variety of Gadus merlangus,
Linn. {Merlangus vulgaris, Fleming), named Otolitlms
{Merlangus') vulgaris, var. suffolkensis b}’ E. Koken,
Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 90, pi. v
fig. 5; Suffolk Crag. John Brown Coll.
39171 a. Small otoliths of the form ascribed to Gadus elegans,
Koken k by E. T. Newton, ojg. cit. 1891, p. 96, pi. x.
fig. 16; Bed Crag, Walton-on-the-Naze. Bowerhank Coll.
39171b. Miscellaneous otoliths; Bed Crag, Walton-on-the-Naze.
Bowerhank Coll.
This species is described as Otolithus {Gadid.arum) elegans hy 'Et.
Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxvvi. (1884), p. 542, pi. xi. figs. 2, 4 {non 3),
also ibid. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 93, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2, pi. v. fig. 6. It is said to
rauge from the Middle Oligocene to the Pliocene of Western Europe. To it
probably belongs the otolith wrongly described as Trigloides dejardinii by
P. J. Van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Boy. Belg. [2] vol. xxxi. (1871), p. 501, pi. ii.
fig. 13. ^ 3/
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GADID^.
601
Otoliths of the existiog species Gadus morrhua, Linn., G. minutus^
Linn., G. Virens^ Linn., and G. pollacliius^ Linn., are also described
from the English Pliocene Crags by E. T. IS’ewton, op. cit. 1891,
pp. 93-96, pi. X. figs. 5, 9-11, 13-15.
The following imperfectly defined species all seem to belong to
this genus, but are not represented in the Collection : —
Morrhua ceglejinoides, Eiier & Steindachner, Denkschr. k. Akad.
Wiss., math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xxi. (1863), p. 34, pi. v.
fig. 2 ; D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Paliiont. Oesterr.-
Lngarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 65. — Upper Miocene ;
Podsused, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Zoological Museum,
University of Vienna.]
Morrhua extensa, D. G, Kramberger, Pad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 51, pi. v. fig. 3, and Soc. Hist. Nat.
Croatica, vol. i. (1886), p. 135. — Upper Miocene ;
Szakadat, Siebenbiirgen. [Imperfect distorted fish ;
Imperial Geological Survey, Vienna.]
Morrhua lanceolata^ D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.-
V Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 67, pi. xiii. fig. 5. — Upper
Miocene ; Podsused. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Agram.]
Morrhua macropierygia.^ D. G. Kramberger, loo. cit. 1883, p. 65,
pi. xiii. fig. 6. — Upper Miocene ; Holje, Croatia.
[Ditto.] V- j)/- f**' d't I*-
Morrhua minima., D. G. Kramberger, Bad Jugoslav. Akad.
vol. Ixxii. (1885), p. 63, aud ibid. vol. cvi. (1891), p. 104,
pi. vii. fig. 5. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused. [Ditto.]
Morrhua szagadatensis, E. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss.,
math.-naturw. Cl. vol. xlvii. pt. i. (1863), p. 139, pi. ii.
fig. 3. — Upper Miocene; Szakadat, Siebenbiirgen. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Gadus latior and G. stoppanii are undefined names for fishes
from the supposed Upper Miocene of Cutrb, Calabria (Bosniaski,
Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-Verb. vol. i. 1879, p. Ixxxii).
The so-called Gadics^polynemus (G. Eischer de Waldheim, Nouv.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou [2] vol. i. 1829, p. 298, pi. xxi. fig. 1)
is an indeterminable fragment from limestone on the river Miasse,
Govt. Orenburg, Bussia.
Indeterminable teeth, and also otoliths, from the Lower Pliocene
of Orciano and Siena, Tuscany, have been referred to the existing
genus Merluccius, Cuvier, under the name of M. hosniasJcii by
^ 1 /A./
pj-{cAO<~$ ^
602
ACTINOPTEKY&II.
R. Lawley, jN’iiovi Studi Pesci, etc., Colline Toscane (1876), p. 81,
pi. i. fig. ]5.
The existing genera Phycis, Bloch & Schneider, and Strinsia,
Bafinesque, are not definitely known to have extinct representa¬
tives; but two fragments are provisionally ascribed to them as
follows : —
Phycis suessi, P. Steindachner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xl. (1860), p. 566, pi. ii. fig. 2. Brosmius,
J. J. Heckel, Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Beiehsanst. vol. ii. (l-So*!),
p. 157. — Lower Pliocene; Inzersdorf, Vienna. [Caudal
region ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Strinsia alata^ F. Steindachner, loc. cit. vol. xxxviii. (1859),
p. 771, pi. i. fig. 2. — Upper Miocene ; Szakadat, Sieben-
biirgen. [Head, etc. ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
Genus BROSMIUS, Cuvier.
[Begne Animal, ed. 2, vol. ii. 1829, p. 334.]
Trunk elongated and laterally compressed, tapering behind.
Margin of jaws, vomer, and palatines with small clustered teeth,
some of the vomerine and palatine teeth enlarged. Chin with
barbel. Paired fins of moderate size. Dorsal and anal fins
undivided ; caudal fin separate, rounded behind. Scales very
small.
Only one existing species in north temperate seas.
Ho remains of extinct species are preserved in the Collection, but
the following have been described : —
Brosmius elongatus, D. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr..- —
Ungarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 69, pi. xiv. fig. 2, and Bad
Jugoslav. Akad. vol. ixxii. (1885), p. 63. — Upper Miocene ;
Dolje, Croatia. [Imperfect fish ; Geological Museum,
University of Agram.]
Brosmim fuchsianiis, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 68,
pi. xiii. fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ; Podsused, Croatia.
[Ditto.]
Brosmius strossmayeri, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 69,
pi. xiv. fig. 1. — Upper Miocene (?) ; Beocin, Croatia.
[Ditto.]
Brosmius susedanus, R. Kner, Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xlviii. pt. i. (1863), p. 145, pi. iii. fig. 3 ;
D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 68. — Upper Miocene;
Podsused. [Imperfect fish ; Court Museum, Vienna.]
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GADID^.
603
The following generically indeterminable fragments also seem to
belong to a member of the family Gadidse : —
P. 625. Imperfect cranium intended by Agassiz to be the type
specimen of Merlimis cristatus^ but not described; London
Clay, Sheppey. The name is published in Eep. Brit.
Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308. Egerton Coll,
P. 1738. Seven imperfect crania and associated remains, one spe¬
cimen marked as intended by Agassiz to be the type of
Rhinocejplialus -planiceps, but not described ; London Clay,
Sheppey. The name is published loc. cit. p. 294.
, -v . . . Egerton Coll,
P. 4513. Seven^^mil^ imperfect specimens ; Sheppey.
Enyiiskillen Coll.
38909-11, 38944. Pour more satisfactorily preserved similar skulls;
Sheppey. Bowerhank Coll,
43106. Small similar skull ; Sheppey. Wetherell Coll,
47985. Pine similar skull ; Sheppey.
Presented hy the Hon. Robert Marsham^ 1877.^
P.'9429. Another similar skull ; Sheppey. Purchased,
P. 4920. Pine head ; Sheppey. Daivson Coll.
P. 356 a. Small similar skull ; Sheppey. Purchased^
41723. Pragment with some anterior vertebrae ; Sheppey.
' Toulmin Smith Coll.
Otoliths of supposed extinct species of Gadidae have also been
described as follows : —
Otolithus {GadidarurYi) acutanguliis, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. (1884), p. 546, pi. xi. fig. 13. — Lower
Oligocene ; Lattorf.
Otolithus {CadidarurYi) elevatus.^ E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. (1888),
p. 290, pi. xviii. figs. 4, 5. — Lower Tertiary ; Clayborne,
Alabama.
Otolithus {Gadidarum) latisidcatus.^ E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884,
p. 545, pi. xi. fig. 5. 0. {Raniceps) latisulcatus., E. Koken,
loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 86, pi. iv. fig. 4, pi. iii. fig. 2. —
Oligocene ; Germany. Miocene ; Antwerp.
Otolithus {Gadidarum) meyeri^ E. Koken, loc. cit. 1888, p. 289,
pi. xviii. figs. 8, 9. — Lower Tertiary ; Jackson Eiver,
Mississippi.
604
ACTINOPTERYGII.
Otolithus {Gadidavum) mucronatus^ E. Koken, loc, cit. 1888,
p. 290, pi. xvii. figs. 10, 11. — Lower Tertiary; Clayborne,
Alabama.
Otolithus {Gadidarimi) 'planus^ E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884, p. 545,
pi. xi. fig. 12. — Middle and Upper Oligocene ; Sollingen,
Cassel, Luithorst, and Waldbbckelheim.
Otolithus (Oadidavimi) ponderosus., E. Koken, Abb. pbys. Cl. k.
Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, vol. xxxii. (1885), p. 113, pi. v.
fig. 24, and loc. cit. 1891, p. 90, figs. 4, 5. — Lower Eocene ;
Copenhagen.
Otolithus {Gaclus) simplex.^ E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 91, pi. iii.
fig. 6. 0. {GadidarurrC) clcgans., E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884,
pi. xi. fig. 3 {err ore). — Middle Oligocene to Pliocene ;
Germany and Crag of Sufiblk.
Otolithus {Gadus) spectabilis, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 94,
pi. iii. figs. 3, 4. — Miocene ; Holstein.
Otolithus {Gadus) tenuis., E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 92, pi. iv.
figs. 3, 6. — Miocene ; Bordeaux and Baden.
Otolithus {Gadi) tuherculosus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xxxvi. (1884), p. 540, pi. xi. fig. 1. 0. {Raniceps)
tuherculosus.) E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 88. —
Middle Oligocene ; Siildorf and Magdeburg.
Otolithus {Gadus) venustus., E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 91, pi. v.
figs. 2, 3. — Miocene ; Holstein.
Otolithus {Merlmigus) cognatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 89,
pi. iii. fig. 5, pi. V. fig. 1. — -Ibid.
Otolithus {Merlangus) spatidatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891,
p. 89, pi. ii. figs. 6, 7, 10. — Upper Oligocene ; Stern¬
berg.
Otolithus {Merluccius) attenuatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 84,
pi. ii. figs. 1, 2. — Upper Oligocene ; Sternberg, Ereden,
Cassel.
Otolithus {Meiduccius) halticus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1885, p. 113,
pi. V. figs. 22, 23, and loc. cit. 1891, p. 83, fig. 2. — Lower
Eocene ; Copenhagen.
Otolithus {Merluccius) emarginatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1884, p.547,
pi. xi. fig. 6, and loc. cit. 1891, p. 84, pi. ii. figs. 8, 9. —
Middle and Upper Oligocene ; Germany. - -
Otolithus {Merluccius) miocenicus., E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 85,
pi. V. fig. 4. — Miocene ; Holstein.
Otolithus {Merluccius) ohtusus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 85,
pi. ii. figs. 3-5.— "Upper Oligocene ; Sternberg.
Otolithus {Morrhua)faha.) E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 95. 0. {Gadi)
cr^tr^^ .
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GADID^. ^ ‘?yr’ca.
Qo^
's*« _ _
/a&«, E. Koken, Zoc. czi. 1884, p. 541, pi. xi. fig. 8. — Middle
Oligocene ; Hermsdorf.
Otolitlius {JSIorrliucC) latiis^ E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 95, pi. x.
figs. 7, 8. — Miocene ; Liinebiirg.
Otolithus {JSlorrhua) soelUngensis^ E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891, p. 94,
pi. iii. fig. 1. — Middle Oligocene ; Sollingen.
Some of the species from Lattorf are represented in the Collection
by a small series of otoliths numbered 40505-07. Purchased.
There are also various undetermined otoliths of Gadidae from the
Pliocene of Orciano (Tuscany) and Antibes (Erance).
The Ophidiid^ are unknown among fossils, except perhaps by one
imperfect skeleton and several otoliths, which have been described
as follows and are not represented in the Collection : —
Ophidium voltianum., A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Eoss. Agr. Yeron. (1859), p. 39, pi. xi. — Upper Eocene •
Monte Bolca.
Otolithus {Fierasfer) nuntius, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geoL
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 99, pi. vi. fig. 2. — Middle
Oligocene; Sollingen. y 'p/tx^s.N.:z./^sl-,\r.irs'c./^^^)p-6(i pt.6(/F'o
Otolithus {Fierasfer) posterus, E. Koken, ibid. p. 100, pi. vi. ' ' '
fig. 6. — Upper Oligocene; Cassel, Kl. Ereden. (?) Miocene
of Austria.
Otolithus {Opjhidiidarum) hoettgeri, difformis, hilgendorji^ hyhridus,
marchicus, ohotritus., occidtus, and sacconicus, E. Koken,
ibid. pp. 100-105, pi. i. figs. 5-7, pi. v. figs. 7-9, 14,
pi. vi. figs. 1, 5, pi. X. figs. 17-19. — Oligocene; Germany.
The species difformis was previously named Otolithus
{Gadidarum) difformis, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi.
(1884), p. 547, pi. xi. fig. 11. Several varieties are
recognised.
The specimen described as follows is too imperfect for exact
determination : —
Brotula (?) longipinnata, D. G. Kramberger, Jahrb. k.-k. geol.
Eeichsanst. vol. xxx. (1880), p. 570, pi. viii. fig. 6. —
Tertiary ; Kikolschitz, Moravia. [Imperfect fish ; Im¬
perial Geological Survey, Vienna.]^
The Maceijkid^ are also unknown among fossils, except perhaps
by the otoliths. Here may be placed the following : —
7034 a. Three otoliths of the form named Otolithus {Macrurus)
4- .
606
ACTII^OPTEEYGII.
■prcecursor^ E. Koken, Joe. cit. 1891, p. 96, fig. 6; Pliocene,
Orciano, near Pisa, Tuscany. Purchased, 1875.
Other supposed otoliths of this family, not represented in the
Collection, are described as follows : —
Otolitlius {Macruridarmn') havaricus, E. Koken, Palseontogr.
vol. xxxviii. (1891), p. 37, fig. 1. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Siegsdorf, Bavaria.
Otolithus i^Macruridarum) singularis, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 98, pi. vi. fig. 9. — Lower
Oligocene ; Lattorf.
Family PLEURONECTIDA:.A.'’»?"f'r'/“^ '
A K TCIC . 6 S •
Trunk deepened, much laterally compres’sed and fiattened, the
fishes always resting on one side when adult. Skull unsym-
metrically developed, and both eyes in the adult situated on the
one side which is always coloured and turned upwards when at rest.
Premaxilla excluding maxilla from gape. Abdominal region very
short. Paired fins small, often unsymmetrically developed, and one
or more sometimes absent. Dorsal and anal fins much extended,
not subdivided. In the recent forms : — gills four ; pseudobranchise
well developed ; air-bladder absent.
This family dates back to the Upper Eocene, but no extinct
genera are recognisable. In existing seas its range is cosmopolitan,
and a few forms live in freshwater.
A description of the skull of some existing Pleuronectids is
published by K. H. Traquair, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. (1866),
pp. 263-296, pis. xxix.-xxxii.
^ ^ Genus RHOMBUS (Klein), Cuvier.
' [Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 222.]
Mouth wide, the jaws and dentition being nearly equally
developed on both sides ; a narrow band of villiform teeth, without
canines, on the margin of the juws ; equally small teeth also on the
vomer but not on the palatines. Eyes on the left side. Gill-rakers
well-developed, lanceolate ; seven branchiostegal rays. Abdominal
vertebrae with broad transverse processes, and very small delicate
ribs ; haemal spines at base of caudal fin somewhat expanded, not
fused together. Both pairs of fins present, usually unsymmetrically
developed ; dorsal fin arising on the snout ; caudal fin separate,
rounded behind. Scales small or absent.
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PLEURONECTID^.
607
Some of these characters cannot be observed in the fossils, which
are thus only provisionally determined. The existing species
inhabit the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.
Rhombus minimus, Agassiz.
1796. Pleuronectes quadratulus, Gr. S. Volta, Ittiolit. Veronese, p. cclx.
pL Ixiii. hg. 3 {err ore).
1835. Rhombus minimus.^ L. Agassiz, Neues Jahrb. p. 301 (name only).
1839-42. Rhombus minimus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss. vol. iv. p. 289,
pi. xxxiv. fig. 1.
1859. Rhombus minimus, A. B. Massalongo, Specimen Photogr. Anim.
Foss. Agr. Veron. (1859), p. 36, pi. xiii. fig. 1.
Type. Nearly complete fish ; Palseontological Museum, Munich.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0*1. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained two and a half times
in the length from the pectoral arch to the base of the caudal fin ;
maximum depth of trunk about four fifths of latter measure.
Vertebrae 11 or 12 in the abdominal, 20 in the caudal region.
Dorsal and anal fins deepest in their middle portion, the former
with about 65, the latter with about 45 rays ; both these fins
terminating very close to the caudal, which comprises 17 rays.
Small scales well developed, apparently cycloid.
Form. Log. Upper Eocene : N. Italy.
1657. Fine specimen, 0*06 in length, in counterpart ; Monte
Bolca. The head is imperfect, but the trunk and median
fins are well displayed. Appearances suggest a dense
squamation of small cycloid scales.
Presented by Chambers Hall, Esq.
P. 3971. Another good specimen broken and distorted in the
caudal region ; Monte Bolca. The dorsal fin is shown
arising on the snout. The head and opercular apparatus
are tolerably well preserved ; and the delicate pectoral fin
is seen. Some of the abdominal vertebrae exhibit their
large transverse processes ; and there are remains of the
small, slender ribs. EnnisTcillen Coll.
Dermal tubercles resembling those of the existing Rhombus
maximus, Cuv., are recorded from the Lower Pliocene of Orciano,
Tuscany, under the name of Rhombus gentiluomoi by B. Lawley,
Nuovi Studi Pesci, etc., CoUine Toscane (1876), p. 82.^
The following small extinct species have also been referred
to this genus, but are not represented in the Collection : —
608
ACTIIs’^OPTERTGlI.
Rhombus ahropterijx, H, E.^Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Nat. [5] vol. xiv.
(1870), art. no. 7, p. 5, and Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. iv. (1873),
art. no. i. p. 101, fig. 4. — Upper Miocene ; Licata, Sicily.
Rhombus bassaniaiius^ E. G. Kramberger, Beitr. Palaont.
/f 3 S Oesterr.-Uugarns, vol. iii. (1883), p. 71, pi. xiii. figs. 1,
o. 2. — Upper Miocene ; Uolje and Yrabce, Croatia. [Geo-
- logical Museum, University of Agram.]
Rhombus fitzingeri, J. J. Heck el, Neues Jahrb. 1849, p. 500
(name only). — Middle Miocene; Margaretben, Vienna.
[Court Museum, Vienna.]
Rhombus heckeli, E. Kner, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss., math.-
naturw. Cl. vol. xix. (1861), p. 75, pi. x. fig. 12; E.
Bassani, Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat. vol. vii. (1880),
p. 89. — Ibid. [Court Museum, Vienna.]
Rhombus ligusticus^ C. Poilini, Sopra Alcuni Avanzi di Pesci
Eossili Terziari (Milan, 1889), p. 92, fig. 7. — Lower
Oligocene; Santa Giustina, Liguria. [Geological Museum,
University of Genoa.]
Rhombus parvulus, D. G. Kramberger, loc. cit. 1883, p. 72,
pi. xiii. fig. 3. — Upper Miocene ; Holje and Podsused,
Croatia. [Geological Museum, University of Agram.]
The undefined names Rhombus mimitus, R. nardii^ R. richiardii^
and R. sauvagei are given to fishes from the Upper Miocene of
Gabbro, Tuscany, by Bosniaski, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. — Proc.-
Verb. vol. i. (1878), p. xix, and Capellini, Mem. E. Accad. Lincei
[3] vol. ii. disp. i. (1878), p. 285. Rhombus caudatus and R. cutrensis
are also undefined names for fishes from the supposed Upper Miocene
of Cutro, Calabria (Bosniaski, ibid. vol. i. 1879, p. Ixxxii).
An otolith of a form not represented in the Collection has been
described thus : —
Otolithus (? Rhombus) rhenanus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 107, pi. v. fig. 11. — Middle
Oligocene; Waldbockelheim.
Genus PLEURONECTES (Artedi), Linnaeus.
[Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 268.]
Syn. Platessa, G. Cuvier, Eegne Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 220.
Mouth small and unsymmetrical, with dentition more developed
on the blind than on the coloured side ; a single or double series of
small teeth on the margin of the jaws, but none on the vomer or
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PLKURONECTID.E.
609
palatine. Eyes generally on the right side. Both pairs of fins
present, symmetrically developed ; dorsal fin arising above the eye ;
caudal fin separate, rounded behind. Scales very small or
absent.
Range at present throughout the temperate and arctic seas of
the northern hemisphere.
The following specimen appears to be identical with the corre¬
sponding bonf* of the existing Fleuronectes platessa, Linn. : —
P. 8739. Left maxilla, described as referable to Platessa sp. by
E. T. Xewton, Yert. Eorest Bed (Alem. Geol. Snrv. 1882),
p. 128; Eorest Bed, Overstrand, Yorfolk. Savin Coll.
An otolith described as follows, probably belongs to this genus,
but is not represented in the Collection : —
OtoJithus {Platessa) sector., E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges.
vol. xl. (1888), p. 292, pi. xvii. figs. 14-16, and ibid.
vol. xliii. (1891), p. 105, pi. i. fig. 4. — Lower Oligocene;
Westeregeln and Osterweddingen, Germany, Also Lower
Tertiary, Alabama.
Genus SOLEA, Cuvier S’,
[Eegue Animal, vol. ii. 1817, p. 223.]^^-^- 'iS. 'Of-I
Mouth small and unsymmetrical, twisted round to the left (blind)
side : teeth minute and villiform, confined to the left margin of the
jaws. Eyes on the right side, the upper being more or less in
advance of the lower. Abdominal vertebrae with very small trans¬
verse processes and rudimentar}^ ribs, but most of them with long
and robust haemapophyses. Both pairs of fins usually represented,
but often unsymmetrical and one sometimes Mbsent ; dorsal fin
arising on the snout ; caudal fin separate, roundi'd behind. Scales
very small, antero-posteriorly elongated, deeply overlapping, and
ctenoid.
Existing species occur in all temperate and tropcal seas, and a
few inhabit freshwaters.
Solea kirchbergana, Meyer.
1848. Rhombus kirchberganus, H. von Meyer, Neues Jahrb. p. 782.
1851. Solea kirchbergana, H. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. ii. p. 102,
pi. xvii. figs. 2, 3.
1856. Solea kirchbergana, H. von Meyer, ibid. vol. vi. p. 25, pi. i. fig. 3.
1883. Rhombus kirchberganus, F. A. Quenstedt, Ilandb. Petrefakt,
ed. 3, p. 370, pi. xxix. figs. 2, 3.
p.vRT IV. 2 a
610
ACTTNOPTERYGTT.
Type. Imperfect fish.
A very small species, attaining a length of about 0*08. Length
of head with opercular apparatus contained four and a half times,
maximum depth of trunk two and a half times in the total length
to the base of the caudal fin. Abdominal vertebrae 9, caudal
vertebrae 24 in number. Pectoral and pelvic fins present. Dorsal
margin nearly straight in the middle, the fin comprising about 50
to 55 rays ; anal fin with about 40 rays. Sqiiamation dense.
The otoliths of this species are described by von IMeyer, loc. cit.
1856.
Form. Loc. Lower Pliocene : ^Yurtemberg.
36179, 36578. Fine specimen in counterpart, displaying the
characters noted in the specific diagnosis ; Unterkirchberg
near Ulm. The vertebral centra are broken, and the
edges of the median fins are imperfect. The characteristic
haemapophyses of the abdominal vertebrae are shown, and
one of the delicate pectoral fins, as also one of the
small pelvic fins, is preserved. Purchased, 1861-62.
36178. More imperfect large specimen; Unterkirchberg.
Purchased, 1861.
35749. Smaller specimen, with well-preserved caudal fin, which
comprises 18 rays ; Unterkirchberg. Purchased, 1860.
The two undermentioned imperfect specimens represent a form
essentially identical with S. hirchhergana, but exhibiting a more
arched hack and other minor differences which are considered to
indicate a distinct species named S. antiqua by H. von Meyer,
Palaeontogr. vol. ii. (1851), p 103, pi. xvii. figs. 4-7, and ihid.
vol. vi. (1856), p. 26, pi. i. figs. 4, 5.
P. 3972. Large distorted specimen ; Unterkirchberg.
Ennislillen Coll.
35520. Imperfect specimen wanting end of tail ; Unterkirchberg.
One of the otoliths is seen, and both pelvic fins are pre¬
served. Purchased, .
Otoliths, apparently of this genus, not represented in the
Collection, have also been described as follows : —
Otolithus (Solea) approximatus, E. Koken, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol.
Ges. vol. xliii. (1891), p. 106, pi. v. fig. 13. — Miocene;
Langenfelde, Holstein.
OtoJitlnis (Solece) glaher, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xl. (1888), p. 293,
^ ♦ Z / . S^cx^A^^^ck.*^ ^ ^ <^^^^-A-o/»*Oy
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(/<»;■. y! ^*7 • ,Sc^At.,^at^ ; C?/-<t«. . y^^j-X-<t.7. r<XfytiJ~in*-<i^^
Sx. 97. /«y’/’/--^.''<f ^./<>/.
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PLEURONECTID^.
611
pi. xviii. fig. 3. — Lower Tertiary; Jacksou Elver,
Mississippi.
OtoUthiis (Solece) giiestfalicus, E. Koken, loc. cii. vol. xliii. (1891),
p. 106, pi. V. fig. 10. — Upper Oligoeene ; Biinde.
Otolithus i^Solea) Jenticularis, E. Koken, loc. cit. vol. xxxvi. (1884),
p. 548, pi. xi. fig. 15. — Upper Oligoeene ; Cassel.
Solea sauvagei., Bosniaski (Upper Miocene, Gabbro, Tuscany) is
merel}’ a MS. name quoted by Sauvage, Ann. Sci. Geol. vol. xi,
art. no. 3 (1880), p. 12. /Tl t
The so-called tSolea provincialis, H. E. Sauvage (Bull. Soc. Geol.
Erance, [3] vol. xi. 1883, p. 488, pi. xi. fig. 3), from the Lower
Oligoeene of Aix-en-Provence, is not a Pleuronectid and will
probably prove to be a Cyprinodont.
Another otolith supposed to belong to this family is desciibed
thus : —
Otolithus [Fleur one ctidaruui) acuminatus, E. Koken, loc. cit. 1891,
p. 107, pi. V. fig. 12. — Middle Oligoeene ; Waldbockelheiin.
Oa. xn/. :z.
INCERT^ SEDIS.
The Collection also comprises many fragmentary fish-remains
from the London Clay of Sheppey, which are at present inde¬
terminable. Among these the following may be mentioned : —
P. 621. Imperfect cranium and fragments of jaws, marked by
Agassiz and Egerton as intended to be the type specimen
of Lahrophagus esocinus, named only by Agassiz, Eep.
Brit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), p. 308. Egerton Coll.
P. 631. Portion of small head and opercular apparatus, marked by
Agassiz and Egerton as intended to be the type specimen
of Bothrosieus minor., named only by Agassiz, loc. cit.
1844, p. 307. Egerton Coll.
P. 1764. Hinder portion of cranium labelled by Egerton as referable
to Eaupygus hucl'landi, Agassiz [loc. cit. 1844, p. 308,
name only). Egerton Coll.
'J.
612
TXCERT.^: SECTS.
36134. Portion of similar cranium, with vertebrae.
Purchased, 1861.
P. 619. Decaying pyritised head, marked by Egerton as intended
to be the type specimen of Pachycephalus cristatus, named
only by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1844, p. 308. Egerton Coll.
P. 9582. Similar head, well preserved. Egerton Coll.
28498, 28614 a. Two similar heads, the second with part of the
abdominal region. Dixon Coll. Purchased, 1853.
30893. Two similar crania.
Purchased, 1856.
P. 622. Fragmentary head, marked by Agassiz and Egerton as
intended to be the type specimen of Loxostomus mancus,
named only by Agassiz, loc. cit. 1844, p. 308.
Egerton Coll.
Miscellaneous fish-remains of indeterminable affinities, not repre¬
sented in the Collection, have also received the following names :
Conosaurops hoiuvianni : Conosaurus howructnni, E. ^ • (ribbes,
Smithson. Contrib. vol. ii. art. no. 5 (1850), p. 10, pi. iii.
figs^ 1-5. Conosaurops, J. Leidj^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1868, p. 202.— Eocene : South Carolina. [Teeth.]
Diplotomodon horrificus, J. Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1868, p. 202. Tomodon horrificus, J. Leidy, Smithson.
Contrib. vol. xiv. art. no. 6 (1865), p. 102, pi. xx. figs.
7_9. — Cretaceous ; Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co., New
Jersey. [Tooth ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila¬
delphia.]
^Giqantichthijs pharao, Dames, Sitzungsb. Ges. naturf. Ereunde,
r' Berlin, 1887, p. 137. Titanichthys pharao, W. Dames,
ibid. p. 70, with fig.— Upper Cretaceous ; Egypt. [Tooth :
''<r£. Eoyal Museum of Natural History, Berlin.]
Hacquetia holcensis, W. Szajnocha, Pamiet. Wydz. matem.-przyr.
Akad. Umiejet. Krakow, vol. xii. (1886) p. Ill, pi. ix.
fig. 2.— Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca, near Yerona.
[Imperfect fish : University Geological Museum, Cracow.]
Heterolepis, 0. G. Costa, Atti E. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. ii. no. 22
(1865), p. 4, pi. i.— Cretaceous ; Pietraroja, Province of
Benevento, Italy. [Portion of fish.] pOl
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613
Platygenys rugosvs, E. Owen, Catal. Foss. Kept. & Pisces, Mus. Eoy.
Coll. Surg. (1854), p. 165, no. 664. — London Clay; Sheppey.
[Fragmentary head.]
Pygacanihus altus^ E. Owen, op. cit. 1854, p. 166, no. 668. —
London Clay ; Sheppey. [Imperfect head.]
Toxopoma politum., E. Owen, op. cit. 1854, p. 164, no. 660. —
London Clay, Sheppey. [Imperfect head.]
Nothing is known of the fossil fish-remains from the London
Clay of Sheppey, to which the following undefined names were
applied by Agassiz, Eep. Erit. Assoc. 1844 (1845), pp. 307, 308 : —
Bothrosteus brevifrons, Bothrosteus latus^ Echenus politus. Gadopsis
hreviceps, Phasganus declivis, Rhipidolepis elegans, and Synophrys
hopei.
s. XK :z-. ir. CPS' (/f 2, ^
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA ,
()[4
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
P. 42, &c. Since the present volume was in t3’pe, the University
Geological Survey of Kansas (vol. vi. pt. ii.) has published
an important memoir on the Cretaceous Teleostean fishes
of Kansas by A^. Stewart. Among the additional notes
on known species, may be mentioned a description and
figure of the skull of Stratodus noticed above on p. 188 ;
a description and figure ^of the imperfectly known Syllce-
mus Iqtifr'ons (see above, p. 351), from an undetermined
locality in Kansas ; and a figure of the so-called Lept-
%
ichtliys agilis.
P. 46. The hypural bone named Ischyrhiza (F) radlata is doubtfully
referred to Xipliias by C. R. Eastman, Maryland Geol,
Surv. — Eocene (1901). p. 112, pi. xii. fig. 8.
P. 153. Line 3 for Lower Oligocene read Upper Miocene. * See
Kramberger, Verhandl. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst. 1S89,
p. 87. •.
•
♦
P. 160. Add the following : — -
f'Sahno teplitiensis, G. G. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Yer^jotos,
vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 26, pi. iv. fig. 5. — Lower Miocehe ;
Teplitz, Rohemia. [Head and anterior abdominal regiejn ;
Teplitz Museum.]
lliaumaturus deichmuelleri^ G. C. Laube, loc. cit. p. 21, pi. iii.
figs. 5, 6. — Lower Miocene ; Kutschlin, Bohemia. [Im¬
perfect fish ; Deichmiiller Coll., Dresden.]
Further notes are published by Laube {loc. 19,
pi. iii. fig. 1) on Tliaamaturus furcatus. He de*ribes
Aspius elongatas as a distinct species under the name of
Thaumaturus elongatus {loc. cit. p. 20, pi. iii. figs. 2-4).
, The sorcalled Thaumaturus lusatus is regarded as the
t}T>e species of^a new genus Frothymallus {loc. cit. p. 23,
pl.^AvT'^figs. 1-3) ; and the following new species is
added : —
^Frothymallus princeps, G. C. Laube, loc. cit. 25, pi. iv. fig. 4.
— Lower Miocene : Kundratitz, near Leitmeritz, Bohemia.
[Imperfect fish ; Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague.]
^!</V^<30a^ c^^jgy^ _
/ O ^ Cf-' ^ .
(T^. - ^yi<j 'y^. ^ ^yy^trv'^
^-eyf^ 'A/I . ^=9aje^ V/f^fj:^:^^
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>-.52
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616
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X//- 6 ^"Z- 3. /W'/^/'^- *
ADDENDA ET COERIGEXDA.
615
P. 190. Generically iudeterminable teeth have been referred to
the so-called Phasganodas as follows ; —
Phasganodus australis, P. Ameghino, Sinopsis Geol.-Paleout. —
Suplem. (1899), p. 10. — Cretaceous (?) ; Patagonia.
Phasganodus gentry i, E. D. Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv,
(1875), p. 362. — Miocene; Cumberland Co., Aew Jersey.
P. 277. Eor additional notes on dsotogoneus cuvitrl, see E. Priem,
Bull. Soc. Geol. Prance, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 847.
P. 289. Add the following : —
Esox destructus, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Ter. Lotos,
vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 19, pi. ii. fig. 1. — Lower Miocene,
Preschen, Bohemia. [Imperfect head; Geological Museum,
German LMiversity, Prague.]
P. 294. Add the following : —
Prolehias egeranus, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Ter.
Lotos, yol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 28, pi. v. figs. 1, 2. —
Lower Miocene ; Franzensbad, Bohemia. [Imperfect
fish ; Geological Museum, German Pniversity, Prague,]
Prolehias pulchellus, G. C. Laube, loe. cit. p. 31, pi. v. figs. 3, 4. —
Lower Miocene ; Konigsberg-a.-E., Bohemia. rj)itto.]
P. 296. Isothing is known of the imperfect fish from the Epper
Eocene (Gypsum) of Paris, named Poecilia lametherii by
H. D. de Blainville, Touv. Diet. d'Hist. Xat. vol. xxvii-
(1818), p. 374. See P. Priem, Bull. Soc. Geol. Prance,
[3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 852.
Pp. 299-323. Tew Cyprinoids from the Lower Miocene of Bohemia
are described and figured by Laube (loc. cit. pp. 33-48,
pi. ii. figs. 2-5, pi. y. figs. 6, 7, pi. vii. figs. 1-3) under
the following names : — Xemacliilus tener, Tinca^macro-
'pterygia. Tinea lignitica, Gobio major, Gohio vicinus,
4^ ^ Leuciscus fritsclii, and Chondrosto'nia Jaticaiida. Notes
are also added on Tinea ohtruncata, Leueiseus papyraceus,
Leueiseus brevis, Leuciscus acrogaster, Leuciscus medius,
Leuciscus colei, CJiondrostoma bubedus, and Chondrostonia
elongaia, Leuciscus stephani is described as Choidrostoma
stephani.
616
ADDENDA ET COEEIGENDA.
P. 323. The imperfect fish from the Upper Eocene (Gypsum) of
Paris, noticed and figured by Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. ed. 2
(1822), vo]. iii. p. 348, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 14, is described
under the name of Lcibeo ? cuvieri by F. Priem, Bull. Soc.
Geol. France, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 850, pi. xv. fig. 6.
It is considered to be perhaps identical with the so-called
Cyprinus oniniitus, H. D. de Blain'rille, Nouv. Diet.
d’Hist i^at. vol. xxvii. (1818), p. 375.
P. 330. Some fin-spines from the Lower Eocene of Cuis, Marne,
are named Silurus{‘^) gaudryi and Arms dutemplei by
C. H. Leriche, Ann. Soc. Geol. Nord, vol. xxix. (1901),
pp. 180, 181, pi. i. figs. 7-15. S3^.
P. 353. The specimen numbered P. 9184 is of the same species as
the fish in the Kansas University Museum regarded as the
type of Leptichthys agilis by A. Stewart, Amer. Geol.
vol. xxiv. (1899), p. 78.
P. 368. Add the following
Sphyreena tyrolensis, H. von Meyer, Palseontogr. vol. x. (1863),
p. 305, pi. 1. figs. 7-11. — Lower Oligocene ; Haring,
Tyrol. [Uentary bone ; Innsbruck Museum.]
P. 473. A generically indeterminable portion of dentary bone
from the Miocene of Cumberland Co., New Jersey, is
named SpTiyrcenodas silovianus by E. D. Cope, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xiv. (1875), p. 362. ^phyrmia
speciosa of Leidy is also re-named Sphyreenodus speciosiis
by Cope, loc. cit. p. 362.
P. 508. Add the following : —
Smerdis isabellce, A. Gaudry, Anira. Foss. Attique (1862), p. 404,
pi. Ixi. figs. 1, 2. Acanthomidlus isaheUce, Valenciennes,
Comptes Bendus, vol. lii. (1861), p. 1300. — Miocene;
Koumi, Euboea. [Imperfect fish ; Paris Museum of
Natural History. Type species of Acanthomullusd]
P. .509. For additional notes on Smerdis ventredis^ see F. Priem,
Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. xxviii. (1901), p. 856.
P.516. For a description of Plectropoma uraschista,” see also
G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Yer. Lotos, vol. ii.
pt. iv. (1901), p. 48, pi. iii. figs. 7, 8.
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ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA.
617
P. 530. A new specimen in the Geological Museum of the Sorbonne,
Paris, is ascribed to Saryus ciivieri by F. Priera, Bull.
Soc. Geol. France, [3] vol. xxyiii. (1901), p. 853, pi. xvi.
flo- 2 -
X,
P. 550. Add the following : —
Phyllodus hipparionyx^ C. R. Eastman, Maryland Geol. Surv. —
Eocene (1901), p. 113. Phyllodus, J. AVyman, Amer.
Journ. Sci. [2] vol. x. (1850), p. 234, fig. 9 Eocene (?);
Richmond, Virginia.
P. 560. The imperfectly known and indeterminable Acantho-
' pterygian fish described as follows, has been compared
with Ephippus : —
Ephippites pdssenbergensis, L. von Ammon, Geogn. Jahresh.
1900 (1901), p. 59, fig. 3. — Oligocene ; Peissenberg,
Bavaria. [Type species. Imperfect trunk ; Geological
Survey Museum, Munich.]
P. 584. Add the following : —
I
Lepidocottiis gracilis, G. C. Laube, Abhandl. naturw.-med. Ver.
Lotus, vol. ii. pt. iv. (1901), p. 50, pi. v. fig. 8.— Lower
Miocene ; Warnsdorf, Bohemia. [Imperfect fish ; Royal
Bohemian Museuih, Prague.]
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX
[Xote. — The numbers of pages on which mere incidental references occur
are printed in italics.]
Abramis, 319.
319.
Abanthias margin atus.
228.
Acanthcderma, 568.
orbicnlatum, 568.
ovale, 568.
spinosum, 568.
Acanthomullus, 616.
isabellifi, 616.
Acanthonemopsis.
450.
capellinii, 4-50.
Acanthonemus, 449.
bertrandi, 449.
filamentosns, 449.
subanreus, 449.
Acanthonotcs, 481.
alatus, 481.
armatus, 481.
licatfe, 482.
Acanthophoria, 388,
391.
libanica, 390.
Acanth.opleurus,566.
brevis, 567.
serratus, 567.
Acanthopsis, 320.
acutus, 355.
angustus, 321.
Acanthopterygii, 384.
Acanthurus, 563.
canossffi, 563.
dnvali, 564.
gaudrji, 564.
gazolffi, 564.
haueri, 564.
ovalis, 564.
tenuis, 564.
triostegus, 563,
Acanus, 500.
aquispina, 501.
arcuatus, 501.
croaticus, 563.
gracilis, 502.
longispina, 500.
minor, 500.
oblongus, 501.
ovalis, 500.
regleysianus, 501.
spinosus, 500.
sturi, 563.
Acara, 555.
Acerina, m
vulgaris, o22. ^
Acestrus, 494.
oruatus, 494.
Acipenser cretaceus, 234.
Acrodontosaurus,
37.
gardneri, 40.
Acrogaster, 388.
brevicostatus, 389.
daviesi, 390.
heckeli, 390.
minutus, 389.
parvus, 389.
Acrognathus, 243.
boops, 243.
libanicus, 244.
Aero gr amm at olepis,
58.
steinlai, 58.
Aceonurid^, 562.
Acropoma, 481.
alta, 481.
A g onus, 587.
primas, 587,
Aipichthys, 427.
minor, 428.
Aipichthys (coni.).
nuchali.s, 429.
pretiosns, 427.
velifer, 427.
Alausa latissima, 156.
Albula, fi0.
brevis, bo,
de zignii, 65. oh.
lata, 65.
oweni, 60.
Albulid.e, 59.
Alburnus, 319. ^ ^
miocaenicus, 319.
steindachnei’i, 319.'^ - .
' Alepisaurus, 189.^^27z7/x<2:./.
Alepocephalidje, ] 59.
Alosa, 146. ^ A-^ 'hi-
bohemica, 353.
crassa 151^
elongata, lol, ✓ ,
numidica, 152.
renoui, 152._ "
Alosina, 159.
salmonea, 159.
Amblypliaryngo-
don, 304.
Amblypterus olfersi,
27.
Amia indica, 504.
Amia lewesiensis, 217,
Amiurus, 328.
cancellatus, 328 -
maconnelli, 33§. p'Ki.
Ammodytes, 354.
tobianus, 361. ^
A.M.RODYTID.E, 354.
Ampheristus, 577.
toliapicus, 577-
Amphiplaga, 416.
brachyptera, 416.
620
INDEX.
^ Amphisile, 378.
heinrichi, 379.
longirostris, 379.
^^^*^^4.Amphistitiin, 434.
bozzianum, 435.
dubiiim, 435.
longipenne, 435.
paradoxura, 434.
Amphodon, 474.
benedeni, 474.
curridens, 474.
Amyzon, 300.
brevipinne, 300.
commune, 300.
fusiforme, 300.
mentale, 300.
pandatum, 300.
Anacanthini, 597.
Anapterus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elongatus, 257.
macrocephalu.s, 258.
megistosoma, 257.
si cuius, 257.
sphekodes, 258.
toenia, 258.
Anarrhichas, 596.
lupus, 596.
Anchybopsis, 322.
latus, 322.
Ancistrodon, 570.
armatus, 570.
, . fissuratus, 570.
J? Ticentinus, 570.
Ancylostylos, 66.
gibbus, 66.
Andreiopleura, 116.
esimia, 116.
vetustissima, 116.
Anaedopogon, 107.
tenuidens, 108.
Anenchelum, 477.
brevicauda, 480.
breviceps, 478.
dorsale, 478.
glarisiauum, 477.
heteropleurum, 478.
isopleurum, 478.
latum, 478.
longipenne, 478.
marginatum, 228.
Anguilla, 344.
branchiostegalis, 345.
brevicula, 342.
elegans, 345.
hakelensis, 310, 338.
interspinalis, 345.
latispina, 340.
leptoptera, 344.
multiradiata, 345.
pachjmra, 345.
Anguilla (cont.).
sahel-almje, 169.
ventralis, 341.
vulgaris, 346.
Anogmius, 71.
aratus, 72.
contractus, 71.
evolutus, 72, S86.
favirostris, 73.
polymicrodus, 72. ‘ '
Anormurus, 275.
macrolepidotus, 277.
Anthias, 520.
bassanii, 520.
stiriacus, 520.
Apateodus, 258.
glypliodus, 258.'^^
lanceolatus, 264.
striatus, 260.
Apateopholis, 229,
233.
laniatus, 232.
APHREDODERIDiE, 416.
Apodes, 336.
Apogon, 521.
krambergeri, 521.
macrolepis, 521.
spinosus,
Apostasis, 563.
croatica, 563.
Asineops, 417.
pauciradiatus, 417.
squamifrons, 417.
viridensis, 417.
Aspidolepis, 59.
steinlai, 59.
Aspidopleurus, 229,
230.
cataphractus, 230.
Aspius, 318.
brongniarti, 293.
columnse, 319.
ecnomi, 319.
elongatus, 160, 614.
furcatus, 160,
gracdis, 318.
minutus, 318.
vexillifer, 319.
Astephus, 329.
Atherina, 3.59.
macrocephala, 3.59^, r.
minutissima, 361. \
sarmatica, 360.
vardinis, 360. ^
Atherinichthys, 361.
Atherinid.e, 358.
i> Atherinoides, .361.
Atherinops, 361.
Atherinopsis, 361,
sturi, 563.
Apsopelix,
sauriformis, 353.
, Arapaima, 74.
Archaeogadus, 212,
220.
guestphalicus, 220.
Archaeoides, 442.
longicostatus, 442.
longus, 443.
maerurus, 442.
Archaeoteuthis,
524.
glaronensis, .524.
Archaeus, 442.
^brevis, 443.
glarisianus, 442.
Argyreiosus, 450.
minutus, 450.
Arius, 330.
baroni, 334.
bartonensis, 333.
crassus, 332.
dutemplei, 616.
egertoni, 331.
germanicus, 33^^,
. Auchenaspis, Bleeker,
oork
330.
Auchenilabrus, 552.
frontalis, 552.
Auchenoglanis, 330.
Auliscops, 372.
sumatranus, 373.
Aulolepis, 126,
reus.si, 59.
typus, 15, 16, 127.
Aulorhamphus, 562.
bolcensis, 562.
canossae, .563.
capellinii, 563,
Aulorhynchid.e,. 371.
Aulorhynchus, 372.
sumatrensis, 373.
Aulostoma, 375.
bolcense, 375.
licatiE, 376j_ ,^'ne.cstt.ck-
Auxis, 457, 463.
croaticus, 465.
minor, 465.
propterygius, 464.
sarmaticus, 459.
stiriacus, 465.
thynnoides, 465
465.
iheringi, 333. ’ A'jX* 1 _,ri*abceensis
vangionis, 334.
Asima, 536. Bagarius, 335.
jugleri, 53^ , gigas, 335.
Asixeopid.e, 416. i yarrelli, .326, 335.
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INDEX.
021/
( }
Bagrus aor, 327.
Balistes, 568.
caifasii, *^09.
dubius, 569.^ ^ '
/rj<J2BALIST[D^, 565.
301.
//.■'^®''^ . inegacepbalus, 302.
/UU,dl^^ '. steinheiiuensis, 302.
-viilgaris, 302.
Basilichthys, 361.
Bathysoma, 449.
lutkeni, 449.
Bathythrissa, 67,
Belone, 356.
•_/' i acutirostris, 357, 358.
flava, 357.
te^nuis,357f-
^>''**''’''^'^2«^eloDOstonQU3 laniatii.s,
V ' r 232.
Bekycid^, 384.
Berycifor.mes, 384.
Berycopsis, 423.
elegans, 423.
lindstromi, 425.
Beryx, 385.
ater, 392.
dalmaticus, 386.
dinolepidotus, 386.
germanus, 421.
^ insculptus, 386.
lesiuensis, 386.
microcephalus, 124.
multidentatus, 386.
niger, 392.
ornatus, 397, IfOd.
ovalis, 121.
polymici’odus,
, radians, 122 724. ^tYk:
-^chei, 406.
subovatus, 386.
6 suj)erbus, 403.
syriacus, 405.
valenciennesi, 386.
vexillifer, 120.
zippei, 397.
Blenniid^, 595.
Blenniifoemes, 591.
Biennius, 596.
cuneiformis, 566.
fossilis, 596.
ocellari.s, 566
Blochiid.e, 591.
Blochius, 593.
longirostris, 593.
macropterus, 593.
Boop?, 537.
gigas, 537.
Bothrosteus, 613.
brevifrons, 613.
latus. 613.
Bothrosteus (cont.).
Tninor, 611.
Brachygnathus, 519.
tenuiceps, 519.
'^rachyspondylus,
270
cretaceus, 270.
indicus, 326.
saropterix. 323.
Brachyrhynchus,
497.
solidus, 497.
teretirostris, 497.
vanbenedensis, 497.'* ’
Brosmius, 602
elonsratus.
f’uchsianus, 602.
strossinayeri , 602.
susedanus, 602.
Brctula, 605.
longipinnata, 605.
Brychaetus, 76.
muelleri, 76.
Bucklandium, 330.
diluvii, 330, 570.
Butyrinus, 60.
(r02^
Carangopsis {cont.).
brevis. 446.
dorsalis, 447.
lanceolatus, 448.
latior, 446.
maximus, 448. ,
Caranx, 441.^
carangopsis. 441.
g ra£ilis^441:/ ^ ^ ^
haueri, 441. /
longipinnatus, 442. J' '
ovalis, 442.
rigidicaudus, 442. ^
Cariniceps, 458.
compressus, 458.
/^'TC 'V^ !/■
, 602. Catostomus, 299.
Caeus, 57.
leopoldi, 57.
Calamopleurus, 351.
anglicus, 351. ^
Calamostomaf
Agassiz, 383.
breviculum, 383.
Calamostoma, 8tein-
dachner, 383, 562.
bolcensis, 562.
canossge, 563.
Callionymus, 588.
macrocephalus, 588
vestenjE, 448. ^ rhomboides, 450,
Callipteryx, 589.
recticaudus, 589.
speciosus, 589.
Calopomus, 536.
porosus, 536.
Cantharus, 537.
urcianensis, 537.
Capito, 305.
Capitodus, 323.
angustus, 536.
dubius, 537.
indicus, 532.
intei’i'uptus, 537.
subtruncatus, 32.3.
truncatus, 536.
Oarangid.e, 425.
Carangodes, 450.
cephalus, 450.
Carangopsis, 446.
analis, 445.
cristatus, 300.
shoslionensis, 300
Centriscid^, 377.
Centriscus, 377.
aculeatus, 378.
longirostris, 379.
tom, 377.
velitaris, 379.
Chaetodon, 560.
arcuatus, 561.
argus, 561.
asper, 560.
aureus, 449.
canescens, 450.
canus, 558.
chirurgus, 559.
hoeferi, 560.
lineatus, 564,
mesoleuois, 559,
nigricans, 565.
papilio, 433.
pinnatiformis, 433.
pinnatus, 433.
pseudorhombus, 560.
V*
559.
rhombus, 559, 560.
saxatilis, 412.
striatus, 415,
subarcuatus, 561.
subaureus, 449.
substriatus, 415, 560.
subvespertilio, 433.
triostegus, 564.
velicans, 431.
velifer, 430.
vespertilio, 433.
Ch^etobontii)^, 556,
Ch^todontiformes, 556.
Chanoides, 63. 2e/>^'^sA^ci , ^4'
macropoma 63. .
Chanos, 64.
brevis, 65.
forcipatus, 65.
4
022
'-’ '■ ■ .*,’. '‘' • ■
INDEX.
Characinid.e, 297.
Charitosomus, 271.
formosus, 272.
hakelensis, 274.
lineolatus, 274.
major, 272.
Chatoessus, 158.
brevis, 158.
liumilis, 158.
tenuis, 158.
Chelonia radiata, 491.
Chimaera furcata, 84.
Chirocentrites, 90.
cavolini, 92.
coroninii, 91.
gracilis, 91.
libanicus, 105.
vexillifer, 92.
ChirocentridjE, 86.
Chirocentrus, 88.
polyodon, 88.
Chiromystus, 89.
mawsoni, 90. Ia/vv^ *
Chirostoma, 361.
ChirothriciduE, 279.
Chirothrix, 280.
guestfalicus, 283.
lewisi, 283.
libanicus, 280.
Chondrosteus, 115.
^ , Chondrostoma, 316.
bubalus, 310.
^ ‘ elongata, 316.
laticauda, 615.
minutum, 318.
stepbani, 615.
CuROMIDiE, 554.
Chrysichthys, 327.
theobaldi, 327.
Chrysophrys, 534.
^ agassizi, 537.
y.y!i"J4.arsenaritana. 537.
' ~ brusinai, 534.’»'A^-^-
S^incta, 535.
^^bennii, 537.
bertlei, 534.
lawleyi, 534.
miocenica, 537.
scacchii, 534.
zignoi, 534.
Cimoliclithys,
227.
anceps, 203.
contractus, 228.
/ ' , -levvesiensis, 221.
,:^i'*=^^lisbonensis, 228.
merrilli, 228.
nepasolica, 225.
semianceps, 228.
suleatus, 225.
221,
T-^f-
Cladocyclus, 107.
gai*dneri, 108.
lewesiensis, 109.
occidentalis, 110.
streblensis, 110. k]
sweeti, lllyoS^^^
Olapias, 324.
falconeri, 324.^ <
Clinus, 597.
gracilis, 697.
Clupea, 146.
alta, Leidy, 145.
alta, Steindachner, 157.
antiqua, 138.
arcuata, 154.
attenuata, 19. /
beurardi, 142.
bosniaskii, 154.
bottee, 250.
breTiceps, 154.
brevis, 270.
brevissima, 140. j :
eauclata, 164. '•
catopygoptera, 148.
cepbaius, 158.
cbrysosoma, 158.
'U
crenata, 151.
curta, 22.
l;A>’ I
cyprinoides, 63, 456.
deutex, 154.
denticiformis, 154.
doljeana, 159.
dubia, 270.
ecnoini, 155.
elongata, Davis, 55.
elongata, Steindachner,
155, 460.
engrauliformis, 155.
evolans, 133.
fontannesi, 155.
gaudryi, 138.
gervaisi, 155. , ,
gigantea,
goldfussi, 1.58.
gracilis, 150.
gracillima, 15.5.
grandisquama, 155.
grandonii, 155.
gregaria, 155.
guestpbaliea, 237.
baidingeri, 155.
lieterocerca, 156.
bumilis. Leidy, 144.
bumilis, Meyer, 150.
inflata, 1.5(5.
intermedia, 156.
lanceolata. 150.
larteti. 141.
lata, 19, .53.
laticauda, 158.
latissima, 156.
1
C'i
i^7- ,
Clupea {cont.).
lawlevi, 1 58.
leptostea, 153.
lesinensis, 138
lewisii, 17.
lorcee, 156.
lundgreni, 156.
maceki, 156.
macrocerca. 156.
macropbtbalma, 135.
macropoma, 63.
megaptera, 147.
megapteryx, 156.
melettseformis, 156.
menegbinii, 158.
microcepbala, 158.
microsoma, 157.
minima, 2Jf5, 246.
minuta, 149.
minutissima, 158.
mondainensis, 157.
mucronata, 157.
murienoides, 63.
numidica, 151.
ombonii, 157.
opbtbalmica, 158.
opistbopteryx, 157.
polyacbantbina, ] 55.
prsesardinites, 157.
pulcbra, 56.
pusilla, 144.
sagorensis, 1.54, 1,57. nr
sardinites, 152. ■
sardinoides, 19.^
saulos, 157.
sauvagei, 158.
scbeucbzeri, 147., , ~
sinensis, 63.
spbaerocepbala, 154.
sprattus, 1,63. ,-,p.
styriaca, iDi. ^ * j'
tenuissiina, 154.
theta, 140.
tbrissa, 6,3.
thrissoides, 63.
trinacridis, 157
vectensis, 146.
ventricosa, 150.
villosa, 161.
Toironensis, 138.
vukotinovici, 157.
xenopbanis, 158. .
zanclea, 158. rc>if^0Yi,f6/.
Clupeidaj, 128.
Clupeops, 159.
insignis, 159.
Cobitis, 320..
angustus, 321.
bredai, 320.
centrocbir, 320.
eeplialotes, 321.
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TNDF.X.
Cobitis {cont.).
longiceps, 278.
teyleri, 821.
Cobitopsis, 351.
acLitus, 355.
exilis, 355.
Coelocephalus, 457.
salmoneus, 457.
Coelogaster, 116.
an alls, 116.
Coeloperca, 519.
latifrons, 519.
Coelopcma, 470.
colei, 470.
curratura, 472.
Ifeve, 472.
Coelorhynclius, 593.
Conner brevior, 347.
Conosaiirops, 612,
bowmanni, 612.
Conosaurus, 612.
bowmanni, 612.
Oorax fissuratus. 570.
Coregonus, 161.
lavaretns, 161.
Coi’Tina gibberulus, 539.
C0TTID.E, 5S0.
Cottus, 585.
aries, 582.
.^revis, 582, 684.
'^ryptotremus, 585.
divaricatus, 585.
. horridus, 585.
^ypoceras, 585.
multipinnatus. 584.
papjTaceus, 583.
pontifex, 585.
quadricornis, 585.
uncinatus, 585.
Crenilabnis, 540.
szajnocbffi, 541.
woodward!, 541.
Crommyodus, 553.
^ irregularis, 553.
^ Cristiceps, 595.
paradoxus, 595.
Cuossogxathid.e, 348.
Crossognathus, 348.
sabaudianus, 349.
Ctenodentex, 522.
laekeniensis, 522.
Ctenopoma, 579.
jemelka, 579.
Ctenotlirissa, 120.
mierocephala, 124.
radians, 122.
rexillifer, 120.
CTEXOTHRISSlD.fi, 119.
, Cybium, 465, 466, 469.
bartonense. 467.
bleekeri, 466.
Cybium {cont.).
vjbottii, 470. 9 ^
/QUinonti, 470.
excelsum, 467.
linguiatum, 469.
macropoinura, 462.
maculatum, 466.
partschi, 170
- -
623'' ' '
Dentex {cont.).
faujasi, 522. ^ ^ is, /v.v".
laekeniensis, 522.
leptacanthus, 522. •
microdon, 523.
muensteri, 523.
nobilis, 523.
sardiniensis, 523.
proosti, 4:i0. yentralis, /V./
speciosum, 466.
tenue, 470.
Cycloides, 59.
incisLis, 59.
Cyclolepis, 59.
agassizi, 59.5?^vwg^
Cyclopoma, 504. • ^
gig is, 504
micracantbum, 504.
spinosum, 504.
CvCLOPTERlDHl, 587.
Cycloptems, 587.
lurapus, 596, 587.
Cyclotomodon, 45.
ya grans, 4.5.
Cyclurus crassus, 598.
Cyclurus minor, 583.
Cyclurus nemopteryx,
■^598.
CYPRIXID.E, 299.
Cyprinodon leyatus, 416
Cyprixodoxtidh:, 289. ,
Cyprinus, 300.
bipunctatus, 318.
carpio, 301.
minutus, bib.
papyraceus, 307.
priscus, 301.
squamosseus, 276.
Cyttid^, 417.
Cyttoides, 417.
glaronensis, 417.
Dactylopogon, 248.
grandis, 249. '2^r< gigantodus, 574.
^ neptadiodon, 574.
heterodon, 575.
bilgendorfi, 575.
incertus, 575.
italicus, 575.
meristodus, 575.
paryulus, 249.
Dactylopterus, 586.
pliocenicus, 586.
yolitans, 586.
Dapedoglcssus, 74.
acutus, 75.
sequipinnis, 75.
encaustus, 76.
te.-stis, 75.
Daptinus, 111, 112.
broadbeadi, 113.
intermedius, 1 12.
phlebotomus, 112.
Dentex, 522,
breyiceps, 527-
crassispinus, .522.
DERCETTD.fi, 171.
Dercetis, 172.
elongatus, 184.
limbamnensis, 173.
linguifer, 174.
reus.si, 173.
scutatus, 172.
tenuis, 181.
triqueter, 174.
Dermatoptychus,
236, 243.
macropbtbalmus. 243.
Desmichthys, 450.
daubrei, 450.
Diaphyodus, 541,
546.
oyalis, 546.
trigonella, 546.
Diastichus, 322.
macrodon, 322.
parvidens, 322.
strangulatus, 322
Dictyodus, 473.
crassideus, 475.
destructor, 474.
pri.scus, 473. * .
• rupeiiensi.s, ^{Z^slIovIa'yx^s
Dinopteryx, 406
spinosus, 407. .
Diodon, 571.
acanthodes, 574.
antiquus,
corsicauus, 574. / - '
ermaceus,
foleyi, 574. ^£3'r'»i-vC!su^£>^
monsegurensis. o/a
platyodus, 575.
royasendaj, 575r
scillffi, 572.
/
sigma, 573.
stenodus, 575.
tenuispinus, 575.
yetus, 573.
Diplomystus, 139.
altus, 145.
624
INDEX.
Diplcmystus (coni'.)
analis, 139.
birdi, 142.
brevissimua, 140.
^dental us,
humilis, 144.^*^^'^^^
■' - ' lougicostatus, 143.
/T-; 5^t^-vW^^pe^torosus, 140.
theta, 140.
Tectensis, 146.
Diplotomodon, 612.
horrificus, 612.
Dipnolepis, 234.
jahni, 234.
Ductor, 448.
leptosomuB, 448.
Dules, 521.
medius, 505.
temnopterus, 521.
Echeneis, 451.
CA /yuayi-^^cua.
Enchelurus (cont.).
syriaous, 165.
villosus, 164.
Enchelyopus, 343.
tigrinus, 343.
Encuodontid^, 189.
Enchodus, 190.^ y^Z.-
amicrodus, 203.
anceps, 203.
annectens, 195. -
bleekeri, 466.
calliodon, 203.
carinatus, 204.
corneti, 204.
- , - £j^4
dirus, 204.<^’'^''^^u>*^^
dolichus, 204.
faujasi, 196.
f’erox, 204.
-gladiolus, 204.
gracilis, 201.
I , . halocj^on, 191.
/42.*'*»^^.'®^emonnieri, 198.
glaronensis, 451. lewesiensis^ 191,’ 193.
chenus. 613. nongideus, 199.
Echenus, 613.
politus, 613
Echidnocephalus,
163.
tenuicaudus, 163.
troscheli, 163.
Egertonia, 650.
gaultina, 73.
gosseleti, 551. 4 <2^-^
isodonta, 551.^^^•
Electrolepis, 415.
horrida, 415.
ElopidjE, 7.
Elopides, 23.
couloni, 23.
Elopopsis, 8.
crassus, 10.
d'^ntex. 205.
feDzli, 9.
baueri, 210.
beckeli, 10.
inicrodon, 9.
ziegleri, 10.
Elops, 22.
Embalorhynchus,
497.
kinnei, 497.
Empo, 221.
contracta, 228.
lisbonensis, 22^.
merrilli. 228.
nepaholica, 225.
seinianceps, 228.
sulcata, 225.
Encheiziphius tereti-
rostris, 497.
Enchelurus, 164.
anglicus, 167.
fU . y
\
lycodou, 204
macropterus, 202.
major, 200.
marcheseltii, 200,
oxytomus, 204.'^'^' ''^^'*,'' ‘
parvus, 204.
petrosus, 205.
pressidens, 205.
pulchellus, 193.
recurvus, 201.
semistriatus, 205.
serratus, 203.
shumardi, 205.
sub£equilateralis, 205. ^
tetraecus, 205. ^
valdensis, 205. yC**^®*
Engratilis, 133.
brevipinnis, 133.
evolans, 133, 287.
longipinnis, 133.
tenuis, 230, 285.
Enneodon, 571, 575.
echinus, 574.
Enoplophthalmus,
323.
schlumbei'geri, 323.
Enoplosus, 521.
pygopterus, 521 .
Eocoelopoina, 470.
colei, 470.
curvatum, 472.
Eocottus, 580.
veronensis, 581.*
Eomyrus, 340. i-
doUoi, 340.
latispinus, 340.
ventralis, 341.
I I I • I • , 1 11^ ■ ^ 1 1 1 *1 ^
S-fy
Eothynnus, 457.
salmoueus. 457.
Ephippites, 617.
peissenbergensis, 617.
Ephippus, 559. _
lougipennis, 559.^^
nicolisi, 560.
oblongu.s, 560.
oweni, 570.
rhombus, 559.
Equula, 450.
scillae, 450.
Erismatopterus, 416.
endlichi, 416.
levatus, 416.
rickseckeri, 416.
Esocelops, 46.
cavifrons, 46.
Esocid.e, 287.
Esox, 287.
belone, 375.
destructus, 615.
falcatus, 482.
lepidotus, 288.
lewesiensis, 191.
longirostris, 375.
lucius, 288, 289, 36G.
macropterus, 89.
mouasteriensis, 159.
otto, 289.
ottonis, 289.
papyraceus, 289.
robustus, 288.
saurus, 361.
sphyrtena, 361,
366.
spret, 362, 366.
vulpes, 153.
waltschanus, 289.
Eucynodus, 481.
hunteri, 481.
Eurygnathus,
Agassiz, 46.
cavifrons, 46.
Eurygnathus,
190.
ferox, 200.
marchesettii, 200.
Eurypholis, 207.
boissieri, %ll.
freyeri, 210.
longidens, 199.
major, 201.
sulcidens, 207.
Exocetus evolans, 133.
Exocetus exiliens, 133.
Exocoetoides, 286.
minor, 286.
tenuis, 285.
Fierasfer, 605.
362.
Davi
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INDEX.
625
^ V
Fierasfer {cont.).
iiuntius, 605.
posterns, 605.
Fistularia, 374.
bolcensis, 375.
(Ur?t/^/^t<7£hinensis. 375.
3/7j-clubia, 376. ''^<5'''^/|^^‘leptosomus, ^^1
koenigi, 374.^ vv^ft*w.j=H...X3 ^ lobini, 588. ' j
Gobius {cont.).
bassanii, 588.
brevis, 582.
conicus. 584.
'f' 5
elatus, 584.|g^f^
. /- francomrtanus, 588
longirostris, 375
tabacaria, 376.
tenuirostris, 375.
FlSTrLARlID^E, 373.
Fundulus, 200.^ ,
Gadid.e, 597.
Gadopsis, 613.
oJ
breviceps, 613.
Gadus,
c^glefinus, 59^^/i^* ^o/, vicinalis, 588.
I elegans, 600. ^ . T vienuensis, 584.
faba, 604.
latior, 601.
luscus, 600.^,,,^^^^
merlangus, 600T^^»
merluccins, 589.
minutus, 601.
morrliua, 601.
pollachius, 601.
polynemus, 601.
pseucljeglifinus, 60(5.
simplex, 604.
spectabili.s, 604.
Hemirhy nchus(c/ji' .) .
desbayesi, 488.
zitteli, 487.
Hemisaurida, 27{\
neocom*ieasis, 270.
HemitliyrsitQ3, 481.
armatus, 48 1.
elatus, 481. . . O
iiiacroactus, 588. I licatae, 482.
macrurus, 581. , Hemitrichas, 323.
maxim us, 588. 'is'' schistieola, 323.
microcephalus, 588. i Heptadiodcn, 571,
multipinuatus, 584..-j^'1^| 575.
echinus, O/ 4.
/^UJHeterobranchus,
oblongus, 584.
smyrnensis, 448.
veronensis, 581.
Goniognathus, 577.
coryphffiiioicles, 577.
maxillaris, 577-
G-OXORHYNCHID.E, 271.
Gonorhynchus, 271.
greji, 271.
GyMXODONTID.E, 570.
Gymnodus, 572, 575.
diodon, 575.
heterodon, 575.
stoppanii,
0^
tenuis, 604
tuberculosiis, 604.
venustus, 604.
virens, 601.
Gasteronemus, 437.
oblongus, 440.
rbombeus, 439.
Gephyrura, 296.
concentrica, 296.
Gerres, 523.
massalongoi, 523.
Gigantichthys, 612.
pbarao, 612.
Gillicus, 99, 101.
arcuatus, 101.
polymierodus, 101.
Glossodus, Cuvier, 60.
heckeli, 73. -
Glyptocephalus, 570.
radiatus, 570.
Gobiid.e, 587.
Gobiiformes, 587.
Gobio, 303.
anal is, 304.
major, 615.
vieinus, 615.
Gobius, 588.
barbatus, 581.
PART IT.
monsegui’ensis, oi D.
SC
H^quetia, 612.
bolcensis, 612.
Halec,
eupterygius, 213.
guestphalieus, 220.
baueri, 219.
laubei, 220.
microlepis, 218.
sternbergi, 212.
Halecopsis, 133.
insignis, 134.
lajyis, 134.
Hai.osaurid.e, 162.
Halosaurus, 162.
Harlomi, 1.
PIemibranciiii, 369.
Hemicyclus, 59.
streblensis, 59.
Hemielopcpsis, 58.
gibbus, 58.
gracilis, 58.
suessi, 58.
Hemilampronites,
59.
steinlai, 59.
Hemiramphus, 358.
edwardsi, 358.
Hemirhynchus, 488.
colei, 488.
325.
palasindicus, 325.
Heterolepis, 612.
Heterotis, 74.
Hexapsephus, 322.
guentberi, 322.
Histialosa, 58.
tbioliieri, 58. * ’
Histiocephalus, 579.
bassanii, 579.
Histiophorus, 495. '^79^
antiquas, 495 4^6,
desbayes, 488. ‘
eoc£enicus, e
li o ixiH I o I’ll cl m p liii s j
497.
parvulus, 497.
priscus, 491.
robustus, 497.
rotundus, 495.
Histiothrissa, 131.
crassapinna, 132.
macrodactyla, 131.
Histiurus/l39.
elatus, 146i» ^
serioloides, 146.'^*
ventricosus, 146.
Hclacanthus, 561.
microcephalus, 561.
piovenoi'um, 561.
Holcodon, 190, 204.
lesinaensis, 219.
lycodon, 204.
Holcolepis, 11, 209^
cretaceus, 20. c/<^r^'c-cf5oS‘’*'‘r
Holocentrum, 412.
calcarifer, 502.
lanceolatum, 52 1,
macrocepbalum, 412.
maculatum, 504.
melitense, 413.
pygffium, 413.
pygmaum 414.
sogo, 412.
Holosteus, 270, "2- 5"^,
esocinus, 270. /
62G
IXDEX.
Homonotus, 407.
dorsalis, 408.
,---<Elomorhynchus, 488.
bruxelliensis, 490.
Hoplopteryx, 396.
^ . ?mtiquu3, 396.
U'lTe. vxS^(f/)o. lewesiensis, 397.
lewisi, 404.
^.^undensis, 404.
minor, 406.
voblongus, 406.
Sl'V^lQ spinosus, 407.
stachei, 406.
;^v superbus, 403.
syriacus, 40o.
zippei, 397.
Hoplostethus, 414.
ingens, 414.
laciniatus, 414.
lawleyi, 414.
nettelbladti, 414, ^
ostiolatus, 414.
pisanus, 414.
Hyperlophus, 139.
Hypsodon, 37, 92.
lewesiensis, 33, 40, 45,
94, 95, 98, 109.
minor, 102.
oblong us, 26.
toliapicus, 24.
Hypsospondylus, 58.
bassanii, 58.
Hyptiu^, 58.
sebastiani, 58.
Ichthyodectes, 99.
acanthieus, 107.
anaides, 100.
arcuatus, 101, 110.
cruentus, 107.
ctenodon, 100.
elegans, 103.
goocleanus, 107.
hamatus, 107.
t1^.erK«^j,']>^banicus, 105.
.minor, 102.
multidentatus, 107.
» occidentals, 101.
perniciosus, 107.
polymicrodus, 101.
prognathus, 107.
serridens, 101.
’i. . tenuidens, 104.
Ichthyotringa, 265,
269.
tenuirostris, 269.
Iguana (?) haueri, .564.
Imogaster, 391.
auratus, 394, 419.
I
)
Ischyrhiaa, 46.,7,>,v>^ '
antiqua, 45.^^
Labrodon {cont.).
belgicus, 543.
mira, 46.
bourgeoisi, 543.
radiata, 46, 614.
britannus, 543.
Ischyrocephalus,
canariensis, 542.
190.
carolinensis, 543.
catapliractus, 202.
chantrei, 543.
gracilis, 201.
coccbii, 543.
intermedius, 202.
crassus, 544.
macropterus, 202.
dilatatus, 544.
Isodus, 190.
ed wards i, 544.
sulcatus, 199.
gaudryi, 544.
Istieus, 66.
baueri, 544.
gracilis, 70.
heterodon, 544.
grandis, 67.
nmltidens, 544.
lebanouensis, 71.
pavimefttatum, 544.
macrocephalus, 67, 70.
po^odou, 545.
macrocoelius, 67.
quenstedti, 545. .
mBsOspondylus, 67.
microeephalus, 67.
rbedonum, 545. e i_ - - , ^
sackeri, 545.
spottii, 71.
sauvagei, 545.
Istiophorus, 495.
sellae, 545.
Isurichthys, 453,
soldanii, 54.5,
macrurus, 453.
superbus, 542:
orientalis, 453.
trapezoidalis, 545.
Isurus, Agassiz, 453.
trigone] la, 546.-
macrurus, 453.
Labrophagus, 611.
Julis, 541.
esocinus, 611.
Labrus, 539.
agassizii, 540.
muensteri, 540.
agassizi, 540. m
bifasciatus, 464.® 'X __
sigismundi, 541.
ibbetsoni, 540.
Kurtus Telifer, 430, 431.
malapterus, 595.
merula, 540.
microdon, 540.
Labeo cuvieri, 616.
parvulus, 540.
Labidesth.es, 361.
priscus, 540.
Labrax, 509.
punctatus, 558.
bosniensis, 512.
rectifrons, 558.
delheidi, 512.
turdus, 504.
elongatus, 512.
valenciennesi, 540,
beckelii, 510.
w^oodwardi, 541.
intermedius, 512.
Laparus, 596.
latus, 512.
alticeps, 596. J at/ mu 5 .
lepidotus, 512.
Lates, 502. ^ ^
longiceps, 513.
gibbus, 502.
major, 513.
gracilis, 502.
mojsisovicsi, 513.
heberti, 499.
multipinnatus, 513.
macropterus, 503.
neumayri, 513.
macrurus, 503.
oeningensis, 511.
notmus, 502.
sagorensis, 513.
partscbi, 503.
schizurus, 510.
sagorensis, 513.
steindachneri, 513.
Lebias, 290.''^^'^-^’"“’^"^-
stiriacus, 513.
aymardi, 292.
ubinoi, 510.
cepliabjtes, 290.
Labrid.e, 539.
orassicaudus, 295.
Labrodon, 541.
crassus, 296.
africauus, 542.
eisgrabensis, 294.
alsinensis, 545.
furcatus, 291.
bazini, 543.
gaudryi, 294.
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Lebias (cont.).
gobio, 294. ~
lueyeri, 294.
minimus. 294.
perpusillus, 291.
tenuis, 294.
zignoi, 294.
Lepidenteron, 185.
longissimum, 185.
Lepidocottus, 581.
aries, 582.
brevis, 582.
elongatus, 584.
gracilis, 617.
multipinnatus, 584.
papyraceus, 583.
Lepidopides, 477.
brevispondylus, 481.
clubius, 481.
leptospondylus, 481.
Lepidopus, 477.
albyi, 480.
anguis, 480.
brevicauda, 480.
<j^ti>^,carpathicus, 480.
dubius, 481.
glarisianus, 477.^
leptospondylus, 481.
meneghinii, 481.
Leptecodon, 233.
rectus, 233.
Leptichthys, 616.
agilis, 616.
Leptocephalus, 346.
gracilis, 346.
medius, 347.
taenia, 346.
Leptolepid.e, 1.
Leptosomus, 244.
, "crassicostatus, 246.
elongatus. 245.
guestphalicu.s, 245.
macrourus, 245.
m.inimus, 246.
Leptotrachelus, 173.
armatus, 174.
elongatus, 184.
gracilis, 180.
hakelensis, 184.
longipinnis, 187.
sagittatus, 187.
triqueter, 174, 183.
virgulatus, 187.
Leuciscusj 305.
acrogaster, 310.
aula, 311.
bosniaskii, 310.
brevicauda, 310.
brevis, 310.
bubalus, 310.
castelliuensis, 311.
Leuciscus {cont.).
cecconii, 312.
cephalon, 307.
ceiDhalus, 309.
colei, 308.
dorsalis, 311, 312.
dumerili, 311, 312.
eibisAvaldensis, 310.
elegans, 315.
ery tb rophthalmus,
309.
eurystomus, 311.
fritscbi, 615.
gabbiensis, 311.
gibbus, 310. .
gracilis, 314.
hartmanni, 314. ^
belyeticus, 305.
heterurus, 310.^^^.^
krantzi, 311.
larteti, 311. 3^0
latiusculus, 305.
leptus, 309.
licatjB, 311.
macrurus, 308.
. medius, 310.
.^oeningensis, 305.
'^^papyraceus, 307.
plesiopterus, 311.
polysarcus, 311.
puellaris, 311.
pusillus, 306.
\racalmuti, 311.
'^emotus, 311.
rutilus, 309
sauvagei, 312.
sicanus, 311, 312.
stephani, 311, 615.
tarsiger, 315.
turneri, 311.
vexillifer, 311.
Leucus, 322.
condoniauus, 322.
latus, 322.
Leuresthes, 361.
Lewisia, 48.
ovalis, 53.
Lichia, 445.
alta, 446.
analis, 445.
lata, 445.
prisca, 444.
secunda, 446.
stoppanii, ‘446.
Lobodus, 537.
pedemontauus, 537.
Lobcpterus, 415.
pectinatus, 415.
Lopininai, 591.
Lophius, 591.
brachysomus, 591.
Lcphius {cont.).
patagonicus, 591.
piscatorius, 591.
Loricaria, 591.
plecostomus, 591.
Loxostomus, 611.
mancus, 611.
Lucania, 290.
Lucioperca, 521.
skorpili, 521.
Lucius antediluvianus,
' .288.
Lutianus epbippium, ,
'“'^02*, 561.
Lutodeira, 64.
Lycoptera, 1. , 3.
macrorhyncba, 2.
middendorffi, 2. . A
sinensis, 3.
caucasicus, 59. \___
/.
Macrolepis, 415.
elongatus, 415.
Macrones, 327.
aor, 327.
Macrostcma, 561. ' ^ “
altum, 561.
M.4CRURID.E, 605.
Macrurus, 605.
priecursor, 605. '
Mallotus, IBU.
villosus, 161.
Megalodon, 37, 92. >
lewesiensis. 95. /' /v#
sauroides, 95.
Megalolepis, 482, i'/d'
•baschcaensis, 482. -4-
latus, 482.
Megalops, 24.
forcipatus, 65.
oblongus, 26.
priscus, 24.
Megalurites, 571.
nitidum, 572.
Megapus, 280.
guestfalicus, 283.
Megistopus, 280, 281f.
guestfalicus, 283.
Meletta, 146.
crenata, 151.
doljeana, 159.
gracillima, 155.
gTandisquaraa, 155.
beckeli, 151.
heterostoma, 152.
intermedia, 156.
longimana, 151.
parisoti, 151.
prassardinites, 157.
sable ri, 151.
I < hi 3^-
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Meletta {cont.).
sardiuites, 152.
scheucbzeri, 147.
styriaca, 157.
Meiettina, 151.
Mene, 437.
oblongus, 440.
pusilia, 441.
rhoinbeus, 439.
Menidia,- 361.
Merlangus, 600.
cognatus, 604.
si^atulatus, 604.
suffolkensis, 600.
vulgaris, 600.
Merlinus, 603.
cristatus, 603.
Merluccius, 601.
attenuatus, 604.
/A-
balticus, 604.
bosniaskii, 601.
WVy/T; „ eniarginatus, 604.
obiusus, 604.
^ ^ Mesogaster, 361 .
cretaceus, 362.
gracilis, 254.
sphyrtenoides, 362.
Metopcnichthys,
558.
longiro.stris, 559.
octacanthus, 559.
Microcoelia, 252.
gi-anulata, 252.
libanica, 252.
Microdou nucliali.s, 429.
Microdon pulcbellus,
421.
Mioplosus, 517.
abbreviatus, 518.
beani, 518.
labracoides, 517.
longus, 518.
INDEX.
Mugil, 363.
bre vis , 446 . 7 ^ ^ '
cepbalus, 364.
/ f . debibs, 365.
/aru^-^ ■ op J6S'
365" pi’inceps, Sb^.crrp^CA,
I’adobojanus, 365.
Mugilid.e, 363.
Murfeua cjeca, 347.
Murgena conger, 344.
Murffiua lewesiensis, 185.
Muriena myrus, 341.
Mur£ena opbis, 347.
Mur.enid.e, 336.
Mylocyprinus, 322.
inflexus, 322.
kingi, 323.
longidens, 323.
robustus, 322.
Mylcpharyngodon,
323.
Myripristis, 410.
boinopterygius, 411.
leptacantbus, 410.,,
toliapicus.
Myrus, 310.
vulgaris, 341.
Nummopalatus, 541,
m.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
baziui, 543.
belgicus, 543.
bourgeoisi, 543.
britannus, 543.
cbantrei, 543.
coccbii, 543.
ed ward si us, 544.
gaudryi, 544.
baueri, 544.
beterodon, 544.
multidens, 544.
paviinentatus, 544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, .545.
rbedonum, 545.
sacbeVi, 545.
sauvagei, .545.
trapezoidalis, 545.
Naseus, 564.
brevirostris, 564.
nucbalis, 565.
recti Irons, 564.
Naupygus, 611.
bucklandi, 611.
NemachilEis, 320.
bredai, 320.
centrocbir, 320. ^
cepbalotes, 321.
teier,6l5.
teyleri, 321. ^
Nematcnotus, 249.
bottre, 250.
Nemopteryx, 598.
niultidentatus, 518. ^ ij^*'^rassus, 598. pulcbelluin, 421
sauvageanus, 518
, Monocentris, 414.
. hospps, 414.
' integer, 414.
subrotundus, 415.
Monopteros gigas, 89.
Morrhua, 599.
a'glefinoides, 601,
extensa, 601.
faba, 604.
lanceclata, 601.
lata, 605.
macropterygia, 601.
minima, 601.
soellingensis, 605.
szagadatensis, 601.
Mosasaurus gracilis, 45.
eloDgatus, 598.v<uVAt9'^^'l
'] troscbeli, 598.
Nettastoma, 346. ttf'
bolcense, 346,
NoTACAXTIIIDaS, 1(>8.
Notacantlius, 169.
iNoUeus agassizii, 540.
Notelops, 27.
brama, 27.
Notogoneus, 275.
cuvieri, 277, 615.
longiceps, 278.
osculus, 275.
squamosseus, 276.
IS’OTOPTERin.E, 85.
Notopterus, 86.
priina?vu3, 86.
Odax carolinensis, 543.
Odonteus, 556.
depressiis, 556.
pygmjRus, 556.
sparoides, 556.
Odontostomus, 189.
Oligobelus, 323.
arciferus, 323.
laminatus, 32.3.
Oligoplarch-us, 519.
sqiiainipinnis, 519.
Omiodon, 270.
caba.ssii, 270.
Ommatolampes,
490.
eicbwaldi, 491 .
Omosoma, 419.
intermedium, 420.
monasteri, 421.
sabel-almje, 419.
Omosudis, 189.
Oncolepis, 595.
isseli, 597.
Opiiidiiu.e, 605.
Ophidium,
barbatum, 343, 347./^"^^
voltianum, 605.
Opiiiocepiialid.e, 369.
Ophiocephalus, 369.
striatus, 464.
Opbisurus acuticaudus,
347.
Opisthomyzon, 451.
Opisthopteryx, 253.
curtus. 254.
gracilis, 254.
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Orcynus, 454.
koruposchi, 450.
lauceolatus, 450.
latior, 456.
medius, 450.
scald isii, 455f
Oricardinus, 40.
tortus, 40.
Orthagoriscus, 576.
chelonopsis, 570.
Osmeroides, 11.
altenuatus, ly.
belgicu.s, 22.
brevis, 10.
crassus, 10.
cretaceus, 20.
divaricatus, 22.
dubius, 16.
evolutus, 72.
glarisianus, 255.
gracilis, 16.
grauulatus, 213.
insignis, 134.
latus, 1 6.
levis, 15.
lewesiensis, 11, 213.
lewisi, 17.
mantellii, 12.
maxinius, 18.
niegapterus, 132, 2.39.
microcephaliis, 237.
minor, 132.
monasterii, 237, 238.
pectiuolepis, 22.
polymicrodus, 72.
sardinioides, 19.
vinarensis, 21.
Osmerolepis, 59.
reticulata, 59.
Osmertis, 102.
albvi, 102.
cordieri, 247.
d’achiardi, 102.
glarisianus, 255.
larleti, 162.
proptervgius, 162.
scarabellii, 162.
stilpuos, 162.
OSTARIOPHYSI, 296.
Osteoglossida;, 73.
Osteoglcssum, 74.
encaustum, 70.
Ostracion, 509.
imperialis, 500.^^
micrurus, 509.
oblongus. 509.
turritus, 509.
^eel>-
Otolithus, pa. <$1111, ,
acuminatus, OJ 1.
acutangulus, 603.
adjunct us, 587.
Otolithus {cont.).
aequalis, 522, »
americanus, 451.
amplu-s, 539.
approxiinatus. 010.
attenuatus, 004.
talticus, 604.
bavaricus, 6U0.
biscissus, 590.
\boettgeri, 005.
./orevior, 347.
clavbornensis, 538. . n
cognatus.
.i’Sy
O foil thus {cont.)_
miocenicus, 004.
moguntinus, 322/^^.
inucronatus, 004.
mutabilis, 590.
neglectus, 415.
nettelbladti, 414.
nobilis, 523.
noetlingi, 522.
nuntius, 605.
obotretus, 605.
(Merluccius) obtusus,
604.
t^Z£i6 fu}.
^3^
cor, 587. _ c<rt:t7-ecu^ (Sciana) obtusus, 539.
crassus, 332, 3.^4. _ . occultus, 605.
danicus, 3 34:V ostiolatus, 414.
(Bervcidarum) debilis,
415.
(Mugilidarum) debilis,
305. I
decipiens, 538. !
difformis, 005.
dispar, 588.
distinctus, 322.9-
elegans, 000,
elegantulus, 532.
elevatus, 603. X
ovatus, 539. _
parvulus, 415. / ^
persouatus, o8r. ^
pisauus, 414.
planus, 604 — yi,//
plebejus, 522. 9-/^' '^-
ponderosus, 604.
posterus, 605
pi’Eecursor, 005. /
primas, 58L
radians. 538.
ellipticus, 587. (Bervcidarum) rlie*
elongatus, 539. nanus, 415.
einarginatus, 604.
eporrectus, 538.
faba, 604.
trancoiurtanns, 588. ^
frequens, 522. ■
(? Rhombus) rlieuanus,
^68. - ^ Tnccys, S%
gemma
538.
germanicus, 334.
geron, 415.
gibber ulus, 539.
sasouicus, 605. cc7c^'^-2)
sector, 609.
seelandicus, 590.
(Morrhua) soeUin-
gensis, 605.
(Sparidarum) soellin-
gensi!
glaber, 610. . similis, 538.
gregarius, 5o8. simplex, 604. ^
singularis, 606.
..^miesti aliens, 611.
^ilgendorfi, 605.
holsaticus, 539.
hospes, 414.
bybridus, 605.
ingens, 414.
insignis, 539.
insuetus, 538.
integer, 414.
intermedins, 538.
irregularis, 539.
. kirchbergensis,
/ laciniatus, 414.
lievigatus, 590
latisulcatus
kitus, 005.
lawlevi, 414.
leuticularis, 611.
marcbicus, 005.
meridionalis, 539.
)ueveri. 603.
spatulatus, 604.
speciosus, 539.
spectabilis, 604^^^^
sulcatus, 585. ^ ^
subrotundus, 1157^^^*^^^;^
suffolkensis, 600.
supracretaceus, 415.
tenuis, 604.
testis, 158.
thvnnoides, 482. _ -
tuberculosus. 604. , , y,
vangionis,
varians, 522.
venustus, 604.
verus, 590.
vicinalis, 588.
vulgaris, 600.
Pachycephalus, 011.
cristatus, Oil.
630
IXDEX.
Pachygaster, .jk2(IU^'
polysp;6ndylas,
- spinosus, 520.
3 0 (/>'o . Pachylebias, 294.
crassicaudus, 295,
Pachyrhizodus, 37.
basalis, 37.
caninus, 44.
cin’vatus, 44.
dibleyi, 38.
gardneri, 40.
glyphodus, 258.
gracilis, 45.
kingii, 42.
latimentum, 42.
leptognatbus, 45,
leptopsis, 45.
hiinimus, 45.
sheareri, 45.
subulidens, 43.
velox, 45.
Pachvstetus gregatus,
292.
Pagellus, 532.
aquitaiiicas, 533.
stelanii, 533.
elegantulus, 532.
leptosteus, 533.
libanicus, .390.
microdon, 533.
peruzzii, 533. ^
stenoura, 533.
Pagrus, 533.
^ nieneghinii, 533.
oudrianus, 533.
pileatus, 533.
priscus, 533.
torus, 534.
Palaeobrosmius, 598.
elongatus, 598.
^^^^^fa^5^^alaeogadus, 598.
/u**, troschelii, 598.
Palaeolycus, 211.
dreginensis, 211.
PALiEORIIYNCIIID.E, 482.
Palaeorhynchus, 483.
bruxelliensis, 490.
colei, 488.
deschmanni, 487.
egei’toni, 488.
giganteus, 487.
glarisianus, 483, 4^7.
gracilis, 486.
latus, 485.
longirosiris, 486.
inedius, 485.
microspondylus, 489.
riedli, 487.
zitteli, 487.
Palanarrhichas, 597.
crassus, 597.
Palimphemus, 270.
anceps, 270.
Palimphyes, 460.
brevis, 460. cAaJu
?ercichthys, 514.
crassus, 460.
elongatus, 460.
glaronensis, 460.
gracilis, 460.
latus, 460.
long us, 460.
Pantopholis, 234.
dorsalis, 234.
Paralates, 520.
bleicheri, 520.
Paralepis, 257. 2-*
Paraleuciscus, 312.
ecnomi, 312.
Paranguilla, 343.
ligriua, 343.
Paraperca, 520.
jDrovincialis, 520.
Paraphyllodus,
546.
Parascopelus, 256.
lacertosus, 256.
Parequula, 450.
albyi, 450.
Pegasus lesiniformis,
269.
Pegasus natans, 383.
Pelamys, 482,
adunca, 482.
robusta, 482.
Pelargorhynchus,^
188.
blochiiforinis, 188.
dercetiformis, 188,
Pelates, 523.
quindecimalis, 523.
Pelycorapis, 354.
berycinus, 354.
varius, 354.
Perea, 518.
alsbeimensis, 513.
beaumonti, 515.' ,
cyprinodon,
elongata, 51a ^
fluviatilis, 518.
I'. ;
S’
forbesi, 510. . ‘ suessi, 602.
formosa, 410. Phylactoce
antiquus, 514.
beaumouU 515.
Perciformes, 497.
Percostoma, 519.
angustuin, 519.
Peristedion, 5-^6.
personatus, 587.
urcianensis, 586. / ,
Phacodus, Coi^e, 553.
irregularis, 553.
Phacolepis=Rhacolepis.
'^gjialacrus, 458.
~ cybioides, 458.
'Phareodus, 74, 76.
acutus, 76.
sericeus, 76.
Pharyngodopilus,
541, 545.
abbas, 543.
africanus, 542.
alsinensis, 544.
bourgeois!, 543.
canariensis, 542,
carolinensis, 543.
crassus, 544.
dilatatus, 544.
haueri, 545.
multidens, 544.
polyodon, 545.
quenstedti, 545.
eellie, 545.
soldanii, .545.
superbus, 542.
Phasganodus, 190.
anceps, 203.
australis, 615.
carinatus, 204.
dirus, 204.
gentry!, 615.
gladiolus, 204.
semistriatus, 205.
Phasganus, 613.
declivis, 613.
Pholidophorus inacro-
rhynchus, 2.
^hycis, 602.
lepidota, 511./^ii^
lorenti, 518.
lucioperca, 511.
macracantha, 518.
minuta, 506.
moguntina, 512.
punctata, 366.
radula, 526.
reboulii, 520.
urasebista, 516.
Pekcesoces. 347.
Phylactocephalus,
212, 218.
inicrolepis, 218.
Phyllodus, 546.
bowerbanki, 549.
colei, 549.
corsicanus, 574.
cretaceus, 550.
curvidens, 550.
deborrei, 550.
depressus, 550.
duvali. 550.
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INDEX.
Phyllodus {cont.).
elegans, SfiO.
gervaisi, 550.
haiieri, 544.
hexagonalis, 549.
hipparionyx, 617.
incertus, 575.
inconstans, 550.
irregularis, 548.
latidens, 550.
levesquei, 550.
marginalis, 548.
medius, 548.
multidens, 544.
.petiolatus, 548.
jjlauus, *547. ■
polyodus, 547.
secuudarius, 549.
speciosus, 549.
subdepress us, 544.
submedius, 549.
toliapicus, 546.
umbonatus, 550.
Pimelodus, 328.
antiquus, 329.
aor, 327.
sadleri, 335.
Pisodus, 60, 61.
foucardi, 73.
oweni, 60.
Plagyodus, 189.
Planesox, 519.
vorax, 519.
Platacanthus, 509.
ubiiioij 510.
Platax, 432.
altissimus, 433.
brevis, 429.
colcbicus, 434.
costatus, 433.
cuneus, 433.
macropterygius, 433.
minor, 4^7, 428.
nuchalis, 429.
papilio, 433.
physeteroide, 433.
pileum, 433.
pinnatiformis, 433.
plinianus, 433.
subvespertilio, 433.
woodwardi, 432.
Platessa, 608.
sector, 609.
Platinx, 89.
catullii, 89.
elongatus, 89.
gigas, 89.
Platops, 76.
subulidens, 76.
Platycormus, 421.
germauus, 421.
6.31
I
Platycormus {coni.).
gibbosus, 423.
oblongus, 422.
Platygenys, 613.
rugosus, 613.
Platylaemus, 551.
colei, 551.
Platylates, 520.
riipeliensis, 520.
Plectropoma uraschista,
516, 616.
Pleionemus, 442.
macrospondylus, 44-2.
Plethodus 80.
expansus, 81.
furcatus, 84.
oblongus, 83. '
pentagon, 83.
Pleurae a nthus serratus,
567.
Pieuronectes, 608.
platessa, 4^4, 609.
quadratulus, 607.
Pleuroxectidj^, 606.
Plintliophorus, 221.
robustus, 229.
Plioplarchus, 520.
septemspinosus, 520.
sexspinosus, 520.
whitei, 520.
Podocephalus, 519.
nitidus, 519.
Podocys, 520.
minutus, 520.
Podopteryx, 587.
albyi, 587.
bosuiaski, 587.
Poecilia lametherii, 615.
Poecilia oeningensis, 582.
Poecilops, 296.
breviceps, 296.
Pogonias multidentatus,
538.
Polynemus, 445.
quinquarius, 411,446.
Pomacantlius, 561.
subarcuatus, 561.
POMACENTRID^, 555.
Pcmaphractus, 76.
egertoni, 76, 80.
Pomognathus, 212,
213.
eupterygius, 213.
Portheus, 92.
angulatus, 98.
arcuatus, 101.
australis, 97.
braebygnathus, 97.]
daviesi, 9o. ■
gaultinus, 95. VT-
gladius, 98.
jd ^ ■
Portheus {cont.).
lestrio, 97.
lowi, 97. - '
mantelli, 95.
molossus, 92.
mudgei, 91 .
tbaumas, 97/ !
Prionolepis, 229. tj m -
angustus, 230.
catapbractus, 230.
laniatus, 232.
Priscacara, 554. SSS',
clivosa, 554, '
cypba, 555..
liops, 555,
oxy prion, 555.
pealei, 555.
serrata, 554.
testudinaria, 555.
Pristigenys, 415.
macropbtbalmus, 415.
Pristipoma, 523.
furcatum, 523.
Proantigonia, 558."
longirostraT ' “v
octacantba, 559.
radobojana,
steindaebneri, 559.
Proballostomus, 296.
longulus, 296.
Prochanos, 65.
recti fi'ons, 65.
Progymnodon, 572,
575.
bilgendorfi, .575.
Prolates, 499. ^
beberti, 499.
Prolebias, 290.
brongniarti, 293.
cepbalotes, 290.
crassicaudus, 295.
davidi, 4.
egeranus, 615.
furcatus, 291.
gaudryi, 294.
gobio, 294.
goreti, 293.
gregatus, 292.
meyeri, 294.
minimus, 294.
oustaleti, 293.
perpusillus, 291.
pulcbellus,615.^
stenoura, 292. ^
Pronot acanthus, 169.
sabel-almaB, )
Properca, 514.
angusta, 515.
beaumonti, 515.
lepidota, 511. ^
prisca, 516. /
371
/
63-2
/f ) ^ ^ ’ '*
Protaulopsis, 371.
bolcensis, 371.
Protautoga, 553.
conidens, 55-3.
longidens, 553.
Protelops, 56.
anglicus, 57. *
geinitzi, 57.
Prothymallus, 614.
lusatiis, 614.
princeps, 614.
3-^VProtobalistum, 566.
. iinperiale, 566.
omboni, 567.
“''‘■'^'2^Protocatostomus,
‘ * constablei, 275.
Protosphyrffina albensis,
115.
ProtosphyriBna inflexa,
115.
Protosyngnathus,
372.
suLiiatrensis, 373.
Prymnetes, 116.
longiventer, 116. \ ^
Pseudeutropius, 326.
verbeeki, 326.
Pseudoberyx, 129.
bottas, 1£9, 130.
grandis, 130.
longispina, 250.
syriacus, 129.
Pseudoeleginus, 591.
albvi, 591.
iatermedius, 591.
jonas, 591.
majori, 591.
Pseudolates, 499. ■'
heberti, 499.
Pseudosphaerodon,
552.
hilgendorfi, 552.
P seudosy ngnathus,
381.
opisthopterus, 381.
Pseudothryptodus,
85.
intermedius, 85.
Pseudovomer, 450.
min lit us, 450.
Ptericephalina, 146,
153.
elongata, 158.
macrograstrina, 158.
Pterothrissus, 67.
Pterygocephalus,
595.
paradoxus, 595.
Ptychocephalus, 487.
radiatus, 487.
INDEX. .
Pycnosterinx, 391. )
daviesi, 39^
discoides, 393.
dorsalis, 392, 393.
dub ills, 395.
elongatus, 395.
gracilis, 394.
beckeli, 390.
latus, 395.
lewisi, 404.
niger, 392.
russeggeri, 392.
Pygacanthus, 613.
altus, 613.
Pygaeus, 557.
coleanus, 557.
dorsalis, 558.
egertoni, 557.
gibbus, 557.
gigas, 558.
jemelka, .579.
nobilis, 558.
nucbalis, 558.
oblongus, 558. y- gjS-
zignoi, 558. •
Radamas, 536.
jugleri, 536.
Raniceps, 603.
latisulcatus, 603.^^/^^
tuberculosus, 604.'^
Raphiosaurus, 37, If3.
lucius, 43.
subulidens, 43.
Rhabdofario, 160.
lacustris, 160.
*Rhabdolepis, Marck,
11.
cretaceus, 20.
Rhacolepis, 29.
brama, 28.
buccalis, 3(P
latus, 32.
olfersii, 28.
Rhamphognathus,
361.
paralepoides, 361.
pompilius, 361.
sphyrsenoides, 362.
verneuili, 362.
Rhamphornimia,
269.
I'hinelloides, 269.
Rhamphosus, 377. ✓
aculeatus, 377. ■
biserratus, 378. ^
Rhineastes, 329.
arcuatus, 323.
calvus, 329. 0^*^
peetinatus, 329.
pplratus, 329.
Rhineastes (co?it.).
radulus, 330.
rbieas, 329.
sraithi, 330.
Rhinellus, 265, 2^ .
curtirostris, 269.^^^^
damoni, 268.
ferox, 267,
furcatus, 236.
laniatus, 232.
longirostris, 232.
nasalis, 269.
robustus, 268.
schilli, 269.
tenuirostris, 269.
Rhinocephalus, 60J
planiceps, 603.
Rhipidolepis, 613.
elegans, 613.
Rhodeus, 316.
edwardsi, 317.
elongatus, 316.
exoptatus, 317.
latior, 317-
magnus, 317.
oligactinius, 316.
Rhombus, 606.
abropteryx, 608.
bassanianus, 608.
)3.
caudatus, 608.
eutrensis, 608.
fitzir geri, 608.
gentiluomoi, 607.
heckeli, 608.
kirchberganus, 609.
ligusticus, 608.
minimus, 607.
minutus 608.
nardii, 608.
parvulus, 608.
rbenanus, 608. , ^
ricbiardii, 608. pv'-*'
sauvagei, 608.
Rhonchus, 458.
carangoides, 458.
Rhynchorhinus, 342.
brancbialis, 342.
major, 343.
Rita, 328.
grandiscutata, 328.
Salmo, 159.
cyprinoides, 456.
iinmigratus, 160.
lewesiensis, 11.
maraena, 63.
‘ teplitiensis, 614.
Salmonid.e, 159.
Sandroserrus reboulii,
520.
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( Sardinioides, 236*r
\. amblyostoma, 303.
Ny^^attenuatus, 241.
^crassicaudus, 238.
macropterygius, 242.
megapterus, 239.
microcephalus, 237.
minutus, 242.
monasteri, 11, 237.
pusillue, 240.
tenuicaudus, 242.
Sardinius, 247.
blackburnii, 248.
crassapinna, 132.
>.cordieri, 247.
^lineatus, 248.
macrodactylus, 131.
nasutulus, 248.
percrassus, 248.
robustus, 131.
Sargus, 529.
anthropodon, 530.
aquitauicus, 530.
armatuo, 530, 570.
baraldii, 530.
cavannai, 530.
cuvieri, 530, 617.
heberti, 530.
incisivus, 530.
jomnitanus, 5-30.
laticonus, 529.
oranensis, 529.
oweni, 531.
resuccuritanus, 530.
serratus, 531.
sioni, 531.
sitifensis, 530.
Saurocephalus,
113.
albensis, 114.
arapahovius, 114.
and ax, 92.
broadheadi, 113.
dentatus, 114.
dispar, 115.
.^fajumensis, 115.
insequalis, 115.
inflexus, 115.
intermedins, 112.
lanciformis, 113.
leanns, 111.
lycodon, 204.
marginatns, 228.
monasterii, 115.
^hlebotomus, 112.
picteti, 115.
prognathns, 107.
striatus, 260, 264.
snbstriatns, 115.
thanmas, 98.
woodwardi, 114.
PAKTIY.
INDEX.
Saurodon, 111.
affinis, 113.
broadheadi, 113.
conoideus, 113.
ferox, 113.
intermedins, 112.
lanciformis, 113.
leanns. 111, 221.
marginatns, 229.
pblebotomus. 112.
pygmeens, 113.
r-^xiphirostris, 113.
I Saurorh.amph.us, 207,
/ 210.
I freyeri, 210.
ySkuropsidium, 58.
/ gracilicauda, 58.
Irevissimnm, 58.
\ Scardinins dumerili, 311.
\Scardinins sicanns, 311.
Scarus, 553.
baltringensis, 530, 531.
miocenicns, 553.
oweni, 531.
snevicns, 553.
tetrodon, 553.
Scatophagus, 561.
affinis, 561.
capellinii, 561.
f roil tails, 561.
Sciaena, 539.
ampins, 539.
holsaticns, 539.
irregularis, 539.
jaculatrix, 561.
kirchbergensis, 539.
meridionalis, 539.
obtnsus, 539.
plumierii, 521. ^
speciosns, 539.
nndeciraalis, 447.
Sceenida:, 538.
Sciaenurus, 524, 527.
bowerbanki, 527.
breyior, 527.
crassior, 527.
longior, 519.
Sclerognathus, 300.
Scomber, 459.
alatnnga, 456.
diclLUIlgct, I
antiqnns, 459.^^^ ' ' massalongianns, 431
(^cordyla, 445. ^iSparvulus, 431.
glaucns, 448. . . ^ ^ schaerbeeki, 431.
ignobilis, * pelicans, 431.
orcynns, 456.
pelagicus, 444.'^<>'”*^A
pelarnis, 464. ' '
planovatns, 459.
prisons, 459. ^
rhombeus, 439.
s iraaticus, 459.
Ij T
633
Scomber (cont.).
speciosns, 466.
stein dachneri, 459.
sujedanns, 459. ^
thynnus, 455, 457. -r *" i/ ft
trachnrns, 464^^^"^ v o i t « ^
Scomberodon, 465. ,
dnmonti, 470.
Scombramphodon,
474.
benedeni, 474.
crassidens, 475.
curvidens, 474. I
SCOMBRESOCID.E, 356. / . ^
Scombresox, 357.,^«^^
licatje, 358. ^
obtusirostris, 357.
ScOMBRIDiE, 451. T 3
ScOMBRrFORMES, 418.
Scombrinus, 461.
macropomus, 462.
nucbalis, 461.
Scombroclupea, 135.
gandryi, 138.
macrophthalma, 135,
269.
pinnnlata, 135.
Scopelida:, 235.
Scopeloides, 254.
glarisianns, 255.
nicolisi 256.
Scopelns lacertosns, 256^
Scorpagna, 577.
miiaima, 579.
pilari, 679.
prior, 579. '
scrofa, 504.
tessieri, 579.
ScORr^A:NiD^, 577.
Scorpa:nipor.\ies, 576.
Scorpaenoides, 580.
popovicii, 580.
Scorpagnopterus,
580.
siluridens, 580.
SCYPHOPIIORI, 1. aT- "
Sebastodes, 579. ^ "
rosse, 579. '
, Semiophorus, 430.
gigas, 430.
velifer, 430.
Semotilus, 323.
bairdi, 323.
posticns, 323.
Seriola, 444.
analis, 445.
beanmonti, 446.
634
lA’^DEX.
2^-
Seriola {cont.). . «j'
lata, 445.
7 V>>v4r^ pi-isca, 444^5^^
^ Serranus, 521.
OT'^'-^c^ ^^^^'distinctus, 522. 9 ^•'^^
'^■'^^'^^'dubiu.s, 521.
^/c^^cr/c^SyS^f gracilispinis, 521.
microstomas, 527.
noetlingi, 522.
occipitalis, 527.
pentacanthus, 521.
rudis, 521.
rugosus, 522.
.p/37-jmt.'CM^/5'^''stiriacus, 513, 522.
validus, 522.
ventralis, 522, 520.
wemmeliensis, 522.
SlLURID^, 324.
^lurus, 325.
ascita, 359.
bagres, 362.
cataphractus, 359.
catus, 133.
egertoni, 331.
5i6gaudrji, 616.
/^■^^f^^'*^.^^i^?.^4erdicensis, 326.
Siphonostoma, 382.
albyi, 382.
castellii, 382.
S’^erdis, 506.
aduncus, 508.
analis, 508.
budensis, 508.
eloDgatus, 508.
formosus, 507.
heersensis, 509.
isabellffi, 616.
latior, 508.
lorenti, 518.
macrurus, 507.
micracanthas, 504.
minutus, .506.
pygmaeus, 505.
rboensis, 509.
sandbergeri, 509.
sauvagei, 509.
sieblosensis, 509.
taramellii, 509.
'1 5^ ' ventralis, 509, 616.
. - ^ Solea, 609.
^ antiqua, 610.
^ * approximata, 610.
■eccen^-i^c^,6lO /giaber, 610.
guestfalica, 611.
kirchbergana, 609.
lenticularis, 611.
provincialis, 611.
sauvagei, 611.
Solencdon, 190, 304.
lesiuaensis, 219.
Solenodon (cont.).
lobopterygius, 219.
neocomiensis, 204.
Solenognathus, Pic¬
tet Humbert, 271,
274.
lineolatus, 274.
Solenorhynch-us, 380.
elegans, 380.
S0LENOSTOM.4.TID.E, 379.
Scricidens, 323.
baueri, 323.
Spaniodon, 48.
blondeli, 48.
brevis, 53.
electus, 48.
elongatus, 51.
hakelensis, 274.
latus, 53.
lepturu.s, 54.
simus, 53.
SpAEin.*:, 524.
Sparisoma, 523.
Sparnodus. 524.
altivelis, 525.
bowerbanki, 527. -
c.» ■
.-r
Spai’us chromis, 526.
Sparus dentex, 525.
Sparus erytbrinus, 525.
Sparus macrophthalmus,
525.
Sparus salpa, 526.
Sparus sargus, 525.
Sparus vulgaris, 525,
527.
Spathodactylus, 98.
neocomiensis, 98.
Sphaerodus, 537.
annularis, 535. '
aradasii, 545.
cinctus, 534. 535.
cingulatus, 535,
Sphaerodus {cont.).
conicus, 537.
depressus, .536.
discus, 536.
insignis, 537.
intermeclius, 537.
kergoinardius, 535.
lejeanianus, 530.
lens, 536.
oculus-serpeutis, 537.
parvus, 538.
polyodon, ,545.
pygmseus, 535.
subtrun catus, 536.
truncatus, 538.
wiechmanni, 538.
Sphagebranchus,
347.
formosissimus, 347.
Sphenocephalus,
387.
cataphractus, 388.
fissicaudus, 387.
Sphenolepis, Agassiz,
275.
P’;
cuvieri, 2//.
squamosseus, 276.
Sphyraena, 366.
amici, 369.
bolcensis, 366./
carinate, ^
croatica, 368.
gracilis, 366.
intermedia, 367.
major,
maxima, 366. 36^
speciosa., 368, 616. ^
sternbergensis, 369.
suessi, 368. ^ 5^^.
tyrolensis, 616.^ ,
viennensis, 368.^^*'1I> c
winkleri, 369.
Sphyr.enid.e, 36o.
elongatus, 526.
inflatus, 528.
intermedins, 528.
lethriniformis, 525.
macrojDhthalmus, 525.
micracanthus, 525.
microstomas, 527-
moloui, 528.
ovalis, 525.
Sparoides, 537.
molassicus, 536.
robustus, 537.
spbgericus, 537.
tenuis, 537.
umbonatus, 537.
Sparosoma, 523.
ovalis, 523.
Sparus brama, 527. Sphyraenodus, 473. j.,
Sparus bolcanus, 558.- ^^^<a»«fc^bottii, 470. .
■ . -‘=“^“^.rconoideiis,476.£#-'^
crassidens, 475.
gracilis, 469. ^
liugulatus, 467. , ^ ' f
priscus, 473.
silovianus, 616.
speciosus, 616.
tenuis, 469.
Spinacanthus, 566.
blennioides, 566.
Spinacites, 415.
radiatus, 415.
Spinax marginatus, 228.
Squalius, 323,
arciferus, 323.
bail’d! , 323.
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INDEX.
635
>1
O C.
im
Squalius {cont ).
laminatus, 323.
licatae, 311.
posticus, 323.
readingi, 323.
Stenostoma, 423.
pulchella, 425.
Stephanodus, 532. ^
spiendeiis, 532.1'^
Stereodus, 476.
melitensis, 476.
Stratodus, 188.
angliciis, 57.
apicalis, 189.
oxypogon, 189.
Strinsia, 602.
alata, 602.
Strom ATEiD^, 419.
Stylodus, 553.
lebescontei, 553.
Sudis, 257. ^ SS
Syllaemus, 350.
angiicus, 3.51.
latifrons, 351, 614.
Syagnatuid^, 380.
S3mgnathus, 382
affiiiis, 383.
albyi, 382.
bolcensis, 383.
breyiculus, 383.
heckeli, 383.
helmsi, 383.
^pisthopterus, 38 L.
typlile, 381.
Syncdontis, 324.
Synophrys, 613.
hopei, 613.
Syntegmcdus, 84.
altus, 84.
Tachynectes, 270.
brachypterygi us,
270.
longipes,^70.
macrodactylus, 270.
Tarsichthys, 312.
elegans, 315.
tarsiger, 315.
Taurinichthys, 553.
iniocenicus, 553.
saehei’i, 553.
Tautoga conideiis, 553.
Telepholis, 284.
acrocepbalus, 284.
bianteniiatus, 285.
tenuis, 285.
Teratichthys, 449.
antiquitatis, 449.
Tethecdus, 190.
pephredo, 205.
Tetragonopterus,
298.
ayus, 298.
ligniticus, 298.
Tetrapturus, 490.
minor, 116.
priscus, 491.
Tetrcdon, 571.
hispidus, 576.
honckenii, 576.
lawleyi, 571.
pyginffius, 571.
sciilse, 571.
Teuthidid^, 523.
Teuthis, 523.
Thaumaturus, 160.
deichmuelleri, 614.
elongatus, 614.
furcatus, 160, 614
lusatus, 160, 614^'~'^/ii-c.
Thrissopater,
magnus, 33.
inegalops, 35.
salmoneus, 33.
Thrissops gracilis, 91 .
*'rhrissf-»ps vexillifer, 92.
Thrissopteroides, 54.
elongatus, 54.
oo.
89.
intermedius_
latus, 54.
^pulcher, 56.
tenuiceps, 55.
Thrissopterus,
catullii^, 89.
Thryptcdus, 82,
85.
rotundus, 85.
zitteli, 85.
Thynnichthys, 303.
amblyostoma, 303.
Thi^nns, 454.
^ngustatus, 457.
bolcensis, 457.
^anceolatus, 456.
planoyatus, 459.
^propterygius, 464.
proximus, 457.
scaldisi, 455. ^
thynnus, 455.
tolia.picus, 458.
yulgaris, 455.
Thyrsites, 481.
loxisatoi, 481.
Thyrsitocephalus,
476.
alpinus, 477.
Tinea, 312.
francofurtana, 316.
furcata, 312.
leptosoma, 313.
lignitica, 615.
U
Tinea ''
macropterygia, 615.
magna, 312.
micropygoptera, 314.
obtruncata, 316.
tarsiger, 315.
valdarnensis, 315.
vulgaris, 315.
Titaniehthys, Barnes,
612.
pbarao, 612.
Tomodon, 612.
horrificus, 612.
Tomognathus, 116.
mordax, 117.
leiodus, 117.
Toxopoma, 613.
politum, 613.
Toxotes, 561.
ahtiquus, 561.
Trachixid.e, 589.
Traehinopsis, 591.
iberica. 591.
Traehinus, 590.
dracunculus, 590.
Imyigatus, 590.
mutabilis, 590.
seelandicus, 590.
verus, 590.
Trachynotus, 450.
tenuiceps, 450.
Triaeanthus, 566.
Triaenaspis, 173, 187.
virgulatus, 187=
83, Trichiiirichthys,482.
incertus, 482.
Triehiurides,_m_ Z h ^ z^li . Q 2
marginatus, 229. ^ —
miocaeuus, 481. '
Triehophanes, 416.^ . ,
copei, 416.
foliarum, 416.
hians, 416.
Trigla, 586.
adjuncta, 587.
cor, 587.
elliptica, 587.
infausta, 586.
licatse, 586.
lyra, 589.
nardii, 586. ^
simonellii, 586.
Triglid^e, 585.
Trigloides, 586.
alata, 586.
dejardini, 586, 600.
insignis, 586
van benedeusis, 586.
Trigonodon, 531.
oweni, 531.
serratus, 531.
37/
636
INDEX.
Tydeus, 257.
albyi, 257.
elongatus, 257.
megistosoma, 257.
sphekodes, 258.
Umbrina, 538.
pecchiolii, 538.
Uranoscspus, 590.
peruzzii, .590.
rastrum, 377.
Urenchelys, 337.
anglicus, 339.
N avus, 337.
‘^isj^akelen sis, "S38 .
' tJropterina, 146.
platyrachis, 158.
Urosphen, 376.
dubia, 376.
fistularis, 376.
Vomer longispinus, 436.
Vomer parvulus, 451.
Vomer prisons, 442.
Vomeropsis, 435.
elongatus, 437.
longispinus, 436.
^lenciennesi, 437.
^ .
Xiphactinus, 92.
audax, 92, 98.
bracbygnathus, 97.
lestrio, 97.
Xiphias, 490.
Xiphiorhynchus
{cont,').
prisons, 491.
Zanclus, 450.
brevirostris, 450.
eocoenus, 450.
Zeus, 417.
benoisti, 417.
gallus, 449.
hoernesi, 417.^'
lewesiensis, 397.
lioatge, 418.
platessa, 501.
pliooenioiis, 418.
prisons, 516,
regleysianus, 501,
rhombeus, 439.
robastus, 418.
spinosus, 500.
triurus, 436.
vomer, 436.
aontirosti’is, 3o7.
antiquus,
delfortriei,
robustns, 497T ^ ^
X1PH11D.E, 490.
Xiphopterus, 482.
faloatus, 482.
Xiphiorhynchus,
490.
elegans, 491.
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EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
— ♦
The specimens represented in the Plates are all preserved
in the Collection^ and bear the register-numbers placed
in square brackets. Unless otherwise stated, the drawings
are of the natural size.
. I
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PLATE I.
Fig, , Page
1. BrycJicBtus muelleri, sp. nov. ; liead, left lateral aud
superior (1 a) aspects, one third nat. size. — London
Clay; Sheppey. d. Dentary. fi\ Frontal. mcc.
Maxilla. orh. Orbit. pa. Parietal, pmx. Pre¬
maxilla. s.mx. Supramaxilla. s.o.l., 5.0.2. Post¬
orbitals. 16. Scale. [P.3893.] 77
2. Ditto ; bead, right lateral and superior (2 a) aspects, one
third nat. size. — Ibid. op. Operculum, p.op. Pre¬
operculum. pet. Pectoral fin. sp Squamosal. Other
letters as above. 2 6. Premaxillary tooth.
[P. 157.] 78
3. Ditto ; right mandibular ramus, one third nat. size. —
Ibid. [43020.] 79
4. Ditto ; right premaxilla, outer and oral (4 a) aspects,
one half nat. size, — Ibid, [43021.] 80
\
4
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B . M-. POSS . PISHES . Pt .iv:
1
2. 3
OV
pcX, .
V-O-p
G.M .Woodiva-poL d_el,et latl].
Pla,te I:
XS .
West, rrewnaan amp
V*' ■ * ■
^ so
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PLATE II.
Fig. Page
1. Osmeroides gracilis^ Davis ; left lateral aspect. — Upper
Cretaceous : Sahel iVlma, Mt. Lebauon. hr. Branchi-
ostegal rays. cli. Ceratohyal. ind. Mandible, op.
Operculum, gu. Quadrate, s.op. Suboperculum.
[P. 4855.] 17
2. Ditto ; bead, inferior aspect.- — -Ibid. c. Cranium.
gu. Gular plate. Other letters as above. [49548.] 17
3. Osmeroides letuisi (Davis) ; left lateral aspect, two thirds
uat. size. — Upper Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
[P. 6024.] 18
4. Osmeroides sardinioides (Pictet); left lateral aspect. —
Ibid. 4«. Part of cranial roof of same specimen,
three times nat. size. fr. Frontal, Parietal.
sq. Squamosal. [P. 104. | 20
.H •*.
B, M. FOSS. FISHES Pt. IV!
4a/. X 3.
ulcL-
G:M. Wbociward del.etHtii.
0 sm'
Plate II
West,lIerwmaiL imp
PLATE III.
Fig. Page
] . Esoc(’lops cavifrons^ sp. nov. ; head, left lateral and
inferior (la) aspects, two thirds nat. size. — London
Clay ; Sheppey. ag. Articnlo-angular. hr. Pranchi-
ostegal rays. d. Dentary. ecpt. Ectopterygoid. gu.
Gular. lim. Hyomandibular, mpt. Metapterygoid.
op. Operculum, p. Hyomandibular process for oper¬
culum. pt.f. Postfrontal (sphenotic). qu. Quadrate.
s.op. Suboperculum, sy. Symplectic. [P. 1749.] 47
2. Ditto ; head, superior aspect, two thirds nat. size. — Ibid.
epo. Epiotic. fr. Erontal. s.o. Suborbital. s.occ.
Supraoccipital.' sq. Squamosal. Other letters as
above. [P. 640.] 47
3. d^legcdops prisms.,^]), tlox. ; head, left lateral and superior
(3 a) aspects, one third nat. size. — Ibid. a.o. Ant-
orbital. i.op. luteroperculum. mx. Maxilla, p.op.
Preoperculum. pmx. Premaxilla. scl. Sclerotic.
X. Process of maxilla. Other letters as above.
[36070.] 24
4. Ditto ; hinder half of skull, superior aspect, two thirds
nat. size. — Ibid. pa. Parietal. Other letters as
above. IP. 6^7.] 25
5. Ditto ; longitudinal vertical median section of occipital
portion of skull, two thirds nat. size. — Ibid, h.occ.
Basioccipital. h.sp>. Basisphenoid. ex.occ. Exoccipital.
Other letters as above. 5 a. Posterior aspect of basi¬
occipital, showing basicranial canal (6.c.). [P. 356.] 26
6. Ditto ; right otic region of skull, lateral aspect, two thirds
nat. size. — Ibid. /. Eacette for hyomandibular articu¬
lation. pr.o. Pro-otic. pt.o. Ptcrotic, Other letters
as above. [P. 4153,] 26
1
/ ■
B . M . FOSS . FISHES . Pt .IV:
3a,. 8
rrcpt.
a
c
op.
1,2. lEsocelops
G .FI.Vvoociw-ajr'cL cLel.etlxth.
Plate III
West,!Ne-\\rnaan iixip.
3 — 6. Megaflops.
r
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PLxlTE IV.
Fig. Page
1. Alhida oweni (Owen); distorted head, right lateral and
superior (1 a) aspects, one third nat. size. — London
Clay ; Sheppey. ag. Articulo-angular. hr. Branchio-
stegal rays. d. Bentary. ep.o. Epiotic. fr. Frontal.
lim. Hyomandibular. mpt. Metapterygoid. mx.
Maxilla. op. Operculum. orh. Orbit, p.op. Pre¬
operculum. pa. Parietal, pr.f. Prefrontal. Pt.f.
Postfrontal. qu. Quadrate. s.op. SuJboperculum.
scl. Sclerotic, sq. Squamosal, x. Inner bone bearing
crushing teeth. [P. 9158.] 61
2. Ditto ; anterior end of parasphenoid {2Kis.) with vomer
(v.) and ethmoid (eiJi.), oral aspect, one half nat.
size. — Ibid. [30528.] 62
G. M. Wo o c5.wa.z' del, etli.tr; . p Of West, NaWiiiaii imp
PLATE V.
^g- Page
1. Thrissopater mapnus, sp. nov. : distorted head, left lateral
and partly superior aspect, two thirds nat. size. — Lower
Chalk ; Hollinghourn, Kent. a.o. Antorbital. c.o.
Circumorbitals. d. Dentary. ep.o. Epiotic. etli.
Ethmoid, fr. Erontal. moo. Maxilla, pa. Parietal.
pmx. Premaxilla. s.mx. Supramaxilla. s.o. Sub¬
orbital. s.occ. Supraoccipital. sq. Squamosal.
[37981.] 34
2. Ditto ; hinder portion of skull, superior aspect. — Lower
(Ihalk ; Kent. Letters as above. 2 a, 2 h. Two
vertebral centra of same specimen, lateral and inferior
aspects, r. Articulation for rib. [49078.] 35
B. M. FOSS. FISHES. Pi. ft: Plate
V
Akte
' V,'
k.^<,
t
. ■•.A"
V,;/,. ‘I;:.. .
V",
„ ' f .■•;<•'■)
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I
PLATE YI.
Fig. Page
1. Scomhrodupea macro]}litlialma (Heckel) ; right lateral
aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebauou.
hr. Braiichiostegal rays. cli. Ceratoh}' al. d. Dentary.
mcc. Maxilla, op. Operculum, p.op. Preoperculum.
pmx. Premaxilla, qu. Quadrate, s.op. Postclavicle.
rP. 4747.1 136
2. Clupea catopygoptera, sp. nov. ; left lateral aspect. —
Upper Eocene ; Monte Bolca. [P. 3829 a.] 148
3. Clianoides macropoma (Agassiz) ; left lateral aspect. —
Ibid. [P. 3829 b.] 64
PLATE VII.
Fig. Page
]. PacliyrMzochis suJmlidens {O^YQl\) right maxilla, inner
aspect. — English Chalk. [P. 1808.] 43
2. Ditto; left dentary, outer aspect. — Lower Chalk; Hailing.
2 a. Portion of right dentary of same specimen, outer
aspect. [36635-] 44
3. Sjpaniodon elongatus, Pictet ; head and anterior abdominal
region, left lateral aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel
Alma, Mt. Lebanon, a.o. Antorbital. br. Branchi-
ostegal rays. cl. Dentar}". moc. Maxilla, gj.op. Pre-
opercnlnm. pet. Pectoral hn. [48070.] 52
4. Thrissopater {2)me(jalop)S, sp. nov. ; head and pectoral
arch, left lateral aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Lewes.
cl. Clavicle, i.o. Infraorbital, op. Operculum. jj.cL
Postclavicle, p.t. Post-temporal, pmx. Premaxilla.
s.o. Suborbital, s.op. Snbopercnlum. scl. Sclerotic.
Other letters as above, [49826.]
36
• *1.
B. M. FOSS- FISHES. Pt.IVI
Pla,te Vn.
PLATE Till.
Page
Ichtliyodectes serridens, sp. nov. ; head and anterior abdominal
region, right lateral aspect. — Gault : Eolkestone.
d. Eentary. mcc. Maxilla. op. Operculum, p.op.
Preoperculum. jjcL Pectoral fin-rays. pi. Palatine
articulation. pmcc. Premaxilla. P'f’-f- Prefrontal
(ectethmoid). s.o. Suborbital, s.occ. Supra-occipital.
scl. Sclerotic. [P. 8633.] 102
I
T
iiir,
, f
t
•J-
'■>
I
. -v.'
t
4 ■
^1.
i^.
I
a;
\
S»;‘
■^'u!
■» . ,■>
%
^^l
1
m'
'I ■
Vf^
♦ r
\
PLATE IX.
1. Cladocychiii gardnevi, Agassiz ; scales, outer aspect. —
Upper Cretaceous ; Ceara, Brazil. [28901 1).] 109
2. Cladocyclus letuesiensis^ Agassiz ; scale, outer aspect. —
Chalk ; Sussex. [25861.] HO
3. Ditto ; scale, outer aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Burham.
[41712.] 110
4. Iclitliyodectes elegans^ Newton ; left maxilla, outer aspect.
Lower Chalk ; Upper Hailing. [P. 5645.] 103
5. Ditto : left dentary, inner aspect, found with preceding
specimen. [P. 5644.] 103
6. Iclitliyodectes tenuidens^ sp. nov. ; head, right lateral
aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Burham. d. Dentary. mx.
Maxilla, p.op. Preoperculum. Prefrontal (ect-
ethmoid). s.o. Suhorbital, scl. Sclerotic. [49054.] 104
B.M. BOSS. PISHES. Pt. IV.
4
I
!
1
i
Plate IX.
G-.M.'Woodwaard daL. etiitli.
1-3. Cladocyclus.
West, Nesvmscn, inip.
4 -6, Ichthy o de ctes .
/
i
'.’i-
y.;.; •.■»^v'-. ' ^
. *
'Jff‘
-V‘
PLATE X.
Fig. Page
1. Ctmothrissa radians (Agassiz); left lateral aspect. —
Lower Chalk ; Burham. d. Dentar3\ plv. Pelvic
fin. [47911.] 123
2. Ditto ; head and anterior abdominal region, light lateral
aspect. — Lower Chalk; Kent. ag. Articulo-angular.
mx. Maxilla, s.mx. Supramaxilla. Other letters as
above. [P. 4843.] 123
3. Ditto; head, right lateral aspect. — Ibid. i.op. Inter¬
operculum. op. Operculum. p.op. Preoperculum.
pmx. Premaxilla, s.op. Suboperculum, Other letters
as above. [P. 5699.] 124
4. Ditto ; restored outlines of maxillar\^ and mandibular 122
bones. Letters as above.
5. Ctenothrism microcepliala (Agassiz-) ; trunk, right lateral
aspect. — Lower Chalk ; Burham. [P. 1946 a.] 126
6. Ditto ; imperfect fish, inferior aspect. — Ibid.
[41689.] 126
’;-r;
41-
(
B.M. FOSS. FISHES
'''-.pld
G. M. Woodward del.et.lith.
Ctenol
Plate X
LSSa
West, Newman imp.
■ ?
"■.••I
■V
"'V',
'H.
«a>' • V.
.Si'
■j'\
/-:/
PLATE XI.
Fig. Page
1. Enchodus lewesiensis (Mantell) ; anterior end of left
dentary, outer aspect. — Upper Chalk ; Promley.
[44578.] 193
2. EiicJiodii.^ ulchellus, sp„ nov. ; head, left lateral aspect. —
ChalK ; Kent. ag. Articnlo-aDgular. d. Dentary.
ecpt. Ectopterygoid. lim. Hyomandibular. op. Oper-
cnlum. p.op. Preoperculiim. pal. Palatine tooth.
pmx. Premaxilla, s.op. Suboperciilum. [P. 1703.] 194
3. Ditto ; right premaxilla, outer aspect. — Chalk ; Lewes.
[P. 5416.] 194
4. Enchodus ayinectens, sp. nov. ; jaws of left side and right
dentary (4 a), outer aspect. — English Chalk. Letters
as above. [P. 9249.] 195
5. Ditto; right palatine, outer aspect. — Ibid. [P.5861.] 196
6. Enchodus faujasi, Agassiz ; skull, superior aspect, and
(6 a) jaws of right side, outer aspect, two thirds nat.
size. ep.o. Epiotic. fr. Erontal. mx. Maxilla.
pt.o. Pterotic. s.occ. Snpraoccipital. x. Inner tooth.
Other letters as above. [42976.] 196
7. Eurypholis bolssieri, Pictet ; vertically crushed head and
anterior abdominal region, superior aspect. — Upper
Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. c.o. Circum-
orbitals. d.s. Median dorsal scutes, o. Orbit.
Postclavicle. Pelvic fin. s.o. 8uborbitals. Other
letters as above. [49478.1 20S
/OL
B.M. FOSS. FISHES. Pt, IF.
jpmjoa.
3
6s.. 2.
3
^3’
G.M.'Wbodwa-pd del.et.lith.
s.oco.
ep.o.
pt.o.
cc.
1-6. Encliodu
Plate XI
prnx,
AVeist.lTewKtisai imp,
Eixrypliolis .
r-?
/ ,
PLATE XII.
Fig. Page
1. Enchelurus syriams, sp. nov. ; distorted fish, right lateral
aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebaiioii.
hr. Branchiostegal rays. pet. Pectoral fin. plv. Pel¬
vic fins. [P. 5998.] 165
2. Ditto ; right lateral and partly superior aspect. — Ibid.
op. Operculum. Other letters as above. [P. 9168.] 166
3. Enchelurus anglicus, sp. nov. ; head and abdominal
region, partly superior, partly left lateral aspect. —
Lower Chalk ; Kent (?). enpt. Entopterygoid. eth.
Ethmoid, fr. Frontal, md. Mandible, m.r. Max¬
illa. pa. Parietals. sq. Squamosal. Other letters as
above. [P. 4249.] 167
4. Leqototrachelus elongatus (Agassiz) ; depressed head, upper
aspect, and (4 a) part of impression of occipital region
of the same. — Chalk; Lewes, orh. Orbit, p.t. Post¬
temporal. pmcc. Premaxilla. Other letters as above,
[49793.] 185
5. Sardinioides attenuatus, sp. nov. ; right lateral aspect, and
scale (5 a) enlarged three times. — Upper Cretaceous ;
Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. [P, 8682,] 241
PLATE XIII.
Fig. Page
1. Bhinellus furcatus^ Agassiz ; left lateral aspect. — Upper
Cretaceous; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon. [P. 4762.] 266
2. Ditto ; left lateral aspect. — Ibid. [49525.] 266
3. Apateodus glypliodus (C. C. Blake) ; portion of jaws, left
lateral aspect. — Gault ; Folkestone. d. Dentary.
pmx. Premaxilla. [47204.] 259
4. Ditto ; anterior half of right premaxilla, inner aspect.
—Ibid. [47204 a.] 259
5. Ditto ; anterior portion of left dentary, outer aspect. —
Ibid. [47204 c.] 260
6. Apateodus striatus, sp. nov. ; anterior portion of right
premaxilla, outer aspect. — Chalk ; Kent. [49067.] 262
7. Apjateodiis lanceolatus, sp. nov. ; anterior portion of right
premaxilla, outer aspect. — Grey Chalk ; Dover.
[39080 ]
264
B.M. FOSS. FISHES. Pt. IV.
V
Vij-'
■V
*1.
/L-
f
*
* 1
(
<
\
)
\
PLATE XIY.
Fig. Page
1. Apateodus striafus, sp. iiov. ; distorted head, right lateral,
left lateral (1 a), and superior (1 h) aspects. — Lower
Chalk ; Southeram, Lewes. ag. Articulo-angula.r.
d. Dentary. fr. Frontal. ^3. op. Preoperculum. praa\
Premaxilla. qu. Quadrate. s.occ. Supraoccipital.
X. Fragment of hone, i., ii. Enlarged teeth of pre¬
maxilla. ^ [49821.] 261
2. Ditto ; distorted head, right lateral, left lateral (2u), and
superior (2 6) aspects. — English Chalk. eiJi. Ethmoid,
s.o. Suborbitals. Other lettering as above.
[P. 4512.] 262
V f •
■
-J..
■ t
J
PLATE XY.
Fig. Page
1. Pronotacantlius sahel-almce (Davis) ; left lateral aspect. —
Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
Pelvic fins. [P. 4741.] 169
2. Ditto ; head and part of abdominal region, left lateral
aspect — Ibid. [P.9169.] 170
3. Cliaritosomus majoi% sp. nov. ; right lateral aspect. —
Ibid. cl. Deutary. mx. Maxilla, t. Inner teeth.
[P. 9173.] 273
4. Cliaritosomus Imeohitus (Pictet & Humbert) ; left lateral
aspect. — Ibid. [P. 4752.] 274
5. Notoc/oneus longiceps (Meyer) ; left lateral aspect. — Upper
Oligocene ; Mombach, Mayence. [P. 1820.] 278
B.M. F0S3. FISHES. Pt,. IV Plate XV.
i
1“2. Pforiolacanthus, 3“4 Charitosonius. 5 . Notogoneus
i
' ■ 7
V-,-' .
J ;
I
V,
♦
;> '
■i’ '■'.*’^rT\-..
I . : . ; .''I
'~r'’
'4i
y
PLATE XVI.
'ig. Page
1. Nematonotus hottce (Pictet & Humbert) ; right lateral
aspect. — Upper Cretaceous; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon.
[49562.] 251
2. Sardinioides pusillus, nov. ; left lateral aspect. — Upper
Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt, Lebanon. [48123.] 240
3. Ditto ; left lateral aspect. — Ibid. [P. 4482.] 241
4. Hoplopteryx leivesiensis (Mantell) ; head, right lateral
aspect, — Chalk ; Lewes. ag. Articulo-angular. c.o.
Circumorbitals. d. Dentary. i>op). luteroperculum.
mx. Maxilla, op. Operculum. p.op> Preoperculum.
l)mx. Premaxilla. s.mx. Supramaxilla. s.o. Sub¬
orbitals, s,op. Suboperculum, [P, 5420.] 400
Hate XVI
B. M. FOSS. FISHEkS. Pt.. TV
/71/X.
1. Nematoiiotus .
2,3. Sardinioicies. 4. Hoplopteryx.
It:
‘V."
, ? ;
)
r>
\‘
fi -
/
i
*.
\
s\
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t
f-.
i
i'^ .
■V'
4;
, . w';> -j, ;■ .V
<■.■ ■
PLATE XVII.
Fig. Page
1. Tetragonopterus avus^ A. S. TVoodw. ; right lateral aspect.
— Tertiary Lignite ; Taubate, San Pauio, Brazil.
[P. 9222.] 298
2. Tetragonopterus lignitiais, A. S. Woodw. : right lateral
aspect.- — Ibid. [P. 9012.] 299
3. Ditto ; left lateral aspect. — Ibid. [P. 9226.] 299
4. Arius iheringi, A. S. Woodw. ; skull, superior aspect. —
Ibid. [P. 9220.] 334
5. Percichthys antiquus, A. S. Woodw. ; dorsal portion of
trunk, right lateral aspect. — Ibid. [P. 9011.]
514
n
% -
iv ■ l'"-
r •* - i ;■
t'
'7k.'.._..
p I,-
> .^ •
\ ' ■
m
y.
m
ft
*• i
%
I
]
l
I
V
'i
1
I
B.M. Foss. Pishes, Pt. IV.
2.
3-
V
Tertiary fh
Plate XVII.
from Brazil.
PLATE XVIII.
Fig. Page
1. Urenchelyg avus^ sp. nov. ; distorted fish, right lateral
aspect. — Upper Cretaceous ; Sahel Alma, Mt. Lebanon.
[P. 4860.] 337
2. Ditto ; head and part of abdominal region, right lateral
aspect. — Ibid. cl. Clavicle . md. Mandible. pet.
Pectoral fin. s.occ, Supraoccipital. [P. 4751.] 338
3. Urenchelys hakelensis (Davis) ; left lateral aspect. — Upper
Cretaceous ; Hakel, Mt. Lebanon. [P. 4872.] 339
4. Wiyncliorliinus hrancldalis., sp. nov. ; head, right lateral
and superior (4 a) aspects. — London Clay ; Sheppey.
etli. Ethmoid, fr. Frontal. hm. Hyomandibular.
md. Mandible, pa. Parietal. sq. Squamosal.
Upper jaw. [P. 163.] 342
B.M. FCSS.FISHES.pt. IV.
Plate XVni
G.H.V/oodward dei.etlilli.
vfest.Ee’wmaii. imp.
Apodes
PLATE XIX,
Mg. Page
1. XipMorliyncIius prisms ; portion of skull, supe^
rior and left lateral (1 a) aspects. — London Clay ;
Sheppey. etli. Ethmoid, fr. Frontal, moo. Maxilla.
na. Jfasal. pmx. Premaxilla, prf. Prefrontal (ect-
ethmoid), sd, Sclerotic, 1 h. Oral face of right pre¬
maxilla, [28711.] 492
2. Ditto ; hinder portion of skulls superior aspect. — Ibid,
ep.o. Epiotic, /r. Frontal, pa. Parietal, pt.f.
Postfrontal (sphenotic). s.om, Supraoccipital. sg.
Squamosal, . [32387.] 492
3. Acestrus ornatus^ sp. nov. ; portion of skull, superior
aspect.—Ibid, Letters as above, ' [P, 1739,] 494
c
A
k;.
I
a/ '
f
mm
B M FOSS, i^ISIiES Pt, W.
G M, WoodwarG del.etlith .
1.2. XipKl O rllYIK
Plate ZIX
IS. S-Acestims .
v7 eaXjlNi e^vman imp
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matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo. 11. Is.
Vol. XXVI. Catalogue of the Plataleae, Herodiones,
Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcae, and Impennes in the
Collection of the British Museum. Plataleae (Ibises
and Spoonbills) and Herodiones (Herons and Storks),
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Steganopodes (Cormorants,
Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic -birds, and Pelicans),
Pygopodes (Divers anci Grebes), Alcae (Auks), and Im¬
pennes (Penguins), by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. Pp. xvii.,
687. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Sys¬
tematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 11. 5s,
6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.
Yol. XXVII. Catalogue of the Chenomorphse (Pala-
medese, Phoenicopteri, Anseres), Crypturi, and Ratitse
in the Collection of the British Museum. By T.
Salvadori. Pp. xv., 636. 19 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
1^. 12s.
A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. [Nomen-
clator Avium turn Fossilium turn Yiventium.] By R.
Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D. : —
Yol. I. Pp. xxi., 303. [With Systematic Index.]
1899, 8vo. 10s.
Yol. II. Pp. XV., 312. [With Systematic Index, and
an Alphabetical Index to Vols. I. and IL] 1900,
8vo. 10s.
List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the
British Museum. By George Robert Gray : —
Part III., Section I. Ramphastidyc. Pp. 16. [With
Index.] 1855, 12mo. ^d.
Part III., Section II. Psittacidae. Pp. 110. [With
Index.] 1859, 12mo. 2s.
Part III., Sections III. and lY. Capitonidas and Picidae.
Pp. 137. [With Index.] 1868, 12mo. Is. 6(7.
Part lY. Columb^. Pp. 73. [With Index.] 1856,
12mo. Is. 9(7.
PartY. Gallinas. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. Is. 6(7.
Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By
George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. Is. 6(7.
Catalogue of the Collection of Birds’ Eggs in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —
Yol. I. Ratitae. Carinatae (Tinamiformes — Lariformes).
By Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xxiii., 252. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1901, 8vo. ll. 10s.
REPTILES.
Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbaenians
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pj). viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1841, 12mo. Is.
Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c.:—
Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. 6(7.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
7
Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
baenians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to.
3s.
Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873,
8vo. 4s.
Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and
Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311.
73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s.
Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His¬
tory). Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger : —
Vol. I. Geckonidae, Eublepharidae, Uroplatidae, Pygo-
podidae, Agamidae. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.
Vol. II. Iguanidae, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae,
Anniellidae, Helodermatidae, Yaranidae, Xantusiidae,
Teiidae, Amphisbaenidae. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. 20s.
Vol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytro-
pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 1?. 6s.
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. ; —
Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopidas, Glauconiidae,
Boidae, Ilysiid^, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colu-
bridae aglyphae, part. Pp. xiii., 448 : 26 Woodcuts
and 28 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 11. Is.
Vol. IL, containing the conclusion of the Colubridae
aglyphae. Pp. xi., 382 : 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894.
8vo. 17s. Qd.
Vol. III., containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and
Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae.
Pp. xiv., 727 : 37 Woodcuts and 25 Plates. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index to the 3
volumes.] 1896, 8vo. 1^. 6s.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 281.
[With Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1858, 12mo. 4s
8
LIST 01" PUBLICATIONS OP THE
BATRACHIANS.
Catalogue of the Batracliia Salientia in the Collection oP the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Gunther. Pp. xvi., 160.
12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.
FISHES.
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second
edition. Yol. I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum. Yol. I. Containing the Centrarchidae,
Percidas, and Serranid^ (part). By George Albert
Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp. xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 Plates.
[Y^ith Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
15s.
List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray.
Pp. X., 160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1851, 12mo. 3s.
Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence
Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp^. vii.,
196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6c?.
Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. ByDr. Kaup. Pp. viii., 163. 11 Woodcuts and
19 Plates. lfe6, 8vo. 10s.
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80.
4 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.
MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the
British Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D.,
F.R.S. , &c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.
^ist of the Shells of the Canaries in the Collection of the
British Museum, collected by MM. Webb and Berthelot.
Described and figured by Prof. Alcide D’Orbigny in the
“ Histoire Naturelle des lies Canaries.” Pp. 32. 1854,
12mo. Is.
List of the Shells of Cuba in the Collection of the British
Museum collected by M. Ramon de la Sagra. Described
by Prof. Alcide d’Orbigny in the “ Histoire de ITlle de
Cuba.” Pp. 48. 1854, 12mo. Is.
List of the Shells of South America in the Collection of the
British Museum. Collected and described by M. Alcide
D’Orbigny in the “Yoyage dans I’Amerique Meridionale.”
Pp. 89. 1854, 12mo. 2s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
9
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by
Philip P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857-, l2mo. 8s.
List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and
Souleyet in the “Voyage autour du Monde, execute
“pendant les annees 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ‘La
“ Bonite,’ ” and in the “ Histoire naturelle des Mollusques
“ Pteropodes.” Par MM. P. C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet.
Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8d.
Catalogue of thePhaneropneumona, or Terrestrial Operculated
Mollusca, in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. L. Pfeitfer. Pp. 324. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1852, 12mo. 5s.
Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part 1. By Dr. Louis
Pfeitfer. Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Auriculidse, Proserpinidse, and Truncatellidse
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. 9d.
List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum.
By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.
Part I. A^olutidse. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d.
Part II. Olividee. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. Is.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —
Part I. Yeneridas, Cyprinidae, Glauconomid®, and
Petricoladae. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
Part II. Petricoladae (concluded) ; Corbiculadas. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.
BRACHIOPODA.
Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Issued as “ Catalogue
of the Mollusca, Part IV.”] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.
POLYZOA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk,
F.R.S. Pp. viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic
Index.] 1875, 8vo. 5s.
10
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
CRUSTACEA.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in
the Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alpha¬
betical Index.] 1862, 8vo. U. ds.
ARACHNIDA.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon
the Collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in
the British Museum. By T. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 406.
[With Systematic List and Alphabetical Index.] 1895,
8vo. 10s. 6(i.
MYRIOPODA.
Catalogue of the Myriapoda in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Newport, F.R.S., P.E.S., &c. Part I.
Chilopoda. Pp. iv., 96. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1856, 12mo. Is. 9d.
INSECTS.
Coleo^derous Insects.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum ; —
Part YI. Passalidse. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.
1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. %d.
Part YII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv.,
174. 4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. Qd.
Part YIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. Qd.
Part IX. Cassididae. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor
of Natural History, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With
Index.] 1856, 12mo. 3s.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Lycidae. By
Charles Owen Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1879, 8vo. 16s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
11
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Yernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xvi., 234 : 1 Plate. [With
a Topographical Catalogue and an Alphabetical Index.]
1857, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Yernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With Topo¬
graphical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1864, 8yo. 10s. M.
Catalogue of Halticidse in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S.
Physapodes and CEdipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301.
Frontispiece and 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of Hispidse in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Parti. Pp. x.,
172. 9 Plates. [YTth an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,
8vo. 6s.
Hymenopteruus Bisects.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —
Part I. Andrenidse and Apidse. Pp. 197. 6 Plates.
1853, 2s. M.
Part II. Apidse. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854. 6s.
Part III. Mutillidac and Pompilidte. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.
1855. 6s.
Part lY. Sphegidse, Larridse, and Crabronidse. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856.
6s.
Part Y. Yespidse. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha¬
betical Index.] 1857. 6s.
Part YI. Formicidse. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858. 6s.
Part YII. Lorylidae and Thynnidae. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[YTth an Alphabetical Index.] 1859. 2s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the
Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Yol. I.,
Tenthredinidae and Siricidae. By W. F. Kirby.
Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured Plates. [YTth Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8yo. 1 1. I8s.
12
LIST OP PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Dipterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilidae. Pp. ii., 507-775.
1855, 12mo. 3s. ^d.
Lepidopterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British
Museum. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. : —
Yol. I. Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the Collection
of the British Museum. Pp. xxi., 559 : 285 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898,
8vo. 15s.
- Atlas of 17 Coloured Plates, 8vo. 15s.
Yol. II. Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Nolinae, Litho-
sianae) in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. XX., 589. 411 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1900, 8yo. 18s.
- Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (xviii.-xxxv.), 8vo. 15s.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
in the Collection of the British Museum : —
Part Y. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 21. 10s.
Part YI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21. 4s.
Part YII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.
Part YIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.
Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893.
4to. 21. 2s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
13
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner
Butler, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycaenidae in the British Museum.
By W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862,
4to. 11. Is.
List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Papilionidae. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.
List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. : —
Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-1036. [With an Alpha¬
betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, 3s. 6^^.
Part XX. Geometrites. Pp. 1-276. 1860, 4s.
Part XXL - Pp. 277-498. 1860,3s.
Part XXII. - Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3s.
Part XXIII. - Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3s. M.
Part XXIV. - Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3s. M.
Part XXV. - Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3s.
Part XXVI. - Pp. 1478-1796. [With an
Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVI.] 1862, 4s. 6(7.
Part XXVII. Crambifces and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286*
1863, 4s.
Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863, 4s.
Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s.
Part XXX. - Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha¬
betical Index to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, 4s.
Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s.
Part XXXII. - Part 2. Pp. 322-706.
1865, 5s.
Part XXXIII. - Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.
1865, 6s.
Part XXXIV. - Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533.
1865, 5s. 6(7.
Part XXXV. - Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.
[With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI.-
XXXV.] 1866, 7s.
14
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OP THE
Neiiropterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. : —
Part I. Phryganides — Perlides. P]). iv., 192. 1852,
2s. M.
Part II. SialidsB — Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193-476.
1853, 3s.
Part III. Termitidae — Ephemeridae. Pp. ii., 477-585.
1853, Is. M.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen.
Part I. Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12m o. ^d.
Orthopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. By John Obadiah
Westwood, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 4to. 3/.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c.
Pp. 239. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6c?.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattariae in the Collection of the
British Museum. Gryllidae. Blattariae. Locustidae. By
Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 224. [With an Alpha¬
betical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &c. —
Part II. Locustidae (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6c?.
Part III. Locustid^ (continued). — Acrididae. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.
Part IV. Acrididae (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Part V. Tettigidae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of
Blattariae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distri¬
bution of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-^50; 43; 116.
[With Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15
Hemipterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker
F.L.S., &c. 8vo. : — ’
Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5s.
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4s.
Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., III., and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 60^.
Part IV. Pp. 211. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.
Part y. Pp. 202. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1872. 5s.
Part VI. Pp. 210. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 5s.
Part VII. Pp. 213. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 6s.
Part VIII. Pp. 220. [With Alphabetical Index. 1 1873.
[6s. 6d
Homopterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collec¬
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supple¬
ment. Pp. ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,
I2mo., 4s. 6(i.
VERMES.
Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms,
contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. Baird. Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of
the’ Animals in which the Entozoa mentioned in the
Catalogue are found, and an Index of Genera and
Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.
ANTHOZOA.
Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariidse in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv.,
40. 2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. Qd.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection
of the British Museum. By ‘j. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 51. 14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British
Museum (Natural History) : —
Vol. 'I.^ The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook.
Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With Sj^stematic
and Alphabetical Indexes, and Explanation of the
Plates.] 1893, 4to. 11. 4s.
16
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Vol. II. The Genus Turbinaria ; the Genus Astraeopora.
By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Cantab., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Pp. iv., 106. 30 Collotype and 3 Lithographic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1896, 4to. 18s.
Vol. III. The Genus Montipora ; the Genus Anacro-
pora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. vii., 192. 30
Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With Syste¬
matic Index, Index of Generic and Specific Names,
and Explanation of the Plates.] 1897. 4to. 1/. 4s.
BRITISH ANIMALS.
Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
Pp. xii., 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. ^d.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the
British Museum. Second edition. Part. I. Andrenidae
and Apidae. By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue.
Pp. xi., 236. 11 Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha¬
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidae, and
Yespidae in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Frederick Smith, Y.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.
A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the
Collection of the British Museum. By George Johnston,
M.D., Edin., F.R.C.L., Ed., Ll.D., Marischal Coll., Aber¬
deen, &c. Pp. 365. Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1865, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 Coloured). [With Table of
Contents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index,
Description of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6<i.
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum ; with Synonyma and References
to figures. 12mo. : —
Part Y. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd Edition.
Revised by H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.,
224. 1856. Is. 9c/.
Part YI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. Pp. 134. 1851. 2s.
Part YII. Mollusca, Acephala and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J, E, Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851, 3s, 6c/.
BRITISH MUSEUM (XATURAL HISTORY).
17
Part VIII. Fish. By Adam White. Pp. xxiii., 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851. 3s. M.
Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert
Gray. Pp. 143. 1852. 2s. M.
Part XI. Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852. Is.
Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued). By James F.
Stephens. Pp. iv., 54. 1852. 9d
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By
Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, Is. 4d
Part XIY. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 6d
Part XY. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 42. 1853. Is.
Part XYI. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton.
Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854. 3s.
Part XYII. Nomenclature of Anoplura, Euplexoptera,
and Orthoptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 17.
1855. 6d
PLANTS.
Illustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook’s Yoyage Round
the World in H.M.S. “ Endeavour ” in 1768-71. By the
Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., and
Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S. With Determinations by
James Britten, F.L.S., Senior Assistant, Department of
Botany, British Museum ; —
Part L— Australian Plants. 101 Copper-plates [after
paintings by F. P. Nodder], with 31 pages of descrip¬
tive text. 1900, fol. 25s.
Part II. Australian Plants, Pt. II. 142 Copper-plates
(pis. 101-243) [after paintings by F. P. Nodder, James
Miller, J. F. Miller, and John Cleveley], with 41
pages of descriptive text (pp. 35-75). 1901, fol. 35s.
Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 : —
Yol. I. Dicotyledons. By William Philip Hiern, M.A.,
F.L.S., &c.
Part I. [Ranunculaceae to Rhizophorace^.] Pp.
xxvi., 336. [With Portrait of Dr. Welwitsch,
Introduction, Bibliography, and Index of Genera.]
1896, 8vo. 7s. M,
9543 T>
18
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Part II. Combretaceae to Rubiaceae. Pp. 337-510.
[With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 4s.
Part III. Dipsaceae to Scropbulariaceae. Pp. 511-
784. [With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 5s.
Part lY. Lentibulariaceae to Ceratopbylleae. Pp. 785-
1035. [With Index.] 1900, 8vo. 5s.
Yol. II., Part I. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms.
By Alfred Barton Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. F.L.S., Assistant,
Department of Botany. Pp. 260. [With Index of
Genera.] 1899, 8vo. 6s.
Yol. II., Part II. Cryptogamia. Pp. 261-566. [With
Table of Errata and General Index to the whole
work.] 1901, 8yo. 6s.
Yascular Cryptogams
Mosses
Hepatics
Marine Algae
Freshwater Algae ...
Diatomaceae
Lichenes ...
Fungi
Mycetozoa ...
... By William Carruthers,
F.R.S.
... „ Antony Gepp, M. A.,
F. L.S.
... „ F. Stephani.
.. „ Ethel S. Barton.
... „ W. West, F.L.S., and
G. S. West, B.A.
... ,, Thomas Comber,
F.L.S.
... „ E. A. Wainio.
... „ Annie Lorrain
Smith.
... „ Arthur Lister, F.R.S.
A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descrip¬
tive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the
British Museum. By the Rev. James M. Crombie, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519 : 74 Woodcuts.
[With Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. 16s.
A Monograph of the Mycetozoa : being a Descriptive Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum.
By Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224. 78 Plates and 51
Woodcuts. [With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species,
aad Index.] 1894, 8vo. 15s.
List of British Diatomaceae in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev, W, Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 55,
1859, 12mo. Is,
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
19
FOSSILS.
Catalogue of tlie Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S.
Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera,
Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268.
33 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 5s.
Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Artiodactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.
Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders
Perissodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Ambly-
poda. Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.
Part lY. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Proboscidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Part Y. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders
Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata,
and Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1887,
8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368.
75 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891,
8vo. 10s. M.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S.
Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Pro-
terosauria. Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7s. M.
20
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index ot Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8yo. 7s. 6d,
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii.,
239. 53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Part ly. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement.
Pp. xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo.
7s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. : —
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii.,
474. 13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1889, 8vo. 21s.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi,
and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean
Actinopterygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and
16 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic
Index of Genera and Species.] 1891, 8vo. 21s.
Part III. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi
of the Orders Chondrostei (concluded), Pt'otos2:)ondyli,
Aetlieospondyli^ and Isospondyli (in part). Pp. xlii.,
544. 45 Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1895, 8vo. 21s.
Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene
and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural
History), with references to the type-specimens from
similar horizons contained in other collections belonging
to the Geological Department of the Museum. By Richard
Bullen Newton, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of
Families and Genera, Bibliography, Correlation-table,
Appendix, and Alphabetical Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). Part I. The Austra¬
lasian Tertiary Mollusca. By Georsre F. Harris, F.G.S., &c.
Pp. xxvi., 407. 8 Plates. [With Table of Families, Genera,
and bubGenera, and Index.] 1897, 8vo. 10s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
21
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History) : —
Parti. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con¬
sisting of the families Orthoceratidae, Endoceratidae,
Actinoceratidae, Gomphoceratidae, Ascoceratidae,
Poterioceratidas, Cyrtoceratidae, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxxi., 314. 51 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888,
8vo. 10s. M.
Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder
Nautiloidea, consisting of the families Lituitidae,
Trochoceratidae, Nautilidas, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1891, 8vo. 15s.
Part HI. Containing the Bactritidas, and part of the
Suborder Ammonoidea. By Arthur H. Foord, Ph.D.,
F.G.S., and George Charles Crick, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.
Pp. xxxiii., 303. 146 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index of Genera and Species, and Alphabetical Index.]
1897, 8vo. 12s. 6(i.
List of theTypes and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda
in the British Museum (Natural History). By G. C. Crick,
F.G.S. Pp. 103. [With Index.] 1898, 8vo. 2s. 66^.
A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By
Henry Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History): —
The Jurassic Bryozoa.' By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S. Pp. [viii.,] 239 : 22 Woodcuts and 11 Plates.
[With List of Species and Distribution, Bibliography,
Index, and Explanation of Plates.] 1896, 8yo. 10s.
The Cretaceous Bryozoa. Yol. I. By J. W. Gregory,
D.Sc., F.G.S., F.Z.S. Pp. xiv., 457 : 64 Woodcuts
and 17 Plates. [With Index and Explanation of
Plates.] 1899, 8vo. 16s.
22
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History), with an account of
the morphology and systematic position of the group, and
a revision of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge,
jun., of the Department of Geology, British Museum*
(Natural History), and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
F.L.S. (of Eton College). Pp. xv., 322. 20 Plates. [With
Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of Contents, General
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1886, 4to. 25s.
The Genera and Species of Blastoidea, with a List of the
Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). By
F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Department.
Pp. X., 70. 1 Woodcut. 1899, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural
History). By Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288.
[With a list of works quoted, and an Index.] 1886,
8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History). By
A. C. Seward, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. , University Lecturer
in Botany and Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge : —
Part I. The Wealden Flora. ' Part I. Thallophyta —
Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii., 179. 17 Woodcuts and
11 Plates. [With Preface by Dr. Woodward, Alpha¬
betical Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1894,
8vo. 10s.
Part II. The Wealden Flora. Part II. Gymnospermae.
Pp. viii., 259. 9 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.]
1895, 8vo. 15s.
Part III. The Jurassic Flora. Part 1. The Yorkshire
Coast. Pp. xii., 341. 53 Woodcuts and 21 Plates.
[With Preface by Dr. Woodward, Alphabetical Index,
Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1900, 8vo. 20s.
GUIDE-BOOKS.
(To 'be obtained only at the Museum.)
Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). 6th
Edition. Pp. 120. 57 Woodcuts and 4 Plans. Index.
1898, 8vo. 6^.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY.)
23
Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Depart¬
ment of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History).
4thEdition. Pp.iv.,119- lOlWoodcuts. Index. 1898. 8vo.6c^.
•Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms).
Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. Pp. iv., 130. 125 Woodcuts, Plan, and
Indexes. 1901, 8vo. Qd.
A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department
of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museuru
(Natural History). 7th Edition. [By Henry Woodward.]
Pp. xii., 103. 116 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations,
Table of Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. Qd.
A Guide to the Fossil Reptiles and Fishes in the Department
of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). [By Henry Woodward.] Pp. xiv.,
129 : 165 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table
of Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. ^d,
A Guide to the Fossil Invertebrates and Plants in the
Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the British
Museum (Natural History). [By Henry Woodward.]
Pp. xvi., 158. 182 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations,
Table of Stratified Rocks, Introduction, and Index.] 1897,
8vo. Is.
The same, in two parts : —
Part I. Mollusca to Bryozoa. Pp. xii., 64. 107 Wood-
cuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table of Stratified
Rocks, and Introduction.] 1897, 8vo. ^d.
Part II. Insecta to Plants, &c. Pp. ix., 64^-158.
Woodcuts 108-182. [With List of Illustrations and
Index to the two parts.] 1897, 8vo. &d.
Guide to Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi in the Depart¬
ment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By
Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts.
With Table of Diagnostic Characters, and Index.
[Second Edition.] 1898, 8vo. 4d.
Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department
of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Arthur
Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 42. 44 Woodcuts. Index. 1895,
8vo. ?>d.
A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S.] Pp. 32,
Plan, 1900, 8yo. Id,
24 BRITISH MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS (NATURAL HISTORY).
The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British
Museum (Natural History). [By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S.]
Pp. 34. With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery. 1899,
8vo. 2d.
An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to
the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. 123.
41 Woodcuts. With Plan of the Mineral Gallery and
Index. 1897, 8vo. 6d.
An Introduction to the Study of Rocks. By L. Fletcher, M.A.,
F.R.S. Pp. 118. [With plan of the Mineral Gallery, Table
of Contents, and Index.] 1898, 8vo. 6d.
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of
the Meteorites represented in the Collection. By L.
Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S., &c. Pp. 95. [With a Plan of the
Mineral Gallery, and an Index to the Meteorites repre¬
sented in the Collection.] 1896, 8vo. 6d.
E. RAY LANKESTER,
Director.
British Museum
(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.
July 20th, 1901.
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